1
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Guo X, Zhou Y, Yan H, An Q, Liang C, Liu L, Qian J. Molecular Markers and Mechanisms of Influenza A Virus Cross-Species Transmission and New Host Adaptation. Viruses 2024; 16:883. [PMID: 38932174 PMCID: PMC11209369 DOI: 10.3390/v16060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses continue to be a serious health risk to people and result in a large-scale socio-economic loss. Avian influenza viruses typically do not replicate efficiently in mammals, but through the accumulation of mutations or genetic reassortment, they can overcome interspecies barriers, adapt to new hosts, and spread among them. Zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and exhibit limited human-to-human transmission. However, further adaptation of these viruses to humans may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Therefore, we are beginning to understand genetic changes and mechanisms that may influence interspecific adaptation, cross-species transmission, and the pandemic potential of influenza A viruses. We also discuss the genetic and phenotypic traits associated with the airborne transmission of influenza A viruses in order to provide theoretical guidance for the surveillance of new strains with pandemic potential and the prevention of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (H.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Qing An
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Chudan Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (H.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, Shenzhen 518107, China
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2
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Han J, Chang W, Fang J, Hou X, Li Z, Wang J, Deng W. The H9N2 avian influenza virus increases APEC adhesion to oviduct epithelia by viral NS1 protein-mediated activation of the TGF-β pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0151223. [PMID: 38415626 PMCID: PMC10949501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza is a low-pathogenic avian influenza circulating in poultry and wild birds worldwide and frequently contributes to chicken salpingitis that is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), leading to huge economic losses and risks for food safety. Currently, how the H9N2 virus contributes to APEC infection and facilitates salpingitis remains elusive. In this study, in vitro chicken oviduct epithelial cell (COEC) model and in vivo studies were performed to investigate the role of H9N2 viruses on secondary APEC infection, and we identified that H9N2 virus enhances APEC infection both in vitro and in vivo. To understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon, adhesive molecules on the cell surface facilitating APEC adhesion were checked, and we found that H9N2 virus could upregulate the expression of fibronectin, which promotes APEC adhesion onto COECs. We further investigated how fibronectin expression is regulated by H9N2 virus infection and revealed that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is activated by the NS1 protein of the virus, thus regulating the expression of adhesive molecules. These new findings revealed the role of H9N2 virus in salpingitis co-infected with APEC and discovered the molecular mechanisms by which the H9N2 virus facilitates APEC infection, offering new insights to the etiology of salpingitis with viral-bacterial co-infections.IMPORTANCEH9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) widely infects poultry and is sporadically reported in human infections. The infection in birds frequently causes secondary bacterial infections, resulting in severe symptoms like pneumonia and salpingitis. Currently, the mechanism that influenza A virus contributes to secondary bacterial infection remains elusive. Here we discovered that H9N2 virus infection promotes APEC infection and further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that fibronectin protein on the cell surface is vital for APEC adhesion and also showed that H9N2 viral protein NS1 increased the expression of fibronectin by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway. Our findings offer new information on how AIV infection promotes APEC secondary infection, providing potential targets for mitigating severe APEC infections induced by H9N2 avian influenza, and also give new insights on the mechanisms on how viruses promote secondary bacterial infections in animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenchi Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyang Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Guan L, Babujee L, Presler R, Pattinson D, Nguyen HLK, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G. Avian H6 Influenza Viruses in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets during 2018-2021. Viruses 2024; 16:367. [PMID: 38543733 PMCID: PMC10975462 DOI: 10.3390/v16030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H6 subtype are prevalent in wild ducks and likely play an important role in the ecology of influenza viruses through reassortment with other avian influenza viruses. Yet, only 152 Vietnamese H6 virus sequences were available in GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) prior to this study with the most recent sequences being from 2018. Through surveillance in Vietnamese live bird markets from 2018 to 2021, we identified 287 samples containing one or several H6 viruses and other influenza A virus subtypes, demonstrating a high rate of co-infections among birds in Vietnamese live bird markets. For the 132 H6 samples with unique influenza virus sequences, we conducted phylogenetic and genetic analyses. Most of the H6 viruses were similar to each other and closely related to other H6 viruses; however, signs of reassortment with other avian influenza viruses were evident. At the genetic level, the Vietnamese H6 viruses characterized in our study encode a single basic amino acid at the HA cleavage site, consistent with low pathogenicity in poultry. The Vietnamese H6 viruses analyzed here possess an amino acid motif in HA that confers binding to both avian- and human-type receptors on host cells, consistent with their ability to infect mammals. The frequent detection of H6 viruses in Vietnamese live bird markets, the high rate of co-infections of birds with different influenza viruses, and the dual receptor-binding specificity of these viruses warrant their close monitoring for potential infection and spread among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Robert Presler
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pattinson
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Hang Le Khanh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Vu Mai Phuong Hoang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Services, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
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4
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Bialy D, Richardson S, Chrzastek K, Bhat S, Polo N, Freimanis G, Iqbal M, Shelton H. Recombinant A(H6N1)-H274Y avian influenza virus with dual drug resistance does not require permissive mutations to retain the replicative fitness in vitro and in ovo. Virology 2024; 590:109954. [PMID: 38086284 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The possible emergence of drug-resistant avian flu raises concerns over the limited effectiveness of currently approved antivirals (neuraminidase inhibitors - NAIs) in the hypothetical event of a zoonotic spillover. Our study demonstrated that the recombinant avian A(H6N1) viruses showed reduced inhibition (RI) by multiple NAI drugs following the introduction of point mutations found predominantly in the neuraminidase gene (NA) of NAI-resistant human influenza strains (E119V, R292K and H274Y; N2 numbering). Moreover, A(H6N1)-H274Y showed increased replication efficiency in vitro, and a fitness advantage over wild-type (WT) when co-inoculated into embryonated hen's eggs. The results presented in our study together with the zoonotic potential of the A(H6N1) virus as evidenced by the human infection from 2013, highlight the need for enhanced monitoring of NAI resistance-associated signatures in circulating LPAI (low pathogenic avian influenza) globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel Richardson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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5
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Yan Z, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans. J Virol 2023; 97:e0137023. [PMID: 37877722 PMCID: PMC10688349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pervasive subtype that is ubiquitously found in both wild bird and poultry populations across the globe. Recent investigations have unveiled its capacity to infect mammals, thereby expanding its host range beyond that of other subtypes and potentially facilitating its global transmission. This heightened breadth also endows H6 AIVs with the potential to serve as a genetic reservoir for the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains through genetic reassortment and adaptive mutations. Furthermore, alterations in key amino acid loci within the H6 AIV genome foster the evolution of viral infection mechanisms, which may enable the virus to surmount interspecies barriers and infect mammals, including humans, thus posing a potential threat to human well-being. In this review, we summarize the origins, dissemination patterns, geographical distribution, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic attributes of H6 influenza viruses. This study holds implications for the timely detection and surveillance of H6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - You Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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6
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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7
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Canales A, Sastre J, Orduña JM, Spruit CM, Pérez-Castells J, Domínguez G, Bouwman KM, van der Woude R, Cañada FJ, Nycholat CM, Paulson JC, Boons GJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, de Vries RP. Revealing the Specificity of Human H1 Influenza A Viruses to Complex N-Glycans. JACS AU 2023; 3:868-878. [PMID: 37006776 PMCID: PMC10052259 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection remains a threat to human health since viral hemagglutinins are constantly drifting, escaping infection and vaccine-induced antibody responses. Viral hemagglutinins from different viruses display variability in glycan recognition. In this context, recent H3N2 viruses have specificity for α2,6 sialylated branched N-glycans with at least three N-acetyllactosamine units (tri-LacNAc). In this work, we combined glycan arrays and tissue binding analyses with nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to characterize the glycan specificity of a family of H1 variants, including the one responsible for the 2009 pandemic outbreak. We also analyzed one engineered H6N1 mutant to understand if the preference for tri-LacNAc motifs could be a general trend in human-type receptor-adapted viruses. In addition, we developed a new NMR approach to perform competition experiments between glycans with similar compositions and different lengths. Our results point out that pandemic H1 viruses differ from previous seasonal H1 viruses by a strict preference for a minimum of di-LacNAc structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Canales
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Sastre
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jose M. Orduña
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San
Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización
Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Cindy M. Spruit
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San
Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización
Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San
Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización
Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Kim M. Bouwman
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn van der Woude
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Javier Cañada
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias
(CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón
11, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Corwin M. Nycholat
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias
(CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón
11, Madrid 28029, Spain
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology
Park, Bilbao 48160, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, II Faculty of Science
and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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8
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Liu K, Guo Y, Zheng H, Ji Z, Cai M, Gao R, Zhang P, Liu X, Xu X, Wang X, Liu X. Enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in mammals by hemagglutinin mutations combined with PB2-627K. Virol Sin 2023; 38:47-55. [PMID: 36103978 PMCID: PMC10006187 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally in poultry and have become the dominant AIV subtype in China in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that the H9N2 virus (A/chicken/Eastern China/SDKD1/2015) naturally harbors a mammalian-adaptive molecular factor (627K) in the PB2 protein and is weakly pathogenic in mice. Here, we focused on new markers for virulence in mammals. A mouse-adapted H9N2 virus was serially passaged in mice by infecting their lungs. As expected, infected mice showed clinical symptoms and died at passage six. A comparison between the wild-type and mouse-adapted virus sequences identified amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. H9N2 viruses with the T187P + M227L double mutation exhibited an increased affinity to human-type (SAα2,6Gal) receptors and significantly enhanced viral attachment to mouse lung tissues, which contributed to enhancing viral replication and virulence in mice. Additionally, HA with the T187P + M227L mutation enabled H9N2 viral transmission in guinea pigs via direct contact. AIV pathogenicity in mice is a polygenic trait. Our results demonstrated that these HA mutations might be combined with PB2-627K to significantly increase H9N2 virulence in mice, and this enhanced virulence was achieved in other H9N2 AIVs by generating the same combination of mutations. In summary, our study identified novel key elements in the HA protein that are required for H9N2 pathogenicity in mice and provided valuable insights into pandemic preparedness against emerging H9N2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huafen Zheng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhuxing Ji
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease Prevention and Control of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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9
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He J, Hou S, Xiong C, Hu L, Gong L, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen Q, Yuan Y, He L, Zhu M, Li W, Shi Y, Sun Y, Pan H, Su B, Lu Y, Wu J. Avian influenza A virus H7N9 in China, a role reversal from reassortment receptor to the donator. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28392. [PMID: 36484390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment can introduce one or more gene segments of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into another, resulting in novel subtypes. Since 2013, a new outbreak of human highly pathogenic avian influenza has emerged in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and South-Central regions of China. In this study, using Anhui province as an example, we discuss the possible impact of H7N9 IAVs on future influenza epidemics through a series of gene reassortment events. Sixty-one human H7N9 isolates were obtained from five outbreaks in Anhui province from 2013 to 2019. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all of them were characterized by low pathogenicity and high human or mammalian tropism and had introduced novel avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtypes such as H7N2, H7N6, H9N9, H5N6, H6N6, and H10N6 through gene reassortment. In reassortment events, Anhui isolates may donate one or more segments of HA, NA, and the six internal protein-coding genes for the novel subtype AIVs. Our study revealed that H7N9, H9N2, and H5N1 can serve as stable and persistent gene pools for AIVs in the YRD and South-Central regions of China. Novel AIV subtypes might be generated continuously by reassortment. These AIVs may have obtained human-type receptor-binding abilities from their donors and prefer binding to them, which can cause human epidemics through accidental spillover infections. Facing the continual threat of emerging avian influenza, constant monitoring of AIVs should be conducted closely for agricultural and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junling Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonglin Shi
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Su
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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10
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Gu W, Shi J, Cui P, Yan C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xing X, Zeng X, Liu L, Tian G, Suzuki Y, Li C, Deng G, Chen H. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1174-1185. [PMID: 35380505 PMCID: PMC9126593 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2063076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin (HA) gene are responsible for the loss of more than 33 million domestic poultry since January 2020. Moreover, the H5N8 viruses have reassorted with other avian influenza viruses and formed H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, and H5N5 viruses in Europe, Africa, and North America. In this study, we analyzed 15 H5N6 viruses isolated from poultry and seven H5N6 viruses isolated from humans, and found these viruses formed seven different genotypes by deriving the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 viruses, the neuraminidase of domestic duck H5N6 viruses, and internal genes of different viruses that previously circulated in domestic ducks and wild birds in China. Two of these genotypes (genotype 3 and genotype 6) have caused human infections in multiple provinces. The H5N6 viruses isolated from poultry have distinct pathotypes in mice; some of them replicate systemically and are highly lethal in mice. Although these viruses exclusively bind to avian-type receptors, it is worrisome that they may obtain key mutations that would increase their affinity for human-type receptors during replication in humans. Our study indicates that the novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 viruses were generated through reassortment in domestic ducks and may have spread across a wide area of China, thereby posing a new challenge to the poultry industry and human health. Our findings emphasize the importance of careful monitoring, evaluation, and control of the H5N6 viruses circulating in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wan Z, Gong J, Sang J, Jiang W, Zhao Z, Lian M, Tang T, Li Y, Kan Q, Xie Q, Li T, Shao H, Gao W, Qin A, Ye J. Mouse adaptation of H6 avian influenza viruses and their molecular characteristics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1049979. [PMID: 36466692 PMCID: PMC9713515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1049979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
H6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) not only continue to circulate in both domestic poultry and wild waterfowl, but also have occasionally caused spillovers infections in pigs and humans, posing a potential threat to public health. However, the molecular mechanism of H6 AIV adaptation to mammals remains largely unknown. In this study, two mouse-adapted (MA) H6 AIV strains, named as MA E-Teal/417 and MA GWF-Goose/740, were generated through blind passages in BALB/c mice. The two MA H6 strains replicated more efficiently and showed higher virulence than the corresponding wild type (WT) H6 strains in mice. Genome sequencing revealed that MA E-Teal/417 and MA GWF-Goose/740 carried six amino acid mutations (PB2-T224A/E627K, HA-G124R, NA-F167L/Y356H and M1-M92R), and four amino acid mutations (PB1-K577E, PA-T97I/D514E and HA-T276K), respectively, when compared to the corresponding WT virus. Receptor binding assay showed MA E-Teal/417 had stronger binding activity to α-2,3 SA than WT E-Teal/417. Moreover, the polymerase activity analysis found the RNP polymerase activity of both MA H6 viruses was significantly higher than that of the corresponding WT virus in 293T cells. All these demonstrate that H6 AIV can acquire limit amino acid substitutions to adapt to mammals and increase virulence, highlighting the significance of monitoring such mutations of H6 AIV in the field for alarming the potential of its cross-transmission and pathogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Sang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjun Lian
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Guan M, Olivier AK, Lu X, Epperson W, Zhang X, Zhong L, Waters K, Mamaliger N, Li L, Wen F, Tao YJ, DeLiberto TJ, Wan XF. The Sialyl Lewis X Glycan Receptor Facilitates Infection of Subtype H7 Avian Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0134422. [PMID: 36125302 PMCID: PMC9555156 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01344-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H7 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic in wild aquatic birds and have caused sporadic spillovers into domestic poultry and humans. Here, we determined the distribution of fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan (i.e., sialyl Lewis X [SLeX]) in chickens and five common dabbling duck species and the association between SLeX and cell/tissue/host tropisms of H7 IAVs. Receptor binding analyses showed that H7 IAVs bind to both α2,3-linked (SA2,3Gal) and α2,6-linked sialic acids (SA2,6Gal), but with a higher preference for SLeX; H7 IAVs replicated more efficiently in SLeX-overexpressed than SLeX-deficient MDCK cells. While chickens and all tested dabbling ducks expressed abundant SA2,3Gal and SA2,6Gal, SLeX was detected in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues of chickens and mallard ducks and in only the respiratory tissues of gadwall, green-wing teal, and northern shoveler but not in wood ducks. Viral-tissue binding assays showed that H7 IAVs bind to chicken colon crypt cells that express SLeX but fewer bind to mallard colon crypt cells, which do not express SLeX; H7 IAVs bind efficiently to epithelial cells of all tissues expressing SA2,3Gal. High viral replication was identified in both chickens and mallards infected with an H7 virus, regardless of SLeX expression, and viruses were detected in all cells to the same degree as viruses detected in the viral-tissue binding assays. In summary, this study suggests that SLeX facilitates infection of H7 viruses, but other types of SA2,3Gal glycan receptors shape the tissue/host tropisms of H7 IAVs. IMPORTANCE In addition to causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, subtype H7 IAVs can cause sporadic spillover infections in lower mammals and humans. In this study, we showed that SLeX expression varies among wild dabbling ducks. Although it facilitated virus binding and affected infection of H7 IAV in cells, SLeX expression is not the only determinant of viral replication at either the tissue or host level. This study suggested that access to heterologous SA2,3Gal glycan receptors, including fucosylated α2,3-linked sialoglycans, shape tissue and host tropism of H7 IAVs in aquatic wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Guan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alicia K. Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Waters
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nataly Mamaliger
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State Universitygrid.256304.6, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yizhi J. Tao
- Department of BioSciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. DeLiberto
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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13
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Zhao C, Pu J. Influence of Host Sialic Acid Receptors Structure on the Host Specificity of Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102141. [PMID: 36298694 PMCID: PMC9608321 DOI: 10.3390/v14102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to be the most important factors influencing the cross-species transmission of the influenza viruses. The development of methods to detect the binding of influenza virus HA proteins to sialic acid receptors, as well as the development of glycobiological techniques, has led to a richer understanding of the structure of the sialylated glycan in influenza virus hosts. It was found that, in addition to the sialic acid glycosidic bond, sialic acid variants, length of the sialylated glycan, Gal-GlcNAc-linked glycosidic bond within the sialylated glycan, and sulfation/fucosylation of the GlcNAc within the sialylated glycan all affect the binding properties of influenza viruses to the sialic acid receptors, thus indirectly affecting the host specificity of influenza viruses. This paper will review the sialic acid variants, internal structural differences of sialylated glycan molecules that affect the host specificity of influenza viruses, and distribution characteristics of sialic acid receptors in influenza virus hosts, in order to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the in-depth investigation of cross-species transmission of influenza viruses and the development of new antiviral drugs.
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14
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Cui M, Huang Y, Wang X, Bian X, Du L, Yan Y, Gu J, Dong W, Zhou J, Liao M. Genetic characterization and evolution of H6N6 subtype avian influenza viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963218. [PMID: 35979484 PMCID: PMC9376297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
H6-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in the world and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a new chicken-derived H6N6-subtype AIV strain A/chicken/Zhejiang/49/2021 (ZJ49) was isolated in Zhejiang Province, China in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis by Maximum likelihood methods showed that H6-subtype AIVs were classed into 13 groups according to HA gene. The ZJ49 strain belonged to the G12 group, which mainly consisted of strains from Asian and dominated in recent years. Based on NA gene, H6-subtype AIVs were divided into N6.1 and N6.2 clades according to the NA gene. The ZJ49 isolate was located in the N6.2e clade, which mainly consisted of the H5N6-subtype AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian methods showed that the effective quantity size of H6-subtype AIVs increased around 1990, reached a peak around 2015, declined after 2015, then kept in a stable level after 2018. The reassortment analysis predicted that the PB2, PA, and NA genes of ZJ49 may recombine with H5-subtype AIVs. The amino acid at 222 position of HA gene of ZJ49 strain mutated from A to V, suggesting that ZJ49 has a potential ability to cross species barriers. The four glycosylation sites were highly conserved, implying less impact on the fold and conception of HA stem structure. Our results revealed the complicated evolution, reassortment, and mutations of receptor binding sites of H6-subtype AIVs, which emphasize the importance to continuously monitor the epidemiology and evolution of H6-subtype AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxian Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiyi Bian
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiyong Zhou,
| | - Min Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Liao,
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15
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Tzarum N. What has been will be again-The story of viral pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:480-482. [PMID: 35421348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of novel avian-origin influenza viruses to circulate in humans has remained a significant threat to public health that might lead to the next pandemic. Studying the receptor specificity of novel influenza subtypes was a crucial milestone in my career path as a young scientist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics & Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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16
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Yi C, Cai C, Cheng Z, Zhao Y, Yang X, Wu Y, Wang X, Jin Z, Xiang Y, Jin M, Han L, Zhang A. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening identifies the CYTH2 host gene as a potential therapeutic target of influenza viral infection. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110559. [PMID: 35354039 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genes critical for viral infection are effective antiviral drug targets with tremendous potential due to their universal characteristics against different subtypes of viruses and minimization of drug resistance. Accordingly, we execute a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen with multiple rounds of survival selection. Enriched in this screen are several genes critical for host sialic acid biosynthesis and transportation, including the cytohesin 2 (CYTH2), tetratricopeptide repeat protein 24 (TTC24), and N-acetylneuraminate synthase (NANS), which we confirm are responsible for efficient influenza viral infection. Moreover, we reveal that CYTH2 is required for the early stage of influenza virus infection by mediating endosomal trafficking. Furthermore, CYTH2 antagonist SecinH3 blunts influenza virus infection in vivo. In summary, these data suggest that CYTH2 is an attractive target for developing host-directed antiviral drugs and therapeutics against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Cong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ze Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zehua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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17
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate infection by binding to glycans with terminal sialic acids on the cell surface. Hosts of IAV variably express two major forms of sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). NeuGc is produced in most mammals including horses and pigs, but is absent in humans, ferrets, and birds. The only known naturally occurring IAVs that exclusively bind NeuGc are extinct highly pathogenic equine H7N7 viruses. We determined the crystal structure of a representative equine H7 hemagglutinin (HA) in complex with NeuGc and observed high similarity in the receptor-binding domain with an avian H7 HA. To determine the molecular basis for NeuAc and NeuGc specificity, we performed systematic mutational analyses, based on the structural insights, on two distant avian H7 HAs and an H15 HA. We found that mutation A135E is key for binding α2,3-linked NeuGc but does not abolish NeuAc binding. Additional mutations S128T, I130V, T189A, and K193R converted the specificity from NeuAc to NeuGc. We investigated the residues at positions 128, 130, 135, 189, and 193 in a phylogenetic analysis of avian and equine H7 HAs. This revealed a clear distinction between equine and avian residues. The highest variability was observed at key position 135, of which only the equine glutamic acid led to NeuGc binding. These results demonstrate that genetically distinct H7 and H15 HAs can be switched from NeuAc to NeuGc binding and vice versa after introduction of several mutations, providing insights into the adaptation of H7 viruses to NeuGc receptors. (250 words) Importance Influenza A viruses cause millions of cases of severe illness and deaths annually. To initiate infection and replicate, the virus first needs to bind to a structure on the cell surface, like a key fitting in a lock. For influenza A viruses, these 'keys' (receptors) on the cell surface are chains of sugar molecules (glycans). The terminal sugar on these glycans is often either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). Most influenza A viruses bind NeuAc, but a small minority binds NeuGc. NeuGc is present in species like horses, pigs, and mice, but not in humans, ferrets, and birds. Here, we investigated the molecular determinants of NeuGc specificity and the origin of viruses that bind NeuGc.
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18
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Makvandi P, Chen M, Sartorius R, Zarrabi A, Ashrafizadeh M, Dabbagh Moghaddam F, Ma J, Mattoli V, Tay FR. Endocytosis of abiotic nanomaterials and nanobiovectors: Inhibition of membrane trafficking. NANO TODAY 2021; 40:101279. [PMID: 34518771 PMCID: PMC8425779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to nanoscopical nanobiovectors (e.g. coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) as well as abiotic metal/carbon-based nanomaterials that enter cells serendipitously or intentionally. Understanding the interactions of cell membranes with these abiotic and biotic nanostructures will facilitate scientists to design better functional nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Such knowledge will also provide important clues for the control of viral infections and the treatment of virus-induced infectious diseases. In the present review, the mechanisms of endocytosis are reviewed in the context of how nanomaterials are uptaken into cells. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the attributes of man-made nanomaterials (e.g. size, shape, surface functional groups and elasticity) that affect endocytosis, as well as the different human cell types that participate in the endocytosis of nanomaterials. Readers are then introduced to the concept of viruses as nature-derived nanoparticles. The mechanisms in which different classes of viruses interact with various cell types to gain entry into the human body are reviewed with examples published over the last five years. These basic tenets will enable the avid reader to design advanced drug delivery and gene transfer nanoplatforms that harness the knowledge acquired from endocytosis to improve their biomedical efficacy. The review winds up with a discussion on the hurdles to be addressed in mimicking the natural mechanisms of endocytosis in nanomaterials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Meiling Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farnaz Dabbagh Moghaddam
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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19
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Wan Z, Kan Q, Zhao Z, Shao H, Deliberto TJ, Wan XF, Qin A, Ye J. Characterization of Subtype H6 Avian Influenza A Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in Poyang Lake, China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:685399. [PMID: 34589532 PMCID: PMC8473872 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.685399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtype H6 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic and genetically diverse in both domestic poultry and wild waterfowl and may cause spillovers in both pigs and humans. Thus, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of H6 IAVs in birds and their zoonotic potential. Compared with that in domestic poultry, the genetic diversity of H6 viruses in wild birds in China has not been well-understood. In this study, five H6 viruses were isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake, China, and genetic analyses showed that these isolates are clustered into four genotypes associated with reassortments among avian IAVs from domestic poultry and wild birds in China and those from Eurasia and North America and that these viruses exhibited distinct phenotypes in growth kinetics analyses with avian and mammalian cells lines and in mouse challenge experiments. Of interest is that two H6 isolates from the Eurasian teal replicated effectively in the mouse lung without prior adaptation, whereas the other three did not. Our study suggested that there are variations in the mammalian viral replication efficiency phenotypic among genetically diverse H6 IAVs in wild birds and that both intra- and inter-continental movements of IAVs through wild bird migration may facilitate the emergence of novel H6 IAV reassortants with the potential for replicating in mammals, including humans. Continued surveillance to monitor the diversity of H6 IAVs in wild birds is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Thomas J Deliberto
- National Wildlife Disease Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- University of Missouri Center for Influenza and Emerging infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Lin Q, Ji X, Wu F, Ma L. Conserved Sequence Analysis of Influenza A Virus HA Segment and Its Application in Rapid Typing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081328. [PMID: 34441263 PMCID: PMC8393347 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mutation rate of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin segment poses great challenges to its long-term effective testing and subtyping. Our conserved sequence searching method achieves high-specificity conserved sequences on H1-H9 subtypes. In addition, PCR experiments show that primers based on conserved sequences can be used in influenza A virus HA subtyping. Conserved sequence-based primers are expected to be long-term, effective subtyping tools for influenza A virus HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Lin
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Xiang Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (F.W.)
| | - Feng Wu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (F.W.)
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (F.W.)
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518038, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-180-2872-1478
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21
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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22
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Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038620. [PMID: 31964651 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to date possess viral genes originating from avian influenza viruses (AIVs). During the past decades, a wide range of AIVs have overcome the species barrier and infected humans with different clinical manifestations ranging from mild illness to severe disease and even death. Understanding the mechanisms of infection in the context of clinical outcomes, the mechanism of interspecies transmission, and the molecular determinants that confer interspecies transmission is important for pandemic preparedness. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenicity of human infections with AIVs to further our understanding of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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23
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Genetic determinants of receptor-binding preference and zoonotic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01651-20. [PMID: 33268517 PMCID: PMC8092835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01651-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor recognition and binding is the first step of viral infection and a key determinant of host specificity. The inability of avian influenza viruses to effectively bind human-like sialylated receptors is a major impediment to their efficient transmission in humans and pandemic capacity. Influenza H9N2 viruses are endemic in poultry across Asia and parts of Africa where they occasionally infect humans and are therefore considered viruses with zoonotic potential. We previously described H9N2 viruses, including several isolated from human zoonotic cases, showing a preference for human-like receptors. Here we take a mutagenesis approach, making viruses with single or multiple substitutions in H9 haemagglutinin and test binding to avian and human receptor analogues using biolayer interferometry. We determine the genetic basis of preferences for alternative avian receptors and for human-like receptors, describing amino acid motifs at positions 190, 226 and 227 that play a major role in determining receptor specificity, and several other residues such as 159, 188, 193, 196, 198 and 225 that play a smaller role. Furthermore, we show changes at residues 135, 137, 147, 157, 158, 184, 188, and 192 can also modulate virus receptor avidity and that substitutions that increased or decreased the net positive charge around the haemagglutinin receptor-binding site show increases and decreases in avidity, respectively. The motifs we identify as increasing preference for the human-receptor will help guide future H9N2 surveillance efforts and facilitate our understanding of the emergence of influenza viruses with increased zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCE As of 2020, over 60 infections of humans by H9N2 influenza viruses have been recorded in countries where the virus is endemic. Avian-like cellular receptors are the primary target for these viruses. However, given that human infections have been detected on an almost monthly basis since 2015, there may be a capacity for H9N2 viruses to evolve and gain the ability to target human-like cellular receptors. Here we identify molecular signatures that can cause viruses to bind human-like receptors, and we identify the molecular basis for the distinctive preference for sulphated receptors displayed by the majority of recent H9N2 viruses. This work will help guide future surveillance by providing markers that signify the emergence of viruses with enhanced zoonotic potential as well as improving understanding of the basis of influenza virus receptor-binding.
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24
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Vizarraga D, Torres-Puig S, Aparicio D, Pich OQ. The Sialoglycan Binding Adhesins of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:477-481. [PMID: 33593698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium (Mge) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mpn) are two human pathogens associated with urogenital and respiratory tract infections, respectively. The recent elucidation of the tridimensional structure of their major cytoadhesins by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy/tomography, has provided important insights regarding the mechanics of infection and evasion of immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vizarraga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Torres-Puig
- Research Unit of Molecular Microbiology (RUMM), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - David Aparicio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oscar Q Pich
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208 Sabadell, Spain; Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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25
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Thompson AJ, Paulson JC. Adaptation of influenza viruses to human airway receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100017. [PMID: 33144323 PMCID: PMC7948470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through annual epidemics and global pandemics, influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease. Within the last century, four global pandemics have resulted from the introduction of novel IAVs into humans, with components of each originating from avian viruses. IAVs infect many avian species wherein they maintain a diverse natural reservoir, posing a risk to humans through the occasional emergence of novel strains with enhanced zoonotic potential. One natural barrier for transmission of avian IAVs into humans is the specificity of the receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA), which recognizes sialic-acid-containing glycans on host cells. HAs from human IAVs exhibit “human-type” receptor specificity, binding exclusively to glycans on cells lining the human airway where terminal sialic acids are attached in the α2-6 configuration (NeuAcα2-6Gal). In contrast, HAs from avian viruses exhibit specificity for “avian-type” α2-3-linked (NeuAcα2-3Gal) receptors and thus require adaptive mutations to bind human-type receptors. Since all human IAV pandemics can be traced to avian origins, there remains ever-present concern over emerging IAVs with human-adaptive potential that might lead to the next pandemic. This concern has been brought into focus through emergence of SARS-CoV-2, aligning both scientific and public attention to the threat of novel respiratory viruses from animal sources. In this review, we summarize receptor-binding adaptations underlying the emergence of all prior IAV pandemics in humans, maintenance and evolution of human-type receptor specificity in subsequent seasonal IAVs, and potential for future human-type receptor adaptation in novel avian HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
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26
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Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5909. [PMID: 33219213 PMCID: PMC7679419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May 2016 to February 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in China. We identify 2048 AIV-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. AIV-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014–2016 (26.90%). Additionally, H9N2 has replaced H5N6 and H7N9 as the dominant AIV subtype in both chickens and ducks. Notably, novel reassortants and variants continually emerged and disseminated in avian populations, including H7N3, H9N9, H9N6 and H5N6 variants. Importantly, almost all of the H9 AIVs and many H7N9 and H6N2 strains prefer human-type receptors, posing an increased risk for human infections. In summary, our nation-wide surveillance highlights substantial changes in the circulation of AIVs since 2016, which greatly impacts the prevention and control of AIVs in China and worldwide. In this study, the authors present a genomic surveillance of avian influenza genomes sampled from live poultry markets in China. They report that a number of variants have emerged since 2016 that pose an increased risk to humans. They highlight the importance of continuous genome surveillance of circulating influenza strains.
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Structural Biology of Influenza Hemagglutinin: An Amaranthine Adventure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091053. [PMID: 32971825 PMCID: PMC7551194 DOI: 10.3390/v12091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions, which are indispensable for viral entry. Over the past four decades, X-ray crystallography has greatly facilitated our understanding of HA receptor binding, membrane fusion, and antigenicity. The recent advances in cryo-EM have further deepened our comprehension of HA biology. Since influenza HA constantly evolves in natural circulating strains, there are always new questions to be answered. The incessant accumulation of knowledge on the structural biology of HA over several decades has also facilitated the design and development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. This review describes the current status of the field of HA structural biology, how we got here, and what the next steps might be.
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Hwang HS, Chang M, Kim YA. Influenza-Host Interplay and Strategies for Universal Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030548. [PMID: 32962304 PMCID: PMC7564814 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an annual epidemic and an occasional pandemic caused by pathogens that are responsible for infectious respiratory disease. Humans are highly susceptible to the infection mediated by influenza A viruses (IAV). The entry of the virus is mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein that binds to the cellular sialic acid receptors and facilitates the fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal membrane. During IAV infection, virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) either on the cell surface or intracellularly in endosomes. Herein, we comprehensively review the current knowledge available on the entry of the influenza virus into host cells and the molecular details of the influenza virus–host interface. We also highlight certain strategies for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (Y.A.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.); +82-62-530-1871 (Y.A.K.)
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (Y.A.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.); +82-62-530-1871 (Y.A.K.)
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29
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. Influenza Hemagglutinin Structures and Antibody Recognition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038778. [PMID: 31871236 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus-host membrane fusion. At the same time, HA is the major antigen of the influenza virus. HA antigenic shift can result in pandemics, whereas antigenic drift allows human circulating strains to escape herd immunity. Most antibody responses against HA are strain-specific. However, antibodies that have neutralizing activities against multiple strains or even subtypes have now been discovered and characterized. These broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target conserved regions on HA, such as the receptor-binding site and the stem domain. Structural studies of such bnAbs have provided important insight into universal influenza vaccine and therapeutic design. This review discusses the HA functions as well as HA-antibody interactions from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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30
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Everest H, Hill SC, Daines R, Sealy JE, James J, Hansen R, Iqbal M. The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060673. [PMID: 32580412 PMCID: PMC7354632 DOI: 10.3390/v12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Everest
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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31
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Thompson AJ, Cao L, Ma Y, Wang X, Diedrich JK, Kikuchi C, Willis S, Worth C, McBride R, Yates JR, Paulson JC. Human Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins Contain Conserved Oligomannose N-Linked Glycans Allowing Potent Neutralization by Lectins. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:725-735.e5. [PMID: 32298658 PMCID: PMC7158820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) from human influenza viruses adapt to bind α2-6-linked sialosides, overcoming a receptor-defined species barrier distinct from the α2-3 specificity of avian virus progenitors. Additionally, human-adapted HAs gain glycosylation sites over time, although their biological function is poorly defined. Using quantitative glycomic analysis, we show that HAs from human pandemic viruses exhibit significant proportions of high-mannose type N-linked glycans throughout the head domain. By contrast, poorly adapted avian-origin HAs contain predominately complex-type glycans, which have greater structural diversity. Although oligomannose levels vary, they are present in all tested recombinant HAs and whole viruses and can be specifically targeted for universal detection. The positions of high-mannose glycosites on the HA of human H1N1 and H3N2 strains are conserved. Additionally, high-mannose-binding lectins possess a broad capacity to neutralize and prevent infection with contemporary H3N2 strains. These findings reveal the biological significance of HA glycosylation and therapeutic potential of targeting these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shelby Willis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Abolnik C, Strydom C, Rauff DL, Wandrag DBR, Petty D. Continuing evolution of H6N2 influenza a virus in South African chickens and the implications for diagnosis and control. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:455. [PMID: 31852473 PMCID: PMC6921544 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The threat of poultry-origin H6 avian influenza viruses to human health emphasizes the importance of monitoring their evolution. South Africa’s H6N2 epidemic in chickens began in 2001 and two co-circulating antigenic sub-lineages of H6N2 could be distinguished from the outset. The true incidence and prevalence of H6N2 in the country has been difficult to determine, partly due to the continued use of an inactivated whole virus H6N2 vaccine and the inability to distinguish vaccinated from non-vaccinated birds on serology tests. In the present study, the complete genomes of 12 H6N2 viruses isolated from various farming systems between September 2015 and February 2019 in three major chicken-producing regions were analysed and a serological experiment was used to demonstrate the effects of antigenic mismatch in diagnostic tests. Results Genetic drift in H6N2 continued and antigenic diversity in sub-lineage I is increasing; no sub-lineage II viruses were detected. Reassortment patterns indicated epidemiological connections between provinces as well as different farming systems, but there was no reassortment with wild bird or ostrich influenza viruses. The sequence mismatch between the official antigens used for routine hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing and circulating field strains has increased steadily, and we demonstrated that H6N2 field infections are likely to be missed. More concerning, sub-lineage I H6N2 viruses acquired three of the nine HA mutations associated with human receptor-binding preference (A13S, V187D and A193N) since 2002. Most sub-lineage I viruses isolated since 2015 acquired the K702R mutation in PB2 associated with the ability to infect humans, whereas prior to 2015 most viruses in sub-lineages I and II contained the avian lysine marker. All strains had an unusual HA0 motif of PQVETRGIF or PQVGTRGIF. Conclusions The H6N2 viruses in South African chickens are mutating and reassorting amongst themselves but have remained a genetically pure lineage since they emerged more than 18 years ago. Greater efforts must be made by government and industry in the continuous isolation and characterization of field strains for use as HI antigens, new vaccine seed strains and to monitor the zoonotic threat of H6N2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Christine Strydom
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, 248 Jean Avenue, Lyttleton, Centurion, 0140, South Africa
| | - Dionne Linda Rauff
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, 248 Jean Avenue, Lyttleton, Centurion, 0140, South Africa
| | - Daniel Barend Rudolph Wandrag
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Deryn Petty
- The Poultry Practice, PO Box 5615, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, 6065, South Africa
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33
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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34
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A Single Adaptive Mutation in Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide Induced by Hepadnaviruses Determines Virus Species Specificity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01432-18. [PMID: 30541857 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01432-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its hepadnavirus relatives infect a wide range of vertebrates, from fish to human. Hepadnaviruses and their hosts have a long history of acquiring adaptive mutations. However, there are no reports providing direct molecular evidence for such a coevolutionary "arms race" between hepadnaviruses and their hosts. Here, we present evidence suggesting that the adaptive evolution of the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), an HBV receptor, has been influenced by virus infection. Evolutionary analysis of the NTCP-encoding genes from 20 mammals showed that most NTCP residues are highly conserved among species, exhibiting evolution under negative selection (dN/dS ratio [ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary changes] of <1); this observation implies that the evolution of NTCP is restricted by maintaining its original protein function. However, 0.7% of NTCP amino acid residues exhibit rapid evolution under positive selection (dN/dS ratio of >1). Notably, a substitution at amino acid (aa) 158, a positively selected residue, converting the human NTCP to a monkey-type sequence abrogated the capacity to support HBV infection; conversely, a substitution at this residue converting the monkey Ntcp to the human sequence was sufficient to confer HBV susceptibility. Together, these observations suggested a close association of the aa 158 positive selection with the pressure by virus infection. Moreover, the aa 158 sequence determined attachment of the HBV envelope protein to the host cell, demonstrating the mechanism whereby HBV infection would create positive selection at this NTCP residue. In summary, we provide the first evidence in agreement with the function of hepadnavirus as a driver for inducing adaptive mutation in host receptor.IMPORTANCE HBV and its hepadnavirus relatives infect a wide range of vertebrates, with a long infectious history (hundreds of millions of years). Such a long history generally allows adaptive mutations in hosts to escape from infection while simultaneously allowing adaptive mutations in viruses to overcome host barriers. However, there is no published molecular evidence for such a coevolutionary arms race between hepadnaviruses and hosts. In the present study, we performed coevolutionary phylogenetic analysis between hepadnaviruses and the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), an HBV receptor, combined with virological experimental assays for investigating the biological significance of NTCP sequence variation. Our data provide the first molecular evidence supporting that HBV-related hepadnaviruses drive adaptive evolution in the NTCP sequence, including a mechanistic explanation of how NTCP mutations determine host viral susceptibility. Our novel insights enhance our understanding of how hepadnaviruses evolved with their hosts, permitting the acquisition of strong species specificity.
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35
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Li J, Quan C, Xie Y, Ke C, Nie Y, Chen Q, Hu T, Chen J, Wong G, Wang Q, Feng L, Yu H, Liu Y, Liu W, Gao GF, Liu WJ, Shi W, Bi Y. Continued reassortment of avian H6 influenza viruses from Southern China, 2014-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:592-598. [PMID: 30300968 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in poultry and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a total of 196 novel H6 AIVs isolated from poultry in eight provinces of China from 2014 to 2016 were phylogenetically characterized. Our analysis revealed that they could be divided into two clades in the Asian H6 HA lineage, A/wild duck/Shantou/2853/2003(H6N2) (ST2853-like) (85.7%) and A/duck/Shantou/339/2000(H6N2) (ST339-like) (14.3%), in which ST2853-like strains predominate. These novel strains belonged to the H6N6 (n = 165, 84.2%), H6N2 (n = 30, 15.3%), and H6N3 (n = 1, 0.51%) subtypes, which could be classified into 36 genotypes including 12 novel genotypes described in this study. In particular, several strains possessed the V190 and S228 mutations in HA (H3 numbering), which is critical for human receptor binding and identical to the human-derived strain A/Taiwan/2/2013(H6N1). Furthermore, 10.3% of the H6N6 isolates possessed the N6-∆11b (59-69) deletion. In summary, we describe phylogenetic and molecular characterizations of H6 AIVs in southern China and highlight the constant prevalence of H6 AIVs in poultry as well as adaptation to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chuansong Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Nie
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Qianli Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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de Vries RP, Tzarum N, Peng W, Thompson AJ, Ambepitiya Wickramasinghe IN, de la Pena ATT, van Breemen MJ, Bouwman KM, Zhu X, McBride R, Yu W, Sanders RW, Verheije MH, Wilson IA, Paulson JC. A single mutation in Taiwanese H6N1 influenza hemagglutinin switches binding to human-type receptors. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1314-1325. [PMID: 28694323 PMCID: PMC5582370 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2013, the first case of human infection with an avian H6N1 virus was reported in a Taiwanese woman. Although this was a single non‐fatal case, the virus continues to circulate in Taiwanese poultry. As with any emerging avian virus that infects humans, there is concern that acquisition of human‐type receptor specificity could enable transmission in the human population. Despite mutations in the receptor‐binding pocket of the human H6N1 isolate, it has retained avian‐type (NeuAcα2‐3Gal) receptor specificity. However, we show here that a single nucleotide substitution, resulting in a change from Gly to Asp at position 225 (G225D), completely switches specificity to human‐type (NeuAcα2‐6Gal) receptors. Significantly, G225D H6 loses binding to chicken trachea epithelium and is now able to bind to human tracheal tissue. Structural analysis reveals that Asp225 directly interacts with the penultimate Gal of the human‐type receptor, stabilizing human receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P de Vries
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba T Torrents de la Pena
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M Bouwman
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weil Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Enhanced Human-Type Receptor Binding by Ferret-Transmissible H5N1 with a K193T Mutation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02016-17. [PMID: 29491160 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02016-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All human influenza pandemics have originated from avian influenza viruses. Although multiple changes are needed for an avian virus to be able to transmit between humans, binding to human-type receptors is essential. Several research groups have reported mutations in H5N1 viruses that exhibit specificity for human-type receptors and promote respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets. Upon detailed analysis, we have found that these mutants exhibit significant differences in fine receptor specificity compared to human H1N1 and H3N2 and retain avian-type receptor binding. We have recently shown that human influenza viruses preferentially bind to α2-6-sialylated branched N-linked glycans, where the sialic acids on each branch can bind to receptor sites on two protomers of the same hemagglutinin (HA) trimer. In this binding mode, the glycan projects over the 190 helix at the top of the receptor-binding pocket, which in H5N1 would create a stearic clash with lysine at position 193. Thus, we hypothesized that a K193T mutation would improve binding to branched N-linked receptors. Indeed, the addition of the K193T mutation to the H5 HA of a respiratory-droplet-transmissible virus dramatically improves both binding to human trachea epithelial cells and specificity for extended α2-6-sialylated N-linked glycans recognized by human influenza viruses.IMPORTANCE Infections by avian H5N1 viruses are associated with a high mortality rate in several species, including humans. Fortunately, H5N1 viruses do not transmit between humans because they do not bind to human-type receptors. In 2012, three seminal papers have shown how these viruses can be engineered to transmit between ferrets, the human model for influenza virus infection. Receptor binding, among others, was changed, and the viruses now bind to human-type receptors. Receptor specificity was still markedly different compared to that of human influenza viruses. Here we report an additional mutation in ferret-transmissible H5N1 that increases human-type receptor binding. K193T seems to be a common receptor specificity determinant, as it increases human-type receptor binding in multiple subtypes. The K193T mutation can now be used as a marker during surveillance of emerging viruses to assess potential pandemic risk.
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Gao R, Gu M, Liu K, Li Q, Li J, Shi L, Li X, Wang X, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Chen S, Peng D, Jiao X, Liu X. T160A mutation-induced deglycosylation at site 158 in hemagglutinin is a critical determinant of the dual receptor binding properties of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtype avian influenza viruses. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:158-166. [PMID: 29615249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Most clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtype avian influenza viruses possess a T160A amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein that has been shown to affect the receptor binding properties of a clade 2.3.4 H5N1 virus. However, the effect of this single site mutation on the HA backbone of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses remains unclear. In this study, two H5N6 field isolates possessing HA-160A with dual α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptor binding properties (Y6 virus) and HA-160T with α-2,3 receptor binding affinity (HX virus), respectively, were selected to generate HA mutants containing all of the internal genes from A/PR8/H1N1 virus for comparative investigation. We found that the Y6-P-160A and RHX-P-160A viruses each with 160A in the HA resulting in loss of glycosylation at site 158 exhibited binding to the two receptor types, whereas the RY6-P-160T and HX-P-160T viruses each with 160T in the HA displayed selective binding to α-2,3 receptors only. In addition, differences were noted in the replication of these four H5N6 recombinants in avian and mammalian cells, as well as in their pathogenicity in mice. The contribution of deglycosylation at site 158 to the acquisition of human-like receptors was further verified in H5N2, H5N5 and H5N8 reassortants. Therefore, we conclude that the lack of glycosylation at site 158 induced by the T160A mutation in HA is a critical determinant for the dual receptor binding properties of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses. This new insight may be helpful in assessing the pandemic potential of novel H5 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qunhui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Liwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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