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Li Y, Bi X, Wu M, Chen X, Zhan W, Dong Z, Lu F. Adjusting the stiffness of a cell-free hydrogel system based on tissue-specific extracellular matrix to optimize adipose tissue regeneration. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad002. [PMID: 36873282 PMCID: PMC9977348 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Large-area soft tissue defects are challenging to reconstruct. Clinical treatment methods are hampered by problems associated with injury to the donor site and the requirement for multiple surgical procedures. Although the advent of decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) offers a new solution to these problems, optimal tissue regeneration efficiency cannot be achieved because the stiffness of DAT cannot be altered in vivo by adjusting its concentration. This study aimed to improve the efficiency of adipose regeneration by physically altering the stiffness of DAT to better repair large-volume soft tissue defects. Methods In this study, we formed three different cell-free hydrogel systems by physically cross-linking DAT with different concentrations of methyl cellulose (MC; 0.05, 0.075 and 0.10 g/ml). The stiffness of the cell-free hydrogel system could be regulated by altering the concentration of MC, and all three cell-free hydrogel systems were injectable and moldable. Subsequently, the cell-free hydrogel systems were grafted on the backs of nude mice. Histological, immunofluorescence and gene expression analyses of adipogenesis of the grafts were performed on days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 30. Results The migration of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and vascularization were higher in the 0.10 g/ml group than in the 0.05 and 0.075 g/ml groups on days 7, 14 and 30. Notably, on days 7, 14 and 30, the adipogenesis of ASCs and adipose regeneration were significantly higher in the 0.075 g/ml group than in the 0.05 g/ml group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) and 0.10 g/ml group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). Conclusion Adjusting the stiffness of DAT via physical cross-linking with MC can effectively promote adipose regeneration, which is of great significance to the development of methods for the effective repair and reconstruction of large-volume soft tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xin Bi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.,Dermatology Department, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 157 Jinbi Road, Xishan district, Kunming, Yunnan province 650100, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xinyao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Zhan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 139 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
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2
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Peyronnet R, Desai A, Edelmann JC, Cameron BA, Emig R, Kohl P, Dean D. Simultaneous assessment of radial and axial myocyte mechanics by combining atomic force microscopy and carbon fibre techniques. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210326. [PMID: 36189808 PMCID: PMC9527909 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes sense and shape their mechanical environment, contributing to its dynamics by their passive and active mechanical properties. While axial forces generated by contracting cardiomyocytes have been amply investigated, the corresponding radial mechanics remain poorly characterized. Our aim is to simultaneously monitor passive and active forces, both axially and radially, in cardiomyocytes freshly isolated from adult mouse ventricles. To do so, we combine a carbon fibre (CF) set-up with a custom-made atomic force microscope (AFM). CF allows us to apply stretch and to record passive and active forces in the axial direction. The AFM, modified for frontal access to fit in CF, is used to characterize radial cell mechanics. We show that stretch increases the radial elastic modulus of cardiomyocytes. We further find that during contraction, cardiomyocytes generate radial forces that are reduced, but not abolished, when cells are forced to contract near isometrically. Radial forces may contribute to ventricular wall thickening during contraction, together with the dynamic re-orientation of cells and sheetlets in the myocardium. This new approach for characterizing cell mechanics allows one to obtain a more detailed picture of the balance of axial and radial mechanics in cardiomyocytes at rest, during stretch, and during contraction. This article is part of the theme issue 'The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg – Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Breanne A. Cameron
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg – Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Emig
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg – Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg – Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Li Y, Zhang P, Zhang X, Bi X, Wu M, Zou J, Wang Z, Lu F, Dong Z, Gao J. Adipose matrix complex: a high-rigidity collagen-rich adipose-derived material for fat grafting. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14910-14923. [PMID: 34111029 PMCID: PMC8221321 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the low percentage of collagen, the rigid support capacity of fat grafts remains unsatisfactory for some clinical applications. In this study, we evaluated a strategy in which adipose matrix complex (AMC) was collected via a mechanical process and transplanted for supportive filling of the face. Our AMC samples were collected from adipose tissue by a filter device consisting of a sleeve, three internal sieves, and a filter bag (100 mesh). AMC derived from adipose tissue had fewer cells than Coleman fat, but much higher levels of collagen and stiffness. Retention rates 90 days after transplantation in nude mice were higher for AMC than for Coleman fat (75±7.5% vs. 42±13.5%; P < 0.05). In addition, AMC maintained a higher stiffness (~6 kPa vs. ~2 kPa; P < 0.01) and stably retained a higher level of collagen. Our findings demonstrate that mechanical collection of AMC from adipose tissue is a practical method for improving fat graft retention and rigid support. This strategy has the potential to improve the quality of lipoaspirates for patients requiring rigid supportive filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xin Bi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jialiang Zou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zijue Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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4
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Chen X, Lu F, Yuan Y. The Application and Mechanism of Action of External Volume Expansion in Soft Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 27:181-197. [PMID: 32821009 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Peng S, Cao F, Xia Y, Gao XD, Dai L, Yan J, Ma G. Particulate Alum via Pickering Emulsion for an Enhanced COVID-19 Vaccine Adjuvant. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004210. [PMID: 32864794 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For rapid response against the prevailing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19), it is a global imperative to exploit the immunogenicity of existing formulations for safe and efficient vaccines. As the most accessible adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide (alum) is still the sole employed adjuvant in most countries. However, alum tends to attach on the membrane rather than entering the dendritic cells (DCs), leading to the absence of intracellular transfer and process of the antigens, and thus limits T-cell-mediated immunity. To address this, alum is packed on the squalene/water interphase is packed, forming an alum-stabilized Pickering emulsion (PAPE). "Inheriting" from alum and squalene, PAPE demonstrates a good biosafety profile. Intriguingly, with the dense array of alum on the oil/water interphase, PAPE not only adsorbs large quantities of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) antigens, but also harbors a higher affinity for DC uptake, which provokes the uptake and cross-presentation of the delivered antigens. Compared with alum-treated groups, more than six times higher antigen-specific antibody titer and three-fold more IFN-γ-secreting T cells are induced, indicating the potent humoral and cellular immune activations. Collectively, the data suggest that PAPE may provide potential insights toward a safe and efficient adjuvant platform for the enhanced COVID-19 vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Fengqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yufei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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6
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Cognart HA, Viovy JL, Villard C. Fluid shear stress coupled with narrow constrictions induce cell type-dependent morphological and molecular changes in SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6386. [PMID: 32286431 PMCID: PMC7156718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer mortality mainly arises from metastases, due to cells that escape from a primary tumor, circulate in the blood as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), permeate across blood vessels and nest in distant organs. It is still unclear how CTCs overcome the harsh conditions of fluid shear stress and mechanical constraints within the microcirculation. Here, a minimal model of the blood microcirculation was established through the fabrication of microfluidic channels comprising constrictions. Metastatic breast cancer cells of epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like phenotypes were flowed into the microfluidic device. These cells were visualized during circulation and analyzed for their dynamical behavior, revealing long-lived plastic deformations and significant differences in biomechanics between cell types. γ-H2AX staining of cells retrieved post-circulation showed significant increase of DNA damage response in epithelial-like SK-BR-3 cells, while gene expression analysis of key regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition revealed significant changes upon circulation. This work thus documents first results of the changes at the cellular, subcellular and molecular scales induced by the two main mechanical stimuli arising from circulatory conditions, and suggest a significant role of this still elusive step of the metastatic cascade in cancer cells heterogeneity and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamizah Ahmad Cognart
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France.,Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Viovy
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France.,Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Villard
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France. .,Université PSL, Paris, France.
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7
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Meyer K, Morales‐Navarrete H, Seifert S, Wilsch‐Braeuninger M, Dahmen U, Tanaka EM, Brusch L, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. Bile canaliculi remodeling activates YAP via the actin cytoskeleton during liver regeneration. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8985. [PMID: 32090478 PMCID: PMC7036714 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of organ size control remain poorly understood. A key question is how cells collectively sense the overall status of a tissue. We addressed this problem focusing on mouse liver regeneration. Using digital tissue reconstruction and quantitative image analysis, we found that the apical surface of hepatocytes forming the bile canalicular network expands concomitant with an increase in F-actin and phospho-myosin, to compensate an overload of bile acids. These changes are sensed by the Hippo transcriptional co-activator YAP, which localizes to apical F-actin-rich regions and translocates to the nucleus in dependence of the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. This mechanism tolerates moderate bile acid fluctuations under tissue homeostasis, but activates YAP in response to sustained bile acid overload. Using an integrated biophysical-biochemical model of bile pressure and Hippo signaling, we explained this behavior by the existence of a mechano-sensory mechanism that activates YAP in a switch-like manner. We propose that the apical surface of hepatocytes acts as a self-regulatory mechano-sensory system that responds to critical levels of bile acids as readout of tissue status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Sarah Seifert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation SurgeryDepartment of General, Visceral and Vascular SurgeryJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular PathologyVienna BioCenterViennaAustria
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Center for Information Services and High Performance ComputingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Faculty of Bioengineering and BioinformaticsMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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8
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Li Y, Wu M, Zhang Z, Xia J, Wang Z, Chen X, Xiao X, Lu F, Dong Z. Application of External Force Regulates the Migration and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells by Altering Tissue Stiffness. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1614-1622. [PMID: 30909828 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large soft-tissue defects are challenging to reconstruct surgically. Expansion of soft tissue using an external volume expansion (EVE) device is a noninvasive method to improve such reconstruction; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we created fat flaps in Sprague-Dawley rats, applied an external force of 3 or 6 kPa using an EVE device, and investigated the migration and differentiation of adipose-derived stem/progenitor cells (ASCs). In addition, we performed finite element analysis to explore the stiffness of adipose tissue. An external force of 3 kPa promoted the migration and adipogenic differentiation of ASCs. By comparison, an external force of 6 kPa had a larger effect on migration of ASCs, but a smaller effect on adipogenic differentiation of ASCs. External force affected adipose tissue stiffness. In conclusion, external force generated by an EVE device increases the stiffness of adipose tissue, which influences the migration and differentiation of ASCs. The size of the external force can be altered according to the tissue stiffness required at particular time points to promote long-term adipose tissue regeneration. Impact Statement Stem cell therapy in clinic mostly requires the addition of exogenous stem cells, therefore the safety and controllability is always defective. In this study, the external force of external volume expansion regulates adipose-derived stem/progenitor cells (ASCs) migration and differentiation through tissue stiffness. Using tissue engineering without exogenous ASCs can promote long-term adipose tissue regeneration. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for clinical tissue engineering applications and improvements in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zijue Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyun Xiao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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9
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Bohec P, Tailleur J, van Wijland F, Richert A, Gallet F. Distribution of active forces in the cell cortex. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6952-6966. [PMID: 31432058 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study in detail the distribution of stochastic forces generated by the molecular motors activity, in the actin cortex of pre-muscular cells. By combining active and passive rheology experiments, performed on the same micro-bead bound to the actin network through membrane adhesive receptors, we measure the auto-correlation function Cff(τ) of the average force pulling on the bead. As for any out-of-equilibrium system, the force distribution differs from the thermodynamical equilibrium one, especially at long time scale τ⪆ 1 s where the bead motion becomes partially directed. Thus the fluctuation-dissipation theorem does not apply and one can measure the distance from equilibrium through its violation. We investigate the influence of different parameters on the force distribution, focusing particularly on the role of ligand density: a detailed study shows how the amplitude of active forces increases when the bead is more tightly attached to the cortex. We introduce and study a model, which takes into account the number of bonds between the bead and the cytoskeleton, as well as the viscoelastic properties of the medium. This model faithfully accounts for the experimental observations. Also, it is shown that the amplitude of active forces increases with temperature. Finally, our data confirm that ATP depletion in the cell, or partial inhibition of the actomyosin activity, leads to a decrease of the amplitude of the force distribution. Altogether, we propose a consistent and quantitative description for the motion of a micrometric probe interacting with the actin network, and for the amplitude of the stochastic forces generated by molecular motors in the cortex surrounding this probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bohec
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - J Tailleur
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - F van Wijland
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - A Richert
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - F Gallet
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université Paris-Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75013 Paris, France.
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10
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Septiadi D, Crippa F, Moore TL, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Nanoparticle-Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704463. [PMID: 29315860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Federica Crippa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lee Moore
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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11
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Zhang X, Song C, Ma G, Wei W. Mechanical determination of particle–cell interactions and the associated biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7129-7143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical determination of particle–cell interactions and the associated biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Cui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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12
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Liu Z, Bun P, Audugé N, Coppey-Moisan M, Borghi N. Vinculin head-tail interaction defines multiple early mechanisms for cell substrate rigidity sensing. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:693-703. [PMID: 27169142 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00307e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rigidity sensing is a critical determinant of cell fate and behavior but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Focal adhesions (FAs) are complexes that anchor cells to the matrix. Among their components, vinculin undergoes an auto-inhibitory head-tail interaction that regulates the recruitment of, and interactions with its partners in a force-dependent manner. It is unknown, however, whether this mechanism is involved in substrate rigidity sensing. Here, we use a range of quantitative fluorescence microscopies on live human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to address this question. We identify two distinct rigidity-sensing molecular modules in FAs, one of which involves vinculin and talin, is regulated by vinculin head-tail interaction, and targets cell morphology. Vinculin and talin are recruited independently in a rigidity-dependent manner to FAs where they directly interact in a rigidity-independent stoichiometry at a site proximal to talin head. Vinculin head-tail interaction is required on soft substrates to destabilize vinculin and talin in FAs, and to allow hMSCs branching. Another module involves paxillin and FAK, which soft substrates also destabilize, but independently of vinculin head-tail interaction. This multi-modularity may be key to allow a versatile response to complex biomechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengzhen Liu
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, 304B Bât. Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, Paris 75013, France.
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13
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Chen Y, Wang L, Huang H, Tan R, Zhao J, Yang S, Zeng R, Wu H, Zhang J, Yu B, Tu M. Mechano-regulatory cellular behaviors of NIH/3T3 in response to the storage modulus of liquid crystalline substrates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 57:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Lee S, Hong J, Lee J. Cell motility regulation on a stepped micro pillar array device (SMPAD) with a discrete stiffness gradient. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:2325-2333. [PMID: 26787193 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00649j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our tissues consist of individual cells that respond to the elasticity of their environment, which varies between and within tissues. To better understand mechanically driven cell migration, it is necessary to manipulate the stiffness gradient across a substrate. Here, we have demonstrated a new variant of the microfabricated polymeric pillar array platform that can decouple the stiffness gradient from the ECM protein area. This goal is achieved via a "stepped" micro pillar array device (SMPAD) in which the contact area with the cell was kept constant while the diameter of the pillar bodies was altered to attain the proper mechanical stiffness. Using double-step SU-8 mold fabrication, the diameter of the top of every pillar was kept uniform, whereas that of the bottom was changed, to achieve the desired substrate rigidity. Fibronectin was immobilized on the pillar tops, providing a focal adhesion site for cells. C2C12, HeLa and NIH3T3 cells were cultured on the SMPAD, and the motion of the cells was observed by time-lapse microscopy. Using this simple platform, which produces a purely physical stimulus, we observed that various types of cell behavior are affected by the mechanical stimulus of the environment. We also demonstrated directed cell migration guided by a discrete rigidity gradient by varying stiffness. Interestingly, cell velocity was highest at the highest stiffness. Our approach enables the regulation of the mechanical properties of the polymeric pillar array device and eliminates the effects of the size of the contact area. This technique is a unique tool for studying cellular motion and behavior relative to various stiffness gradients in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
| | - Juhee Hong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
| | - Junghoon Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea. and Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
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15
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Bun P, Liu J, Turlier H, Liu Z, Uriot K, Joanny JF, Coppey-Moisan M. Mechanical checkpoint for persistent cell polarization in adhesion-naive fibroblasts. Biophys J 2015; 107:324-335. [PMID: 25028874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization is a fundamental biological process implicated in nearly every aspect of multicellular development. The role of cell-extracellular matrix contacts in the establishment and the orientation of cell polarity have been extensively studied. However, the respective contributions of substrate mechanics and biochemistry remain unclear. Here we propose a believed novel single-cell approach to assess the minimal polarization trigger. Using nonadhered round fibroblast cells, we show that stiffness sensing through single localized integrin-mediated cues are necessary and sufficient to trigger and direct a shape polarization. In addition, the traction force developed by cells has to reach a minimal threshold of 56 ± 1.6 pN for persistent polarization. The polarization kinetics increases with the stiffness of the cue. The polarized state is characterized by cortical actomyosin redistribution together with cell shape change. We develop a physical model supporting the idea that a local and persistent inhibition of actin polymerization and/or myosin activity is sufficient to trigger and sustain the polarized state. Finally, the cortical polarity propagates to an intracellular polarity, evidenced by the reorientation of the centrosome. Our results define the minimal adhesive requirements and quantify the mechanical checkpoint for persistent cell shape and organelle polarization, which are critical regulators of tissue and cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bun
- Macromolecular Complexes in Living Cells, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VII, Paris, France.
| | - JunJun Liu
- Macromolecular Complexes in Living Cells, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Physical Chemistry Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - ZengZhen Liu
- Macromolecular Complexes in Living Cells, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Karen Uriot
- Macromolecular Complexes in Living Cells, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Joanny
- Physical Chemistry Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Maïté Coppey-Moisan
- Macromolecular Complexes in Living Cells, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris VII, Paris, France.
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16
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Abstract
We describe here the parallel plates technique which enables quantifying single-cell mechanics, either passive (cell deformability) or active (whole-cell traction forces). Based on the bending of glass microplates of calibrated stiffness, it is easy to implement on any microscope, and benefits from protocols and equipment already used in biology labs (coating of glass slides, pipette pullers, micromanipulators, etc.). We first present the principle of the technique, the design and calibration of the microplates, and various surface coatings corresponding to different cell-substrate interactions. Then we detail the specific cell preparation for the assays, and the different mechanical assays that can be carried out. Finally, we discuss the possible technical simplifications and the specificities of each mechanical protocol, as well as the possibility of extending the use of the parallel plates to investigate the mechanics of cell aggregates or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bufi
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Durand-Smet
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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17
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Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by high interstitial fluid pressure, which drives fluid efflux from the tumor core. Tumor-associated interstitial flow (IF) at a rate of ∼3 µm/s has been shown to induce cell migration in the upstream direction (rheotaxis). However, the molecular biophysical mechanism that underlies upstream cell polarization and rheotaxis remains unclear. We developed a microfluidic platform to investigate the effects of IF fluid stresses imparted on cells embedded within a collagen type I hydrogel, and we demonstrate that IF stresses result in a transcellular gradient in β1-integrin activation with vinculin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), FAK(PY397), F actin, and paxillin-dependent protrusion formation localizing to the upstream side of the cell, where matrix adhesions are under maximum tension. This previously unknown mechanism is the result of a force balance between fluid drag on the cell and matrix adhesion tension and is therefore a fundamental, but previously unknown, stimulus for directing cell movement within porous extracellular matrix.
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18
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Ahn EH, Kim Y, Kshitiz, An SS, Afzal J, Lee S, Kwak M, Suh KY, Kim DH, Levchenko A. Spatial control of adult stem cell fate using nanotopographic cues. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2401-2410. [PMID: 24388388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells hold great promise as a source of diverse terminally differentiated cell types for tissue engineering applications. However, due to the complexity of chemical and mechanical cues specifying differentiation outcomes, development of arbitrarily complex geometric and structural arrangements of cells, adopting multiple fates from the same initial stem cell population, has been difficult. Here, we show that the topography of the cell adhesion substratum can be an instructive cue to adult stem cells and topographical variations can strongly bias the differentiation outcome of the cells towards adipocyte or osteocyte fates. Switches in cell fate decision from adipogenic to osteogenic lineages were accompanied by changes in cytoskeletal stiffness, spanning a considerable range in the cell softness/rigidity spectrum. Our findings suggest that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) can respond to the varying density of nanotopographical cues by regulating their internal cytoskeletal network and use these mechanical changes to guide them toward making cell fate decisions. We used this finding to design a complex two-dimensional pattern of co-localized cells preferentially adopting two alternative fates, thus paving the road for designing and building more complex tissue constructs with diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kshitiz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven S An
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Junaid Afzal
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Suengwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Moonkyu Kwak
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kahp-Yang Suh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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19
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Ladoux B, Nicolas A. Physically based principles of cell adhesion mechanosensitivity in tissues. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:116601. [PMID: 23085962 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/11/116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit that defines living organisms is a single cell. By proliferating and mechanically interacting with each other, cells can build complex organization such as tissues that ultimately organize into even more complex multicellular living organisms, such as mammals, composed of billions of single cells interacting with each other. As opposed to passive materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their environment. Tissue cell adhesion to its surrounding extracellular matrix or to neighbors is an example of a biological process that adapts to physical cues. The adhesion of tissue cells to their surrounding medium induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces whose amplitude adapts to the mechanical properties of the environment. In turn, solicitation of adhering cells with physical forces, such as blood flow shearing the layer of endothelial cells in the lumen of arteries, reinforces cell adhesion and impacts cell contractility. In biological terms, the sensing of physical signals is transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death. Regarding the biological and developmental consequences of cell adaptation to mechanical perturbations, understanding mechanotransduction in tissue cell adhesion appears as an important step in numerous fields of biology, such as cancer, regenerative medicine or tissue bioengineering for instance. Physicists were first tempted to view cell adhesion as the wetting transition of a soft bag having a complex, adhesive interaction with the surface. But surprising responses of tissue cell adhesion to mechanical cues challenged this view. This, however, did not exclude that cell adhesion could be understood in physical terms. It meant that new models and descriptions had to be created specifically for these biological issues, and could not straightforwardly be adapted from dead matter. In this review, we present physical concepts of tissue cell adhesion and the unexpected cellular responses to mechanical cues such as external forces and stiffness sensing. We show how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have contributed to our understanding of the regulation of cellular functions through physical force sensing mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the different physical models that could explain how tissue cell adhesion and force sensing can be coupled to internal mechanosensitive processes within the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Ladoux
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS UMR 7057 & Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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20
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Guvendiren M, Burdick JA. Stiffening hydrogels to probe short- and long-term cellular responses to dynamic mechanics. Nat Commun 2012; 3:792. [PMID: 22531177 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological processes are dynamic in nature, and growing evidence suggests that matrix stiffening is particularly decisive during development, wound healing and disease; yet, nearly all in vitro models are static. Here we introduce a step-wise approach, addition then light-mediated crosslinking, to fabricate hydrogels that stiffen (for example, ~3-30 kPa) in the presence of cells, and investigated the short-term (minutes-to-hours) and long-term (days-to-weeks) cell response to dynamic stiffening. When substrates are stiffened, adhered human mesenchymal stem cells increase their area from ~500 to 3,000 μm(2) and exhibit greater traction from ~1 to 10 kPa over a timescale of hours. For longer cultures up to 14 days, human mesenchymal stem cells selectively differentiate based on the period of culture, before or after stiffening, such that adipogenic differentiation is favoured for later stiffening, whereas osteogenic differentiation is favoured for earlier stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Guvendiren
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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21
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Zhang Q, Zhu D, Su F, Xie Y, Ma Z, Shen J. Structure-property investigations with dielectric study on phosphorylcholine-based polyurethane. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1868-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Furusawa K, Sato S, Masumoto JI, Hanazaki Y, Maki Y, Dobashi T, Yamamoto T, Fukui A, Sasaki N. Studies on the Formation Mechanism and the Structure of the Anisotropic Collagen Gel Prepared by Dialysis-Induced Anisotropic Gelation. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:29-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200869p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Furusawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sato
- Transdisciplinary
Life Science
Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jyun-ichi Masumoto
- Transdisciplinary
Life Science
Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yohei Hanazaki
- Transdisciplinary
Life Science
Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Maki
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Tenjincho 1-5-1, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Dobashi
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Tenjincho 1-5-1, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takao Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Tenjincho 1-5-1, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akimasa Fukui
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasaki
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo,
Hokkaido, Japan
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23
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Difato F, Tsushima H, Pesce M, Benfenati F, Blau A, Chieregatti E. The formation of actin waves during regeneration after axonal lesion is enhanced by BDNF. Sci Rep 2011; 1:183. [PMID: 22355698 PMCID: PMC3240951 DOI: 10.1038/srep00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, axons of neurons in the mammalian central nervous system lose their ability to regenerate. To study the regeneration process, axons of mouse hippocampal neurons were partially damaged by an UVA laser dissector system. The possibility to deliver very low average power to the sample reduced the collateral thermal damage and allowed studying axonal regeneration of mouse neurons during early days in vitro. Force spectroscopy measurements were performed during and after axon ablation with a bead attached to the axonal membrane and held in an optical trap. With this approach, we quantified the adhesion of the axon to the substrate and the viscoelastic properties of the membrane during regeneration. The reorganization and regeneration of the axon was documented by long-term live imaging. Here we demonstrate that BDNF regulates neuronal adhesion and favors the formation of actin waves during regeneration after axonal lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Difato
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30 16163 Genova
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hanako Tsushima
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30 16163 Genova
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mattia Pesce
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30 16163 Genova
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30 16163 Genova
| | - Axel Blau
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30 16163 Genova
| | - Evelina Chieregatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30 16163 Genova
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24
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Lai T, Chiam KH. Mechanochemical model of cell migration on substrates of varying stiffness. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:061907. [PMID: 22304116 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.061907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cells propel themselves along a substrate by organizing structures at the leading edge called lamellipodia that contain the actin network, myosin, integrin, and other proteins. In this article, we describe a quantitative model that couples the response of stretch-sensitive proteins in the lamellipodia to the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, therefore allowing the cell to respond to different substrate stiffnesses. Using this model, we predict the various phases of dynamics possible, including continuous protrusion, unstable retractions leading to ruffling, and periodic protrusion-retraction cycles. We explain the necessary conditions for each type of migratory behavior to occur. In particular, we show that, for periodic protrusion-retraction cycles to occur, the stiffness of the substrate must be high, the myosin-dependent maturation rate of nascent to focal adhesions must be high, and the myosin-independent integrin activation rate must be low. In addition, we also predict the dynamics expected at a given substrate stiffness, leading to a quantitative explanation of experimental data that showed that periodic protrusion-retraction cycles disappear when cells are placed on soft substrates. We also suggest experiments with downregulating α actinin and/or talin and upregulating p130Cas and make predictions on what types of migratory dynamics will be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanny Lai
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Guiggiani A, Torre B, Contestabile A, Benfenati F, Basso M, Vassalli M, Difato F. Long-range and long-term interferometric tracking by static and dynamic force-clamp optical tweezers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:22364-22376. [PMID: 22109113 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.022364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical tweezers are recognized single-molecule technique to resolve forces and motion on the molecular scale. Complex biological phenomena, such as cell differentiation and locomotion, require long range tracking capabilities with nanometer resolution over an extended period, to resolve molecular processes on the cellular scale. Here we introduce a real-time control of the microscope stage position to perform long-term tracking, with sub-millisecond resolution, of a bead attached to a neuron, preserving sub-nanometer sensitivity on a spatial range of centimeters, seven orders of magnitude larger. Moreover, the suitability of the system is tested by time- modulating the force-clamp condition to study the role of statically and dynamically applied forces in neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guiggiani
- Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Sistemi e Informatica, Florence, Italy
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26
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Marcq P, Yoshinaga N, Prost J. Rigidity sensing explained by active matter theory. Biophys J 2011; 101:L33-5. [PMID: 21943439 PMCID: PMC3177058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of traction forces exerted by living animal cells on their environment is a monotonically increasing and approximately sigmoidal function of the stiffness of the external medium. We rationalize this observation using active matter theory, and propose that adaptation to substrate rigidity results from an interplay between passive elasticity and active contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Marcq
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques Prost
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
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27
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Three powerful research tools from single cells into single molecules: AFM, laser tweezers, and Raman spectroscopy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:485-96. [PMID: 21556902 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
By using three physical techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), laser tweezers, and Raman spectroscopy), many excellent works in single-cell/molecule research have been accomplished. In this review, we present a brief introduction to the principles of these three techniques, and their capabilities toward single-cell/molecule research are highlighted. Afterward, the advances in single-cell/molecule research that have been facilitated by these three techniques are described. Following this, their complementary assets for single-cell/molecule research are analyzed, and the necessity of integrating the functions of these three techniques into one instrument is proposed.
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28
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Husson J, Chemin K, Bohineust A, Hivroz C, Henry N. Force generation upon T cell receptor engagement. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19680. [PMID: 21572959 PMCID: PMC3091878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are major players of adaptive immune response in mammals. Recognition of an antigenic peptide in association with the major histocompatibility complex at the surface of an antigen presenting cell (APC) is a specific and sensitive process whose mechanism is not fully understood. The potential contribution of mechanical forces in the T cell activation process is increasingly debated, although these forces are scarcely defined and hold only limited experimental evidence. In this work, we have implemented a biomembrane force probe (BFP) setup and a model APC to explore the nature and the characteristics of the mechanical forces potentially generated upon engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) and/or lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). We show that upon contact with a model APC coated with antibodies towards TCR-CD3, after a short latency, the T cell developed a timed sequence of pushing and pulling forces against its target. These processes were defined by their initial constant growth velocity and loading rate (force increase per unit of time). LFA-1 engagement together with TCR-CD3 reduced the growing speed during the pushing phase without triggering the same mechanical behavior when engaged alone. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was monitored simultaneously to verify the cell commitment in the activation process. [Ca(2+)](i) increased a few tens of seconds after the beginning of the pushing phase although no strong correlation appeared between the two events. The pushing phase was driven by actin polymerization. Tuning the BFP mechanical properties, we could show that the loading rate during the pulling phase increased with the target stiffness. This indicated that a mechanosensing mechanism is implemented in the early steps of the activation process. We provide here the first quantified description of force generation sequence upon local bidimensional engagement of TCR-CD3 and discuss its potential role in a T cell mechanically-regulated activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Husson
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris France
- CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France
- Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Karine Chemin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris France
- INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Bohineust
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris France
- INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris France
- INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Henry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris France
- CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France
- Université Paris 6, Paris, France
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29
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Difato F, Dal Maschio M, Marconi E, Ronzitti G, Maccione A, Fellin T, Berdondini L, Chieregatti E, Benfenati F, Blau A. Combined optical tweezers and laser dissector for controlled ablation of functional connections in neural networks. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:051306. [PMID: 21639566 DOI: 10.1117/1.3560268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of functional connectivity within a neural network after different degrees of lesion is of utmost clinical importance. To test pharmacological approaches aimed at recovering from a total or partial damage of neuronal connections within a circuit, it is necessary to develop a precise method for controlled ablation of neuronal processes. We combined a UV laser microdissector to ablate neural processes in vitro at single neuron and neural network level with infrared holographic optical tweezers to carry out force spectroscopy measurements. Simultaneous force spectroscopy, down to the sub-pico-Newton range, was performed during laser dissection to quantify the tension release in a partially ablated neurite. Therefore, we could control and measure the damage inflicted to an individual neuronal process. To characterize the effect of the inflicted injury on network level, changes in activity of neural subpopulations were monitored with subcellular resolution and overall network activity with high temporal resolution by concurrent calcium imaging and microelectrode array recording. Neuronal connections have been sequentially ablated and the correlated changes in network activity traced and mapped. With this unique combination of electrophysiological and optical tools, neural activity can be studied and quantified in response to controlled injury at the subcellular, cellular, and network level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Difato
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genoa 16163, Italy.
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30
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Webster KD, Crow A, Fletcher DA. An AFM-based stiffness clamp for dynamic control of rigidity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17807. [PMID: 21408137 PMCID: PMC3050926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a powerful tool for measuring material properties in biology and imposing mechanical boundary conditions on samples from single molecules to cells and tissues. Constant force or constant height can be maintained in an AFM experiment through feedback control of cantilever deflection, known respectively as a ‘force clamp’ or ‘position clamp’. However, stiffness, the third variable in the Hookean relation F = kx that describes AFM cantilever deflection, has not been dynamically controllable in the same way. Here we present and demonstrate a ‘stiffness clamp’ that can vary the apparent stiffness of an AFM cantilever. This method, employable on any AFM system by modifying feedback control of the cantilever, allows rapid and reversible tuning of the stiffness exposed to the sample in a way that can decouple the role of stiffness from force and deformation. We demonstrated the AFM stiffness clamp on two different samples: a contracting fibroblast cell and an expanding polyacrylamide hydrogel. We found that the fibroblast, a cell type that secretes and organizes the extracellular matrix, exhibited a rapid, sub-second change in traction rate (dF/dt) and contraction velocity (dx/dt) in response to step changes in stiffness between 1–100 nN/µm. This response was independent of the absolute contractile force and cell height, demonstrating that cells can react directly to changes in stiffness alone. In contrast, the hydrogel used in our experiment maintained a constant expansion velocity (dx/dt) over this range of stiffness, while the traction rate (dF/dt) changed with stiffness, showing that passive materials can also behave differently in different stiffness environments. The AFM stiffness clamp presented here, which is applicable to mechanical measurements on both biological and non-biological samples, may be used to investigate cellular mechanotransduction under a wide range of controlled mechanical boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Webster
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ailey Crow
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Fletcher
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
When tissue cells are plated on a flexible substrate, durotaxis, the directed migration of cells toward mechanically stiff regions, has been observed. Environmental mechanical signals are not only important in cell migration but also seem to influence all aspects of cell differentiation and development, including the metastatic process in cancer cells. Based on a theoretical model suggesting that this mechanosensation has a mechanical basis, we introduce a simple model of a cell by considering the contraction of F-actin bundles containing myosin motors (stress fibers) mediated by the movement of adhesions. We show that, when presented with a linear stiffness gradient, this simple model exhibits durotaxis. Interestingly, since stress fibers do not form on soft surfaces and since adhesion sliding occurs very slowly on hard surfaces, the model predicts that the expected cell velocity reaches a maximum at an intermediate stiffness. This prediction can be experimentally tested. We therefore argue that stiffness-dependent cellular adaptations (mechanosensation) and durotaxis are intimately related and may share a mechanical basis. We therefore identify the essential physical ingredients, which combined with additional biochemical mechanisms can explain durotaxis and mechanosensation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Harland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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32
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Lam WA, Chaudhuri O, Crow A, Webster KD, Li TD, Kita A, Huang J, Fletcher DA. Mechanics and contraction dynamics of single platelets and implications for clot stiffening. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:61-6. [PMID: 21131961 PMCID: PMC3236662 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Platelets interact with fibrin polymers to form blood clots at sites of vascular injury. Bulk studies have shown clots to be active materials, with platelet contraction driving the retraction and stiffening of clots. However, neither the dynamics of single-platelet contraction nor the strength and elasticity of individual platelets, both of which are important for understanding clot material properties, have been directly measured. Here we use atomic force microscopy to measure the mechanics and dynamics of single platelets. We find that platelets contract nearly instantaneously when activated by contact with fibrinogen and complete contraction within 15 min. Individual platelets can generate an average maximum contractile force of 29 nN and form adhesions stronger than 70 nN. Our measurements show that when exposed to stiffer microenvironments, platelets generated higher stall forces, which indicates that platelets may be able to contract heterogeneous clots more uniformly. The high elasticity of individual platelets, measured to be 10 kPa after contraction, combined with their high contractile forces, indicates that clots may be stiffened through direct reinforcement by platelets as well as by strain stiffening of fibrin under tension due to platelet contraction. These results show how the mechanosensitivity and mechanics of single cells can be used to dynamically alter the material properties of physiologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur A. Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ailey Crow
- Graduate group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kevin D. Webster
- Graduate group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tai-De Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ashley Kita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - James Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A. Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Graduate group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.A.F.
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33
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Coupling electropolymerization and microfluidic for the generation of surface anisotropy. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
Living cells adapt to the stiffness of their environment. However, cell response to stiffness is mainly thought to be initiated by the deformation of adhesion complexes under applied force. In order to determine whether cell response was triggered by stiffness or force, we have developed a unique method allowing us to tune, in real time, the effective stiffness experienced by a single living cell in a uniaxial traction geometry. In these conditions, the rate of traction force buildup dF/dt was adapted to stiffness in less than 0.1 s. This integrated fast response was unambiguously triggered by stiffness, and not by force. It suggests that early cell response could be mechanical in nature. In fact, local force-dependent signaling through adhesion complexes could be triggered and coordinated by the instantaneous cell-scale adaptation of dF/dt to stiffness. Remarkably, the effective stiffness method presented here can be implemented on any mechanical setup. Thus, beyond single-cell mechanosensing, this method should be useful to determine the role of rigidity in many fundamental phenomena such as morphogenesis and development.
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35
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Vigfúsdóttir ÁT, Pasrija C, Thakore PI, Schmidt RB, Hsieh AH. Role of Pericellular Matrix in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Deformation during Chondrogenic Differentiation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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36
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Microfabricated substrates as a tool to study cell mechanotransduction. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:965-76. [PMID: 20424924 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cell-substrate interactions affect many cellular functions such as spreading, migration, and even differentiation. These interactions can be studied by incorporating micro- and nanotechnology-related tools. The design of substrates based on these technologies offers new possibilities to probe the cellular responses to changes in their physical environment. The investigations of the mechanical interactions of cells and their surrounding matrix can be carried out in well-defined and near physiological conditions. In particular, this includes the transmission of forces as well as rigidity and topography sensing mechanisms. Here, we review techniques and tools based on nano- and micro-fabrication that have been developed to analyze the influence of the mechanical properties of the substrate on cell functions. We also discuss how microfabrication methods have improved our knowledge on cell adhesion and migration and how they could solve remaining problems in the field of mechanobiology.
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37
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Abstract
Recent discoveries have established that mechanical properties of the cellular environment such as its rigidity, geometry, and external stresses play an important role in determining the cellular function and fate. Mechanical properties have been shown to influence cell shape and orientation, regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and even govern the development and organization of tissues. In recent years, many theoretical and experimental investigations have been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of the mechanosensitivity of cells. In this review, we discuss recent theoretical concepts and approaches that explain and predict cell mechanosensitivity. We focus on the interplay of active and passive processes that govern cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and discuss the role of this interplay in the processes of cell adhesion, regulation of cytoskeleton mechanics and the response of cells to applied mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi De
- Indian institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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38
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Isenberg BC, DiMilla PA, Walker M, Kim S, Wong JY. Vascular smooth muscle cell durotaxis depends on substrate stiffness gradient strength. Biophys J 2009; 97:1313-22. [PMID: 19720019 PMCID: PMC2749749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical compliance is emerging as an important environmental cue that can influence certain cell behaviors, such as morphology and motility. Recent in vitro studies have shown that cells preferentially migrate from less stiff to more stiff substrates; however, much of this phenomenon, termed durotaxis, remains ill-defined. To address this problem, we studied the morphology and motility of vascular smooth muscle cells on well-defined stiffness gradients. Baselines for cell spreading, polarization, and random motility on uniform gels with moduli ranging from 5 to 80 kPa were found to increase with increasing stiffness. Subsequent analysis of the behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells on gradient substrata (0-4 kPa/100 mum, with absolute moduli of 1-80 kPa) demonstrated that the morphology on gradient gels correlated with the absolute modulus. In contrast, durotaxis (evaluated quantitatively as the tactic index for a biased persistent random walk) and cell orientation with respect to the gradient both increased with increasing magnitude of gradient, but were independent of the absolute modulus. These observations provide a foundation for establishing quantitative relationships between gradients in substrate stiffness and cell response. Moreover, these results reveal common features of phenomenological cell response to chemotactic and durotactic gradients, motivating further mechanistic studies of how cells integrate and respond to multiple complex signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C. Isenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul A. DiMilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce Y. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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39
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Mejean CO, Schaefer AW, Millman EA, Forscher P, Dufresne ER. Multiplexed force measurements on live cells with holographic optical tweezers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:6209-17. [PMID: 19365444 PMCID: PMC2810287 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.006209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe open-loop and closed-loop multiplexed force measurements using holographic optical tweezers. We quantify the performance of our novel video-based control system in a driven suspension of colloidal particles. We demonstrate our system's abilities with the measurement of the mechanical coupling between Aplysia bag cell growth cones and beads functionalized with the neuronal cell adhesion molecule, apCAM. We show that cells form linkages which couple beads to the underlying cytoskeleton. These linkages are intermittent, stochastic and heterogeneous across beads distributed near the leading edge of a single growth cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile O. Mejean
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Andrew W. Schaefer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Paul Forscher
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Eric R. Dufresne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Cellular and Developmental Biology Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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