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Xiao W, Akao S, Okamoto R, Otsuki J. The formation of aggregated chromatin/chromosomes in mouse oocytes treated with high concentration of IBMX as a model for a chromosome transfer in human. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2024; 70:195-203. [PMID: 38972054 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2024.2368116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The presence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been considered to be a fundamental factor in ensuring meiotic arrest prior to ovulation. cAMP is regarded as a key molecule in the regulation of oocyte maturation. However, it has been reported that increased levels of intracellular cAMP can result in abnormal cytokinesis, with some MI oocytes leading to symmetrically cleaved 2-cell MII oocytes. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the effects of elevated intracellular cAMP levels on abnormal cytokinesis and oocyte maturation during the meiosis of mouse oocytes. This study found that a high concentration of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) also caused chromatin/chromosomes aggregation (AC) after the first meiosis. The rates of AC increased the greater the concentration of IBMX. In addition, AC formation was found to be reversible, showing that the re-formation of the spindle chromosome complex was possible after the IBMX was removed. In human oocytes, the chromosomes aggregate after the germinal vesicle breakdown and following the first and second polar body extrusions (the AC phase), while mouse oocytes do not have this AC phase. The results of our current study may indicate that the AC phase in human oocytes could be related to elevated levels of intracytoplasmic cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sakura Akao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryota Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Otsuki
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Center, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
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2
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Ariyeloye S, Kämmerer S, Klapproth E, Wielockx B, El-Armouche A. Intertwined regulators: hypoxia pathway proteins, microRNAs, and phosphodiesterases in the control of steroidogenesis. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-02921-4. [PMID: 38355819 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing is of paramount importance for maintaining cellular and systemic homeostasis. In response to diminished oxygen levels, the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate various biological processes. These pivotal transcription factors have been identified as key regulators of several biological events. Notably, extensive research from our group and others has demonstrated that HIF1α exerts an inverse regulatory effect on steroidogenesis, leading to the suppression of crucial steroidogenic enzyme expression and a subsequent decrease in steroid levels. These steroid hormones occupy pivotal roles in governing a myriad of physiological processes. Substantial or prolonged fluctuations in steroid levels carry detrimental consequences across multiple organ systems and underlie various pathological conditions, including metabolic and immune disorders. MicroRNAs serve as potent mediators of multifaceted gene regulatory mechanisms, acting as influential epigenetic regulators that modulate a broad spectrum of gene expressions. Concomitantly, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a crucial role in governing signal transduction. PDEs meticulously manage intracellular levels of both cAMP and cGMP, along with their respective signaling pathways and downstream targets. Intriguingly, an intricate interplay seems to exist between hypoxia signaling, microRNAs, and PDEs in the regulation of steroidogenesis. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role of microRNAs during hypoxia-driven processes, including steroidogenesis, as well as the possibilities that exist in the application of HIF prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors for the modulation of steroidogenesis.
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Grants
- CRC/Transregio 205/1, Project No. 314061271 - TRR205, "The Adrenal: Central Relay in Health and Disease" (A02) to B.W. and A.E.-A.; DFG grants WI3291/12-1 and 13-1 to B.W, EL 270/7-3 to A.E.-A., KA 4194/3-3 to S.K.. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- This work was also supported by a grant from the DFG priority program µBONE 2084 to B.W.; project no. 288034826 - international research training group (IRTG) 2251 to A.E.A. and S.K. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- This work was also supported by a grant from the DFG priority program µBONE 2084 to B.W.; project no. 288034826 - international research training group (IRTG) 2251 to A.E.A. and S.K. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- CRC/Transregio 205/1, Project No. 314061271 - TRR205, "The Adrenal: Central Relay in Health and Disease" (A02) to B.W. and A.E.-A.; DFG grants WI3291/12-1 and 13-1 to B.W, EL 270/7-3 to A.E.-A., KA 4194/3-3 to S.K.. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- CRC/Transregio 205/1, Project No. 314061271 - TRR205, "The Adrenal: Central Relay in Health and Disease" (A02) to B.W. and A.E.-A.; DFG grants WI3291/12-1 and 13-1 to B.W, EL 270/7-3 to A.E.-A., KA 4194/3-3 to S.K.. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ariyeloye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Kämmerer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erik Klapproth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Chang WC, Chen MJ, Hsiao CD, Hu RZ, Huang YS, Chen YF, Yang TH, Tsai GY, Chou CW, Chen RS, Chuang YJ, Liu YW. The anti-platelet drug cilostazol enhances heart rate and interrenal steroidogenesis and exerts a scant effect on innate immune responses in zebrafish. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292858. [PMID: 37903128 PMCID: PMC10615288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cilostazol, an anti-platelet phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor used for the treatment of intermittent claudication, is known for its pleiotropic effects on platelets, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. However, how cilostazol impacts the endocrine system and the injury-induced inflammatory processes remains unclear. METHODS We used the zebrafish, a simple transparent model that demonstrates rapid development and a strong regenerative ability, to test whether cilostazol influences heart rate, steroidogenesis, and the temporal and dosage effects of cilostazol on innate immune cells during tissue damage and repair. RESULTS While dosages of cilostazol from 10 to 100 μM did not induce any noticeable morphological abnormality in the embryonic and larval zebrafish, the heart rate was increased as measured by ImageJ TSA method. Moreover, adrenal/interrenal steroidogenesis in larval zebrafish, analyzed by whole-mount 3β-Hsd enzymatic activity and cortisol ELISA assays, was significantly enhanced. During embryonic fin amputation and regeneration, cilostazol treatments led to a subtle yet significant effect on reducing the aggregation of Mpx-expressing neutrophil at the lesion site, but did not affect the immediate injury-induced recruitment and retention of Mpeg1-expressing macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that cilostazol has a significant effect on the heart rate and the growth as well as endocrine function of steroidogenic tissue; with a limited effect on the migration of innate immune cells during tissue damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Feng Yuan Hospital of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jen Chen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ze Hu
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Huang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fu Chen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hua Yang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yi Tsai
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chou
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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4
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Engelhard CA, Khani S, Derdak S, Bilban M, Kornfeld JW. Nanopore sequencing unveils the complexity of the cold-activated murine brown adipose tissue transcriptome. iScience 2023; 26:107190. [PMID: 37564700 PMCID: PMC10410515 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative transcription increases transcriptome complexity by expression of multiple transcripts per gene. Annotation and quantification of transcripts using short-read sequencing is non-trivial. Long-read sequencing aims at overcoming these problems by sequencing full-length transcripts. Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis involves major transcriptomic remodeling and positively affects metabolism via increased energy expenditure. We benchmark Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) long-read sequencing protocols to Illumina short-read sequencing assessing alignment characteristics, gene and transcript detection and quantification, differential gene and transcript expression, transcriptome reannotation, and differential transcript usage (DTU). We find ONT sequencing is superior to Illumina for transcriptome reassembly, reducing the risk of false-positive events by unambiguously mapping reads to transcripts. We identified novel isoforms of genes undergoing DTU in cold-activated BAT including Cars2, Adtrp, Acsl5, Scp2, Aldoa, and Pde4d, validated by real-time PCR. The reannotated murine BAT transcriptome established here provides a framework for future investigations into the regulation of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Andreas Engelhard
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sajjad Khani
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Wilhelm Kornfeld
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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5
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Makowczenko KG, Jastrzebski JP, Kiezun M, Paukszto L, Dobrzyn K, Smolinska N, Kaminski T. Adaptation of the Porcine Pituitary Transcriptome, Spliceosome and Editome during Early Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065946. [PMID: 36983019 PMCID: PMC10053595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological mechanisms of the porcine reproduction are relatively well-known. However, transcriptomic changes and the mechanisms accompanying transcription and translation processes in various reproductive organs, as well as their dependence on hormonal status, are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to gain a principal understanding of alterations within the transcriptome, spliceosome and editome occurring in the pituitary of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica L.), which controls basic physiological processes in the reproductive system. In this investigation, we performed extensive analyses of data obtained by high-throughput sequencing of RNA from the gilts' pituitary anterior lobes during embryo implantation and the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. During analyses, we obtained detailed information on expression changes of 147 genes and 43 long noncoding RNAs, observed 784 alternative splicing events and also found the occurrence of 8729 allele-specific expression sites and 122 RNA editing events. The expression profiles of the selected 16 phenomena were confirmed by PCR or qPCR techniques. As a final result of functional meta-analysis, we acquired knowledge regarding intracellular pathways that induce changes in the processes accompanying transcription and translation regulation, which may induce modifications in the secretory activity of the porcine adenohypophyseal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol G Makowczenko
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan P Jastrzebski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kiezun
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Lukasz Paukszto
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamil Dobrzyn
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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6
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Sun Q, Song J, Feng W, Wang C, Yang X, Zhang M, Cao C. Carney complex presenting as subclinical Cushing syndrome in a child due to a novel Phosphodiesterase 11A mutation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Pitsava G, Stratakis CA. Adrenal hyperplasias in childhood: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:937793. [PMID: 35992119 PMCID: PMC9382287 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric adrenocortical hyperplasias are rare; they usually present with Cushing syndrome (CS); of them, isolated micronodular adrenal disease and its variant, primary pigmented adrenocortical disease are the most commonly encountered. Most cases are due to defects in the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway, although a few cases remain without an identified genetic defect. Another cause of adrenal hyperplasia in childhood is congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a group of autosomal recessive disorders that affect steroidogenic enzymes in the adrenal cortex. Clinical presentation varies and depends on the extent of the underlying enzymatic defect. The most common form is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency; it accounts for more than 90% of the cases. In this article, we discuss the genetic etiology of adrenal hyperplasias in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Research, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Georgia Pitsava,
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Human Genetics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
- ELPEN Research Institute, ELPEN, Athens, Greece
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8
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Zhou H, Peng X, Hu J, Wang L, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li G, Ji Y, Zhang J, Bai J, Liu M, Zhou Z, Liu F. DsbA-L deficiency in T cells promotes diet-induced thermogenesis through suppressing IFN-γ production. Nat Commun 2021; 12:326. [PMID: 33436607 PMCID: PMC7804451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-resident T cells have been recognized as a critical regulator of thermogenesis and energy expenditure, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding greatly suppresses the expression of disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L), a mitochondria-localized chaperone protein, in adipose-resident T cells, which correlates with reduced T cell mitochondrial function. T cell-specific knockout of DsbA-L enhances diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and protects mice from HFD-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, DsbA-L deficiency in T cells reduces IFN-γ production and activates protein kinase A by reducing phosphodiesterase-4D expression, leading to increased BAT thermogenesis. Taken together, our study uncovers a mechanism by which T cells communicate with brown adipocytes to regulate BAT thermogenesis and whole-body energy homeostasis. Our findings highlight a therapeutic potential of targeting T cells for the treatment of over nutrition-induced obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Diet, High-Fat
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior
- Glutathione Transferase/deficiency
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Interferon-gamma/administration & dosage
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xinyi Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hairong Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yacheng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guobao Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujiao Ji
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juli Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Abstract
The prevalence and clinical characteristics of depressive disorders differ between women and men; however, the genetic contribution to sex differences in depressive disorders has not been elucidated. To evaluate sex-specific differences in the genetic architecture of depression, whole exome sequencing of samples from 1000 patients (70.7% female) with depressive disorder was conducted. Control data from healthy individuals with no psychiatric disorder (n = 72, 26.4% female) and East-Asian subpopulation 1000 Genome Project data (n = 207, 50.7% female) were included. The genetic variation between men and women was directly compared using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Qualitative analysis identified five genetic markers potentially associated with increased risk of depressive disorder in females, including three variants (rs201432982 within PDE4A, and rs62640397 and rs79442975 within FDX1L) mapping to chromosome 19p13.2 and two novel variants (rs820182 and rs820148) within MYO15B at the chromosome 17p25.1 locus. Depressed patients homozygous for these variants showed more severe depressive symptoms and higher suicidality than those who were not homozygotes (i.e., heterozygotes and homozygotes for the non-associated allele). Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the genetic burden of protein-truncating and deleterious variants was higher in males than females, even after permutation testing. Our study provides novel genetic evidence that the higher prevalence of depressive disorders in women may be attributable to inherited variants.
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10
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Tohma YA, Onalan G, Tepeoglu M, Bayraktar N, Colak E, Ozcimen EE, Zeyneloglu HB. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor plus metformin is superior to metformin alone for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: A rat model study. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4013-4022. [PMID: 30988783 PMCID: PMC6447905 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and PCOS-related obesity remains controversial. Recent research on the treatment of PCOS-related obesity investigated novel therapeutic agents with the potential to work synergistically with metformin. The aim of the present study was to determine the synergistic effect of a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (PDE4i) and metformin on weight and hormonal changes in a rat model of PCOS. A total of 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10/group): Sham; PCOS control (no medication after PCOS induction with dehydroepiandrosterone); metformin (300 mg/kg/day p.o. after PCOS induction); and metformin + PDE4i (300 mg/kg/day p.o. metformin + 0.5 mg/kg/day p.o. PDE4i after PCOS induction). The body weight was measured every 7 days, from day 1 to day 49. Vaginal smears were performed and examined daily via light microscopy for determination of the stage of each rat's estrous cycle. At the end of 21st day and at the end of the study, blood samples were collected from rats and the testosterone and insulin levels were measured. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to quantify phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein expression in all groups. At the end of the study, the median body weight differed significantly among the groups (χ2=30.581, P<0.001), being the highest in the PCOS control group and the lowest in the metformin + PDE4i group. At the end of the study, the median testosterone level differed significantly among the groups (χ2=27.057, P<0.001), being the highest in the PCOS control group and the lowest in the metformin + PDE4i group. The cycle was restored to normal at the end of the study in all the rats in the metformin and metformin + PDE4i groups, whereas an irregular cycle persisted in all the rats in the PCOS control group. In conclusion, PDE4i + metformin was superior to metformin alone in reducing weight gain and decreasing the testosterone levels in a rat model of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Aytac Tohma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Başkent University School of Medicine, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gogsen Onalan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Başkent University School of Medicine, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Tepeoglu
- Department of Pathology, Başkent University School of Medicine, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Bayraktar
- Department of Biochemistry, Başkent University School of Medicine, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eser Colak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Başkent University School of Medicine, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Emel Ebru Ozcimen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Başkent University School of Medicine, 42080 Konya, Turkey
| | - Hulusi Bulent Zeyneloglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Başkent University School of Medicine, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
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Bizzi MF, Bolger GB, Korbonits M, Ribeiro-Oliveira Jr. A. Phosphodiesterases and cAMP Pathway in Pituitary Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:141. [PMID: 30941100 PMCID: PMC6433792 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise a complex superfamily of enzymes derived from 24 genes separated into 11 PDE gene families (PDEs 1-11), expressed in different tissues and cells, including heart and brain. The isoforms PDE4, PDE7, and PDE8 are specific for the second messenger cAMP, which is responsible for mediating diverse physiological actions involving different hormones and neurotransmitters. The cAMP pathway plays an important role in the development and function of endocrine tissues while phosphodiesterases are responsible for ensuring the appropriate intensity of the actions of this pathway by hydrolyzing cAMP to its inactive form 5'-AMP. PDE1, PDE2, PDE4, and PDE11A are highly expressed in the pituitary, and overexpression of some PDE4 isoforms have been demonstrated in different pituitary adenoma subtypes. This observed over-expression in pituitary adenomas, although of unknown etiology, has been considered a compensatory response to tumorigenesis. PDE4A4/5 has a unique interaction with the co-chaperone aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP), a protein implicated in somatotroph tumorigenesis via germline loss-of-function mutations. Based on the association of low PDE4A4 expression with germline AIP-mutation-positive samples, the available data suggest that lack of AIP hinders the upregulation of PDE4A4 protein seen in sporadic somatotrophinomas. This unique disturbance of the cAMP-PDE pathway observed in the majority of AIP-mutation positive adenomas could contribute to their well-described poor response to somatostatin analogs and may support a role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Bizzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graeme B. Bolger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Center for Endocrinology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ribeiro-Oliveira Jr.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Antonio Ribeiro-Oliveira Jr.
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Tirosh A, Valdés N, Stratakis CA. Genetics of micronodular adrenal hyperplasia and Carney complex. Presse Med 2018; 47:e127-e137. [PMID: 30093212 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronodular bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (MiBAH) is a rare cause of adrenal Cushing syndrome (CS). The investigations carried out on this disorder during the last two decades suggested that it could be divided into at least two entities: primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease (i-MAD). The most common presentation of MiBAH is familial PPNAD as part of Carney complex (CNC) (cPPNAD). CNC, associated with multiple endocrine and non-endocrine neoplasias, was first described in 1985 in 40 patients, 10 of whom were familial cases. In 2000, we identified inactivating germline mutations of the PRKAR1A gene, encoding the regulatory subunit type 1α (RIα) of protein kinase A (PKA), in the majority of patients with CNC and PPNAD. PRKAR1A mutations causing CNC lead to increased PKA activity. Since then, additional genetic alterations in the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway leading to increased PKA activity have been described in association with MiBAH. This review summarizes older and recent findings on the genetics and pathophysiology of MiBAH, PPNAD, and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tirosh
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Tel-Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, 6997801 Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Nuria Valdés
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Meng W, Liang X, Chen H, Luo H, Bai J, Li G, Zhang Q, Xiao T, He S, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Xiao B, Liu M, Hu F, Liu F. Rheb Inhibits Beiging of White Adipose Tissue via PDE4D5-Dependent Downregulation of the cAMP-PKA Signaling Pathway. Diabetes 2017; 66:1198-1213. [PMID: 28242620 PMCID: PMC5860267 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beiging of white adipose tissue has potential antiobesity and antidiabetes effects, yet the underlying signaling mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Here we show that adipose-specific knockout of Rheb, an upstream activator of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. On the one hand, Rheb deficiency in adipose tissue reduced mTORC1 signaling, increased lipolysis, and promoted beiging and energy expenditure. On the other hand, overexpression of Rheb in primary adipocytes significantly inhibited CREB phosphorylation and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. Mechanistically, fat-specific knockout of Rheb increased cAMP levels, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity, and UCP1 expression in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Interestingly, treating primary adipocytes with rapamycin only partially alleviated the suppressing effect of Rheb on UCP1 expression, suggesting the presence of a novel mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of Rheb on thermogenic gene expression. Consistent with this notion, overexpression of Rheb stabilizes the expression of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D5 (PDE4D5) in adipocytes, whereas knockout of Rheb greatly reduced cellular levels of PDE4D5 concurrently with increased cAMP levels, PKA activation, and UCP1 expression. Taken together, our findings reveal Rheb as an important negative regulator of beige fat development and thermogenesis. In addition, Rheb is able to suppress the beiging effect through an mTORC1-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Meng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuci Liang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongzhi Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hairong Luo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juli Bai
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Guangdi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sijia He
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yacheng Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center of Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Lee JY, Linge HM, Ochani K, Lin K, Miller EJ. Regulation of angiopoietin-2 secretion from human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:335-345. [PMID: 27585839 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1218977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is characterized by dysregulated systemic inflammation and cytokine storm. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is known to closely correlate with severity of sepsis-related acute lung injury and mortality. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms involved in Ang-2 secretion to better understand the pathophysiology of sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The concentration of Ang-2 was assessed in culture medium of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in the presence or absence of Gram-positive bacteria cell wall components [lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN)] stimulation at different time points ranging from 15 minutes to 24 hours. Constitutive and LTA-PGN-stimulated Ang-2 level changes were also assessed after cells were pretreated with different pathway inhibitors for 1 hour. RESULTS Two distinctive mechanisms of Ang-2 secretion, constitutive and stimulated secretion, were identified. Constitutive secretion resulted in slow but continuous increase in Ang-2 in culture medium over time. It was regulated by 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA)-Ca2+ and nitric oxide (NO)-3'5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-protein kinase G (PKG)-Ca2+ pathways and partially regulated by N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor-Ca2+ pathways. LTA-PGN stimulation caused rapid and potent increase followed by gradual decrease of Ang-2. It was partially regulated by both Ral A-phospholipase D and NSF-Ca2+ pathways. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated characteristics and involved pathways for two distinctive secretory mechanisms, constitutive and stimulated, of Ang-2 in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Considering the close correlation of Ang-2 with sepsis outcomes, our findings provide a better understanding of an important mechanism associated with sepsis pathophysiology and identify possible therapeutic targets to improve outcomes in the potentially lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- a The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine , Manhasset , New York , USA.,b Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama , USA
| | - Helena M Linge
- c The Center for Heart and Lung Research , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , New York , USA
| | - Kanta Ochani
- c The Center for Heart and Lung Research , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , New York , USA
| | - Ke Lin
- c The Center for Heart and Lung Research , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , New York , USA
| | - Edmund J Miller
- a The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine , Manhasset , New York , USA.,c The Center for Heart and Lung Research , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , New York , USA.,d Hofstra North Shore-LIJ Medical School , Hempstead , New York , USA
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15
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Eid AA, Badr El Dine FMM, Nabil IM. Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Changes in Seminiferous Tubules of Adult Male Albino Rats Following Daily Administration of Different Doses of Tadalafil. Urology 2016; 90:89-96. [PMID: 26772640 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of chronic daily administration of different doses of tadalafil on the structure of the seminiferous tubules and on spermatogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty adult male Wistar rats were included; they were divided into four groups: a control group (group I) and groups II, III, and IV that received daily tadalfil in doses of 0.45, 0.9, and 1.8 mg/kg for 12 weeks (equivalent to human doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg daily), respectively. The epididymis was processed for evaluation of sperm parameters, serum testosterone was measured, Johnsen score for rats was calculated, and testicular histopathological and ultrastructural examinations were performed. RESULTS Serum testosterone was significantly lower in group IV than in groups I and II. Moreover, posttreatment values in group IV were significantly lower than pretreatment values. A significant decline in sperm motility and morphology was detected in groups III and IV compared to groups I and II. Sperm count was significantly lower in group IV compared to the other groups. Johnsen score was significantly lower in groups III and IV compared to groups I and II and in group IV compared to group III. In addition, histopathological and ultrastructural degenerative changes in rat testes were detected; these changes were dose dependent and increased with increasing the dose of tadalafil. CONCLUSION Chronic daily oral administration of tadalafil to male albino rats demonstrates a dose-dependent alteration to testicular histology and semen parameters. The influence of these changes on the actual fertility of these animals remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abulfotooh Eid
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Iman Mohamed Nabil
- Department of Histology & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Hannah-Shmouni F, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. Alterations of Phosphodiesterases in Adrenocortical Tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:111. [PMID: 27625633 PMCID: PMC5003917 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the cyclic (c)AMP-dependent signaling pathway have been implicated in the majority of benign adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) causing Cushing syndrome (CS). Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate cyclic nucleotide levels, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Inactivating mutations and other functional variants in PDE11A and PDE8B, two cAMP-binding PDEs, predispose to ACTs. The involvement of these two genes in ACTs was initially revealed by a genome-wide association study in patients with micronodular bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia. Thereafter, PDE11A or PDE8B genetic variants have been found in other ACTs, including macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasias and cortisol-producing adenomas. In addition, downregulation of PDE11A expression and inactivating variants of the gene have been found in hereditary and sporadic testicular germ cell tumors, as well as in prostatic cancer. PDEs confer an increased risk of ACT formation probably through, primarily, their action on cAMP levels, but other actions might be possible. In this report, we review what is known to date about PDE11A and PDE8B and their involvement in the predisposition to ACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Constantine A. Stratakis,
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Spät A, Hunyady L, Szanda G. Signaling Interactions in the Adrenal Cortex. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:17. [PMID: 26973596 PMCID: PMC4770035 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major physiological stimuli of aldosterone secretion are angiotensin II (AII) and extracellular K(+), whereas cortisol production is primarily regulated by corticotropin (ACTH) in fasciculata cells. AII triggers Ca(2+) release from internal stores that is followed by store-operated and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) entry, whereas K(+)-evoked depolarization activates voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. ACTH acts primarily through the formation of cAMP and subsequent protein phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Both Ca(2+) and cAMP facilitate the transfer of cholesterol to mitochondrial inner membrane. The cytosolic Ca(2+) signal is transferred into the mitochondrial matrix and enhances pyridine nucleotide reduction. Increased formation of NADH results in increased ATP production, whereas that of NADPH supports steroid production. In reality, the control of adrenocortical function is a lot more sophisticated with second messengers crosstalking and mutually modifying each other's pathways. Cytosolic Ca(2+) and cGMP are both capable of modifying cAMP metabolism, while cAMP may enhance Ca(2+) release and voltage-activated Ca(2+) channel activity. Besides, mitochondrial Ca(2+) signal brings about cAMP formation within the organelle and this further enhances aldosterone production. Maintained aldosterone and cortisol secretion are optimized by the concurrent actions of Ca(2+) and cAMP, as exemplified by the apparent synergism of Ca(2+) influx (inducing cAMP formation) and Ca(2+) release during response to AII. Thus, cross-actions of parallel signal transducing pathways are not mere intracellular curiosities but rather substantial phenomena, which fine-tune the biological response. Our review focuses on these functionally relevant interactions between the Ca(2+) and the cyclic nucleotide signal transducing pathways hitherto described in the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: András Spät,
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szanda
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Jensterle M, Salamun V, Kocjan T, Vrtacnik Bokal E, Janez A. Short term monotherapy with GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide or PDE 4 inhibitor roflumilast is superior to metformin in weight loss in obese PCOS women: a pilot randomized study. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:32. [PMID: 26032655 PMCID: PMC4506413 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether liraglutide or roflumilast significantly affects body weight when compared to metformin in obese women with PCOS. DESIGN/MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE A 12-week prospective randomized open-label study was conducted with 45 obese women with PCOS diagnosed by the ASRM-ESHRE Rotterdam criteria. They were randomized to metformin (MET) 1000 mg BID or liraglutide (LIRA) 1.2 mg QD s.c. or roflumilast (ROF) 500 mcg QD. The primary outcome was change in measures of obesity. RESULTS Forty-one patients (aged 30.7 ± 7.9 years, BMI 38.6 ± 6.0 kg/m2, mean ± SD) completed the study. Subjects treated with LIRA lost on average 3.1 ± 3.5 kg (p = 0.006), on ROF 2.1 ± 2.0 kg (p = 0.002) vs. 0.2 ± 1.83 kg in MET group. BMI decreased for 1.1 ± 1.26 kg/m2 in LIRA (p = 0.006), for 0.8 ± 0.99 kg/m2 in ROF (p = 0.001) vs. 0.1 ± 0.67 kg/m2 in MET. LIRA was superior to MET in reducing weight (p = 0.022), BMI (p = 0.020), waist circumference (p = 0.007). LIRA also resulted in decrease in VAT area (p = 0.015) and more favorable dynamics in glucose homeostasis during OGTT. ROF resulted in reduction of waist circumference (p = 0.023). In addition, ROF led to testosterone reduction (p = 0.05) and increase in menstrual frequencies (p = 0.009) when compared to baseline. CONCLUSION Short-term monotherapy with liraglutide or roflumilast was associated with significant weight loss in obese PCOS. Liraglutide was superior to metformin, whereas roflumilast resulted in greater, yet not statistically significant, mean weight loss when compared to metformin. Reduction of body weight with liraglutide resulted in improvement of body composition. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02187250 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Jensterle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Salamun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Unit, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1525, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaz Kocjan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eda Vrtacnik Bokal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Unit, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1525, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janez
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pogrmic-Majkic K, Samardzija D, Fa S, Hrubik J, Glisic B, Kaisarevic S, Andric N. Atrazine Enhances Progesterone Production Through Activation of Multiple Signaling Pathways in FSH-Stimulated Rat Granulosa Cells: Evidence for Premature Luteinization1. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:124. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Jensterle M, Kocjan T, Janez A. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition as a potential new therapeutic target in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1476-81. [PMID: 24823465 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, including members of PDE4, have been investigated in the regulation of endocrine and reproductive functions of ovaries. In addition, selective inhibition of PDE4 enzyme has recently been implicated in the regulation of metabolism with positive effects on glucose homeostasis and weight reduction. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast affects body weight and hormonal and metabolic status in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design/Participants/Main Outcome Measures: A 12-week prospective randomized open-label study was conducted with 36 obese women with PCOS diagnosed by the National Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development criteria that had been pretreated with metformin (MET). They were randomized to MET 1000 mg twice a day or combined treatment (COM) with MET 1000 mg twice a day and roflumilast 500 μg every day. The primary outcome was change in anthropometric measures of obesity. RESULTS Thirty-one patients (aged 33.8 ± 7.4 y, twice a day 36.4 ± 5.1 kg/m(2), mean ± SD) completed the study: 16 on MET and 15 on COM. Subjects treated with COM lost on average 4.2 ± 2.8 kg compared with a 0.9 ± 2.5 kg weight gain in the MET group (P = .025). Body mass index decreased for 1.6 ± 1.1 kg/m(2) in COM arm compared with increase for 0.9 ± 2.4 kg/m(2) in the MET arm (P = .046). Visceral adipose tissue area as assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry decreased from 136.7 ± 37.8 to 121.2 ± 36.2 cm(2) in the COM arm compared with an increase from 155.3 ± 61.9 to 166.7 ± 67.2 cm(2) in the MET arm (P = .02). From baseline to study end, both treatment interventions resulted in a significant reduction of androstenedione (P = .013), free T (P = .002), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance score (P = .027) and a significant increase in SHBG (P = .024), although the between-treatment differences of the changes have not been statistically significant yet. CONCLUSION Roflumilast added to metformin reduced body weight in obese women with PCOS, primarily due to a loss of fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Jensterle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1525, Slovenia
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Genome-wide mapping of loci explaining variance in scrotal circumference in Nellore cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88561. [PMID: 24558400 PMCID: PMC3928245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive performance of bulls has a high impact on the beef cattle industry. Scrotal circumference (SC) is the most recorded reproductive trait in beef herds, and is used as a major selection criterion to improve precocity and fertility. The characterization of genomic regions affecting SC can contribute to the identification of diagnostic markers for reproductive performance and uncover molecular mechanisms underlying complex aspects of bovine reproductive biology. In this paper, we report a genome-wide scan for chromosome segments explaining differences in SC, using data of 861 Nellore bulls (Bos indicus) genotyped for over 777,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Loci that excel from the genome background were identified on chromosomes 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 21. The majority of these regions were previously found to be associated with reproductive and body size traits in cattle. The signal on chromosome 14 replicates the pleiotropic quantitative trait locus encompassing PLAG1 that affects male fertility in cattle and stature in several species. Based on intensive literature mining, SP4, MAGEL2, SH3RF2, PDE5A and SNAI2 are proposed as novel candidate genes for SC, as they affect growth and testicular size in other animal models. These findings contribute to linking reproductive phenotypes to gene functions, and may offer new insights on the molecular biology of male fertility.
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McRobb F, Sahagún V, Kufareva I, Abagyan R. In silico analysis of the conservation of human toxicity and endocrine disruption targets in aquatic species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1964-72. [PMID: 24392850 PMCID: PMC3951377 DOI: 10.1021/es404568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, both in the environment and in research settings, commonly interact with aquatic vertebrates. Due to their short life-cycles and the traits that can be generalized to other organisms, fish and amphibians are attractive models for the evaluation of toxicity caused by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and adverse drug reactions. EDCs, such as pharmaceuticals or plasticizers, alter the normal function of the endocrine system and pose a significant hazard to human health and the environment. The selection of suitable animal models for toxicity testing is often reliant on high sequence identity between the human proteins and their animal orthologs. Herein, we compare in silico the ligand-binding sites of 28 human "side-effect" targets to their corresponding orthologs in Danio rerio, Pimephales promelas, Takifugu rubripes, Xenopus laevis, and Xenopus tropicalis, as well as subpockets involved in protein interactions with specific chemicals. We found that the ligand-binding pockets had much higher conservation than the full proteins, while the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 were notable exceptions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the conservation of subpockets may vary dramatically. Finally, we identified the aquatic model(s) with the highest binding site similarity, compared to the corresponding human toxicity target.
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Li QY, Xu MK, Liu G, Christoffersen CT, Wang MW. Discovery of novel PDE10 inhibitors by a robust homogeneous screening assay. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1116-20. [PMID: 23603978 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a homogeneous assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 10 (PDE10). METHODS Purified human PDE10 enzyme derived from E coli, [(3)H]-cAMP and yttrium silicate microbeads were used to develop an HTS assay based on the scintillation proximity assay (SPA) technology. This method was applied to a large-scale screening campaign against a diverse compound library and subsequent confirmation studies. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were initiated through limited structural modifications of the hits. RESULTS The IC50 value of the control compound (papaverine) assessed with the SPA approach was comparable and consistent with that reported in the literature. Signal to background (S/B) ratio and Z' factor of the assay system were evaluated to be 5.24 and 0.71, respectively. In an HTS campaign of 71 360 synthetic and natural compounds, 67 hits displayed reproducible PDE10 inhibition, of which, 8 were chosen as the scaffold for structural modifications and subsequent SAR analysis. CONCLUSION The homogeneous PDE10 SPA assay is an efficient and robust tool to screen potential PDE10 inhibitors. Preliminary SAR studies suggest that potent PDE10 inhibitors could be identified and developed through this strategy.
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Su Y, Carey LC, Rose JC, Pulgar VM. Antenatal glucocorticoid exposure enhances the inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by leptin in a sex-specific fashion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1404-11. [PMID: 23632631 PMCID: PMC3680693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) poses long-lasting effects on endocrine and cardiovascular function. Given that leptin attenuates adrenal function and the reported sex differences in plasma leptin concentration, we hypothesized that antenatal GC will affect leptin levels and leptin modulation of adrenal function in a sex-specific manner. Pregnant sheep were randomly given betamethasone or vehicle at 80 days of gestational age, and offspring were allowed to deliver at term. Adrenocortical cells (ADC) were studied from male and female animals at 1.5 yr of age. Plasma leptin was increased 66% in male and 41% in female GC-treated animals (P < 0.05), but adrenal leptin mRNA was increased only in GC-treated males (P < 0.05). Whereas mRNA expression of adrenal leptin receptor isoforms showed sex (Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb) and treatment-dependent (Ob-Rb) differences, protein expression remained unchanged. GC-treated females showed greater plasma cortisol and greater ACTH-stimulated cortisol production (P < 0.05) in ADC. Leptin exerted a greater inhibitory effect on basal and stimulated cortisol by ADC from GC-treated males (P < 0.05), with no differences in females. Similarly, greater inhibitory effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated StAR and ACTH-R mRNA expression by leptin were observed in cells from GC males (P < 0.05), with no changes in females. Persistent effects of antenatal GC on leptin levels and leptin modulation of adrenal function are expressed in a sex-specific manner; males are more sensitive than females to the inhibitory influences of leptin on adrenal function, and this effect appears to be mediated by a greater inhibition of StAR and ACTH-R expression in adrenals of adult GC-treated males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Vezzosi D, Libé R, Baudry C, Rizk-Rabin M, Horvath A, Levy I, René-Corail F, Ragazzon B, Stratakis CA, Vandecasteele G, Bertherat J. Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) gene defects in patients with acth-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH): functional variants may contribute to genetic susceptibility of bilateral adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2063-9. [PMID: 22996146 PMCID: PMC3485605 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are key regulatory enzymes of intracellular cAMP levels. PDE11A function has been linked to predisposition to adrenocortical tumors. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to study the PDE11A gene in a large cohort of patients with ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) and in control subjects. DESIGN The PDE11A entire coding region was sequenced in 46 patients with AIMAH and 192 controls. Two variants found in AIMAH patients were transiently expressed in HEK 293 and adrenocortical H295R cells for further functional studies. RESULTS The frequency of all PDE11A variants was significantly higher among patients with AIMAH (28%) compared to controls (7.2%) (P = 5 × 10(-5)). Transfection of the two PDE11A variants found in AIMAH patients only (D609N or M878V) showed that cAMP levels were higher, after forskolin stimulation, in cells transfected with the PDE11A mutants, compared to cells transfected with the wild-type PDE11A in HEK 293 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, transfection with mutants PDE11A increased transcriptional activity of a cAMP-response element reporter construct compared to wild-type PDE11A in HEK 293 cells (P < 0.0004 for D609N and P < 0.003 for M878V) and in the adrenocortical H295R cells (P < 0.05 for D609N and M878V). In addition, analysis of cAMP levels in intact living culture cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes showed increased cAMP in forskolin-treated cells transfected with PDE11A variants compared with wild-type PDE11A (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that PDE11A genetic variants may increase predisposition to AIMAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vezzosi
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Cochin 27, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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