1
|
Boregowda SV, Nanjappa MK, Booker CN, Strivelli J, Supper VM, Cooke PS, Phinney DG. Pharmacological Inhibition of Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase 1 Protects Mice against Obesity-Induced Bone Loss. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091257. [PMID: 36138736 PMCID: PMC9495776 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prominent risk factors for secondary osteoporosis due to the negative impacts of hyperglycemia and excessive body fat on bone metabolism. While the armamentarium of anti-diabetic drugs is expanding, their negative or unknown impacts on bone metabolism limits effectiveness. The inactivation of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) protects mice from high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity (DIO) and insulin resistance by enhancing thermogenic energy expenditure, but the role of this kinase and the consequences of its inhibition on bone metabolism are unknown. To determine if IP6K1 inhibition in obese mice affords protection against obesity-induced metabolic derangements and bone loss, we maintained 2-month-old mice on a normal chow control diet or HFD under thermal neutral conditions for 100 d. Beginning on day 40, HFD-fed mice were divided into two groups and administered daily injections of vehicle or the pan-IP6K inhibitor TNP [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl) purine]. HFD-fed mice developed obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and secondary osteoporosis, while TNP administration protected mice against HFD-induced metabolic and lipid derangements and preserved bone mass, mineral density, and trabecular microarchitecture, which correlated with reduced serum leptin levels, reduced marrow adiposity, and preservation of marrow resident skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs). TNP also exhibited hypotensive activity, an unrealized benefit of the drug, and its prolonged administration had no adverse impacts on spermatogenesis. Together, these data indicate that the inhibition of IP6K1 using selective inhibitors, such as TNP, may provide an effective strategy to manage obesity and T2DM due to its bone sparing effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddaraju V. Boregowda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Cori N. Booker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jacqueline Strivelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Valentina M. Supper
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paul S. Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Donald G. Phinney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shu JB, Kim TY. Bone marrow adiposity in diabetes and clinical interventions. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:303-309. [PMID: 35776685 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aims to review bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) changes in people with diabetes, contributing factors, and interventions. RECENT FINDINGS In type 1 diabetes (T1D), BMAT levels are similar to healthy controls, although few studies have been performed. In type 2 diabetes (T2D), both BMAT content and composition appear altered, and recent bone histomorphometry data suggests increased BMAT is both through adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Position emission tomography scanning suggests BMAT is a major source of basal glucose uptake. BMAT is responsive to metabolic interventions. SUMMARY BMAT is a unique fat depot that is influenced by metabolic factors and proposed to negatively affect the skeleton. BMAT alterations are more consistently seen in T2D compared to T1D. Interventions such as thiazolidinedione treatment may increase BMAT, whereas metformin treatment, weight loss, and exercise may decrease BMAT. Further understanding of the role of BMAT will provide insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic bone disease and could lead to targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Shu
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, MacDougald OA. Preclinical models for investigating how bone marrow adipocytes influence bone and hematopoietic cellularity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101547. [PMID: 34016532 PMCID: PMC8458229 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mice are a crucial preclinical model system for investigating bone marrow adipocyte (BMAd)-bone and BMAd-hematopoiesis interactions. In this review, we evaluate the suitability of mice to model common human diseases related to osteopenia or hematopoietic disorders, point out consistencies and discrepancies among different studies, and provide insights into model selection. Species, age, sex, skeletal site, and treatment protocol should all be considered when designing future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Li
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin C, Cai X, Yang W, Lv F, Nie L, Ji L. Age, sex, disease severity, and disease duration difference in placebo response: implications from a meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus. BMC Med 2020; 18:322. [PMID: 33190640 PMCID: PMC7667845 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placebo response in patients with diabetes mellitus is very common. A systematic evaluation needs to be updated with the current evidence about the placebo response in diabetes mellitus and the associated factors in clinical trials of anti-diabetic medicine. METHODS Literature research was conducted in Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies published between the date of inception and June 2019. Randomized placebo-controlled trials conducted in type 1and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM/T2DM) were included. Random-effects model and meta-regression analysis were accordingly used. This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42014009373. RESULTS Significantly weight elevation (effect size (ES) = 0.33 kg, 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.61 kg) was observed in patients with placebo treatments in T1DM subgroup while significantly HbA1c reduction (ES = - 0.12%, 95% CI, - 0.16 to - 0.07%) and weight reduction (ES = - 0.40 kg, 95% CI, - 0.50 to - 0.29 kg) were observed in patients with placebo treatments in T2DM subgroup. Greater HbA1c reduction was observed in patients with injectable placebo treatments (ES = - 0.22%, 95% CI, - 0.32 to - 0.11%) versus oral types (ES = - 0.09%, 95% CI, - 0.14 to - 0.04%) in T2DM (P = 0.03). Older age (β = - 0.01, 95% CI, - 0.02 to - 0.01, P < 0.01) and longer diabetes duration (β = - 0.02, 95% CI, - 0.03 to - 0.21 × 10-2, P = 0.03) was significantly associated with more HbA1c reduction by placebo in T1DM. However, younger age (β = 0.02, 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03, P = 0.01), lower male percentage (β = 0.01, 95% CI, 0.22 × 10-2, 0.01, P < 0.01), higher baseline BMI (β = - 0.02, 95% CI, - 0.04 to - 0.26 × 10-2, P = 0.02), and higher baseline HbA1c (β = - 0.09, 95% CI, - 0.16 to - 0.01, P = 0.02) were significantly associated with more HbA1c reduction by placebo in T2DM. Shorter diabetes duration (β = 0.06, 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.10, P < 0.01) was significantly associated with more weight reduction by placebo in T2DM. However, the associations between baseline BMI, baseline HbA1c, and placebo response were insignificant after the adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION The placebo response in diabetes mellitus was systematically outlined. Age, sex, disease severity (indirectly reflected by baseline BMI and baseline HbA1c), and disease duration were associated with placebo response in diabetes mellitus. The association between baseline BMI, baseline HbA1c, and placebo response may be the result of regression to the mean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Wenjia Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fang Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lin Nie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beijing Airport Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tedesco S, Ciciliot S, Menegazzo L, D'Anna M, Scattolini V, Cappellari R, Cignarella A, Avogaro A, Albiero M, Fadini GP. Pharmacologic PPAR-γ Activation Reprograms Bone Marrow Macrophages and Partially Rescues HSPC Mobilization in Human and Murine Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:1562-1572. [PMID: 32345753 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) from the bone marrow (BM) is impaired in diabetes. Excess oncostatin M (OSM) produced by M1 macrophages in the diabetic BM signals through p66Shc to induce Cxcl12 in stromal cells and retain HSPC. BM adipocytes are another source of CXCL12 that blunts mobilization. We tested a strategy of pharmacologic macrophage reprogramming to rescue HSPC mobilization. In vitro, PPAR-γ activation with pioglitazone switched macrophages from M1 to M2, reduced Osm expression, and prevented transcellular induction of Cxcl12 In diabetic mice, pioglitazone treatment downregulated Osm, p66Shc, and Cxcl12 in the hematopoietic BM, restored the effects of granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (G-CSF), and partially rescued HSPC mobilization, but it increased BM adipocytes. Osm deletion recapitulated the effects of pioglitazone on adipogenesis, which was p66Shc independent, and double knockout of Osm and p66Shc completely rescued HSPC mobilization. In the absence of OSM, BM adipocytes produced less CXCL12, being arguably devoid of HSPC-retaining activity, whereas pioglitazone failed to downregulate Cxcl12 in BM adipocytes. In patients with diabetes on pioglitazone therapy, HSPC mobilization after G-CSF was partially rescued. In summary, pioglitazone reprogrammed BM macrophages and suppressed OSM signaling, but sustained Cxcl12 expression by BM adipocytes could limit full recovery of HSPC mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Tedesco
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marianna D'Anna
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Scattolini
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Cappellari
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muruganandan S, Ionescu AM, Sinal CJ. At the Crossroads of the Adipocyte and Osteoclast Differentiation Programs: Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072277. [PMID: 32224846 PMCID: PMC7177886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated development and function of bone-forming (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing (osteoclasts) cells is critical for the maintenance of skeletal integrity and calcium homeostasis. An enhanced adipogenic versus osteogenic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been linked to bone loss associated with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, as well as aging and postmenopause. In addition to an inherent decrease in bone formation due to reduced osteoblast numbers, recent experimental evidence indicates that an increase in bone marrow adipocytes contributes to a disproportionate increase in osteoclast formation. Therefore, a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention in chronic bone loss disorders such as osteoporosis is to interfere with the pro-osteoclastogenic influence of marrow adipocytes. However, application of this approach is limited by the extremely complex regulatory processes in the osteoclastogenic program. For example, key regulators of osteoclastogenesis such as the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and the soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) are not only secreted by both osteoblasts and adipocytes, but are also regulated through several cytokines produced by these cell types. In this context, biologically active signaling molecules secreted from bone marrow adipocytes, such as chemerin, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin, can have a profound influence on the osteoclast differentiation program of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and thus, hold therapeutic potential under disease conditions. In addition to these paracrine signals, adipogenic transcription factors including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), C/EBP beta (C/EBPβ) and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are also expressed by osteoclastogenic cells. However, in contrast to MSCs, activation of these adipogenic transcription factors in HSCs promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts. Herein, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that link adipogenic signaling molecules and transcription factors to the osteoclast differentiation program and highlight therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms for promoting bone homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +614-971-0412
| | - Andreia M. Ionescu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zuo L, Wang J, Zhang N, Wang J. Pioglitazone Therapy Decreases Bone Mass Density and Increases Fat Mass: A Meta-Analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3590-3596. [PMID: 31538886 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190920123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone is mainly used for the management of type 2 diabetes and other insulinassociated diseases. However, the molecular mechanism of pioglitazone can lead to an imbalance in bone metabolism, thus decreasing bone mass density (BMD) and increasing the risk for fractures. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effect of pioglitazone therapy on bone metabolism and fat mass. METHODS A comprehensive search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of pioglitazone therapy on BMD and fat mass was performed. The primary outcome measures were the measured values of BMD, percentage changes in BMD, measured values of bone turnover markers and bone metabolic hormones, changes in BMI, body and leg fat mass, and fracture rates. The final search was performed in May 2019. RESULTS Six RCTs were included. A total of 749 patients met the inclusion criteria. Pioglitazone therapy was shown to significantly reduce the BMD of the whole body, lumbar spine, and total hip and serum PTH levels and increase BMI, total body fat mass and leg fat mass. In addition, 30 mg/d and 30 mg/d initially for one month followed by 45 mg/d pioglitazone could reduce the BMD of the lumbar spine. Pioglitazone therapy exerted no significant influence on the BMD of the femoral neck, serum BSAP or 25-OHD levels, or fracture rates. CONCLUSION Compared with placebo, pioglitazone therapy reduced BMD and serum PTH levels and increased fat mass and BMI with no difference in serum BSAP or 25-OHD levels or fracture rates; 30 mg/d pioglitazone was sufficient to reduce the BMD of the lumbar spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zuo
- Medical College of Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Medical College of Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Medical College of Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pagnotti GM, Styner M, Uzer G, Patel VS, Wright LE, Ness KK, Guise TA, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:339-355. [PMID: 30814687 PMCID: PMC6520125 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a condition of skeletal decline that undermines quality of life, is treated with pharmacological interventions that are associated with poor adherence and adverse effects. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, the incidence of obesity is increasing, predisposing the population to a range of musculoskeletal complications and metabolic disorders. Pharmacological management of obesity has yet to deliver notable reductions in weight and debilitating complications are rarely avoided. By contrast, exercise shows promise as a non-invasive and non-pharmacological method of regulating both osteoporosis and obesity. The principal components of exercise - mechanical signals - promote bone and muscle anabolism while limiting formation and expansion of fat mass. Mechanical regulation of bone and marrow fat might be achieved by regulating functions of differentiated cells in the skeletal tissue while biasing lineage selection of their common progenitors - mesenchymal stem cells. An inverse relationship between adipocyte versus osteoblast fate selection from stem cells is implicated in clinical conditions such as childhood obesity and increased marrow adiposity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as contributing to skeletal frailty. Understanding how exercise-induced mechanical signals can be used to improve bone quality while decreasing fat mass and metabolic dysfunction should lead to new strategies to treat chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Pagnotti
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- College of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Vihitaben S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Wright
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Picke AK, Campbell G, Napoli N, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Update on the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on bone metabolism and material properties. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R55-R70. [PMID: 30772871 PMCID: PMC6391903 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, especially as a result of our aging society, high caloric intake and sedentary lifestyle. Besides the well-known complications of T2DM on the cardiovascular system, the eyes, kidneys and nerves, bone strength is also impaired in diabetic patients. Patients with T2DM have a 40-70% increased risk for fractures, despite having a normal to increased bone mineral density, suggesting that other factors besides bone quantity must account for increased bone fragility. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the complex effects of T2DM on bone including effects on bone cells, bone material properties and other endocrine systems that subsequently affect bone, discusses the effects of T2DM medications on bone and concludes with a model identifying factors that may contribute to poor bone quality and increased bone fragility in T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Picke
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Graeme Campbell
- Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Diabetes and Bone Network, Department Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Rauner:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Portillo-Sanchez P, Bril F, Lomonaco R, Barb D, Orsak B, Bruder JM, Cusi K. Effect of pioglitazone on bone mineral density in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A 36-month clinical trial. J Diabetes 2019; 11:223-231. [PMID: 30073778 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of pioglitazone on bone metabolism are unclear. This study evaluated the long-term effects of pioglitazone on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Ninety-two patients with prediabetes or T2DM and biopsy-proven NASH with BMD and baseline biochemical bone measurements were included. Patients (mean [±SEM] age 51 ± 1 years, 71% male, mean body mass index 34.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2 ) were randomly assigned to pioglitazone (45 mg/day) or placebo for 18 months, followed by an 18-month open-label pioglitazone treatment phase. Baseline, 18- and 36-month evaluations included plasma vitamin D and bone turnover biomarker levels, and BMD measurements at the spine, femoral neck, total hip, and one-third radius. RESULTS After 18 months of pioglitazone treatment, there were no differences in BMD versus placebo at either the femoral neck (P =0.87), total hip (P =0.78), or one-third radius (P =0.44); however, bone density decreased at the level of the spine with pioglitazone (-3.5%; P =0.002). During the extension phase (18-36 months), patients had no further decreases in BMD or plasma biomarkers of bone turnover during pioglitazone treatment. No patient experienced a low-energy bone fracture. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of patients with prediabetes or T2DM with pioglitazone for up to 3 years was associated with decreased BMD at the level of the lumbar spine. This reduction in BMD at the lumbar spine at 18 months versus placebo suggests an early deleterious effect of pioglitazone on bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Portillo-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Romina Lomonaco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Barb
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Beverly Orsak
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jan Marie Bruder
- Division of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hawkes CP, Mostoufi-Moab S. Fat-bone interaction within the bone marrow milieu: Impact on hematopoiesis and systemic energy metabolism. Bone 2019; 119:57-64. [PMID: 29550266 PMCID: PMC6139083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between fat, bone and systemic metabolism is a growing area of scientific interest. Marrow adipose tissue is a well-recognized component of the bone marrow milieu and is metabolically distinct from current established subtypes of adipose tissue. Despite recent advances, the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue is still not clearly delineated. Bone and fat cells share a common mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) within the bone marrow, and hormones and transcription factors such as growth hormone, leptin, and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ influence MSC differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. MSC osteogenic potential is more vulnerable than adipogenic potential to radiation and chemotherapy, and this confers a risk for an abnormal fat-bone axis in survivors following cancer therapy and bone marrow transplantation. This review provides a summary of data from animal and human studies describing the relationship between marrow adipose tissue and hematopoiesis, bone mineral density, bone strength, and metabolic function. The significance of marrow adiposity in other metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and estrogen and growth hormone deficiency are also discussed. We conclude that marrow adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ with important metabolic functions contributing to bone energy maintenance, osteogenesis, bone remodeling, and hematopoiesis. Future studies on the metabolic role of marrow adipose tissue may provide the critical insight necessary for selecting targeted therapeutic interventions to improve altered hematopoiesis and augment skeletal remodeling in cancer survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - S Mostoufi-Moab
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA; Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Meng Y, Yu X. The Unique Metabolic Characteristics of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:69. [PMID: 30800100 PMCID: PMC6375842 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT) for its location, feature and function. As a largely ignored adipose depot, it is situated in bone marrow space and resided with bone tissue side-by-side. MAT is considered not only as a regulator of bone metabolism through paracrine, but also as a functionally particular adipose tissue that may contribute to global metabolism. Adipokines, inflammatory factors and other molecules derived from bone marrow adipocytes may exert systematic effects. In this review, we summary the evidence from several aspects including development, distribution, histological features and phenotype to elaborate the basic characteristics of MAT. We discuss the association between bone metabolism and MAT, and highlight our current understanding of this special adipose tissue. We further demonstrate the probable relationship between MAT and energy metabolism, as well as glucose metabolism. On the basis of preliminary results from animal model and clinical studies, we propose that MAT has its unique secretory and metabolic function, although there is no in-depth study at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Li
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xijie Yu ;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMA-) constitute an original and heterogeneous fat depot whose development appears interlinked with bone status throughout life. The gradual replacement of the haematopoietic tissue by BMA arises in a well-ordered way during childhood and adolescence concomitantly to bone growth and continues at a slower rate throughout the adult life. Importantly, BM adiposity quantity is found well associated with bone mineral density (BMD) loss at different skeletal sites in primary osteoporosis such as in ageing or menopause but also in secondary osteoporosis consecutive to anorexia nervosa. Since BMA and osteoblasts originate from a common mesenchymal stem cell, adipogenesis is considered as a competitive process that disrupts osteoblastogenesis. Besides, most factors secreted by bone and bone marrow cells (ligands and antagonists of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, BMP and others) reciprocally regulate the two processes. Hormones such as oestrogens, glucocorticoids, parathyroid and growth hormones that control bone remodelling also modulate the differentiation and the activity of BMA. Actually, BMA could also contribute to bone loss through the release of paracrine factors altering osteoblast and/or osteoclast formation and function. Based on clinical and fundamental studies, this review aims at presenting and discussing these current arguments that support but also challenge the involvement of BMA in the bone mass integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareck Rharass
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, Lille University, EA 4490, PMOI, Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Stéphanie Lucas
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, Lille University, EA 4490, PMOI, Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Lille, F-59000, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize and discuss recent progress and novel signaling mechanisms relevant to bone marrow adipocyte formation and its physiological/pathophysiological implications for bone remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS Skeletal remodeling is a coordinated process entailing removal of old bone and formation of new bone. Several bone loss disorders such as osteoporosis are commonly associated with increased bone marrow adipose tissue. Experimental and clinical evidence supports that a reduction in osteoblastogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells at the expense of adipogenesis, as well as the deleterious effects of adipocyte-derived signaling, contributes to the etiology of osteoporosis as well as bone loss associated with aging, diabetes mellitus, post-menopause, and chronic drug therapy. However, this view is challenged by findings indicating that, in some contexts, bone marrow adipose tissue may have a beneficial impact on skeletal health. Further research is needed to better define the role of marrow adipocytes in bone physiology/pathophysiology and to determine the therapeutic potential of manipulating mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher J Sinal
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Pop LM, Lingvay I, Yuan Q, Li X, Adams-Huet B, Maalouf NM. Impact of pioglitazone on bone mineral density and bone marrow fat content. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:3261-3269. [PMID: 28735463 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pioglitazone use is associated with an increased risk of fractures. In this randomized, placebo-controlled study, pioglitazone use for 12 months was associated with a significant increase in bone marrow fat content at the femoral neck, accompanied by a significant decrease in total hip bone mineral density. The change in bone marrow fat with pioglitazone use was predominantly observed in female vs. male participants. INTRODUCTION Use of the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone is associated with greater fracture incidence, although the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. This study aimed to assess the effect of pioglitazone treatment on femoral neck bone marrow (BM) fat content and on bone mineral density (BMD), and to establish if any correlation exists between the changes in these parameters. METHODS In this double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 42 obese volunteers with metabolic syndrome were randomized to pioglitazone (45 mg/day) or matching placebo for 1 year. The following measurements were conducted at baseline and during the treatment: liver, pancreas, and femoral neck BM fat content (by magnetic resonance spectroscopy), BMD by DXA, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat, and beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS Results were available for 37 subjects who completed the baseline and 1-year evaluations. At 12 months, BM fat increased with pioglitazone (absolute change, +4.1%, p = 0.03), whereas BM fat content in the placebo group decreased non-significantly (-3.1%, p = 0.08) (p = 0.007 for the pioglitazone-placebo response difference). Total hip BMD declined in the pioglitazone group (-1.4%) and increased by 0.8% in the placebo group (p = 0.03 between groups). The change in total hip BMD was inversely and significantly correlated with the change in BM fat content (Spearman rho = -0.56, p = 0.01) in the pioglitazone group, but not within the placebo group (rho = -0.29, p = 0.24). Changes in BM fat with pioglitazone were predominantly observed in female vs. male subjects. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone use for 12 months compared with placebo is associated with significant increase in BM fat content at the femoral neck, accompanied by a small but significant decrease in total hip BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Pop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - I Lingvay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Q Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - B Adams-Huet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8885, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Mineral Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8885, USA
| | - N M Maalouf
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8885, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Mineral Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8885, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Boregowda SV, Ghoshal S, Booker CN, Krishnappa V, Chakraborty A, Phinney DG. IP6K1 Reduces Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Fitness and Potentiates High Fat Diet-Induced Skeletal Involution. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1973-1983. [PMID: 28577302 PMCID: PMC5533188 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the predominant source of bone and adipose tissue in adult bone marrow and play a critical role in skeletal homeostasis. Age‐induced changes in bone marrow favor adipogenesis over osteogenesis leading to skeletal involution and increased marrow adiposity so pathways that prevent MSC aging are potential therapeutic targets for treating age‐related bone diseases. Here, we show that inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (Ip6k1) deletion in mice increases MSC yields from marrow and enhances cell growth and survival ex vivo. In response to the appropriate stimuli, Ip6k1−/− versus Ip6k1+/+ MSCs also exhibit enhanced osteogenesis and hematopoiesis‐supporting activity and reduced adipogenic differentiation. Mechanistic‐based studies revealed that Ip6k1−/− MSCs express higher MDM2 and lower p53 protein levels resulting in lower intrinsic mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as compared to Ip6k1+/+ MSCs, but both populations upregulate mitochondrial ROS to similar extents in response to oxygen‐induced stress. Finally, we show that mice fed a high fat diet exhibit reduced trabecular bone volume, and that pharmacological inhibition of IP6K1 using a pan‐IP6K inhibitor largely reversed this phenotype while increasing MSC yields from bone marrow. Together, these findings reveal an important role for IP6K1 in regulating MSC fitness and differentiation fate. Unlike therapeutic interventions that target peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma and leptin receptor activity, which yield detrimental side effects including increased fracture risk and altered feeding behavior, respectively, inhibition of IP6K1 maintains insulin sensitivity and prevents obesity while preserving bone integrity. Therefore, IP6K1 inhibitors may represent more effective insulin sensitizers due to their bone sparing properties. Stem Cells2017;35:1973–1983
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddaraju V Boregowda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Cori N Booker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Veena Krishnappa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Anutosh Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karampinos DC, Ruschke S, Dieckmeyer M, Diefenbach M, Franz D, Gersing AS, Krug R, Baum T. Quantitative MRI and spectroscopy of bone marrow. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:332-353. [PMID: 28570033 PMCID: PMC5811907 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow is one of the largest organs in the human body, enclosing adipocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, which are responsible for blood cell production, and mesenchymal stem cells, which are responsible for the production of adipocytes and bone cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the ideal imaging modality to monitor bone marrow changes in healthy and pathological states, thanks to its inherent rich soft‐tissue contrast. Quantitative bone marrow MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques have been also developed in order to quantify changes in bone marrow water–fat composition, cellularity and perfusion in different pathologies, and to assist in understanding the role of bone marrow in the pathophysiology of systemic diseases (e.g. osteoporosis). The present review summarizes a large selection of studies published until March 2017 in proton‐based quantitative MRI and MRS of bone marrow. Some basic knowledge about bone marrow anatomy and physiology is first reviewed. The most important technical aspects of quantitative MR methods measuring bone marrow water–fat composition, fatty acid composition, perfusion, and diffusion are then described. Finally, previous MR studies are reviewed on the application of quantitative MR techniques in both healthy aging and diseased bone marrow affected by osteoporosis, fractures, metabolic diseases, multiple myeloma, and bone metastases. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:332–353.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Dieckmeyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Diefenbach
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Gersing
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Krug
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Baum
- Section for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sheu Y, Amati F, Schwartz AV, Danielson ME, Li X, Boudreau R, Cauley JA. Vertebral bone marrow fat, bone mineral density and diabetes: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Bone 2017; 97:299-305. [PMID: 28179169 PMCID: PMC5367972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Elevated vertebral bone marrow fat (BMF) among individuals with osteoporosis has been established in histomorphometric studies. Several studies have found a negative correlation between BMF and bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine in men and women across different age groups. Animal studies have also observed bone loss with increased BMF in mice with induced diabetes. Our study objective was to test the hypothesis that the association between BMF and BMD varies by diabetic status. We performed a cross-sectional study of 156 men aged 74-96years from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study at the Pittsburgh clinical site. All men had spine BMF scans using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spine and hip BMD scans by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMF was expressed as lipid to "lipid+water" ratio (%). Men were considered diabetic if they self-reported a physician diagnosis of diabetes, diabetes medication or had a fasting glucose ≥126mg/dl. Men with diabetes (n=38) had a significantly higher spine BMF (58.9 vs. 54.6%, p=0.0035), spine BMD (1.20 vs. 1.10g/cm2, P=0.007) and total hip BMD (1.00 vs. 0.94g/cm2, p=0.04) than those without, while no differences were observed for body weight, body mass index or waist circumference. Pearson correlation tests showed no significant correlation of spine BMF with age or BMD in non-diabetics. Significant inverse correlations were observed between BMF and BMD (-0.30 for femoral neck and -0.39 for total hip) among diabetic men. In conclusion, men with diabetes had a higher BMF compared to non-diabetic men. The correlation between BMF and BMD differed by diabetes status. Further investigation of the association of diabetes with BMF and BMD may provide a better understanding of the high fracture rates among individuals with diabetes despite their higher BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahtyng Sheu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Francesca Amati
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Xiaojuan Li
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lindsey RC, Mohan S. Thyroid hormone acting via TRβ induces expression of browning genes in mouse bone marrow adipose tissue. Endocrine 2017; 56:109-120. [PMID: 28229360 PMCID: PMC8745377 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutant hypothyroid mouse models have recently shown that thyroid hormone is critical for skeletal development during an important prepubertal growth period. Additionally, thyroid hormone negatively regulates total body fat, consistent with the well-established effects of thyroid hormone on energy and fat metabolism. Since bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells differentiate into both adipocytes and osteoblasts and a relationship between bone marrow adipogenesis and osteogenesis has been predicted, we hypothesized thyroid hormone deficiency during the postnatal growth period increases marrow adiposity in mice. METHODS Marrow adiposity in TH-deficient (Tshr -/-) mice treated with T3/T4, TH receptor β-specific agonist GC-1, or vehicle control was evaluated via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and osmium micro-computed tomography. To further examine the mechanism for thyroid hormone regulation of marrow adiposity, we used real-time RT-PCR to measure the effects of thyroid hormone on adipocyte differentiation markers in primary mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and two mouse cell lines in vitro and in Tshr -/- mice in vivo. RESULTS Marrow adiposity increased >20% (P < 0.01) in Tshr -/- mice at 3 weeks of age, and treatment with T3/T4 when serum thyroid hormone normally increases (day 5-14) rescued this phenotype. Furthermore, GC-1 rescued this phenotype equally well, suggesting this thyroid hormone effect is in part mediated via TRβ signaling. Treatment of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal or ST2 cells with T3 or GC-1 significantly increased expression of several brown/beige fat markers. Moreover, injection of T3/T4 increased browning-specific markers in white fat of Tshr -/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that thyroid hormone regulation of marrow adiposity is mediated at least in part via activation of TRβ signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdallah BM. Marrow adipocytes inhibit the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts via suppressing BMP-signaling. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:11. [PMID: 28173811 PMCID: PMC5296965 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced bone formation is associated with increased bone marrow fat in many bone-loss related diseases including aging, post-menopause, and anorexia nervosa. Several lines of evidence suggested the regulation of osteogenesis and adipogenesis of the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal (skeletal) stem cells (BMSCs) by paracrine mediators. This study aimed to investigate the impact of adipocytes-secreted factors on the cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs. Methods Serum free conditioned medium (CM-Adipo) was collected from stromal ST2 cells-derived adipocytes. Cell viability, quantitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Alizarin red staining for matrix mineralization and osteogenic gene array expression were performed to determine the effect of CM-Adipo on cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of primary murine BMSCs (mBMSCs). Regulation of BMPs and NF-κB signaling pathways by CM-Adipo were detected by Western blot analysis and gene reporter assay. Results CM-Adipo showed no effect on cell viability/proliferation of primary mBMSCs as compared to CM-control. On the other hand, CM-Adipo significantly inhibited the commitment of mBMSCs into osteoblastic cell lineage in dose-dependent manner. CM-Adipo was found to dramatically inhibit the BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation and to activate the inflammatory NF-κB signaling in mBMSCs. Interestingly, treatment of mBMSCs with the selective inhibitor of NF-κB pathway, BAY11-770682, showed to retrieve the inhibitory effect of CM-Adipo on BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation in mBMSCs. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that the marrow adipocytes exert paracrine inhibitory effect on the osteoblast differentiation of mBMSCs by blocking BMPs signaling in a mechanism mediated by adipokines-induced NF-κB pathway activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0321-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Abdallah
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. .,Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aims to describe bone marrow fat changes in diabetes and to discuss the potential role of marrow fat in skeletal fragility. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in non-invasive imaging have facilitated marrow fat research in humans. In contrast to animal studies which clearly demonstrate higher levels of marrow fat in diabetes, human studies have shown smaller and less certain differences. Marrow fat has been reported to correlate with A1c, and there may be a distinct marrow lipid saturation profile in diabetes. Greater marrow fat is associated with impaired skeletal health. Marrow fat may be a mediator of skeletal fragility in diabetes. Circulating lipids, growth hormone alterations, visceral adiposity, and hypoleptinemia have been associated with greater marrow fat and may represent potential mechanisms for the putative effects of diabetes on marrow fat, although other factors likely contribute. Additional research is needed to further define the role of marrow fat in diabetic skeletal fragility and to determine whether marrow fat is a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y Kim
- University of California, San Francisco, 1700 Owens St, Room 349, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anne L Schafer
- University of California, San Francisco, 1700 Owens St, Room 349, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li G, Xu Z, Yuan W, Chang S, Chen Y, Calimente H, Hu J. Short- and midterm reproducibility of marrow fat measurements using mDixon imaging in healthy postmenopausal women. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45:1385-90. [PMID: 27502625 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the short- and midterm reproducibility of vertebral marrow fat fraction (FF) measurements using mDixon imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty postmenopausal women underwent mDixon scans to obtain L1-4 FF from three slices per vertebra by two independent observers (session 1). Measurements were repeated after 6 weeks (session 2) and 6 months (session 3). The mean FF for three regions of interest per vertebra was calculated. The coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated for each participant and imaging session, and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess interobserver and intersession agreements. RESULTS There were no significant differences in FF measurements among the three slices, imaging sessions or observers. The mean intrasubject CV for FF measurement reproducibility was 1.94 %. The interobserver agreement for the average FF value was excellent (ICC ≥0.945 for each session). The ICC for intersession agreement was excellent (ICC ≥0.955 between sessions). The mean intersession CV was lower within a short-term interval (2.97 %) than within sessions 1 and 3 (4.80 %) or sessions 3 and 2 (4.44 %). The overall mean CV for the reproducibility of FF measured with mDixon imaging over the short- and midterm was 4.09 % (95 % CI, 3.79-4.40 %). CONCLUSION mDixon is a reproducible method for FF quantification over short- and midterm intervals up to 6 months in healthy postmenopausal women. Our results also provide data by which a power analysis can be optimized when designing studies involving the use of FF derived from similar mDixon sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanwu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Rd, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- Xinzhuang Community Health Center, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Spinal Disease Unit, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Shixin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Rd, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA
| | - Horea Calimente
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA
| | - Jiani Hu
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Suchacki KJ, Cawthorn WP, Rosen CJ. Bone marrow adipose tissue: formation, function and regulation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 28:50-6. [PMID: 27022859 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires an uninterrupted supply of energy to maintain metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. To sustain energy balance, excess consumed calories are stored as glycogen, triglycerides and protein, allowing the body to continue to function in states of starvation and increased energy expenditure. Adipose tissue provides the largest natural store of excess calories as triglycerides and plays an important role as an endocrine organ in energy homeostasis and beyond. This short review is intended to detail the current knowledge of the formation and role of bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT), a largely ignored adipose depot, focussing on the role of MAT as an endocrine organ and highlighting the pharmacological agents that regulate MAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Suchacki
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pagnotti GM, Styner M. Exercise Regulation of Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:94. [PMID: 27471493 PMCID: PMC4943947 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite association with low bone density and skeletal fractures, marrow adipose tissue (MAT) remains poorly understood. The marrow adipocyte originates from the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) pool that also gives rise to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes, among other cell types. To date, the presence of MAT has been attributed to preferential biasing of MSC into the adipocyte rather than osteoblast lineage, thus negatively impacting bone formation. Here, we focus on understanding the physiology of MAT in the setting of exercise, dietary interventions, and pharmacologic agents that alter fat metabolism. The beneficial effect of exercise on musculoskeletal strength is known: exercise induces bone formation, encourages growth of skeletally supportive tissues, inhibits bone resorption, and alters skeletal architecture through direct and indirect effects on a multiplicity of cells involved in skeletal adaptation. MAT is less well studied due to the lack of reproducible quantification techniques. In recent work, osmium-based 3D quantification shows a robust response of MAT to both dietary and exercise intervention in that MAT is elevated in response to high-fat diet and can be suppressed following daily exercise. Exercise-induced bone formation correlates with suppression of MAT, such that exercise effects might be due to either calorie expenditure from this depot or from mechanical biasing of MSC lineage away from fat and toward bone, or a combination thereof. Following treatment with the anti-diabetes drug rosiglitazone - a PPARγ-agonist known to increase MAT and fracture risk - mice demonstrate a fivefold higher femur MAT volume compared to the controls. In addition to preventing MAT accumulation in control mice, exercise intervention significantly lowers MAT accumulation in rosiglitazone-treated mice. Importantly, exercise induction of trabecular bone volume is unhindered by rosiglitazone. Thus, despite rosiglitazone augmentation of MAT, exercise significantly suppresses MAT volume and induces bone formation. That exercise can both suppress MAT volume and increase bone quantity, notwithstanding the skeletal harm induced by rosiglitazone, underscores exercise as a powerful regulator of bone remodeling, encouraging marrow stem cells toward the osteogenic lineage to fulfill an adaptive need for bone formation. Thus, exercise represents an effective strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of overeating and iatrogenic etiologies on bone and fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. Pagnotti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Maya Styner,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
McGee-Lawrence ME, Carpio LR, Schulze RJ, Pierce JL, McNiven MA, Farr JN, Khosla S, Oursler MJ, Westendorf JJ. Hdac3 Deficiency Increases Marrow Adiposity and Induces Lipid Storage and Glucocorticoid Metabolism in Osteochondroprogenitor Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31. [PMID: 26211746 PMCID: PMC4758691 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss and increased marrow adiposity are hallmarks of aging skeletons. Conditional deletion of histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) in murine osteochondroprogenitor cells causes osteopenia and increases marrow adiposity, even in young animals, but the origins of the increased adiposity are unclear. To explore this, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from Hdac3-depleted and control mice were cultured in osteogenic medium. Hdac3-deficient cultures accumulated lipid droplets in greater abundance than control cultures and expressed high levels of genes related to lipid storage (Fsp27/Cidec, Plin1) and glucocorticoid metabolism (Hsd11b1) despite normal levels of Pparγ2. Approximately 5% of the lipid containing cells in the wild-type cultures expressed the master osteoblast transcription factor Runx2, but this population was threefold greater in the Hdac3-depleted cultures. Adenoviral expression of Hdac3 restored normal gene expression, indicating that Hdac3 controls glucocorticoid activation and lipid storage within osteoblast lineage cells. HDAC3 expression was reduced in bone cells from postmenopausal as compared to young women, and in osteoblasts from aged as compared to younger mice. Moreover, phosphorylation of S424 in Hdac3, a posttranslational mark necessary for deacetylase activity, was suppressed in osseous cells from old mice. Thus, concurrent declines in transcription and phosphorylation combine to suppress Hdac3 activity in aging bone, and reduced Hdac3 activity in osteochondroprogenitor cells contributes to increased marrow adiposity associated with aging. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lomeli R Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan J Schulze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jessica L Pierce
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua N Farr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tencerova M, Kassem M. The Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells: Commitment and Regulation of Adipogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27708616 PMCID: PMC5030474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment represents an important compartment of bone that regulates bone homeostasis and the balance between bone formation and bone resorption depending on the physiological needs of the organism. Abnormalities of BM microenvironmental dynamics can lead to metabolic bone diseases. BM stromal cells (also known as skeletal or mesenchymal stem cells) [bone marrow stromal stem cell (BMSC)] are multipotent stem cells located within BM stroma and give rise to osteoblasts and adipocytes. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms of BMSC lineage commitment to adipocytic lineage and regulation of BM adipocyte formation are not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss recent findings pertaining to identification and characterization of adipocyte progenitor cells in BM and the regulation of differentiation into mature adipocytes. We have also emphasized the clinical relevance of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tencerova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Michaela Tencerova,
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sulston RJ, Learman BS, Zhang B, Scheller EL, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, Bree AJ, Wallace RJ, Krishnan V, MacDougald OA, Cawthorn WP. Increased Circulating Adiponectin in Response to Thiazolidinediones: Investigating the Role of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 27708617 PMCID: PMC5030308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) contributes to increased circulating adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing hormone, during caloric restriction (CR), but whether this occurs in other contexts remains unknown. The antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) also promote MAT expansion and hyperadiponectinemia, even without increasing adiponectin expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that MAT expansion contributes to TZD-associated hyperadiponectinemia, we investigated the effects of rosiglitazone, a prototypical TZD, in wild-type (WT) or Ocn-Wnt10b mice. The latter resist MAT expansion during CR, leading us to postulate that they would also resist this effect of rosiglitazone. DESIGN Male and female WT or Ocn-Wnt10b mice (C57BL/6J) were treated with or without rosiglitazone for 2, 4, or 8 weeks, up to 30 weeks of age. MAT content was assessed by osmium tetroxide staining and adipocyte marker expression. Circulating adiponectin was determined by ELISA. RESULTS In WT mice, rosiglitazone caused hyperadiponectinemia and MAT expansion. Compared to WT mice, Ocn-Wnt10b mice had significantly less MAT in distal tibiae and sometimes in proximal tibiae; however, interpretation was complicated by the leakage of osmium tetroxide from ruptures in some tibiae, highlighting an important technical consideration for osmium-based MAT analysis. Despite decreased MAT in Ocn-Wnt10b mice, circulating adiponectin was generally similar between WT and Ocn-Wnt10b mice; however, in females receiving rosiglitazone for 4 weeks, hyperadiponectinemia was significantly blunted in Ocn-Wnt10b compared to WT mice. Notably, this was also the only group in which tibial adiponectin expression was lower than in WT mice, suggesting a close association between MAT adiponectin production and circulating adiponectin. However, rosiglitazone significantly increased adiponectin protein expression in WAT, suggesting that WAT contributes to hyperadiponectinemia in this context. Finally, rosiglitazone upregulated uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but this protein was undetectable in tibiae, suggesting that MAT is unlikely to share thermogenic properties of BAT. CONCLUSION TZD-induced hyperadiponectinemia is closely associated with increased adiponectin production in MAT but is not prevented by the partial loss of MAT that occurs in Ocn-Wnt10b mice. Thus, more robust loss-of-MAT models are required for future studies to better establish MAT's elusive functions, both on an endocrine level and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Sulston
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian S. Learman
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bofeng Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sebastian D. Parlee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Becky R. Simon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam J. Bree
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: William P. Cawthorn,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mannucci E, Dicembrini I. Drugs for type 2 diabetes: role in the regulation of bone metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 12:130-4. [PMID: 26604937 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the possibility that glucose-lowering drugs affect glucose metabolism and fracture risk was not even considered. The increased incidence of fractures with thiazolidinediones in women was a causal finding. This phenomenon, which has been demonstrated by large-scale clinical trials, is associated with a reduction in bone density. Thiazolidinediones stimulate adipocyte differentiation, and inhibit osteoblast differentiation, from bone marrow stromal cells; other mechanisms could also be involved in the thiazolidinedione-induced reduction of bone density. Insulin has an anabolic effect on the bone, but it is nonetheless associated with an increased incidence of fractures in observational studies. Although this finding could be partly due to unaccounted confounders, it is likely that insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and consequent falls, produce a higher risk for fractures, at least in the elderly. Among older drugs, metformin and sulfonylureas do not appear to produce any beneficial or detrimental effects on the bone. Of newer agents, DPP4 inhibitors have been associated with a possible protective effect in earlier trials, but this result has not been confirmed in larger scale studies on patients with a higher level of comorbidities. Considering that the increase in active incretin levels determined by DPP4 inhibitors could theoretically improve bone density, further clinical studies are needed to assess more clearly the effect of this class of drugs. GLP-1 receptor agonists also increase bone density in experimental models, but human data are still insufficient to draw any conclusion.
Collapse
|
30
|
Palermo A, D'Onofrio L, Eastell R, Schwartz AV, Pozzilli P, Napoli N. Oral anti-diabetic drugs and fracture risk, cut to the bone: safe or dangerous? A narrative review. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2073-89. [PMID: 25910746 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fracture risk is higher in older adults with type 2 diabetes and may be influenced by treatments for diabetes. Oral anti-diabetic drugs have different effects on bone metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe the effects of these drugs on bone metabolism and fracture risk. Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder that is characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. This condition has become an important global health problem, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. Another chronic and highly prevalent condition is diabetes mellitus, which affects more than 380 million people; both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are risk factors for fracture. Type 2 diabetes, in particular, is associated with impaired bone strength, although it is characterized by normal or elevated bone mineral density. Several therapeutic strategies are available to achieve the best outcomes in the management of diabetes mellitus but these have different effects on bone metabolism. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the effects of oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors) on bone metabolism and on the risk of developing fragility fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes. Both diabetes and osteoporosis represent a significant burden in terms of healthcare costs and quality of life. It is very important to choose therapies for diabetes that ensure good metabolic control whilst preserving skeletal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Palermo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Styner M, Pagnotti GM, Galior K, Wu X, Thompson WR, Uzer G, Sen B, Xie Z, Horowitz MC, Styner MA, Rubin C, Rubin J. Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL/6 Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2753-61. [PMID: 26052898 PMCID: PMC4511140 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) to skeletal fragility is poorly understood. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists, associated with increased fractures in diabetic patients, increase MAT. Here, we asked whether exercise could limit the MAT accrual and increase bone formation in the setting of PPARγ agonist treatment. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with 20-mg/kg · d rosiglitazone (Rosi) and compared with control (CTL) animals. Exercise groups ran 12 km/d when provided access to running wheels (CTL exercise [CTL-E], Rosi-E). After 6 weeks, femoral MAT (volume of lipid binder osmium) and tibial bone morphology were assessed by microcomputer tomography. Rosi was associated with 40% higher femur MAT volume compared with CTL (P < .0001). Exercise suppressed MAT volume by half in CTL-E mice compared with CTL (P < .01) and 19% in Rosi-E compared with Rosi (P < .0001). Rosi treatment increased fat markers perilipin and fatty acid synthase mRNA by 4-fold (P < .01). Exercise was associated with increased uncoupling protein 1 mRNA expression in both CTL-E and Rosi-E groups (P < .05), suggestive of increased brown fat. Rosi increased cortical porosity (P < .0001) but did not significantly impact trabecular or cortical bone quantity. Importantly, exercise induction of trabecular bone volume was not prevented by Rosi (CTL-E 21% > CTL, P < .05; Rosi-E 26% > Rosi, P < .01). In summary, despite the Rosi induction of MAT extending well into the femoral diaphysis, exercise was able to significantly suppress MAT volume and induce bone formation. Our results suggest that the impact of PPARγ agonists on bone and marrow health can be partially mitigated by exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gabriel M Pagnotti
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kornelia Galior
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William R Thompson
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clinton Rubin
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine (M.S., K.G., X.W., G.U., B.S., Z.X., J.R.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy (W.R.T.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Computer Science (M.A.S.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry (M.A.S.), Image Analysis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.M.P., C.R.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (M.C.H.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Icariin prevents bone loss by stimulating new bone formation and by inhibiting bone resorption. However, less is known about how icariin affects marrow adiposity. This lack of information is a vital problem, as the degree of marrow adipogenesis may be an alternative indicator of the severity of osteoporosis in relation to the degree of osteogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. To explore this question, we tested the effects of icariin on bone mineral density (BMD) and marrow fat content in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS Thirty-six 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: sham operation, ovariectomized controls, and ovariectomized rats treated orally with either 17β-estradiol or icariin for 12 weeks. BMD and marrow fat fraction were dynamically measured on weeks 0, 6, and 12. After 12 weeks of treatment, serum 17β-estradiol and bone biomarker levels were measured, and marrow adipocytes were quantitatively evaluated by histopathology. RESULTS Ovariectomized controls experienced a marked increase in fat fraction over time, with increases of 40% between weeks 0 and 6 and 69.4% between weeks 6 and 12 (P < 0.001). Marrow adiposity in ovariectomized controls was dramatically higher than that in sham rats on week 6; however, a reduction in BMD was detected in ovariectomized rats on week 12 (P < 0.001). Ovariectomized rats had levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen that were 49.4% and 67.2% higher, respectively, than those of sham rats (P < 0.001). The density, size, and volume of marrow adipocytes in ovariectomized controls were 57.3%, 29.5%, and 163% higher, respectively, than those in sham rats. Early icariin treatment decreased bone biomarker levels, inhibited bone degeneration, and restored marrow fat infiltration and adipocyte parameters to the levels observed in sham rats. Overall, the osteoprotective effect of icariin was comparable with that of 17β-estradiol; however, icariin did not produce uterine estrogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Early icariin treatment restores marrow adiposity in the estrogen-deficient rat model.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis are two of the most common chronic disorders of the 21st century. Both are accompanied by significant morbidity. The only place in the mammalian organism where bone and fat lie adjacent to each other is in the bone marrow. Marrow adipose tissue is a dynamic depot that probably exists as both constitutive and regulated compartments. Adipocytes secrete cytokines and adipokines that either stimulate or inhibit adjacent osteoblasts. The relationship of marrow adipose tissue to other fat depots is complex and might play very distinct parts in modulation of metabolic homoeostasis, haemopoiesis, and osteogenesis. Understanding of the relationship between bone and fat cells that arise from the same progenitor within the bone marrow niche provides insight into the pathophysiology of age-related osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
With growing interest in the connection between fat and bone, there has been increased investigation of the relationship with marrow fat in particular. Clinical research has been facilitated by the development of non-invasive methods to measure bone marrow fat content and composition. Studies in different populations using different measurement techniques have established that higher marrow fat is associated with lower bone density and prevalent vertebral fracture. The degree of unsaturation in marrow fat may also affect bone health. Although other fat depots tend to be strongly correlated, marrow fat has a distinct pattern, suggesting separate mechanisms of control. Longitudinal studies are limited, but are crucial to understand the direct and indirect roles of marrow fat as an influence on skeletal health. With greater appreciation of the links between bone and energy metabolism, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between marrow fat and bone. It is well established that levels of marrow fat are higher in older adults with osteoporosis, defined by either low bone density or vertebral fracture. However, the reasons for and implications of this association are not clear. This review focuses on clinical studies of marrow fat and its relationship to bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann V. Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Ann V. Schwartz, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cao JJ, Picklo MJ. N-acetylcysteine supplementation decreases osteoclast differentiation and increases bone mass in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr 2014; 144:289-96. [PMID: 24381219 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.185397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induced by high-fat (HF) diets increases bone resorption, decreases trabecular bone mass, and reduces bone strength in various animal models. This study investigated whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and a glutathione precursor, alters glutathione status and mitigates bone microstructure deterioration in mice fed an HF diet. Forty-eight 6-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (n = 12 per group) and fed either a normal-fat [NF (10% energy as fat)] or an HF (45% energy as fat) diet ad libitum with or without NAC supplementation at 1 g/kg diet for 17 wk. Compared with the NF groups, mice in the HF groups had higher body weight, greater serum leptin concentrations and osteoclast differentiation, and lower trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, and connectivity density (P < 0.05). NAC supplementation increased the serum-reduced glutathione concentration and bone volume and decreased osteoclast differentiation in HF-fed mice (P < 0.05). We further demonstrated that osteoclast differentiation was directly regulated by glutathione status. NAC treatment of murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro increased glutathione status and decreased osteoclast formation. These results show that NAC supplementation increases the bone mass of obese mice induced by an HF diet through elevating glutathione status and decreasing bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li GW, Xu Z, Chen QW, Tian YN, Wang XY, Zhou L, Chang SX. Quantitative evaluation of vertebral marrow adipose tissue in postmenopausal female using MRI chemical shift-based water–fat separation. Clin Radiol 2014; 69:254-62. [PMID: 24286935 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G-W Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xu
- Medico-Technical Department, Xin-Zhuang Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Q-W Chen
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Y-N Tian
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X-Y Wang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - S-X Chang
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sadie-Van Gijsen H, Hough FS, Ferris WF. Determinants of bone marrow adiposity: the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 activity as a central mechanism. Bone 2013; 56:255-65. [PMID: 23800517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of adipocytes in the bone marrow is a normal physiological phenomenon, the role of these cells in bone homeostasis and during pathological states has not yet been fully delineated. As osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common progenitor, with an inverse relationship existing between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis, bone marrow adiposity often negatively correlates with osteoblast number and bone mineral density. Bone adiposity can be affected by several physiological and pathophysiological factors, with abnormal, elevated marrow fat resulting in a pathological state. This review focuses on the regulation of bone adiposity by physiological factors, including aging, mechanical loading and growth factor expression, as well as the pathophysiological factors, including diseases such as anorexia nervosa and dyslipidemia, and pharmacological agents such as thiazolidinediones and statins. Although these factors regulate bone marrow adiposity via a plethora of different intracellular signaling pathways, these diverse pathways often converge on the modulation of the expression and/or activity of the pro-adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2, suggesting that any factor that affects PPAR-γ2 may have an impact on the fat content of bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Devlin MJ. Bone marrow composition, diabetes, and fracture risk: more bad news for saturated fat. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1718-20. [PMID: 23794182 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Devlin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schwartz AV, Sigurdsson S, Hue TF, Lang TF, Harris TB, Rosen CJ, Vittinghoff E, Siggeirsdottir K, Sigurdsson G, Oskarsdottir D, Shet K, Palermo L, Gudnason V, Li X. Vertebral bone marrow fat associated with lower trabecular BMD and prevalent vertebral fracture in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2294-300. [PMID: 23553860 PMCID: PMC3667265 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bone marrow fat (BMF) and bone mineral density (BMD) by dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA) are negatively correlated. However, little is known about the association of BMF with fracture or with separate trabecular and cortical bone compartments. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the relationships between vertebral BMF, BMD by quantitative computed tomography, and fracture in older adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik cohort. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes measures included vertebral BMF (L1-L4) measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantitative computed tomography and DXA scans of the hip and spine, and DXA vertebral fracture assessments. Previous clinical fracture was determined from medical records. RESULTS In 257 participants without recent bone-active medication use, mean age was 79 (SD 3.1) years. Mean BMF was 53.5% ± 8.1% in men and 55.0% ± 8.4% in women. Those with prevalent vertebral fracture (21 men, 32 women) had higher mean BMF in models adjusted for BMD. In separate models by sex, the difference was statistically significant only in men (57.3% vs 52.8%, P = 0.02). BMF was associated with lower trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) at the spine (-10.5% difference for each 1 SD increase in BMF, P < 0.01), total hip, and femoral neck, but not with cortical vBMD, in women. In men, BMF was marginally associated with trabecular spine vBMD (-6.1%, P = 0.05). Total hip and spine areal BMD (aBMD) were negatively correlated with BMF in women only. CONCLUSION Higher marrow fat correlated with lower trabecular, but not cortical, BMD in older women but not men. Higher marrow fat was associated with prevalent vertebral fracture in men, even after adjustment for BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann V Schwartz
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fazeli PK, Horowitz MC, MacDougald OA, Scheller EL, Rodeheffer MS, Rosen CJ, Klibanski A. Marrow fat and bone--new perspectives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:935-45. [PMID: 23393168 PMCID: PMC3590487 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is growing interest in the relationship between bone mineral density, bone strength, and fat depots. Marrow adipose tissue, a well-established component of the marrow environment, is metabolically distinct from peripheral fat depots, but its functional significance is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss animal and human data linking the marrow adipose tissue depot to parameters of bone density and integrity as well as the potential significance of marrow adipose tissue in metabolic diseases associated with bone loss, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa. Potential hormonal determinants of marrow adipose tissue are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that whereas most animal and human data demonstrate an inverse association between marrow adipose tissue and measures of bone density and strength, understanding the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue and its hormonal determinants will be critical to better understanding its role in skeletal integrity and the role of marrow adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouneh K Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
The effects of thiazolidinediones on human bone marrow stromal cell differentiation in vitro and in thiazolidinedione-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Transl Res 2013; 161:145-55. [PMID: 23022285 PMCID: PMC3546231 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) therapy has been associated with an increased risk of bone fractures. Studies in rodents have led to a model in which decreased bone quality in response to TZDs is due to a competition of lineage commitment between osteoblasts (OBs) and adipocytes (ADs) for a common precursor cell, resulting in decreased OB numbers. Our goal was to investigate the effects of TZD exposure on OB-AD lineage determination from primary human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) both in vitro and in vivo from nondiabetic subjects and patients with type 2 diabetics. Our experimental design included 2 phases. Phase 1 was an in vitro study of TZD effects on the differentiation of hBMSCs into OBs and ADs in nondiabetic subjects. Phase 2 was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effects of 6-month pioglitazone treatment in vivo on hBMSC differentiation using AD/OB colony forming unit assays in patients with type 2 diabetes. In vitro, TZDs (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) enhanced the adipogenesis of hBMSCs, whereas neither altered OB differentiation or function as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity, gene expression, and mineralization. The ability of TZDs to enhance adipogenesis occurred at a specific time/stage of the differentiation process, and pretreating with TZDs did not further enhance adipogenesis. In vivo, 6-month TZD treatment decreased OB precursors, increased AD precursors, and increased total colony number in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our results indicate that TZD exposure in vitro potently stimulates adipogenesis but does not directly alter OB differentiation/mineralization or lineage commitment from hBMSCs. However, TZD treatment in type 2 diabetic patients results in decreased osteoblastogenesis from hBMSCs compared with placebo, indicating an indirect negative effect on OBs and suggesting an alternative model by which TZDs might negatively regulate bone quality.
Collapse
|