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Zhai Y, Wang S, Zhang B, Tang Y, Wang H, Li J, Hu Z, Wang Y, Li H, Ge RS. The analysis of pesticides and fungicides in the inhibition of human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: mode of inhibition and mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2023; 379:76-86. [PMID: 36965607 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/steroid Δ5,4-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1) plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone in the human placenta to maintain normal pregnancy. Whether they inhibit placental 3β-HSD1 and mode of inhibition remains unclear. In this study, we screened 21 pesticides and fungicides in five classes to inhibit human 3β-HSD1 and compared them to rat homolog 3β-HSD4. 3β-HSD activity was measured by catalyzing pregnenolone to progesterone in the presence of NAD+. Of the 21 chemicals, azoles (difenoconazole), thiocarbamates (thiram and ferbam) and organochlorine (hexachlorophene) significantly inhibited human 3β-HSD1 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.77, 0.24, 0.68, and 17.96 μM, respectively. We also found that difenoconazole, ferbam and hexachlorophene are mixed/competitive inhibitors of 3β-HSD1 while thiram is a mixed/noncompetitive inhibitor. Docking analysis showed that difenoconazole and hexachlorophene bound steroid-binding site. Difenoconazole and hexachlorophene except thiram and ferbam also significantly inhibited rat 3β-HSD4 activity with IC50 of 1.12 and 2.28µM, respectively. Thiram and ferbam significantly inhibited human 3β-HSD1 possibly by interfering with cysteine residues, while they had no effects on rat 3β-HSD4. In conclusion, some pesticides potently inhibit placental 3β-HSD, leading to the reduction of progesterone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Zhai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Bingru Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Kupczyk D, Studzińska R, Kołodziejska R, Baumgart S, Modrzejewska M, Woźniak A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Potential Treatment Target in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206190. [PMID: 36294507 PMCID: PMC9605099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) belong to the group of steroid hormones. Their representative in humans is cortisol. GCs are involved in most physiological processes of the body and play a significant role in important biological processes, including reproduction, growth, immune responses, metabolism, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, functioning of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. The availability of cortisol to the glucocorticoid receptor is locally controlled by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Evidence of changes in intracellular GC metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications highlights the role of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the pharmacotherapy of these diseases. This paper discusses the role of 11β-HSD1 in MetS and its cardiovascular complications and the importance of selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Szymon Baumgart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martyna Modrzejewska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Lu H, Lei X, Winkler R, John S, Kumar D, Li W, Alnouti Y. Crosstalk of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a and glucocorticoid receptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:46. [PMID: 35614477 PMCID: PMC9134643 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), master regulators of liver metabolism, are down-regulated in fatty liver diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of down-regulation of HNF4α and GR in fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Methods Adult mice with liver-specific heterozygote (HET) and knockout (KO) of HNF4α or GR were fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 15 days. Alterations in hepatic and circulating lipids were determined with analytical kits, and changes in hepatic mRNA and protein expression in these mice were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Serum and hepatic levels of bile acids were quantified by LC-MS/MS. The roles of HNF4α and GR in regulating hepatic gene expression were determined using luciferase reporter assays. Results Compared to HFHS-fed wildtype mice, HNF4α HET mice had down-regulation of lipid catabolic genes, induction of lipogenic genes, and increased hepatic and blood levels of lipids, whereas HNF4α KO mice had fatty liver but mild hypolipidemia, down-regulation of lipid-efflux genes, and induction of genes for uptake, synthesis, and storage of lipids. Serum levels of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid tended to be decreased in the HNF4α HET mice but dramatically increased in the HNF4α KO mice, which was associated with marked down-regulation of cytochrome P450 7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a master lipogenic regulator, was induced in HFHS-fed HNF4α HET mice. In reporter assays, HNF4α cooperated with the corepressor small heterodimer partner to potently inhibit the transactivation of mouse and human SREBP-1C promoter by liver X receptor. Hepatic nuclear GR proteins tended to be decreased in the HNF4α KO mice. HFHS-fed mice with liver-specific KO of GR had increased hepatic lipids and induction of SREBP-1C and PPARγ, which was associated with a marked decrease in hepatic levels of HNF4α proteins in these mice. In reporter assays, GR and HNF4α synergistically/additively induced lipid catabolic genes. Conclusions induction of lipid catabolic genes and suppression of lipogenic genes by HNF4α and GR may mediate the early resistance to HFHS-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Savio John
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wenkuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Theiler-Schwetz V, Schlager H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Stojakovic T, Fauler G, Fickert P, Zollner G. Hypercortisolism in patients with cholestasis is associated with disease severity. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:460. [PMID: 34876016 PMCID: PMC8650422 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-02045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestasis might lead to an impairment of adrenal function as suggested by in vitro and in vivo data as well as by clinical findings. Bile acid and adrenal steroid metabolism not only share the receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5), but supraphysiological bile acid levels were found to stimulate steroidogenesis independent of FXR and TGR5. Our previous experimental findings revealed that mice fed bile acids or subjected to common bile duct ligation develop hypercortisolemia. We thus aimed to assess adrenal gland function in patients with cholestasis. METHODS Adrenal gland function was assessed in 36 patients with cholestasis and in 32 patients without cholestasis by measuring total serum cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), as well as the increase of cortisol 20 and 30 min after administration of 1 µg of ACTH. Bile acid levels and bile acid pool composition were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Patients with cholestasis per definition had markedly elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), bilirubin and serum bile acids. Baseline cortisol and maximum cortisol after ACTH stimulation were significantly higher in patients with cholestasis compared to controls. Increase of cortisol after ACTH stimulation and ACTH did not differ. In the cholestasis group, baseline cortisol correlated with bilirubin but not with AP, total serum bile acids and levels of conjugated and unconjugated bile acid species. Patients with duration of cholestasis < 6 months (n = 30) had significantly higher baseline cortisol levels than those with long standing cholestasis (> 6 months), together with higher bilirubin levels. CONCLUSIONS We find no evidence of adrenal insufficiency in non-cirrhotic patients with cholestasis. In contrast, patients with cholestasis show hypercortisolism associated with disease severity as mirrored by levels of bilirubin. Lack of ACTH increase in cholestasis suggests a direct effect of cholestasis on adrenals and not on the pituitary gland. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of cortisol elevation in patients with cholestasis and its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Theiler-Schwetz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Schlager
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Favero V, Cremaschi A, Falchetti A, Gaudio A, Gennari L, Scillitani A, Vescini F, Morelli V, Aresta C, Chiodini I. Management and Medical Therapy of Mild Hypercortisolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111521. [PMID: 34768949 PMCID: PMC8584167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild hypercortisolism (mHC) is defined as an excessive cortisol secretion, without the classical manifestations of clinically overt Cushing's syndrome. This condition increases the risk of bone fragility, neuropsychological alterations, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular events and mortality. At variance with Cushing's syndrome, mHC is not rare, with it estimated to be present in up to 2% of individuals older than 60 years, with higher prevalence (up to 10%) in individuals with uncontrolled hypertension and/or diabetes or with unexplainable bone fragility. Measuring cortisol after a 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test is the first-line test for searching for mHC, and the degree of cortisol suppression is associated with the presence of cortisol-related consequences and mortality. Among the additional tests used for diagnosing mHC in doubtful cases, the basal morning plasma adrenocorticotroph hormone, 24-h urinary free cortisol and/or late-night salivary cortisol could be measured, particularly in patients with possible cortisol-related complications, such as hypertension and diabetes. Surgery is considered as a possible therapeutic option in patients with munilateral adrenal incidentalomas and mHC since it improves diabetes and hypertension and reduces the fracture risk. In patients with mHC and bilateral adrenal adenomas, in whom surgery would lead to persistent hypocortisolism, and in patients refusing surgery or in whom surgery is not feasible, medical therapy is needed. Currently, promising though scarce data have been provided on the possible use of pituitary-directed agents, such as the multi-ligand somatostatin analog pasireotide or the dopamine agonist cabergoline for the-nowadays-rare patients with pituitary mHC. In the more frequently adrenal mHC, encouraging data are available for metyrapone, a steroidogenesis inhibitor acting mainly against the adrenal 11-βhydroxylase, while data on osilodrostat and levoketoconazole, other new steroidogenesis inhibitors, are still needed in patients with mHC. Finally, on the basis of promising data with mifepristone, a non-selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, in patients with mild cortisol hypersecretion, a randomized placebo-controlled study is ongoing for assessing the efficacy and safety of relacorilant, a selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, for patients with mild adrenal hypercortisolism and diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance and/or uncontrolled systolic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.F.); (A.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Arianna Cremaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.F.); (A.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Alberto Falchetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy;
| | - Agostino Gaudio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetology “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, IRCCS, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy;
| | - Fabio Vescini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, University-Hospital S. M. Misericordia of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Valentina Morelli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmen Aresta
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-61911-2738
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.F.); (A.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy;
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Shackleton GL. Towards a biochemical approach to occupational stress management. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07175. [PMID: 34141933 PMCID: PMC8187824 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the immense and growing cost of occupational stress to society through lost productivity and the burden to healthcare systems, current best practices for detecting, managing and reducing stress in the workplace are clearly sub-optimal and substantially better methods are required. Subjective, self-reported psychology and psychiatry-based instruments are prone to biases whereas current objective, biology-based measures produce conflicting results and are far from reliable. A multivariate approach to occupational stress research is required that reflects the broad, coordinated, physiological response to demands placed on the body by exposure to diverse occupational stressors. A literature review was conducted to determine the extent of application of the emerging multivariate technology of metabolomics to occupational stress research. Of 170 articles meeting the search criteria, three were identified that specifically studied occupational stressors using metabolomics. A further ten studies were not specifically occupational or were of indirect or peripheral relevance. The occupational studies, although limited in number highlight the technological challenges associated with the application of metabolomics to investigate occupational stress. They also demonstrate the utility to evaluate stress more comprehensively than univariate biomarker studies. The potential of this multivariate approach to enhance our understanding of occupational stress has yet to be established. This will require more studies with broader analytical coverage of the metabolome, longitudinal sampling, combination with experience sampling methods and comparison with psychometric models of occupational stress. Progress will likely involve combining multi-omic data into a holistic, systems biology approach to detecting, managing and reducing occupational stress and optimizing workplace performance.
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Ishiuchi K, Morinaga O, Yoshino T, Mitamura M, Hirasawa A, Maki Y, Tashita Y, Kondo T, Ogawa K, Lian F, Ogawa-Ochiai K, Minamizawa K, Namiki T, Mimura M, Watanabe K, Makino T. Identification of an Alternative Glycyrrhizin Metabolite Causing Liquorice-Induced Pseudohyperaldosteronism and the Development of ELISA System to Detect the Predictive Biomarker. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688508. [PMID: 34079468 PMCID: PMC8165744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquorice is usually used as crude drug in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Liquorice-containing glycyrrhizin (GL) can cause pseudohyperaldosteronism as a side effect. Previously, we identified 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) as a GL metabolite in Eisai hyperbilirubinuria rats (EHBRs) with the dysfunction of multidrug resistance-related protein (Mrp2). We speculated that 3 was associated with the onset of liquorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism, because it was mainly detected in serum of patients with suspected to have this condition. However, it is predicted that other metabolites might exist in the urine of EHBRs orally treated with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). We explored other metabolites in the urine of EHBRs, and investigated the pharmacokinetic profiles of the new metabolite in EHBRs and normal Sprague-Dawley rats. We further analyzed the serum concentrations of the new metabolite in the patients of pseudohyperaldosteronism. Finally, we developed the analyzing method of these metabolites as a preventive biomarker for the onset of pseudohyperaldosteronism using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We isolated a new GL metabolite, 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-O-glucuronide (4). Compound 4 significantly inhibited rat type-2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) and was a substrate of both organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3. Compound 4 was also detected in the serum of patients with suspected pseudohyperaldosteronism at an approximately 10-fold lower concentrations than 3, and these concentrations were positively correlated. Compound 4 showed a lower serum concentration and weaker inhibitory titer on 11β-HSD2 than 3. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system using an anti-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-glucuronide (3MGA) monoclonal antibody to measure the serum concentration of 3 to facilitate the measurement of biomarkers to predict the onset of pseudohyperaldosteronism. Although we found 4 as the secondary candidate causative agent, 3 could be the main potent preventive biomarker of liquorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism. Compound 3 was detected in serum at a higher concentration than GA and 4, implying that 3 may be a pharmacologically active ingredient mediating not only the development of pseudohyperaldosteronism but anti-inflammatory effects in humans administered GL or other liquorice-containing preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan'ichiro Ishiuchi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Morinaga
- Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miaki Mitamura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asuka Hirasawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Maki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuuna Tashita
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kondo
- Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kakuyou Ogawa
- Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fangyi Lian
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ogawa-Ochiai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinic of Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Takao Namiki
- Department of Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan,*Correspondence: Toshiaki Makino,
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8
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Kupczyk D, Studzińska R, Baumgart S, Bilski R, Kosmalski T, Kołodziejska R, Woźniak A. A Novel N-Tert-Butyl Derivatives of Pseudothiohydantoin as Potential Target in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092612. [PMID: 33947052 PMCID: PMC8125440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are currently more and more common all over the world; hence, attempts are being made to explain the biochemical processes underlying their development. The search for new therapeutic pathways, with particular emphasis on enzymatic activity and its modulation regulating the level of glucocorticosteroids, may contribute to the development and implementation of new therapeutic options in the treatment process. Our research focuses on understanding the role of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 as factors involved in the differentiation and proliferation of neoplastic cells. In this work, we obtained the 9 novel N-tert-butyl substituted 2-aminothiazol-4(5H)-one (pseudothiohydantoin) derivatives, differing in the substituents at C-5 of the thiazole ring. The inhibitory activity and selectivity of the obtained derivatives in relation to two isoforms of 11β-HSD were evaluated. The highest inhibitory activity for 11β-HSD1 showed compound 3h, containing the cyclohexane substituent at the 5-position of the thiazole ring in the spiro system (82.5% at a conc. 10 µM). On the other hand, the derivative 3f with the phenyl substituent at C-5 showed the highest inhibition of 11β-HSD2 (53.57% at a conc. of 10 µM). A low selectivity in the inhibition of 11β-HSD2 was observed but, unlike 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, these compounds were found to inhibit the activity of 11β-HSD2 to a greater extent than 11β-HSD1, which makes them attractive for further research on their anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85–092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85–089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Szymon Baumgart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85–089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85–092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85–089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85–092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85–092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
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Kupczyk D, Studzińska R, Bilski R, Baumgart S, Kołodziejska R, Woźniak A. Synthesis of Novel 2-(Isopropylamino)thiazol-4(5 H)-one Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Activity of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 in Aspect of Carcinogenesis Prevention. Molecules 2020; 25:E4233. [PMID: 32942682 PMCID: PMC7570983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid metabolism at the tissue level is regulated by two isoenzymes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), which mutually convert biologically active cortisol and inactive cortisone. Recent research is focused on the role of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 as autocrine factors of tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 2-(isopropylamino)thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives and their inhibitory activity for 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. The derivative containing the spiro system of thiazole and cyclohexane rings shows the highest degree of 11β-HSD1 inhibition (54.53% at 10 µM) and is the most selective inhibitor of this enzyme among the tested compounds. In turn, derivatives containing ethyl and n-propyl group at C-5 of thiazole ring inhibit the activity of 11β-HSD2 to a high degree (47.08 and 54.59% at 10 µM respectively) and are completely selective. Inhibition of the activity of these enzymes may have a significant impact on the process of formation and course of tumors. Therefore, these compounds can be considered as potential pharmaceuticals supporting anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Szymon Baumgart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.B.); (R.K.); (A.W.)
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10
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Carvajal CA, Tapia-Castillo A, Vecchiola A, Baudrand R, Fardella CE. Classic and Nonclassic Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5691192. [PMID: 31909799 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arterial hypertension (AHT) is one of the most frequent pathologies in the general population. Subtypes of essential hypertension characterized by low renin levels allowed the identification of 2 different clinical entities: aldosterone-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation and cortisol-mediated MR activation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review is based upon a search of Pubmed and Google Scholar databases, up to August 2019, for all publications relating to endocrine hypertension, apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) and cortisol (F) to cortisone (E) metabolism. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The spectrum of cortisol-mediated MR activation includes the classic AME syndrome to milder (nonclassic) forms of AME, the latter with a much higher prevalence (7.1%) than classic AME but different phenotype and genotype. Nonclassic AME (NC-AME) is mainly related to partial 11βHSD2 deficiency associated with genetic variations and epigenetic modifications (first hit) and potential additive actions of endogenous or exogenous inhibitors (ie, glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors [GALFS]) and other factors (ie, age, high sodium intake) (second hit). Subjects with NC-AME are characterized by a high F/E ratio, low E levels, normal to elevated blood pressure, low plasma renin and increased urinary potassium excretion. NC-AME condition should benefit from low-sodium and potassium diet recommendations and monotherapy with MR antagonists. CONCLUSION NC-AME has a higher prevalence and a milder phenotypical spectrum than AME. NC-AME etiology is associated to a first hit (gene and epigene level) and an additive second hit. NC-AME subjects are candidates to be treated with MR antagonists aimed to improve blood pressure, end-organ damage, and modulate the renin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chuanxin Z, Shengzheng W, Lei D, Duoli X, Jin L, Fuzeng R, Aiping L, Ge Z. Progress in 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases: A comprehensive guide to their chemical structure diversity in drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112134. [PMID: 32088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyzing the intracellular conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to physiologically active ones. Work over the past decade has demonstrated the aberrant overexpression of 11β-HSD1 contributed to the pathophysiological process of metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing 11β-HSD1 inhibitors based on the diverse molecular scaffolds. This review focused on the structural features of the most important 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and categorized them into natural products derivatives and synthetic compounds. We also briefly discussed the optimization process, binding modes, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and biological evaluations of each inhibitor. Moreover, the challenges and directions for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were discussed, which might provide some useful clues to guide the future discovery of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chuanxin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wang Shengzheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Dang Lei
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xie Duoli
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Jin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education (IRACE), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ren Fuzeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Lu Aiping
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhang Ge
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate would be a causative agent of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1587. [PMID: 30733510 PMCID: PMC6367500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism is a common adverse effect in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, and 3-monoglucuronyl glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA) was considered as a causative agent of it. Previously, we found 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-glucuronide (1), one of the metabolites of glycyrrhizin (GL) in the urine of Eisai hyperbilirubinuria rats (EHBRs) treated with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), and suggested that it is also a possible causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism. The discovery of 1 also suggested that there might be other metabolites of GA as causal candidates. In this study, we found 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (2) and 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) in EHBRs’ urine. 2 and 3 more strongly inhibited rat type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase than 1 did in vitro. When EHBRs were orally treated with GA, GA and 1–3 in plasma and 1–3 in urine were detected; the levels of 3MGA were quite low. 2 and 3 were shown to be the substrates of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3. In the plasma of a patient suffering from pseudoaldosteronism with rhabdomyolysis due to licorice, we found 8.6 µM of 3, 1.3 µM of GA, and 87 nM of 2, but 1, GL, and 3MGA were not detected. These findings suggest that 18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate (3) is an alternative causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism, rather than 3MGA and 1.
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13
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E. Chenodeoxycholic Acid: An Update on Its Therapeutic Applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:265-282. [PMID: 31267167 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, is a primary bile acid generated in the liver from cholesterol. In liver cells CDCA is conjugated with glycine or taurine to form two bile salts, Glyco-CDCA and Tauro-CDCA, before being released into the bile ducts. In the intestine, CDCA is further metabolized to generate a 7β epimer, i.e., the ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), or dehydroxylate to generate lithocolic acid (LCA). In humans, CDCA is the physiological ligand for the bile acid sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), while LCA is a potent agonist for a G protein-coupled receptor, known as GPBAR1 (TGR5). Along with UDCA, CDCA has been clinically used for the dissolution of gallbladder stones at doses ranging from 375 to 750 mg/day, with a success rate of 8 to 18%. Because the efficacy of CDCA was significantly lower than that of UDCA and 18-30% of patients developed significant side effects, the most frequent being diarrhea and a reversible increase in aminotransferases plasma levels, this application has lost its therapeutic relevance. Additionally, the combination of CDCA with UDCA, generally at doses of 5-10 mg/kg each, has failed to provide significant advantages over UDCA alone. In 2017, CDCA has been approved as an orphan indication for the treatment of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations of sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) gene. Since CYP27A1 is essential for cholesterol breakdown, CTX patients develop abnormal lipid storage with increased plasma and tissue levels of cholestanol and very low/absent production of CDCA. CDCA is a potent inhibitor of CYP27A1, and early initiation of CDCA therapy, at doses up to 750 mg/day, is considered the standard medical therapy for CTX resulting in decreased plasma levels of cholestanol and stabilization of neurologic symptoms. Studies in CTX patients have also shown that CDCA might suppress the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase in the liver. Furthermore, CDCA promotes the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in diabetic patients, likely by activating GPBAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.
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Isolation of a novel glycyrrhizin metabolite as a causal candidate compound for pseudoaldosteronism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15568. [PMID: 30348944 PMCID: PMC6197257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoaldosteronism is a common adverse effect associated with traditional Japanese Kampo medicines. The pathogenesis is mainly caused by 3-monoglucuronyl glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA), one of the metabolites of glycyrrhizin (GL) contained in licorice. We developed an anti-3MGA monoclonal antibody (MAb) and an ELISA system to easily detect 3MGA in the plasma and urine of the patients. However, we found that some metabolites of GL cross-reacted with this MAb. Mrp2-deficient Eisai Hyperbilirubinemia rats (EHBRs) were administered glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), and we isolated 22α-hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetyl-3-O-sulfate-30-glucuronide (1) from the pooled urine with the guidance of positive immunostaining of eastern blot as the new metabolite of GL. The IC50 of 1 for type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) was 2.0 µM. Similar plasma concentrations of 1 and GA were observed 12 h after oral administration of GA to EHBR. Compound 1 was eliminated via urine, whereas GA was not. In Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats orally treated with GA, compound 1 was absent from both the plasma and the urine. Compound 1 was actively transported into cells via OAT1 and OAT3, whereas GA was not. Compound 1, when produced in Mrp2-deficiency, represents a potential causative agent of pseudoaldosteronism, and might be used as a biomarker to prevent the adverse effect.
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Studzińska R, Kupczyk D, Płazińska A, Kołodziejska R, Kosmalski T, Modzelewska-Banachiewicz B. Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives as a novel class of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:21-26. [PMID: 30086417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid type 1 dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) is an enzyme that increases tissue concentrations of cortisol. Selective inhibitors of this enzyme regulate the level of cortisol and thus play a key role in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. In this study the inhibitory activity of 29 thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives on 11β-HSD1 were investigated. Studies were carried out with pooled human liver microsomes. A lot of analyzed compounds show activity for inhibiting 11β-HSD1 (up to 59.15% at concentration 10 µmol/l). Molecular docking simulation show that the molecule of the most active compound: 7-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-iodomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one forms hydrogen bonds with Ala172, Leu171, Leu215 or Tyr177. In addition, the cycloalkane moiety can create the hydrophobic contacts with NADP+. For this compound also the most favourable Docking Score value was obtained. The most active compound only in the slight degree inhibits 11β-HSD2 activity and is a selective inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Consequently it can have a real effect on the regulation of the cortisol level in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anita Płazińska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, W. Chodzki Str. 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Bożena Modzelewska-Banachiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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16
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A novel derivatives of thiazol-4(5H)-one and their activity in the inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:115-121. [PMID: 29738970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone into physiologically active cortisol. Inhibiting the activity of this enzyme plays a key role in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, new compounds that are selective inhibitors of this enzyme are constantly being looked for. In this work we present the synthesis of 2-(allylamino)thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives by the reaction of N-allylthiourea with appropriate α-bromoesters. In the case of using of aliphatic α-bromoesters and α-bromo-β-phenylesters, the reactions were carried out in a basic medium (sodium ethoxide) and the products were isolated with a yield of up to 68%. Derivatives containing spiro systems in which carbon C-5 of the thiazole ring is the linker atom were obtained in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine. Some of the obtained compounds, at a concentration of 10 μM have activity in the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 up to 71%. IC50 value for the most active compound: 2-(allylamino)-1-thia-3-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-en-4-one is 2.5 µM. With a high degree of 11β-HSD1 inhibition and a relatively large difference in the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 activity, this compound appears to be promising and should be subjected to further testing.
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Abstract
A new concept is emerging in biomedical sciences: the gut microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function. Here, we explore the literature pertaining to the role of gut microbial metabolism of endogenous adrenocorticosteroids as a contributing factor in the etiology of essential hypertension. A body of literature demonstrates that bacterial products of glucocorticoid metabolism are absorbed into the portal circulation, and pass through the kidney before excretion into urine. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome patients were found to have congenital mutations resulting in non-functional renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) and severe hypertension often lethal in childhood. 11β-HSD2 acts as a "guardian" enzyme protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor from excess cortisol, preventing sodium and water retention in the normotensive state. Licorice root, whose active ingredient, glycerrhetinic acid (GA), inhibits renal 11β-HSD2, and thereby causes hypertension in some individuals. Bacterially derived glucocorticoid metabolites may cause hypertension in some patients by a similar mechanism. Parallel observations in gut microbiology coupled with screening of endogenous steroids as inhibitors of 11β-HSD2 have implicated particular gut bacteria in essential hypertension through the production of glycerrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs). A protective role of GALFs produced by gut bacteria in the etiology of colorectal cancer is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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18
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Shao LD, Bao Y, Shen Y, Su J, Leng Y, Zhao QS. Synthesis of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors based on dammarane scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:324-338. [PMID: 28458137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural 11β-HSD1 inhibitors hupehenols A - E, a ring-focused strategy was applied for the synthesis of 35 structurally diverse dammarane-type derivatives. These derivatives were effectively prepared from protopanaxadiol based on the modification of rings A and D. Among these compounds, ten were identified as selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors (IC50 range: 101-1047 nM, SI range: 8-169) which exhibited inhibitory activities against human or mouse 11β-HSD1. Otherwise, we found 23a could selectively inhibit both human and mouse 11β-HSD1 with IC50 value of 994 and 213 nM (SI > 10 and > 47), respectively. Additionally, the molecular modelling results of 23a docking into the human and mouse 11β-HSD1 were in good agreement with the results from the enzyme inhibitory experiment. Moreover, valuable structural-activity relationship (SAR) information of dammarane-type 11β-HSD1 inhibitor was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Dong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ying Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ying Leng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
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19
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Beck KR, Bächler M, Vuorinen A, Wagner S, Akram M, Griesser U, Temml V, Klusonova P, Yamaguchi H, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by the fungicides itraconazole and posaconazole. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:93-103. [PMID: 28131847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Impaired 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2)-dependent cortisol inactivation can lead to electrolyte dysbalance, hypertension and cardiometabolic disease. Furthermore, placental 11β-HSD2 essentially protects the fetus from high maternal glucocorticoid levels, and its impaired function has been associated with altered fetal growth and a higher risk for cardio-metabolic diseases in later life. Despite its important role, 11β-HSD2 is not included in current off-target screening approaches. To identify potential 11β-HSD inhibitors among approved drugs, a pharmacophore model was used for virtual screening, followed by biological assessment of selected hits. This led to the identification of several azole fungicides as 11β-HSD inhibitors, showing a significant structure-activity relationship between azole scaffold size, 11β-HSD enzyme selectivity and inhibitory potency. A hydrophobic linker connecting the azole ring to the other, more polar end of the molecule was observed to be favorable for 11β-HSD2 inhibition and selectivity over 11β-HSD1. The most potent 11β-HSD2 inhibition, using cell lysates expressing recombinant human 11β-HSD2, was obtained for itraconazole (IC50 139±14nM), its active metabolite hydroxyitraconazole (IC50 223±31nM) and posaconazole (IC50 460±98nM). Interestingly, experiments with mouse and rat kidney homogenates showed considerably lower inhibitory activity of these compounds towards 11β-HSD2, indicating important species-specific differences. Thus, 11β-HSD2 inhibition by these compounds is likely to be overlooked in preclinical rodent studies. Inhibition of placental 11β-HSD2 by these compounds, in addition to the known inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein efflux transport, might contribute to elevated local cortisol levels, thereby affecting fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Murielle Bächler
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Vuorinen
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ulrich Griesser
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Petra Klusonova
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Woods C, Tomlinson JW. The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Influence of human serum albumin on the bile acid-mediated inhibition of liver microsomal type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:849-55. [PMID: 25108556 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of human serum albumin (HSA) on the bile acid-mediated inhibition of liver microsomal type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) was studied in vitro. A rat liver microsomal fraction was prepared, and the 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity in the presence of various concentrations of bile acids and HSA was determined using hydrocortisone as the substrate. The products of the reaction were extracted and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The magnitude of the inhibition decreased with the addition of HSA in a dose-dependent manner. Four percent human albumin decreased the inhibitory effects of 100 μM chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid from 89.9 ± 5.6 to 54.5 ± 6.1% and from 83.8 ± 4.8 to 20.8 ± 4.2%, respectively. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid showed no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity in the presence of 4% human serum albumin, and the addition of 1% γ-globulin to the assay mixture in the presence of bile acids did not affect the enzyme activity. Our in vitro study showed that the addition of HSA ameliorated the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 and that the magnitude of the change is dependent on the species of bile acid, presumably based on the numbers of hydroxyl groups. These results suggest that HSA seems to protect the bile acid-mediated inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in the healthy subject. On the other hand, in the patients with obstructive biliary diseases, not only elevated serum bile acid but also the accompanying hypoalbuminemia is important to evaluate the pathophysiology of the bile acid-mediated inhibition of 11β-HSD1 of the disease.
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Reductive metabolism of nabumetone by human liver microsomal and cytosolic fractions: exploratory prediction using inhibitors and substrates as marker probes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:127-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McCoull W, Augustin M, Blake C, Ertan A, Kilgour E, Krapp S, Moore JE, Newcombe NJ, Packer MJ, Rees A, Revill J, Scott JS, Selmi N, Gerhardt S, Ogg DJ, Steinbacher S, Whittamore PRO. Identification and optimisation of 3,3-dimethyl-azetidin-2-ones as potent and selective inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Scott JS, Goldberg FW, Turnbull AV. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1). J Med Chem 2013; 57:4466-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4014746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Frederick W. Goldberg
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Szelényi P, Révész K, Konta L, Tüttõ A, Mandl J, Kereszturi É, Csala M. Inhibition of microsomal cortisol production by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate through a redox shift in the endoplasmic reticulum--a potential new target for treating obesity-related diseases. Biofactors 2013; 39:534-41. [PMID: 23554216 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of cortisone to cortisol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the target cells is a major determinant of glucocorticoid action, and plays an important role in the development of obesity-related diseases. Inhibition of 11βHSD1 activity is, therefore, considered as a promising novel strategy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Tea flavanols and their major representative, epigallocatechin gallate are known as antiobesity and antidiabetic agents. Their impacts on blood glucose level, hepatic glucose production, and insulin responsiveness resemble those observed on inhibition or depletion of 11βHSD1. We aimed to study the effect of epigallocatechin gallate on 11βHSD1 activity in ER-derived rat liver microsomes by measuring cortisone and cortisol with HPLC. Cortisol production was efficiently suppressed in a concentration dependent manner in intact microsomal vesicles. However, this effect was abolished by membrane permeabilization; and the three proteins involved in the overall process (11βHSD1, hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose 6-phosphate transporter) were not or only mildly affected. Further investigation revealed the oxidation of luminal NADPH to NADP⁺, which attenuates cortisone reduction and favors cortisol oxidation in this compartment. Such a redox shift in the ER lumen might contribute to the beneficial health effects of tea flavanols and should be regarded as a promising strategy for the development of novel selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors to treat obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Szelényi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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Evidence for expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type3 (HSD11B3/HSD11B1L) in neonatal pig testis. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 381:145-56. [PMID: 23881245 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) catalyzes the interconversion between active and inactive glucocorticoid, and is known to exist as two distinct isozymes: HSD11B1 and HSD11B2. A third HSD11B isozyme, HSD11B1L (SCDR10b), has recently been identified. Human HSD11B1L, which was characterized as a unidirectional NADP(+)-dependent cortisol dehydrogenase, appears to be specifically expressed in the brain. We previously reported that HSD11B1 and abundant HSD11B2 isozymes are expressed in neonatal pig testis and the Km for cortisol of NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenase activity of testicular microsomes obviously differs from the same activity catalyzed by HSD11B1 from pig liver microsomes. Therefore, we hypothesized that the neonatal pig testis also expresses the third type of HSD11B isozyme, and we herein examined further evidence regarding the expression of HSD11B1L. (1) The inhibitory effects of gossypol and glycyrrhetinic acid on pig testicular microsomal NADP(+)-dependent cortisol dehydrogenase activity was clearly different from that of pig liver microsomes. (2) A highly conserved human HSD11B1L sequence was observed by RT-PCR in a pig testicular cDNA library. (3) mRNA, which contains the amplified sequence, was evaluated by real-time PCR and was most strongly expressed in pig brain, and at almost the same levels in the kidney as in the testis, but at lower levels in the liver. Based on these results, neonatal pig testis appears to express glycyrrhetinic acid-resistant HSD11B1L as a third HSD11B isozyme, and it may play a physiologically important role in cooperation with the abundantly expressed HSD11B2 isozyme in order to prevent Leydig cell apoptosis or GC-mediated suppression of testosterone production induced by high concentrations of activated GC in neonatal pig testis.
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Choi J, Kim K, Song M, Lee D. Generation and application of drug indication inference models using typed network motif comparison analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 23566076 PMCID: PMC3618246 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the amount of publicly available biomedical data increases, discovering hidden knowledge from biomedical data (i.e., Undiscovered Public Knowledge (UPK) proposed by Swanson) became an important research topic in the biological literature mining field. Drug indication inference, or drug repositioning, is one of famous UPK tasks, which infers alternative indications for approved drugs. Many previous studies tried to find novel candidate indications of existing drugs, but these works have following limitations: 1) models are not fully automated which required manual modulations to desired tasks, 2) are not able to cover various biomedical entities, and 3) have inference limitations that those works could infer only pre-defined cases using limited patterns. To overcome these problems, we suggest a new drug indication inference model. Methods In this paper, we adopted the Typed Network Motif Comparison Algorithm (TNMCA) to infer novel drug indications using topology of given network. Typed Network Motifs (TNM) are network motifs, which store types of data, instead of values of data. TNMCA is a powerful inference algorithm for multi-level biomedical interaction data as TNMs depend on the different types of entities and relations. We utilized a new normalized scoring function as well as network exclusion to improve the inference results. To validate our method, we applied TNMCA to a public database, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Results The results show that enhanced TNMCA was able to infer meaningful indications with high performance (AUC = 0.801, 0.829) compared to the ABC model (AUC = 0.7050) and previous TNMCA model (AUC = 0.5679, 0.7469). The literature analysis also shows that TNMCA inferred meaningful results. Conclusions We proposed and enhanced a novel drug indication inference model by incorporating topological patterns of given network. By utilizing inference models from the topological patterns, we were able to improve inference power in drug indication inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejoon Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
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The environmental obesogen bisphenol A promotes adipogenesis by increasing the amount of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the adipose tissue of children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:999-1005. [PMID: 23090578 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered as an environmental obesogen. The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts the inactive hormone cortisone to the active hormone cortisol in adipose tissues and promotes adipogenesis. OBJECTIVE To examine whether environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA could increase the expression of 11β-HSD1, as well as that of the adipogenesis-related genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), in the adipose tissue of children. METHODS Omental fat biopsies were obtained from 17 children (7 boys and 10 girls between 3 and 13 years of age) undergoing abdominal surgery. The effects of BPA (10 nM, 1 μM, and 80 μM) on 11β-HSD1, PPAR-γ and LPL mRNA expression, and 11β-HSD1 enzymatic activity in adipose tissue and adipocytes were assessed in vitro. Moreover, the effects of carbenoxolone (CBX), an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, or RU486, a glucocorticoid (GC) receptor antagonist, on 11β-HSD1, PPAR-γ and LPL mRNA expression were assessed in human visceral preadipocytes and adipocytes. RESULTS BPA, even at the lowest concentration tested (10 nM), increased the mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of 11β-HSD1 in the omental adipose tissue samples and the visceral adipocytes. Similar effects on PPAR-γ and LPL mRNA expression and lipid accumulation were observed in the adipocytes. CBX treatment inhibited the stimulatory effects of BPA (at 10 nM) on PPAR-γ and LPL mRNA expression, whereas RU486 inhibited 11β-HSD1 mRNA expression in the adipocytes. CONCLUSION BPA, at environmentally relevant levels, increased the mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of 11β-HSD1 by acting upon a GC receptor, which may lead to the acceleration of adipogenesis.
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Virtual screening as a strategy for the identification of xenobiotics disrupting corticosteroid action. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46958. [PMID: 23056542 PMCID: PMC3464284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired corticosteroid action caused by genetic and environmental influence, including exposure to hazardous xenobiotics, contributes to the development and progression of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular complications and immune disorders. Novel strategies are thus needed for identifying xenobiotics that interfere with corticosteroid homeostasis. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) are major regulators of corticosteroid action. 11β-HSD2 converts the active glucocorticoid cortisol to the inactive cortisone and protects MR from activation by glucocorticoids. 11β-HSD2 has also an essential role in the placenta to protect the fetus from high maternal cortisol concentrations. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We employed a previously constructed 3D-structural library of chemicals with proven and suspected endocrine disrupting effects for virtual screening using a chemical feature-based 11β-HSD pharmacophore. We tested several in silico predicted chemicals in a 11β-HSD2 bioassay. The identified antibiotic lasalocid and the silane-coupling agent AB110873 were found to concentration-dependently inhibit 11β-HSD2. Moreover, the silane AB110873 was shown to activate MR and stimulate mitochondrial ROS generation and the production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Finally, we constructed a MR pharmacophore, which successfully identified the silane AB110873. CONCLUSIONS Screening of virtual chemical structure libraries can facilitate the identification of xenobiotics inhibiting 11β-HSD2 and/or activating MR. Lasalocid and AB110873 belong to new classes of 11β-HSD2 inhibitors. The silane AB110873 represents to the best of our knowledge the first industrial chemical shown to activate MR. Furthermore, the MR pharmacophore can now be used for future screening purposes.
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Pereira CD, Azevedo I, Monteiro R, Martins MJ. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: relevance of its modulation in the pathophysiology of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:869-81. [PMID: 22321826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence strongly argues for a pathogenic role of glucocorticoids and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that includes insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidaemia, hypertension and visceral obesity. This has been partially prompted not only by the striking clinical resemblances between the metabolic syndrome and Cushing's syndrome (a state characterized by hypercortisolism that associates with metabolic syndrome components) but also from monogenic rodent models for the metabolic syndrome (e.g. the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse or the leptin-resistant Zucker rat) that display overall increased secretion of glucocorticoids. However, systemic circulating glucocorticoids are not elevated in obese patients and/or patients with metabolic syndrome. The study of the role of 11β-HSD system shed light on this conundrum, showing that local glucocorticoids are finely regulated in a tissue-specific manner at the pre-receptor level. The system comprises two microsomal enzymes that either activate cortisone to cortisol (11β-HSD1) or inactivate cortisol to cortisone (11β-HSD2). Transgenic rodent models, knockout (KO) for HSD11B1 or with HSD11B1 or HSD11B2 overexpression, specifically targeted to the liver or adipose tissue, have been developed and helped unravel the currently undisputable role of the enzymes in metabolic syndrome pathophysiology, in each of its isolated components and in their prevention. In the transgenic HSD11B1 overexpressing models, different features of the metabolic syndrome and obesity are replicated. HSD11B1 gene deficiency or HSD11B2 gene overexpression associates with improvements in the metabolic profile. In face of these demonstrations, research efforts are now being turned both into the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 as a possible pharmacological target and into the role of dietary habits on the establishment or the prevention of the metabolic syndrome, obesity and T2DM through 11β-HSD1 modulation. We intend to review and discuss 11β-HSD1 and obesity, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM and to highlight the potential of its inhibition for therapeutic or prophylactic approaches in those metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry (U38/FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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Scott JS, Bowker SS, Deschoolmeester J, Gerhardt S, Hargreaves D, Kilgour E, Lloyd A, Mayers RM, McCoull W, Newcombe NJ, Ogg D, Packer MJ, Rees A, Revill J, Schofield P, Selmi N, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable acidic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor: discovery of 2-[(3S)-1-[5-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-6-propylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl]-3-piperidyl]acetic acid (AZD4017). J Med Chem 2012; 55:5951-64. [PMID: 22691057 DOI: 10.1021/jm300592r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is an attractive mechanism for the treatment of obesity and other elements of the metabolic syndrome. We report here the discovery of a nicotinic amide derived carboxylic acid class of inhibitors that has good potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Compound 11i (AZD4017) is an effective inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 in human adipocytes and exhibits good druglike properties and as a consequence was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Scott
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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Makino T, Okajima K, Uebayashi R, Ohtake N, Inoue K, Mizukami H. 3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhretinic acid is a substrate of organic anion transporters expressed in tubular epithelial cells and plays important roles in licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:297-304. [PMID: 22543032 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.190009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice (glycyrrhiza root) has been used as a herbal medicine worldwide with its main active constituent being glycyrrhizin (GL). Licorice sometimes causes adverse effects such as inducing pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) caused by glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL. In this study we compared the inhibitory effects of GA, GL, and 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA), another metabolite of GL, on 11β-HSD2 activity by using microsomes and rat kidney tissue slices. GA, 3MGA, and GL inhibited 11β-HSD2 in rat kidney microsomes, with IC(50) values of 0.32, 0.26, and 2.2 μM, respectively. However, the inhibitory activity of these compounds was reduced markedly, in the slices, in a medium containing 5% bovine serum albumin. Assays using human embryonic kidney 293 cells with transient transformation in transporter genes showed that 3MGA is a substrate of human organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, human OAT3, and human organic anion-transporting peptide 4C1, whereas GA is not. When GA (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 16 days to Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of 3MGA were significantly higher, whereas the activity of 11β-HSD2 in kidney microsomes was significantly lower compared with Sprague Dawley rats. These results suggest that 3MGA is actively transported into tubules through OATs, resulting in the inhibition of 11β-HSD2. Because the plasma level of 3MGA depends on the function of hepatic transporters, monitoring 3MGA levels in plasma or urine may be useful for preventing pseudoaldosteronism when licorice or GL is prescribed to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Crowell SR, Henderson WM, Kenneke JF, Fisher JW. Development and application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for triadimefon and its metabolite triadimenol in rats and humans. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Abdelrahman DR, Fokina VM, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS, Nanovskaya TN. Metabolism of bupropion by baboon hepatic and placental microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:295-303. [PMID: 21570381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the biotransformation of bupropion by baboon hepatic and placental microsomes, identify the enzyme(s) catalyzing the reaction(s) and determine its kinetics. Bupropion was metabolized by baboon hepatic and placental microsomes to hydroxybupropion (OH-BUP), threo- (TB) and erythrohydrobupropion (EB). OH-bupropion was the major metabolite formed by hepatic microsomes (Km 36±6 μM, Vmax 258±32 pmol mg protein(-1) min(-1)), however the formation of OH-BUP by placental microsomes was below the limit of quantification. The apparent Km values of bupropion for the formation of TB and EB by hepatic and placental microsomes were similar. The selective inhibitors of CYP2B6 (ticlopidine and phencyclidine) and monoclonal antibodies raised against human CYP2B6 isozyme caused 80% inhibition of OH-BUP formation by baboon hepatic microsomes. The chemical inhibitors of aldo-keto reductases (flufenamic acid), carbonyl reductases (menadione), and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (18β-glycyrrhetinic acid) significantly decreased the formation of TB and EB by hepatic and placental microsomes. Data indicate that CYP2B of baboon hepatic microsomes is responsible for biotransformation of bupropion to OH-BUP, while hepatic and placental short chain dehydrogenases/reductases and to a lesser extent aldo-keto reductases are responsible for the reduction of bupropion to TB and EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0587, USA
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Morgan SA, Tomlinson JW. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 19:1067-76. [PMID: 20707593 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.504713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is rising and reaching pandemic proportions. For this reason, identification of novel therapeutic targets is urgently needed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The endoluminal enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes glucocorticoid activation in key metabolic tissues including skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors limit local glucocorticoid availability and improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles and atherosclerosis. To date, there is a paucity of clinical studies using selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors; however, early indications show that these compounds have great therapeutic potential. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We present a comprehensive overview of the background to the development of selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors, the preclinical data supporting 11beta-HSD1 as a therapeutic target, and the current status of clinical trials of these agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors have the potential to improve insulin sensitivity and may ultimately add to the treatment options available for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further clinical studies are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2nd floor, Room 230, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid action is mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which upon cortisol binding is activated and regulates the transcriptional expression of target genes and downstream physiological functions. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol. Since cortisol is also produced through biosynthesis in the adrenal glands, the total cortisol level in a given tissue is determined by both the circulating cortisol concentration and the local 11β-HSD1 activity. 11β-HSD1 is expressed in liver, adipose, brain, and placenta. Since it contributes to the local cortisol levels in these tissues, 11β-HSD1 plays a critical role in glucocorticoid action. The metabolic symptoms caused by glucocorticoid excess in Cushing's syndrome overlap with the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, suggesting that increased glucocorticoid activity may play a role in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome. Consistent with this notion, elevated adipose expression of 11β-HSD1 induced metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes in mice. Thus, 11β-HSD1 is a proposed therapeutic target to normalize glucocorticoid excess in a tissue-specific manner and mitigate obesity and insulin resistance. Selective inhibitors of 11β-HSD1 are under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Wang
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Wang X, Abdelrahman DR, Zharikova OL, Patrikeeva SL, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS, Nanovskaya TN. Bupropion metabolism by human placenta. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1684-90. [PMID: 20109440 PMCID: PMC2847018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is the largest modifiable risk factor for pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. The success of bupropion for smoking cessation warrants its investigation for the treatment of pregnant patients. Nevertheless, the use of bupropion for the treatment of pregnant smokers requires additional data on its bio-disposition during pregnancy. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine the metabolism of bupropion in placentas obtained from nonsmoking and smoking women, identify metabolites formed and the enzymes catalyzing their formation, as well as the kinetics of the reaction. Data obtained revealed that human placentas metabolized bupropion to hydroxybupropion, erythro- and threohydrobupropion. The rates for formation of erythro- and threohydrobupropion exceeded that for hydroxybupropion by several folds, were dependent on the concentration of bupropion and exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent K(m) value of 40microM. Human placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were identified as the major carbonyl-reducing enzymes responsible for the reduction of bupropion to threo- and erythrohydrobupropion in microsomal fractions. On the other hand, CYP2B6 was responsible for the formation of OH-bupropion. These data suggest that both placental microsomal carbonyl-reducing and oxidizing enzymes are involved in the metabolism of bupropion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555-0587, USA
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McNeilly AD, Macfarlane DP, O'Flaherty E, Livingstone DE, Mitić T, McConnell KM, McKenzie SM, Davies E, Reynolds RM, Thiesson HC, Skøtt O, Walker BR, Andrew R. Bile acids modulate glucocorticoid metabolism and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obstructive jaundice. J Hepatol 2010; 52:705-11. [PMID: 20347173 PMCID: PMC2877801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis occurs in cirrhosis and cholestasis and is associated with increased concentrations of bile acids. We investigated whether this was mediated through bile acids acting to impair steroid clearance by inhibiting glucocorticoid metabolism by 5beta-reductase. METHODS The effect of bile acids on glucocorticoid metabolism was studied in vitro in hepatic subcellular fractions and hepatoma cells, allowing quantitation of the kinetics and transcript abundance of 5beta-reductase. Metabolism was subsequently examined in vivo in rats following dietary manipulation or bile duct ligation. Finally, glucocorticoid metabolism was assessed in humans with obstructive jaundice. RESULTS In rat hepatic cytosol, chenodeoxycholic acid competitively inhibited 5beta-reductase (K(i) 9.19+/-0.40 microM) and reduced its transcript abundance (in H4iiE cells) and promoter activity (reporter system, HepG2 cells). In Wistar rats, dietary chenodeoxycholic acid (1% w/w chow) inhibited hepatic 5beta-reductase activity, reduced urinary excretion of 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydrocorticosterone and reduced adrenal weight. Conversely, a fat-free diet suppressed bile acid levels and increased hepatic 5beta-reductase activity, supplementation of the fat-free diet with CDCA reduced 5beta-reductase activity, and urinary 3alpha,5beta-reduced corticosterone. Cholestasis in rats suppressed hepatic 5beta-reductase activity and transcript abundance. In eight women with obstructive jaundice, relative urinary excretion of 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydrocortisol was significantly lower than in healthy controls. CONCLUSION These data suggest a novel role for bile acids in inhibiting hepatic glucocorticoid clearance, of sufficient magnitude to suppress hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Elevated hepatic bile acids may account for adrenal insufficiency in liver disease.
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Key Words
- hpa, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
- acth, adrenocorticotropic hormone
- 3αhsd, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- cyp7a1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- 11βhsd, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- bdl, bile duct ligation
- thb, tetrahydrocorticosterone
- dhb, dihydrocorticosterone
- gcms, gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- cdca, chenodeoxycholic acid
- ca, cholic acid
- dca, deoxycholic acid
- gcdca, glyco-cdca
- ki, inhibitor constant
- tcdca, tauro-cdca
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- ff, fat-free
- ecrp, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
- anova, analysis of variance
- alt, alanine transaminase
- alp, alkaline phosphatase
- cyp11b1, 11β-hydroxylase
- nefa, non-esterified fatty acids
- sem, standard error of mean
- bile acid
- glucocorticoid
- 5β-reductase
- adrenal
- jaundice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D McNeilly
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Arakaki R, Welles B. Ketoconazole enantiomer for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:185-94. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780903381411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kenneke JF, Mazur CS, Ritger SE, Sack TJ. Mechanistic Investigation of the Noncytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism of Triadimefon to Triadimenol in Hepatic Microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1997-2004. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800211t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Kenneke
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Student Services Authority, and Senior Service America, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Christopher S. Mazur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Student Services Authority, and Senior Service America, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Susan E. Ritger
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Student Services Authority, and Senior Service America, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Thomas J. Sack
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Student Services Authority, and Senior Service America, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Fotsch C, Wang M. Blockade of Glucocorticoid Excess at the Tissue Level: Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4851-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fotsch
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Minghan Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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Marcolongo P, Senesi S, Gava B, Fulceri R, Sorrentino V, Margittai E, Lizák B, Csala M, Bánhegyi G, Benedetti A. Metyrapone prevents cortisone-induced preadipocyte differentiation by depleting luminal NADPH of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:382-90. [PMID: 18599022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preadipocyte differentiation is greatly affected by prereceptorial glucocorticoid activation catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The role of the local NADPH pool in this process was investigated using metyrapone as an NADPH-depleting agent. Metyrapone administered at low micromolar concentrations caused the prompt oxidation of the endogenous NADPH, inhibited the reduction of cortisone and enhanced the oxidation of cortisol in native rat liver microsomal vesicles. However, in permeabilized microsomes, it only slightly decreased both NADPH-dependent cortisone reduction and NADP(+)-dependent cortisol oxidation. Accordingly, metyrapone administration caused a switch in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity from reductase to dehydrogenase in both 3T3-L1-derived and human stem cell-derived differentiated adipocytes. Metyrapone greatly attenuated the induction of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and the accumulation of lipid droplets during preadipocyte differentiation when 3T3-L1 cells were stimulated with cortisone, while it was much less effective in case of cortisol or dexamethasone. In conclusion, the positive feedback of glucocorticoid activation during preadipocyte differentiation is interrupted by metyrapone, which depletes NADPH in the endoplasmic reticulum. The results also indicate that the reduced state of luminal pyridine nucleotides in the endoplasmic reticulum is important in the process of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marcolongo
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia, Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Zhu Y, Olson SH, Graham D, Patel G, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Mundt S, Shah K, Springer M, Thieringer R, Wright S, Xiao J, Zokian H, Dragovic J, Balkovec JM. Phenylcyclobutyl triazoles as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3412-6. [PMID: 18440812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
3-(Phenylcyclobutyl)-1,2,4-triazoles were identified as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). These were active both in vitro and in an in vivo mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model. Fluorine substitution of the cyclobutane ring improved the pharmacokinetic profile significantly. The synthesis and structure-activity relationships are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Zhu Y, Olson SH, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Mundt S, Shah K, Springer M, Thieringer R, Wright S, Xiao J, Zokian H, Balkovec JM. 4-Methyl-5-phenyl triazoles as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3405-11. [PMID: 18440811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
4-Methyl-5-phenyl-(1,2,4)-triazoles were identified as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). They were active in vitro and in an in vivo mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model. The synthesis and structure activity relationships are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Hughes KA, Webster SP, Walker BR. 11-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:481-96. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Discovery of novel inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by docking and pharmacophore modeling. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1340-5. [PMID: 18242087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is a potential target for treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Docking and pharmacophore modeling have been used to discover novel inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1. Several compounds, with large structural diversity and good potency against 11beta-HSD1, have been found and their potency was determined by the enzyme assay. New scaffolds of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are also reported.
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Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. Modulation of glucocorticoid action and the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21:607-19. [PMID: 18054738 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity and type-2 diabetes has heightened the need to understand the mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis and also to design and trial novel treatments. Patients with glucocorticoid (GC) excess--'Cushing's syndrome'--are phenotypically similar to patients with simple obesity. As such, much research has focused on the manipulation of local GC action as a therapeutic strategy. The majority of the classical actions of GCs are mediated via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts inactive cortisone to cortisol and therefore amplifies local GC action. There is now a wealth of data from rodent and clinical studies implicating this conversion in the pathogenesis of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors (selective in that they block the activity of 11beta-HSD1 and not 11beta-HSD2 which inactivates cortisone to cortisol in mineralocorticoid target tissues) are currently in development although not yet available for use in clinical studies. Rodent studies utilizing these compounds have shown dramatic improvements in insulin sensitivity as well as improvements in lipid profiles and atherogenesis. A further experimental approach has been to design drugs that antagonize GR activation, and again these compounds appear to improve insulin sensitivity and lower glucose production rates. The key test for both of these research strategies is whether they will translate into clinical studies, and results from these trials are now eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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