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Li Q, Lan Z, Jiang Y, Wang R, Li Z, Jiang X. Validation and Evaluation of 5 Scoring Systems for Predicting Metastatic Risk in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:855-865. [PMID: 38712603 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Currently, 5 scoring systems have been proposed in the literature for predicting metastatic risk in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL): Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland Scaled Score (PASS), Grading System for Adrenal Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (GAPP), Composite Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma Prognostic Score (COPPS), Age, Size, Extra-adrenal location, Secretion type (ASES) score, and Size, Genetic, Age, and PASS (SGAP) model. To validate and evaluate these 5 scoring systems, we conducted a retrospective review of cases diagnosed as PPGL at the Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, between January 2012 and December 2019. A total of 185 PPGL cases were included, comprising 35 cases with metastasis and 150 cases remained metastasis-free for over 8 years after surgery. The criteria of the 5 scoring systems were used for scoring and risk classification. The predictive performance of the 5 scoring systems was validated, compared, and evaluated using concordance index (C-index) and decision curve analysis (DCA). The C-indices for PASS, GAPP, and SGAP were 0.600, 0.547, and 0.547, respectively, indicating low discriminative ability. In contrast, COPPS and ASES had C-indices of 0.740 and 0.706, respectively, indicating better discriminative performance. DCA also showed that the predictive capability of COPPS was superior to that of ASES, with both outperformed PASS, while PASS had better predictive ability than GAPP and SGAP. Our analysis indicated that pathology-based scoring systems cannot accurately predict metastatic risk of PPGL. Establishing a precise prediction system requires integrating clinical, pathologic, and molecular information, using a scientific methodology for predictive factor selection and weight assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Departments of Pathology
- Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Zhigang Lan
- Department of Pathology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Yu Y, Zhang M, Yao X, Guan X, Jia C, Chu P, Zhang R, Yang Y, Jin Y, Wang H, Ni X, He L, Guo Y. Translational practice of fluorescence in situ hybridisation to identify neuroblastic tumours with TERT rearrangements. J Pathol Clin Res 2023; 9:475-487. [PMID: 37608330 PMCID: PMC10556277 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene rearrangements have been identified in neuroblastoma (NB), the typical pathological type of neuroblastic tumours (NTs); however, the prevalence of TERT rearrangements in other types of NT remains unknown. This study aimed to develop a practical method for detecting TERT defects and to evaluate the clinical relevance of TERT rearrangements as a biomarker for NT prognosis. A TERT break-apart probe for fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was designed, optimised, and applied to assess the genomic status of TERT in Chinese children with NTs at the Beijing Children's Hospital from 2016 to 2019. Clinical, histological, and genetic characteristics of TERT-rearranged NTs were further addressed. Genomic TERT rearrangements could be effectively detected by FISH and were mutually exclusive with MYCN amplification. TERT rearrangements were identified in 6.0% (38/633) of NTs overall, but 12.4% (31/250) in high-risk patients. TERT rearrangements identified a subtype of aggressive NTs with the characteristics of Stage 3/4, high-risk category, over 18 months old, and presenting all histological subtypes of NB and ganglioneuroblastoma nodular. Moreover, TERT rearrangements were significantly associated with elevated TERT expression levels and decreased survival chances. Multivariable analysis confirmed that it was an independent prognostic marker for NTs. FISH is an easily applicable method for evaluating TERT defects, which define a subgroup of NTs with unfavourable prognosis. TERT rearrangements would contribute to characterising NT molecular signatures in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Xingfeng Yao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Xiaoxing Guan
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Chao Jia
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Ping Chu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Ruqian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Yeran Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Yaqiong Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Huanmin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Xin Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
- Biobank for Clinical Data and Samples in Pediatrics, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Lejian He
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenBeijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH)BeijingPR China
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Calsina B, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Martínez-Montes ÁM, Caleiras E, Fernández-Sanromán Á, Monteagudo M, Torres-Pérez R, Fustero-Torre C, Pulgarín-Alfaro M, Gil E, Letón R, Jiménez S, García-Martín S, Martin MC, Roldán-Romero JM, Lanillos J, Mellid S, Santos M, Díaz-Talavera A, Rubio Á, González P, Hernando B, Bechmann N, Dona M, Calatayud M, Guadalix S, Álvarez-Escolá C, Regojo RM, Aller J, Del Olmo-Garcia MI, López-Fernández A, Fliedner SMJ, Rapizzi E, Fassnacht M, Beuschlein F, Quinkler M, Toledo RA, Mannelli M, Timmers HJ, Eisenhofer G, Rodríguez-Perales S, Domínguez O, Macintyre G, Currás-Freixes M, Rodríguez-Antona C, Cascón A, Leandro-García LJ, Montero-Conde C, Roncador G, García-García JF, Pacak K, Al-Shahrour F, Robledo M. Genomic and immune landscape Of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1122. [PMID: 36854674 PMCID: PMC9975198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms triggering metastasis in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma are unknown, hindering therapeutic options for patients with metastatic tumors (mPPGL). Herein we show by genomic profiling of a large cohort of mPPGLs that high mutational load, microsatellite instability and somatic copy-number alteration burden are associated with ATRX/TERT alterations and are suitable prognostic markers. Transcriptomic analysis defines the signaling networks involved in the acquisition of metastatic competence and establishes a gene signature related to mPPGLs, highlighting CDK1 as an additional mPPGL marker. Immunogenomics accompanied by immunohistochemistry identifies a heterogeneous ecosystem at the tumor microenvironment level, linked to the genomic subtype and tumor behavior. Specifically, we define a general immunosuppressive microenvironment in mPPGLs, the exception being PD-L1 expressing MAML3-related tumors. Our study reveals canonical markers for risk of metastasis, and suggests the usefulness of including immune parameters in clinical management for PPGL prognostication and identification of patients who might benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Calsina
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel M Martínez-Montes
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Core Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Fernández-Sanromán
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monteagudo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Torres-Pérez
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics for Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pulgarín-Alfaro
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Letón
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Scherezade Jiménez
- Monoclonal Antibodies Core Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago García-Martín
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Martin
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan María Roldán-Romero
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lanillos
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Mellid
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Santos
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Díaz-Talavera
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Rubio
- Genomics Core Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González
- Histopathology Core Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Hernando
- Computational Oncology Group, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Margo Dona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - María Calatayud
- Department of Endocrinology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Guadalix
- Department of Endocrinology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rita M Regojo
- Department of Pathology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Aller
- Department of Endocrinology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Stephanie M J Fliedner
- Neuroendocrine Oncology and Metabolism, Medical Department I, Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elena Rapizzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich (USZ) und Universität Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Quinkler
- Endocrinology in Charlottenburg Stuttgarter Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Toledo
- Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Henri J Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Orlando Domínguez
- Genomics Core Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Macintyre
- Computational Oncology Group, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Currás-Freixes
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Antona
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Cascón
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J Leandro-García
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Montero-Conde
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Core Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Karel Pacak
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fátima Al-Shahrour
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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Snezhkina A, Pavlov V, Dmitriev A, Melnikova N, Kudryavtseva A. Potential Biomarkers of Metastasizing Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1179. [PMID: 34833055 PMCID: PMC8619623 DOI: 10.3390/life11111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from paraganglionic tissue in many sites of the body. Most PPGLs are characterized by nonaggressive behavior but all of them have the potential to metastasize. PPGLs represent a great diagnostic dilemma as it is difficult to recognize tumors that are likely to be metastasizing; criteria of malignancy can be found both in benign and metastatic forms. This review aims to analyze the current knowledge of the nature of metastasizing PPGLs paying particular attention to head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs). Potential predictors of the malignancy risk for PPGLs were summarized and discussed. These data may also help in the development of diagnostic and prognostic strategies, as well as in the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets for patients with PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.P.); (A.D.); (N.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.P.); (A.D.); (N.M.)
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Analysis of Telomere Maintenance Related Genes Reveals NOP10 as a New Metastatic-Risk Marker in Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194758. [PMID: 34638246 PMCID: PMC8507560 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Telomere maintenance involving TERT and ATRX genes has been recently described in metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, reinforcing the importance of immortalization mechanisms in the progression of these tumors. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze additional telomere-related genes to uncover potential new markers capable of identifying metastatic-risk patients more accurately. After analyzing 29 telomere-related genes, we were able to validate the predictive value of TERT and ATRX in mPPGL progression. In addition, we were able to identify NOP10 as a novel prognostic risk marker of mPPGLs, which also facilitates telomerase-dependent telomere length maintenance in these tumors. Interestingly, NOP10 overexpression assessment by IHC could be easily included within the current battery of markers for stratifying PPGL patients to fine-tune their clinical diagnoses. Abstract One of the main problems we face with PPGL is the lack of molecular markers capable of predicting the development of metastases in patients. Telomere-related genes, such as TERT and ATRX, have been recently described in PPGL, supporting the association between the activation of immortalization mechanisms and disease progression. However, the contribution of other genes involving telomere preservation machinery has not been previously investigated. In this work, we aimed to analyze the prognostic value of a comprehensive set of genes involved in telomere maintenance. For this study, we collected 165 PPGL samples (97 non-metastatic/63 metastatic), genetically characterized, in which the expression of 29 genes of interest was studied by NGS. Three of the 29 genes studied, TERT, ATRX and NOP10, showed differential expression between metastatic and non-metastatic cases, and alterations in these genes were associated with a shorter time to progression, independent of SDHB-status. We studied telomere length by Q-FISH in patient samples and in an in vitro model. NOP10 overexpressing tumors displayed an intermediate-length telomere phenotype without ALT, and in vitro results suggest that NOP10 has a role in telomerase-dependent telomere maintenance. We also propose the implementation of NOP10 IHC to better stratify PPGL patients.
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Casey R, Neumann HPH, Maher ER. Genetic stratification of inherited and sporadic phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: implications for precision medicine. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:R128-R137. [PMID: 33059362 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades advances in genomic technologies have transformed knowledge of the genetic basis of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Though traditional teaching suggested that inherited cases accounted for only 10% of all phaeochromocytoma diagnosis, current estimates are at least three times this proportion. Inherited PPGL is a highly genetically heterogeneous disorder but the most frequently results from inactivating variants in genes encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase. Expanding knowledge of the genetics of PPGL has been translated into clinical practice by the provision of widespread testing for inherited PPGL. In this review, we explore how the molecular stratification of PPGL is being utilized to enable more personalized strategies for investigation, surveillance and management of affected individuals and their families. Translating recent genetic research advances into clinical service can not only bring benefits through more accurate diagnosis and risk prediction but also challenges when there is a suboptimal evidence base for the clinical consequences or significance of rare genotypes. In such cases, clinical, biochemical, pathological and functional imaging assessments can all contribute to more accurate interpretation and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Casey
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospital Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hartmut P H Neumann
- Section for Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Papathomas TG, Suurd DPD, Pacak K, Tischler AS, Vriens MR, Lam AK, de Krijger RR. What Have We Learned from Molecular Biology of Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas? Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:134-153. [PMID: 33433885 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics have led to increased understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). Thus, pan-genomic studies now provide a comprehensive integrated genomic analysis of PPGLs into distinct molecularly defined subtypes concordant with tumour genotypes. In addition, new embryological discoveries have refined the concept of how normal paraganglia develop, potentially establishing a developmental basis for genotype-phenotype correlations for PPGLs. The challenge for modern pathology is to translate these scientific discoveries into routine practice, which will be based largely on histopathology for the foreseeable future. Here, we review recent progress concerning the cell of origin and molecular pathogenesis of PPGLs, including pathogenetic mechanisms, genetic susceptibility and molecular classification. The current roles and tools of pathologists are considered from a histopathological perspective, including differential diagnoses, genotype-phenotype correlations and the use of immunohistochemistry in identifying hereditary predisposition and validating genetic variants of unknown significance. Current and potential molecular prognosticators are also presented with the hope that predictive molecular biomarkers will be integrated into risk stratification scoring systems to assess the metastatic potential of these intriguing neoplasms and identify potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Papathomas
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Gloucestershire Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Cheltenham General Hospital, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Diederik P D Suurd
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arthur S Tischler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Juhlin CC, Bertherat J, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD, Sasano H, Mete O. What Did We Learn from the Molecular Biology of Adrenal Cortical Neoplasia? From Histopathology to Translational Genomics. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:102-133. [PMID: 33534120 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-tenth of the general population exhibit adrenal cortical nodules, and the incidence has increased. Afflicted patients display a multifaceted symptomatology-sometimes with rather spectacular features. Given the general infrequency as well as the specific clinical, histological, and molecular considerations characterizing these lesions, adrenal cortical tumors should be investigated by endocrine pathologists in high-volume tertiary centers. Even so, to distinguish specific forms of benign adrenal cortical lesions as well as to pinpoint malignant cases with the highest risk of poor outcome is often challenging using conventional histology alone, and molecular genetics and translational biomarkers are therefore gaining increased attention as a possible discriminator in this context. In general, our understanding of adrenal cortical tumorigenesis has increased tremendously the last decade, not least due to the development of next-generation sequencing techniques. Comprehensive analyses have helped establish the link between benign aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical proliferations and ion channel mutations, as well as mutations in the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway coupled to cortisol-producing adrenal cortical lesions. Moreover, molecular classifications of adrenal cortical tumors have facilitated the distinction of benign from malignant forms, as well as the prognostication of the individual patients with verified adrenal cortical carcinoma, enabling high-resolution diagnostics that is not entirely possible by histology alone. Therefore, combinations of histology, immunohistochemistry, and next-generation multi-omic analyses are all needed in an integrated fashion to properly distinguish malignancy in some cases. Despite significant progress made in the field, current clinical and pathological challenges include the preoperative distinction of non-metastatic low-grade adrenal cortical carcinoma confined to the adrenal gland, adoption of individualized therapeutic algorithms aligned with molecular and histopathologic risk stratification tools, and histological confirmation of functional adrenal cortical disease in the context of multifocal adrenal cortical proliferations. We herein review the histological, genetic, and epigenetic landscapes of benign and malignant adrenal cortical neoplasia from a modern surgical endocrine pathology perspective and highlight key mechanisms of value for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and National Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Endocrine Oncology Site, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Hsu YHR, Torres-Mora J, Kipp BR, Sukov WR, Jenkins SM, Voss JS, Barr Fritcher EG, Schaff HV, Cassivi SD, Roden AC. Clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and genetic studies of mediastinal paragangliomas†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 56:867-875. [PMID: 31329844 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paragangliomas have unique features in the mediastinum, in part due to their location. Because of their paucity, they have not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of mediastinal paragangliomas. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing mutation panel and the Oncoscan assay were performed. RESULTS Twenty-four patients with mediastinal paraganglioma (7 men, 29.2%) had a median age of 45.5 years (19.8-72.2). Twenty-one (87.5%) paragangliomas were completely resected. Six (of 24, 25.0%) tumours were considered metastatic. Mitotic activity occurred in 11 (of 24, 45.8%) paragangliomas. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (n = 23) was expressed in 6 (26%) patients in 10% (n = 2) and 1% (n = 4) of tumour cells, respectively. SDHB expression was lost in 19 (of 22, 86.4%) cases. ATRX expression was lost in 11 (of 23, 47.8%) cases. Next-generation sequencing revealed a single pathogenic mutation in 10 (of 19) specimens including SDHB (n = 4), SDHD (n = 6), SDHC (n = 1), ATRX (n = 1), and ≥2 mutations in 2 cases [SDHC and TERT (n = 1); SDHB, ATRX and TP53 (n = 1)]. Germline mutation analysis revealed the same succinate dehydrogenase mutation (or lack thereof) as identified in the paraganglioma in 11 (of 12) cases. During a median follow-up (n = 21) of 4.8 years (0.8-14.9), 3 patients developed metastases; 4 patients died, at least 1 of disease. CONCLUSIONS Mediastinal paragangliomas can be associated with morbidity and mortality. Many mediastinal paragangliomas have been reported to be associated with syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, von Hippel-Lindau or succinate dehydrogenase syndrome with mutation profiles dominated by alterations in genes associated with these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Han R Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jorge Torres-Mora
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William R Sukov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jesse S Voss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emily G Barr Fritcher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hartzell V Schaff
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen D Cassivi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anja C Roden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
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10
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Tomić TT, Olausson J, Rehammar A, Deland L, Muth A, Ejeskär K, Nilsson S, Kristiansson E, Wassén ON, Abel F. MYO5B mutations in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma promote cancer progression. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008803. [PMID: 32511227 PMCID: PMC7329139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of additional cancer-associated genes and secondary mutations driving the metastatic progression in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) is important for subtyping, and may provide optimization of therapeutic regimens. We recently reported novel recurrent nonsynonymous mutations in the MYO5B gene in metastatic PPGL. Here, we explored the functional impact of these MYO5B mutations, and analyzed MYO5B expression in primary PPGL tumor cases in relation to mutation status. Immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis in 30 PPGL tumors revealed an increased MYO5B expression in metastatic compared to non-metastatic cases. In addition, subcellular localization of MYO5B protein was altered from cytoplasmic to membranous in some metastatic tumors, and the strongest and most abnormal expression pattern was observed in a paraganglioma harboring a somatic MYO5B:p.G1611S mutation. In addition to five previously discovered MYO5B mutations, the present study of 30 PPGL (8 previous and 22 new samples) also revealed two, and hence recurrent, mutations in the gene paralog MYO5A. The three MYO5B missense mutations with the highest prediction scores (p.L587P, p.G1611S and p.R1641C) were selected and functionally validated using site directed mutagenesis and stable transfection into human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-AS) and embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). In vitro analysis showed a significant increased proliferation rate in all three MYO5B mutated clones. The two somatically derived mutations, p.L587P and p.G1611S, were also found to increase the migration rate. Expression analysis of MYO5B mutants compared to wild type clones, demonstrated a significant enrichment of genes involved in migration, proliferation, cell adhesion, glucose metabolism, and cellular homeostasis. Our study validates the functional role of novel MYO5B mutations in proliferation and migration, and suggest the MYO5-pathway to be involved in the malignant progression in some PPGL tumors. Up to 25% of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) cases develop metastatic disease with poor outcome and few treatment options. The disease mechanism is not fully understood, and to date there are no reliable markers to predict malignancy. We have recently discovered novel missense mutations in the non-conventional myosin 5 gene (MYO5B), an endosomal transport protein, which we now show enhances progression and migration in PPGLs. MYO5B mutations were preferentially found in patients with metastatic disease and SDH deficiency (germline SDHB-mutations). Abolished SDH activity result in a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis requiring increased glucose consumption. Since the MYO5B mutations were found to drive progression through downstream up-regulation of glucose metabolism genes, e.g. glucagon, we hypothesize that these mutations may fuel the pseudohypoxic state by altering glucose uptake in cancer cells. Our result is the first to link the myosin 5 genes to PPGL tumorigenesis. Further, it shows that the tumor progression route in PPGL is complex, with contribution from several genetic factors. An increasing number of studies show dysregulation and importance of the MYO5-proteins in cancer, but little is still known about the precise role and mechanism of mutations, hence more research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajana Tešan Tomić
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Olausson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Rehammar
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lily Deland
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Muth
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Section of endocrine and sarcoma surgery, Gothenborg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson Wassén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida Abel
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Job S, Georges A, Burnichon N, Buffet A, Amar L, Bertherat J, Bouatia-Naji N, de Reyniès A, Drui D, Lussey-Lepoutre C, Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Castro-Vega LJ. Transcriptome Analysis of lncRNAs in Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5611198. [PMID: 31678991 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors explained by germline or somatic mutations in about 70% of cases. Patients with SDHB mutations are at high risk of developing metastatic disease, yet no reliable tumor biomarkers are available to predict tumor aggressiveness. OBJECTIVE We aimed at identifying long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) specific for PPGL molecular groups and metastatic progression. DESIGN AND METHODS To analyze the expression of lncRNAs, we used a mining approach of transcriptome data from a well-characterized series of 187 tumor tissues. Clustering consensus analysis was performed to determine a lncRNA-based classification, and informative transcripts were validated in an independent series of 51 PPGLs. The expression of metastasis-related lncRNAs was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to estimate the predictive accuracy of potential markers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Univariate/multivariate and metastasis-free survival (MFS) analyses were carried out for the assessment of risk factors and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Four lncRNA-based subtypes strongly correlated with mRNA expression clusters (chi-square P-values from 1.38 × 10-32 to 1.07 × 10-67). We identified one putative lncRNA (GenBank: BC063866) that accurately discriminates metastatic from benign tumors in patients with SDHx mutations (area under the curve 0.95; P = 4.59 × 10-05). Moreover, this transcript appeared as an independent risk factor associated with poor clinical outcome of SDHx carriers (log-rank test P = 2.29 × 10-05). CONCLUSION Our findings extend the spectrum of transcriptional dysregulations in PPGL to lncRNAs and provide a novel biomarker that could be useful to identify potentially metastatic tumors in patients carrying SDHx mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Job
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Georges
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Burnichon
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Genetics department, AP-HP, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Paris France
| | - Alexandre Buffet
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Amar
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hypertension unit, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. 10 CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Rare Adrenal Cancer Network COMETE, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Drui
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, L'institut du Thorax, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Nord Laënnec, Nantes, France
| | - Charlotte Lussey-Lepoutre
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of nuclear medicine, Paris, France
| | - Judith Favier
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Genetics department, AP-HP, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Paris France
- Rare Adrenal Cancer Network COMETE, Paris, France
| | - Luis Jaime Castro-Vega
- Paris University, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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12
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van Koetsveld PM, Creemers SG, Dogan F, Franssen GJH, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. The Efficacy of Mitotane in Human Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5581636. [PMID: 31586196 PMCID: PMC7006231 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) often fail mitotane treatment and deal with severe toxicity, marking the relevance of predictive parameters for treatment outcome. OBJECTIVE Determine the effects of mitotane in primary ACC cultures, and correlate sensitivity with patient and tumor characteristics. METHODS In 32 primary ACC cultures, the effects of mitotane on cell growth and cortisol production were determined. RRM1, SOAT1, and CYP2W1 expression were assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The median percentage cell amount inhibition in primary ACC cultures at 50 µM mitotane was 57%. Seven patients were classified as nonresponders, 14 as partial responders, and 11 as responders. The mean median effective concentration (EC50) value of mitotane for inhibition of cell amount in responders was 14.2 µM (95% CI, 11.3-17.9), in partial responders 41.6 µM (95% CI, 33.5-51.8), and could not be calculated in nonresponders. The percentage cortisol-producing ACC was 14%, 43%, and 73% for nonresponders, partial responders, and responders (P = 0.068). Mitotane inhibited cortisol production with a mean EC50 of 1.4 µM (95% CI, 0.9-2.1), which was considerably lower than the EC50 on cell growth. RRM1, SOAT1, and CYP2W1 expression levels were not predictive for mitotane sensitivity in vitro. CONCLUSION Direct antitumor effects of mitotane on human primary ACC cultures are highly variable between patients, reflecting heterogeneous responses in patients. Cortisol was inhibited at lower concentrations, compared with its effect on cell amount. Cortisol secretion by ACC might be associated with enhanced mitotane sensitivity due to increased direct antitumor effects of mitotane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: L.J. Hofland, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Room Ee514, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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13
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Yamazaki Y, Gao X, Pecori A, Nakamura Y, Tezuka Y, Omata K, Ono Y, Morimoto R, Satoh F, Sasano H. Recent Advances in Histopathological and Molecular Diagnosis in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Challenges for Predicting Metastasis in Individual Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:587769. [PMID: 33193100 PMCID: PMC7652733 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.587769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEO/PGL) are rare but occasionally life-threatening neoplasms, and are potentially malignant according to WHO classification in 2017. However, it is also well known that histopathological risk stratification to predict clinical outcome has not yet been established. The first histopathological diagnostic algorithm for PHEO, "PASS", was proposed in 2002 by Thompson et al. Another algorithm, GAPP, was then proposed by Kimura et al. in 2014. However, neither algorithm has necessarily been regarded a 'gold standard' for predicting post-operative clinical behavior of tumors. This is because the histopathological features of PHEO/PGL are rather diverse and independent of their hormonal activities, as well as the clinical course of patients. On the other hand, recent developments in wide-scale genetic analysis using next-generation sequencing have revealed the molecular characteristics of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. More than 30%-40% of PHEO/PGL are reported to be associated with hereditary genetic abnormalities involving > 20 genes, including SDHXs, RET, VHL, NF1, TMEM127, MAX, and others. Such genetic alterations are mainly involved in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoxia, Wnt, and kinase signaling, and other intracellular signaling cascades. In addition, recurrent somatic mutations are frequently detected and overlapped with the presence of genetic alterations associated with hereditary diseases. In addition, therapeutic strategies specifically targeting such genetic abnormalities have been proposed, but they are not clinically applicable at this time. Therefore, we herein review recent advances in relevant studies, including histopathological and molecular analyses, to summarize the current status of potential prognostic factors in patients with PHEO/PGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Alessio Pecori
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Omata
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hironobu Sasano,
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14
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Abstract
Significant advances in genomics and molecular genetics in recent years have reshaped the practice of endocrine pathology. Pan-genomic studies, including the pioneering ones on papillary thyroid carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma, and adrenal cortical carcinoma from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, provided a comprehensive integrated genomic analysis of endocrine tumors into distinct molecularly defined subtypes. Better understanding of the molecular landscape and more accurate definition of biological behavior has been accordingly achieved. Nevertheless, how any of these advances are translated into routine practice still remains a challenge in the era of precision medicine. The challenge for modern pathology is to keep up the pace with scientific discoveries by integrating novel concepts in tumor classification, molecular genetics, prognostication, and theranostics. As an example, pathology plays a role in the identification of hereditary disease, while it offers the tools for complementing molecular genetics, for example, validation of variants of unknown significance deriving from targeted sequencing or whole exome/genome sequencing approach. Immunohistochemistry has arisen as a cost-effective strategy in the evaluation either of somatic mutations in tumors and/or germline mutations in patients with familial cancer syndromes. Herein, a comprehensive review focusing on novel and emerging biomarkers is presented in order pathologists and other endocrine-related specialists to remain updated and become aware of potential pitfalls and limitations in the field of endocrine pathology.
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15
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Goncalves J, Lussey-Lepoutre C, Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Castro-Vega LJ. Emerging molecular markers of metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:159-162. [PMID: 31053249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) represents a major clinical challenge due to limitations in accurate diagnostic tools and effective treatments. Currently, patients classified at high-risk by means of clinical, biochemical and genetic criteria, require a lifelong monitoring, while it remains difficult to determine the metastatic potential of PPGL only on the basis of histopathological features. Thus, tumor molecular markers that improve the risk stratification of these patients are needed. In the past few years, we have witnessed an unprecedented molecular characterization of PPGL, which led to the emergence of promising candidate biomarkers predictive of metastatic behavior. Here, we briefly discuss these breakthroughs and provide some insights for the prospective implementation of molecular markers of metastatic PPGL in the clinical setting in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Goncalves
- Inserm, UMR970, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de médecine, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris-Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Lussey-Lepoutre
- Inserm, UMR970, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Judith Favier
- Inserm, UMR970, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de médecine, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris-Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Inserm, UMR970, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de médecine, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris-Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Genetics Department, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Luis Jaime Castro-Vega
- Inserm, UMR970, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Faculté de médecine, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris-Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France.
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16
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Creemers SG, van Koetsveld PM, De Herder WW, Dogan F, Franssen GJH, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. MDR1 inhibition increases sensitivity to doxorubicin and etoposide in adrenocortical cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:367-378. [PMID: 30650062 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has limited efficacy and is accompanied by severe toxicity. This lack of effectiveness has been associated with high tumoral levels of the multidrug resistance (MDR) pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the MDR1 gene. In this study, effects of P-gp inhibition on the sensitivity of ACC cells to cytotoxic drugs were evaluated. MDR1 mRNA and P-gp expression were determined in human adrenal tissues and cell lines. H295R, HAC15 and SW13 cells were treated with mitotane, doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin and streptozotocin, with or without the P-gp inhibitors verapamil and tariquidar. Cell growth and surviving fraction of colonies were assessed. MDR1 mRNA and P-gp protein expression were lower in ACCs than in adrenocortical adenomas (P < 0.0001; P < 0.01, respectively). MDR1 and P-gp expression were positively correlated in ACC (P < 0.0001, ρ = 0.723). Mitotane, doxorubicin, cisplatin and etoposide dose dependently inhibited cell growth in H295R, HAC15 and SW13. Tariquidar, and in H295R also verapamil, increased the response of HAC15 and H295R to doxorubicin (6.3- and 7.5-fold EC50 decrease in H295R, respectively; all P < 0.0001). Sensitivity to etoposide was increased in H295R and HAC15 by verapamil and tariquidar (all P < 0.0001). Findings were confirmed when assessing colony formation. We show that cytotoxic drugs, except streptozotocin, used for ACC treatment, inhibit ACC cell growth and colony formation at clinically achievable concentrations. P-gp inhibition increases sensitivity to doxorubicin and etoposide, suggesting that MDR1 is involved in sensitivity to these drugs and could be a potential target for cytotoxic treatment improvement in ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W W De Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Siebert C, Ciato D, Murakami M, Frei-Stuber L, Perez-Rivas LG, Monteserin-Garcia JL, Nölting S, Maurer J, Feuchtinger A, Walch AK, Haak HR, Bertherat J, Mannelli M, Fassnacht M, Korpershoek E, Reincke M, Stalla GK, Hantel C, Beuschlein F. Heat Shock Protein 90 as a Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:487. [PMID: 31379752 PMCID: PMC6658895 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor entity with restricted therapeutic opportunities. HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) chaperone activity is fundamental for cell survival and contributes to different oncogenic signaling pathways. Indeed, agents targeting HSP90 function have shown therapeutic efficacy in several cancer types. We have examined the expression of HSP90 in different adrenal tumors and evaluated the use of HSP90 inhibitors in vitro as possible therapy for ACC. Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of HSP90 isoforms was investigated in different adrenocortical tumors and associated with clinical features. Additionally, a panel of N-terminal (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), luminespib, and ganetespib) and C-terminal (novobiocin and silibinin) HSP90 inhibitors were tested on various ACC cell lines. Results: Within adrenocortical tumors, ACC samples exhibited the highest expression of HSP90β. Within a cohort of ACC patients, HSP90β expression levels were inversely correlated with recurrence-free and overall survival. In functional assays, among five different compounds tested luminespib and ganetespib induced a significant decrease in cell viability in single as well as in combined treatments with compounds of the clinically used EDP-M scheme (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, mitotane). Inhibition of cell viability correlated furthermore with a decrease in proliferation, in cell migration and an increase in apoptosis. Moreover, analysis of cancer pathways indicated a modulation of the ERK1/2-and AKT-pathways by luminespib and ganetespib treatment. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize HSP90 as a marker with prognostic impact and promising target with N-terminal HSP90 inhibitors as drugs with potential therapeutic efficacy toward ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Siebert
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Ciato
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Masanori Murakami
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Frei-Stuber
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Gustavo Perez-Rivas
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Svenja Nölting
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Maurer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel K. Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harm R. Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Massimo Mannelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Central Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter K. Stalla
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Medicover Neuroendocrinology, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Endokrinologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Felix Beuschlein
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18
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Job S, Draskovic I, Burnichon N, Buffet A, Cros J, Lépine C, Venisse A, Robidel E, Verkarre V, Meatchi T, Sibony M, Amar L, Bertherat J, de Reyniès A, Londoño-Vallejo A, Favier J, Castro-Vega LJ, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP. Telomerase Activation and ATRX Mutations Are Independent Risk Factors for Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:760-770. [PMID: 30301828 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors. Whereas most PPGLs are benign, up to 20% may become metastatic with SDHB- and FH-mutated tumors showing the higher risk. We aimed at determining the contribution of immortalization mechanisms to metastatic progression.Experimental Design: Immortalization mechanisms were investigated in 200 tumors. To identify telomerase (+) tumors, we analyzed genomic alterations leading to transcriptional activation of TERT comprising promoter mutations, hypermethylation and gain copy number. To identify tumors that activated the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) mechanism, we combined analyses of telomere length by slot blot, telomere heterogeneity by telomere FISH, and ATRX mutations by next-generation sequencing. Univariate/multivariate and metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) analyses were carried out for assessment of risk factors and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Only 37 of 200 (18.5%) tumors achieved immortalization. Telomerase activation occurred in 12 metastatic tumors and was prevalent in SDHB-mutated paragangliomas (P = 2.42e-09). ALT features were present in 25 tumors, mostly pheochromocytomas, regardless of metastatic status or molecular group (P = 0.169), yet ATRX mutations were found preferentially in SDHB/FH-mutated metastatic tumors (P = 0.0014). Telomerase activation and ATRX mutations were independent factors of poor prognosis: MFS (hazard ratio, 48.2 and 33.1; P = 6.50E-07 and 1.90E-07, respectively); OS (hazard ratio, 97.4 and 44.1; P = 4.30E-03 and 2.00E-03, respectively) and were associated with worse MFS and OS (log-rank tests P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Assessment of telomerase activation and ATRX mutations could be used to identify metastatic PPGLs, particularly in tumors at high risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Job
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Irena Draskovic
- CNRS, UMR3244, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Burnichon
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Buffet
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Cros
- INSERM, UMR1149, Hôpital Beaujon, Department of Pathology, Clichy, France
| | - Charles Lépine
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Venisse
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Robidel
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Tchao Meatchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Sibony
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. 10 CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Amar
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hypertension Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. 10 CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Rare Adrenal Cancer Network COMETE, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Arturo Londoño-Vallejo
- CNRS, UMR3244, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Judith Favier
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Luis Jaime Castro-Vega
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3244, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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19
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Role of MDH2 pathogenic variant in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma patients. Genet Med 2018; 20:1652-1662. [PMID: 30008476 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MDH2 (malate dehydrogenase 2) has recently been proposed as a novel potential pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) susceptibility gene, but its role in the disease has not been addressed. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MDH2 pathogenic variants among PPGL patients and determine the associated phenotype. METHODS Eight hundred thirty patients with PPGLs, negative for the main PPGL driver genes, were included in the study. Interpretation of variants of unknown significance (VUS) was performed using an algorithm based on 20 computational predictions, by implementing cell-based enzymatic and immunofluorescence assays, and/or by using a molecular dynamics simulation approach. RESULTS Five variants with potential involvement in pathogenicity were identified: three missense (p.Arg104Gly, p.Val160Met and p.Ala256Thr), one in-frame deletion (p.Lys314del), and a splice-site variant (c.429+1G>T). All were germline and those with available biochemical data, corresponded to noradrenergic PPGL. CONCLUSION This study suggests that MDH2 pathogenic variants may play a role in PPGL susceptibility and that they might be responsible for less than 1% of PPGLs in patients without pathogenic variants in other major PPGL driver genes, a prevalence similar to the one recently described for other PPGL genes. However, more epidemiological data are needed to recommend MDH2 testing in patients negative for other major PPGL genes.
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20
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Kluckova K, Tennant DA. Metabolic implications of hypoxia and pseudohypoxia in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:367-378. [PMID: 29450727 PMCID: PMC5915505 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical driver of cancer pathogenesis, directly inducing malignant phenotypes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cell-like characteristics and metabolic transformation. However, hypoxia-associated phenotypes are often observed in cancer in the absence of hypoxia, a phenotype known as pseudohypoxia, which is very well documented in specific tumour types, including in paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (PPGL). Approximately 40% of the PPGL tumours carry a germ line mutation in one of a number of susceptibility genes of which those that are found in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) genes manifest a strong pseudohypoxic phenotype. Mutations in SDH are oncogenic, forming tumours in a select subset of tissues, but the cause for this remains elusive. Although elevated succinate levels lead to increase in hypoxia-like signalling, there are other phenotypes that are being increasingly recognised in SDH-mutated PPGL, such as DNA hypermethylation. Further, recently unveiled changes in metabolic re-wiring of SDH-deficient cells might help to decipher cancer related roles of SDH in the future. In this review, we will discuss the various implications that the malfunctioning SDH can have and its impact on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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21
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Dwight T, Flynn A, Amarasinghe K, Benn DE, Lupat R, Li J, Cameron DL, Hogg A, Balachander S, Candiloro ILM, Wong SQ, Robinson BG, Papenfuss AT, Gill AJ, Dobrovic A, Hicks RJ, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Tothill RW. TERT structural rearrangements in metastatic pheochromocytomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:1-9. [PMID: 28974544 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are endocrine tumors for which the genetic and clinicopathological features of metastatic progression remain incompletely understood. As a result, the risk of metastasis from a primary tumor cannot be predicted. Early diagnosis of individuals at high risk of developing metastases is clinically important and the identification of new biomarkers that are predictive of metastatic potential is of high value. Activation of TERT has been associated with a number of malignant tumors, including PC/PGL. However, the mechanism of TERT activation in the majority of PC/PGL remains unclear. As TERT promoter mutations occur rarely in PC/PGL, we hypothesized that other mechanisms - such as structural variations - may underlie TERT activation in these tumors. From 35 PC and four PGL, we identified three primary PCs that developed metastases with elevated TERT expression, each of which lacked TERT promoter mutations and promoter DNA methylation. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified somatic structural alterations proximal to the TERT locus in two of these tumors. In both tumors, the genomic rearrangements led to the positioning of super-enhancers proximal to the TERT promoter, that are likely responsible for the activation of the normally tightly repressed TERT expression in chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Dwight
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aidan Flynn
- The Finsen LaboratoryRigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC)University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Diana E Benn
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Lupat
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Li
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel L Cameron
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette Hogg
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiva Balachander
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ida L M Candiloro
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of PathologyUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Q Wong
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce G Robinson
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology GroupKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of PathologyUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roderick J Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer GeneticsKolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard W Tothill
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of PathologyUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Crona J, Taïeb D, Pacak K. New Perspectives on Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Toward a Molecular Classification. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:489-515. [PMID: 28938417 PMCID: PMC5716829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A molecular biology-based taxonomy has been proposed for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas revealed clinically relevant prognostic and predictive biomarkers and stratified PPGLs into three main clusters. Each subgroup has a distinct molecular-biochemical-imaging signature. Concurrently, new methods for biochemical analysis, functional imaging, and medical therapies have also become available. The research community now strives to match the cluster biomarkers with the best intervention. The concept of precision medicine has been long awaited and holds great promise for improved care. Here, we review the current and future PPGL classifications, with a focus on hereditary syndromes. We discuss the current strengths and shortcomings of precision medicine and suggest a condensed manual for diagnosis and treatment of both adult and pediatric patients with PPGL. Finally, we consider the future direction of this field, with a particular focus on how advanced molecular characterization of PPGL can improve a patient's outcome, including cures and, ultimately, disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Crona
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Taïeb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Timone University Hospital, European Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix Marseille Université, France
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
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23
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Creemers SG, Korpershoek E, Atmodimedjo PN, Dinjens WNM, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Identification of Mutations in Cell-Free Circulating Tumor DNA in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Case Series. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3611-3615. [PMID: 28973495 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The disease course of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) patients is heterogeneous. A marker for prognosis and treatment response would facilitate choices for diagnosis and therapy. In other cancer types, circulating cell-free tumor DNA predicted tumor dynamics. CASE DESCRIPTIONS The present pilot study included six patients. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) showed mutations in three ACC cases. From these patients, blood was drawn before (1 to 2 weeks) and after surgery and cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) was isolated. Tumor-specific mutations were found in the cfDNA of one of the three patients, with metastasized ACC at diagnosis. NGS of the tumor showed an NRAS mutation (c.182A>G:p.Q61R) in 78%, a TP53 mutation (c.856G>A:p.E286K) in 60%, and a TERT gene mutation (1295250C>T) in 28% of the reads. The preoperative cfDNA showed the same mutations at a frequency of 64%, 32%, and 2%, respectively. The postoperative cfDNA showed the same mutations but at lower frequencies (52%, 16%, and 3%, respectively). The patient was postoperatively treated with mitotane and chemotherapy. No mutations were detected in the corresponding leukocyte DNA or in the cfDNA from the two other patients. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time mutations occurring at high levels in cfDNA collected before and after surgery from one of three patients, after previous identification in the tumor. However, in the cfDNA from two patients with known mutations, we were unable to reliably detect mutations in the cfDNA. Our results indicate that mutation detection in cfDNA can vary among ACC patients, and other approaches might be required to detect the tumor response and monitor progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Creemers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Korpershoek
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy N Atmodimedjo
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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24
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Pereira SS, Máximo V, Coelho R, Batista R, Soares P, Guerreiro SG, Sobrinho-Simões M, Monteiro MP, Pignatelli D. Telomerase and N-Cadherin Differential Importance in Adrenocortical Cancers and Adenomas. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2064-2071. [PMID: 27886397 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are most frequently highly aggressive tumors. We assessed the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and N-cadherin role in the biology of ACC and their potential utility as molecular biomarkers, in different types of tumoral adrenocortical tissue. A total of 48 adrenal cortex samples (39 tumoral and 9 normal adrenal glands) were studied. TERT promoter mutations were searched by PCR and Sanger sequencing in two hotspots positions (-124 and -146). Also, telomerase and N-cadherin expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. TERT promoter mutations were not detected in any of the samples either malignant or benign. Telomerase nuclear expression was present in 26.6% of ACC and in 45.5% of non-functioning adenomas. It was absent in benign Cushing's lesions and in normal adrenal glands. Contrarily, N-cadherin was always expressed in the cellular membranes of benign adenomas or normal adrenals but no expression was detected in the majority of ACC. Nuclear telomerase and membrane N-cadherin expression were positively correlated in ACCs. We conclude that in ACC, the loss of N-cadherin is a frequent phenomenon while the existence of TERT promoter mutations is not and nuclear telomerase expression is present in only a minority of cases. Since the loss of N-cadherin expression was identified in both high and low proliferative ACC, this marker should be considered important for diagnostic application. Our study also suggests the existence of a TERT non-canonical function in cell adhesion. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2064-2071, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy and UMIB (Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine) of ICBAS, University of Porto, R. de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Coelho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Batista
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana G Guerreiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB (Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine) of ICBAS, University of Porto, R. de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Duarte Pignatelli
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Hospital S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
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Björklund P, Pacak K, Crona J. Precision medicine in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: current and future concepts. J Intern Med 2016; 280:559-573. [PMID: 27165774 PMCID: PMC7441825 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are rare diseases but are also amongst the most characterized tumour types. Hence, patients with PPGL have greatly benefited from precision medicine for more than two decades. According to current molecular biology and genetics-based taxonomy, PPGL can be divided into three different clusters characterized by: Krebs cycle reprogramming with oncometabolite accumulation or depletion (group 1a); activation of the (pseudo)hypoxia signalling pathway with increased tumour cell proliferation, invasiveness and migration (group 1b); and aberrant kinase signalling causing a pro-mitogenic and anti-apoptotic state (group 2). Categorization into these clusters is highly dependent on mutation subtypes. At least 12 different syndromes with distinct genetic causes, phenotypes and outcomes have been described. Genetic screening tests have a documented benefit, as different PPGL syndromes require specific approaches for optimal diagnosis and localization of various syndrome-related tumours. Genotype-tailored treatment options, follow-up and preventive care are being investigated. Future new developments in precision medicine for PPGL will mainly focus on further identification of driver mechanisms behind both disease initiation and malignant progression. Identification of novel druggable targets and prospective validation of treatment options are eagerly awaited. To achieve these goals, we predict that collaborative large-scale studies will be needed: Pheochromocytoma may provide an example for developing precision medicine in orphan diseases that could ultimately aid in similar efforts for other rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Björklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Crona
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Creemers SG, van Koetsveld PM, van den Dungen ESR, Korpershoek E, van Kemenade FJ, Franssen GJH, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Inhibition of Human Adrenocortical Cancer Cell Growth by Temozolomide in Vitro and the Role of the MGMT Gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4574-4584. [PMID: 27603910 PMCID: PMC5155680 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Treatment of patients with adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) with mitotane and/or chemotherapy is often associated with toxicity and poor tumor response. New therapeutic options are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were to evaluate the therapeutic possibilities of temozolomide (TMZ) in ACC cells and to assess the potential predictive role of the DNA repair gene O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in adrenocortical tumors. METHODS Three human ACC cell lines and eight primary ACC cultures were used to assess effects of TMZ in vitro. In the cell lines, 11 normal adrenals, 16 adrenocortical adenomas, and 29 ACC, MGMT promoter methylation and expression were determined. RESULTS IC50 values of TMZ on cell growth were 39 μM, 38 μM, and 44 μM for H295R, HAC15, and SW13, respectively. TMZ induced apoptosis and provoked cytotoxic and cytostatic effects by reducing the surviving fraction of ACC colonies and the colony size. TMZ thereby induced cell cycle arrests in ACC cell lines. TMZ and mitotane both inhibited growth of ACC cells cultured as three-dimensional spheroids. TMZ inhibited cell amount in five of eight primary ACC cultures and induced apoptosis in seven of eight primary ACC cultures. In ACC cell lines and adrenal tissues, MGMT promoter methylation was low. In ACCs, methylation was inversely correlated with MGMT mRNA expression. MGMT protein expression was not correlated with MGMT methylation. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we show the therapeutic potential of temozolomide for ACC, offering an urgently needed potential alternative for patients not responding to mitotane alone or with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. (Pre-)clinical studies are warranted to assess efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E S R van den Dungen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Korpershoek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Kemenade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J H Franssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.G.C., P.M.v.K., E.S.R.v.d.D., W.W.d.H., R.A.F., L.J.H.), and Departments of Pathology (E.K., F.J.v.K.) and Surgery (G.J.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sarcomatoid adrenocortical carcinoma: a comprehensive pathological, immunohistochemical, and targeted next-generation sequencing analysis. Hum Pathol 2016; 58:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Zhang R, Zhao J, Xu J, Liu F, Xu Y, Bu X, Dai C, Song C. Genetic variations in the TERT and CLPTM1L gene region and gastrointestinal stromal tumors risk. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31360-7. [PMID: 26372813 PMCID: PMC4741611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested polymorphisms in the TERT and CLPTM1L region are associated with carcinogenesis of many distinct cancer types, including gastrointestinal cancers. However, the contribution of polymorphisms in the TERT and CLPTM1L gene region to gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) risk is still unknown. We tested the six tagSNPs on TERT and CLPTM1L region with GIST risk, using a population-based, two-stage, case-control study in 2,000 subjects. Functional validation was conducted to validate our findings of TERT rs2736098 and explore its influence on relative telomere length (RTL) in GIST cells. It showed that variant rs2736098 was significantly associated with increased risk of GIST (per allele OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.14–1.47, P = 7.03 × 10−5). The difference remain significant after Bonferroni correction (P = 7.03 × 10−5 * 6 = 4.2 × 10−4). Real-time PCR showed carriers of genotype CC have the longest RTL, following by carriers of genotype CT, while carriers of genotype TT have the shortest RTL in GIST tissues (P < 0.001). Our data provide evidence to implicate TERT rs2736098 polymorphism as a novel susceptibility factor for GIST risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xianmin Bu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Chaoliu Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Chun Song
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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29
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Transcription Regulation of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Gene. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7080050. [PMID: 27548225 PMCID: PMC4999838 DOI: 10.3390/genes7080050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have the ability to maintain their telomere length via expression of an enzymatic complex called telomerase. Similarly, more than 85%–90% of cancer cells are found to upregulate the expression of telomerase, conferring them with the potential to proliferate indefinitely. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase holoenzyme, is the rate-limiting factor in reconstituting telomerase activity in vivo. To date, the expression and function of the human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) gene are known to be regulated at various molecular levels (including genetic, mRNA, protein and subcellular localization) by a number of diverse factors. Among these means of regulation, transcription modulation is the most important, as evident in its tight regulation in cancer cell survival as well as pluripotent stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Here, we discuss how hTERT gene transcription is regulated, mainly focusing on the contribution of trans-acting factors such as transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, as well as genetic alterations in hTERT proximal promoter.
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Crona J, Skogseid B. GEP- NETS UPDATE: Genetics of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R275-90. [PMID: 27165966 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, arising from neuroendocrine cells that are dispersed throughout the body. Around 20% of NETs occur in the context of a genetic syndrome. Today there are at least ten recognized NET syndromes. This includes the classical syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasias types 1 and 2, and von Hippel-Lindau and neurofibromatosis type 1. Additional susceptibility genes associated with a smaller fraction of NETs have also been identified. Recognizing genetic susceptibility has proved essential both to provide genetic counseling and to give the best preventive care. In this review we will also discuss the knowledge of somatic genetic alterations in NETs. At least 24 genes have been implicated as drivers of neuroendocrine tumorigenesis, and the overall rates of genomic instability are relatively low. Genetic intra-tumoral, as well as inter-tumoral heterogeneity in the same patient, have also been identified. Together these data point towards the common pathways in NET evolution, separating early from late disease drivers. Although knowledge of specific mutations in NETs has limited impact on actual patient management, we predict that in the near future genomic profiling of tumors will be included in the clinical arsenal for diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Crona
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, Dag hammarskjölds väg 20, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Britt Skogseid
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, Dag hammarskjölds väg 20, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Selivanova LS, Volganova KS, Abrosimov AY. [Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations in the tumors of human endocrine organs: Biological and prognostic value]. Arkh Patol 2016; 78:62-69. [PMID: 27077147 DOI: 10.17116/patol201678162-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the data available in the literature has shown that telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT promoter may serve as promising markers of malignancy, aggressive disease course, and poor prognosis for malignant tumors of endocrine organs. Considering the established association of mutations with tumors having a poor prognosis (high-grade and anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid), it is reasonable to perform prognostic-value investigations in a group of low-grade thyroid carcinomas that may occasionally recur and may be resistant to radioactive iodine therapy, i.e. can demonstrate a poor course and prognosis. TERT promoter mutations may be a specific marker of the clinically aggressive forms of adrenocortical carcinoma, but the determination of its diagnostic value calls for additional investigations that will have the larger number cases and establish the association with clinical features and survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Selivanova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - K S Volganova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Abrosimov
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Bell RJA, Rube HT, Xavier-Magalhães A, Costa BM, Mancini A, Song JS, Costello JF. Understanding TERT Promoter Mutations: A Common Path to Immortality. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:315-23. [PMID: 26941407 PMCID: PMC4852159 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase (TERT) activation is a fundamental step in tumorigenesis. By maintaining telomere length, telomerase relieves a main barrier on cellular lifespan, enabling limitless proliferation driven by oncogenes. The recently discovered, highly recurrent mutations in the promoter of TERT are found in over 50 cancer types, and are the most common mutation in many cancers. Transcriptional activation of TERT, via promoter mutation or other mechanisms, is the rate-limiting step in production of active telomerase. Although TERT is expressed in stem cells, it is naturally silenced upon differentiation. Thus, the presence of TERT promoter mutations may shed light on whether a particular tumor arose from a stem cell or more differentiated cell type. It is becoming clear that TERT mutations occur early during cellular transformation, and activate the TERT promoter by recruiting transcription factors that do not normally regulate TERT gene expression. This review highlights the fundamental and widespread role of TERT promoter mutations in tumorigenesis, including recent progress on their mechanism of transcriptional activation. These somatic promoter mutations, along with germline variation in the TERT locus also appear to have significant value as biomarkers of patient outcome. Understanding the precise molecular mechanism of TERT activation by promoter mutation and germline variation may inspire novel cancer cell-specific targeted therapies for a large number of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J A Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - H Tomas Rube
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ana Xavier-Magalhães
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrew Mancini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jun S Song
- Departments of Bioengineering and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Yuan P, Cao JL, Abuduwufuer A, Wang LM, Yuan XS, Lv W, Hu J. Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Significance of TERT Promoter Mutations in Cancer: A Cohort Study and a Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146803. [PMID: 26799744 PMCID: PMC4723146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations (pTERTm) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been investigated, but the results were inconsistent. In addition, several studies have analysed the role of pTERTm in the etiology of various types of cancers, however, the results also remain inconsistent. METHODS The genomic DNA sequence of 103 NSCLC samples were analysed to investigate the frequency of pTERTm in these patients and to establish whether these mutations are associated with their clinical data. Furthermore, a meta-analysis based on previously published articles and our cohort study was performed to investigate the association of pTERTm with patient gender, age at diagnosis, metastasis status, tumour stage and cancer prognosis (5-year overall survival rate). RESULTS In the cohort study, 4 patients had C228T and 2 had C250T, with a total mutation frequency up to 5.8%. Significant difference of clinical data between pTERTm carriers and noncarriers was only found in age at diagnosis. In the meta-analysis, We found that pTERTm carriers in cancer patients are older than noncarriers (Mean difference (MD) = 5.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00 to 8.48), male patients were more likely to harbour pTERTm (odds Ratios (OR) = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.58), and that pTERTm had a significant association with distant metastasis (OR = 3.78; 95% CI, 2.45 to 5.82), a higher tumour grade in patients with glioma (WHO grade III, IV vs. I, II: OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.88 to 3.08) and a higher tumour stage in other types of cancer (III, IV vs. I, II: OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.48 to 4.15). pTERTm was also significantly associated with a greater risk of death (hazard ratio = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.08). CONCLUSIONS pTERTm are a moderately prevalent genetic event in NSCLC. The current meta-analysis indicates that pTERTm is associated with patient age, gender and distant metastasis. It may serves as an adverse prognostic factor in individuals with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Jin-lin Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Abudumailamu Abuduwufuer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Lu-Ming Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Xiao-Shuai Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310003
- * E-mail:
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35
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Rethinking pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas from a genomic perspective. Oncogene 2015; 35:1080-9. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Lindner S, Bachmann HS, Odersky A, Schaefers S, Klein-Hitpass L, Hero B, Fischer M, Eggert A, Schramm A, Schulte JH. Absence of telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in neuroblastoma. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:443-446. [PMID: 26171145 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of telomere length is a critical hallmark of malignant transformation. While silenced in somatic cells, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is frequently overexpressed in malignant cells thereby maintaining their telomere length. Specific point mutations in the TERT promoter region have recently been identified in melanoma and other tumor entities resulting in high TERT expression. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial tumor of childhood, arising from neural-crest progenitor cells. TERT overexpression has been observed in the majority of neuroblastoma. Taking into consideration that TERT promoter mutations are frequently described in neural-crest-derived tumors such as melanoma, as well as a variety of other neuronal tumors, the present study analyzed the frequency of TERT promoter mutations in primary neuroblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. In 131 neuroblastoma primary tumors representing the whole spectrum of neuroblastoma, no TERT promoter mutations were detected. However, in 3 out of 19 neuroblastoma cell lines the previously described C228T TERT promoter mutation was present. In conclusion, the TERT promoter mutations are not a frequent mechanism of TERT overexpression in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany ; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Duesseldorf, D-45122 Essen, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Odersky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Schaefers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany ; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Duesseldorf, D-45122 Essen, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Hero
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital of Cologne, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital of Cologne, D-50924 Cologne, Germany ; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany ; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Duesseldorf, D-45122 Essen, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany ; Translational Neuro-Oncology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany ; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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