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Dexamethasone Administration in Mice Leads to Less Body Weight Gain over Time, Lower Serum Glucose, and Higher Insulin Levels Independently of NRF2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010004. [PMID: 35052508 PMCID: PMC8773000 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are used widely on a long-term basis in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Their adverse effects include the development of hyperglycemia and osteoporosis, whose molecular mechanisms have been only partially studied in preclinical models. Both these glucocorticoid-induced pathologies have been shown to be mediated at least in part by oxidative stress. The transcription factor nuclear erythroid factor 2-like 2 (NRF2) is a central regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective responses. Thus, we hypothesized that NRF2 may play a role in glucocorticoid-induced metabolic disease and osteoporosis. To this end, WT and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2KO) mice of both genders were treated with 2 mg/kg dexamethasone or vehicle 3 times per week for 13 weeks. Dexamethasone treatment led to less weight gain during the treatment period without affecting food consumption, as well as to lower glucose levels and high insulin levels compared to vehicle-treated mice. Dexamethasone also reduced cortical bone volume and density. All these effects of dexamethasone were similar between male and female mice, as well as between WT and Nrf2KO mice. Hepatic NRF2 signaling and gluconeogenic gene expression were not affected by dexamethasone. A 2-day dexamethasone treatment was also sufficient to increase insulin levels without affecting body weight and glucose levels. Hence, dexamethasone induces hyperinsulinemia, which potentially leads to decreased glucose levels, as well as osteoporosis, both independently of NRF2.
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A new mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus established through combination of high-fat diet, streptozotocin and glucocorticoid. Life Sci 2021; 286:120062. [PMID: 34673117 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM A stable induced type 2 diabetes model (T2DM) still needs to be explored for basic and clinical research, due to nonuniform model methods and unstable consequences. Our aims were to explore and establish an optimized induced T2DM model in mice that exhibits insulin resistance and β-cell damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with a high-fat diet (HFD), streptozotocin (STZ) and dexamethasone (DEX) at different doses and in combination. The general growth status, blood glucose and fasting insulin were detected, and the success rate and insulin sensitivity indices were calculated. KEY FINDING Low-dose STZ injection multiple times was more secure in the process of T2DM model production. Combined intervention was more efficient in reducing insulin sensitivity and improving the success rate of T2DM model construction. SIGNIFICANCE Combined with a high-fat diet, glucocorticoids and streptozotocin, a new mouse model of T2DM with insulin resistance and β-cell damage could be established. The optimized experimental method can serve as a stable model for further studies on the mechanisms and therapy of T2DM.
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Zhao Z, Xu X, Jiang H, Foster KW, Jia Z, Wei X, Chen N, Goldring SR, Crow MK, Wang D. Preclinical Dose-Escalation Study of ZSJ-0228, a Polymeric Dexamethasone Prodrug, in the Treatment of Murine Lupus Nephritis. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4188-4197. [PMID: 34569234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the clinical management of lupus nephritis (LN). Their long-term use, however, is associated with the risk of significant systemic side effects. We have developed a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based dexamethasone (Dex) prodrug (i.e., ZSJ-0228) and in a previous study, demonstrated its potential therapeutic efficacy in mice with established LN, while avoiding systemic GC-associated toxicity. In the present study, we have employed a dose-escalation design to establish the optimal dose-response relationships for ZSJ-0228 in treating LN and further investigated the safety of ZSJ-0228 in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice with established nephritis. ZSJ-0228 was intravenously (i.v.) administered monthly at four levels: 0.5 (L1), 1.0 (L2), 3.0 (L3), and 8.0 (L4) mg/kg/day Dex equivalent. For controls, mice were treated with i.v. saline every 4 weeks. In addition, a group of mice received intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) of Dex every day or i.v. injections of Dex every four weeks. Treatment of mice with LN with ZSJ-0228 dosed at L1 resulted in the resolution of proteinuria in 14% of the mice. Mice treated with ZSJ-0228 dosed at L2 and L3 levels resulted in the resolution of proteinuria in ∼60% of the mice in both groups. Treatment with ZSJ-0228 dosed at L4 resulted in the resolution of proteinuria in 30% of the mice. The reduction and/or resolution of the proteinuria, improvement in renal histological scores, and survival data indicate that the most effective dose range for ZSJ-0228 in treating LN in NZB/W F1 mice is between 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg/day Dex equivalent. Typical GC-associated side effects (e.g., osteopenia, adrenal glands atrophy, etc.) were not observed in any of the ZSJ-0228 treatment groups, confirming its excellent safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Xiaoke Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Haochen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Kirk W Foster
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Zhenshan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Ningrong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Steven R Goldring
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Mary K Crow
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
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Nguelefack-Mbuyo EP, Peyembouo FP, Fofié CK, Nguelefack TB. Dose-dependent and time-dependent metabolic, hemodynamic, and redox disturbances in dexamethasone-treated Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:457-469. [PMID: 34704690 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dexamethasone is used experimentally to induce insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, data concerning the dose, the duration of treatment, and the associated comorbidities are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different doses of dexamethasone and the duration of treatment necessary for the development of a model of insulin resistance that mimics the clinical condition with the associated comorbidities. METHODS Dexamethasone was administered intramuscularly to male Wistar rats, at doses of 500 and 1,000 µg/kg/day for the subchronic treatment (eight consecutive days) and at doses of 5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/kg/day in chronic treatment (28 consecutive days). Effects on body weight, metabolism, hemodynamics, renal function, and redox status were evaluated. RESULTS Both treatments induced a progressive body weight loss that was drastic in subchronic treatment, improved glucose tolerance without affecting fasting glycemia. Doses of 1,000 and 100 µg/kg were associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and increased heart rate, cardiac and renal hypertrophy. Increased creatinemia associated with reduced creatinuria were observed in sub-chronic treatment while increased proteinuria and reduced creatinuria were noticed in chronic treatment. 1,000 µg/kg dexamethasone caused an increase in hepatic, and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) coupled with a reduction in catalase activity. The dose of 100 µg/kg induced a rise in GSH and catalase activity but reduced MDA levels in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS Doses of 1,000 µg/kg for subchronic and 100 µg/kg for chronic treatment exhibited similar effects and are the best doses to respective time frames to induce the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvine P Nguelefack-Mbuyo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Fernande P Peyembouo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christian K Fofié
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Télesphore B Nguelefack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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Zhao Q, Zhou J, Pan Y, Ju H, Zhu L, Liu Y, Zhang Y. The difference between steroid diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT study. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1383-1393. [PMID: 32647998 PMCID: PMC7547981 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Steroid diabetes mellitus (SDM) is a metabolic syndrome caused by an increase in glucocorticoids, and its pathogenesis is unclear. 18F-FDG PET/CT can reflect the glucose metabolism of tissues and organs under living conditions. Here, PET/CT imaging of SDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats was used to visualize changes in glucose metabolism in the main glucose metabolizing organs and investigate the pathogenesis of SDM. METHODS SDM and T2DM rat models were established. During this time, PET/CT imaging was used to measure the %ID/g value of skeletal muscle and liver to evaluate glucose uptake. The pancreatic, skeletal muscle and liver were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS SDM rats showed increased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, hyperplasia of islet α and β cells, increased FDG uptake in skeletal muscle accompanied by an up-regulation of PI3Kp85α, IRS-1, and GLUT4, no significant changes in liver uptake, and that glycogen storage in the liver and skeletal muscle increased. T2DM rats showed atrophy of pancreatic islet β cells and decreased insulin levels, significantly reduced FDG uptake and glycogen storage in skeletal muscle and liver. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of SDM is different from that of T2DM. The increased glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle may be related to the increased compensatory secretion of insulin. Glucocorticoids promote the proliferation of islet α cells and cause an increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver, which may cause increased blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jinxin Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huijun Ju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Ma W, Feng Y, Jia L, Li S, Li J, Wang Z, Chen X, Du H. Dietary Iron Modulates Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis in Diabetic Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:194-200. [PMID: 30027366 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of iron homeostasis has been involved in clinical courses of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver, through mechanisms not yet fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the effect of dietary iron on the development of diabetic syndromes in genetically obese db/db mice. Mice (aged 7 weeks) were fed with high-iron (HI) diets (1000 mg/kg chow) or low-iron (LI) diets (12 mg/kg) for 9 weeks. HI diets increased hepatic iron threefold and led to fourfold higher mRNA levels of hepcidin. HI also induced a 60% increase in fasting glucose due to insulin resistance, as confirmed by decreased hepatic glycogen deposition eightfold and a 21% decrease of serum adiponectin level. HI-fed mice had lower visceral adipose tissue mass estimated by epididymal and inguinal fat pad, associated with iron accumulation and smaller size of adipocytes. Gene expression analysis of liver showed that HI diet upregulated gluconeogenesis and downregulated lipogenesis. These results suggested that excess dietary iron leads to reduced mass, increased fasting glucose, decreased adiponectin level, and enhancement of insulin resistance, which indicated a multifactorial role of excess iron in the development of diabetes in the setting of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Mo Z, Li L, Yu H, Wu Y, Li H. Coumarins ameliorate diabetogenic action of dexamethasone via Akt activation and AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:151-157. [PMID: 30733181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely prescribed for lots of pathological conditions, however, can produce 'Cushingoid' side effects including central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and so forth. Our study is intended to investigate the improving effects of coumarins on diabetogenic action of dexamethasone in vivo and in vitro and elucidate potential mechanisms. ICR mice treated with dexamethasone for 21 days exhibited decreased body weight, increased blood glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, which were prevented by fraxetin (40 mg/kg/day), esculin (40 mg/kg/day) and osthole (20 mg/kg/day), respectively. Esculin, fraxetin and osthole also could promote glucose uptake in normal C2C12 myotubes, and improve insulin resistance in myotubes induced by dexamethasone. Western blotting results indicated that esculin, fraxetin and osthole could boost Akt activation, stimulate GLUT4 translocation, thus alleviate insulin resistance. Esculin and osthole also could activate AMPK, thereby phosphorylate TBC1D1 at Ser237, and consequently ameliorate diabetogenic action of dexamethasone. Our study indicates coumarins as potential anti-diabetic candidates or leading compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Mo
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghuan Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwen Yu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520, USA.
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Courty E, Besseiche A, Do TTH, Liboz A, Aguid FM, Quilichini E, Buscato M, Gourdy P, Gautier JF, Riveline JP, Haumaitre C, Buyse M, Fève B, Guillemain G, Blondeau B. Adaptive β-Cell Neogenesis in the Adult Mouse in Response to Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2019; 68:95-108. [PMID: 30327384 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by deficient insulin secretion and decreased β-cell mass. Thus, regenerative strategies to increase β-cell mass need to be developed. To characterize mechanisms of β-cell plasticity, we studied a model of severe insulin resistance in the adult mouse and defined how β-cells adapt. Chronic corticosterone (CORT) treatment was given to adult mice and led to rapid insulin resistance and adaptive increased insulin secretion. Adaptive and massive increase of β-cell mass was observed during treatment up to 8 weeks. β-Cell mass increase was partially reversible upon treatment cessation and reinduced upon subsequent treatment. β-Cell neogenesis was suggested by an increased number of islets, mainly close to ducts, and increased Sox9 and Ngn3 mRNA levels in islets, but lineage-tracing experiments revealed that neoformed β-cells did not derive from Sox9- or Ngn3-expressing cells. CORT treatment after β-cell depletion partially restored β-cells. Finally, β-cell neogenesis was shown to be indirectly stimulated by CORT because serum from CORT-treated mice increased β-cell differentiation in in vitro cultures of pancreatic buds. Altogether, the results present a novel model of β-cell neogenesis in the adult mouse and identify the presence of neogenic factors in the serum of CORT-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Courty
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Besseiche
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Thi Thu Huong Do
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Alexandrine Liboz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
| | | | - Evans Quilichini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Melissa Buscato
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1048, INSERM, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1048, INSERM, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Service de Diabétologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Paris-Diderot 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Riveline
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Paris-Diderot 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Haumaitre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Buyse
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud, EA 4123, Chatenay-Malabry, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Guillemain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Blondeau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
- Hospitalo-Universitary Institute, ICAN, Paris, France
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Kleinert M, Clemmensen C, Hofmann SM, Moore MC, Renner S, Woods SC, Huypens P, Beckers J, de Angelis MH, Schürmann A, Bakhti M, Klingenspor M, Heiman M, Cherrington AD, Ristow M, Lickert H, Wolf E, Havel PJ, Müller TD, Tschöp MH. Animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:140-162. [PMID: 29348476 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than one-third of the worldwide population is overweight or obese and therefore at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to mitigate this pandemic, safer and more potent therapeutics are urgently required. This necessitates the continued use of animal models to discover, validate and optimize novel therapeutics for their safe use in humans. In order to improve the transition from bench to bedside, researchers must not only carefully select the appropriate model but also draw the right conclusions. In this Review, we consolidate the key information on the currently available animal models of obesity and diabetes and highlight the advantages, limitations and important caveats of each of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Mary C Moore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Simone Renner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilan University München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen C Woods
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA
| | - Peter Huypens
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mark Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics, 1316 Jefferson Ave, New Orleans, Louisiana 70115, USA
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8603 Zurich-Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Lickert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilan University München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, 3135 Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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10
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Havel PJ, Kievit P, Comuzzie AG, Bremer AA. Use and Importance of Nonhuman Primates in Metabolic Disease Research: Current State of the Field. ILAR J 2017; 58:251-268. [PMID: 29216341 PMCID: PMC6074797 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its multiple metabolic sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and fatty liver disease, are becoming increasingly widespread in both the developed and developing world. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches for the prevention and treatment of these costly and prevalent metabolic conditions. Accomplishing this will require the use of appropriate animal models for preclinical and translational investigations in metabolic disease research. Although studies in rodent models are often useful for target/pathway identification and testing hypotheses, there are important differences in metabolic physiology between rodents and primates, and experimental findings in rodent models have often failed to be successfully translated into new, clinically useful therapeutic modalities in humans. Nonhuman primates represent a valuable and physiologically relevant model that serve as a critical translational bridge between basic studies performed in rodent models and clinical studies in humans. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence, including a number of specific examples, in support of the use of nonhuman primate models in metabolic disease research, as well as some of the disadvantages and limitations involved in the use of nonhuman primates. The evidence taken as a whole indicates that nonhuman primates are and will remain an indispensable resource for evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapeutic strategies targeting clinically important metabolic diseases, including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis, and potentially the cognitive decline and dementia associated with metabolic dysfunction, prior to taking these therapies into clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Havel
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Kievit
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Cabana F, Jasmi R, Maguire R. Great ape nutrition: low-sugar and high-fibre diets can lead to increased natural behaviours, decreased regurgitation and reingestion, and reversal of prediabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cabana
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826
| | - R. Jasmi
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826
| | - R. Maguire
- Veterinary Services; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826
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12
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Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, Boscaro M. Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:189-219. [PMID: 28368467 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An impaired glucose metabolism, which often leads to the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a common complication of chronic exposure to exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) excess and plays an important part in contributing to morbidity and mortality in patients with Cushing syndrome (CS). This article reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of changes in glucose metabolism associated with hypercortisolism, addressing both the pathophysiological aspects and the clinical and therapeutic implications. Chronic hypercortisolism may have pleiotropic effects on all major peripheral tissues governing glucose homeostasis. Adding further complexity, both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms are directly induced by GCs in a context-specific and cell-/organ-dependent manner. In this paper, the discussion focuses on established and potential pathologic molecular mechanisms that are induced by chronically excessive circulating levels of GCs and affect glucose homeostasis in various tissues. The management of patients with CS and DM includes treating their hyperglycemia and correcting their GC excess. The effects on glycemic control of various medical therapies for CS are reviewed in this paper. The association between DM and subclinical CS and the role of screening for CS in diabetic patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Zilio
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genèva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Boscaro
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
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13
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Šeda O, Křenová D, Oliyarnyk O, Šedová L, Krupková M, Liška F, Chylíková B, Kazdová L, Křen V. Heterozygous connexin 50 mutation affects metabolic syndrome attributes in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:199. [PMID: 27871290 PMCID: PMC5117636 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several members of connexin family of transmembrane proteins were previously implicated in distinct metabolic conditions. In this study we aimed to determine the effects of complete and heterozygous form of connexin50 gene (Gja8) mutation L7Q on metabolic profile and oxidative stress parameters in spontaneously hypertensive inbred rat strain (SHR). METHODS Adult, standard chow-fed male rats of SHR, heterozygous SHR-Dca+/- and SHR-Dca-/- coisogenic strains were used. At the age of 4 months, dexamethasone (2.6 μg/ml) was administered in the drinking water for three days. The lipidemic profile (cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentration in 20 lipoprotein fractions, chylomicron, VLDL, LDL and HDL particle sizes) together with 33 cytokines and hormones in serum and several oxidative stress parameters in plasma, liver, kidney and heart were assessed. RESULTS SHR and SHR-Dca-/- rats had similar concentrations of triacylglycerols and cholesterol in all major lipoprotein fractions. The heterozygotes reached significantly highest levels of total (SHR-Dca+/-: 51.3 ± 7.2 vs. SHR: 34.5 ± 2.4 and SHR-Dca-/-: 34.4 ± 2.5 mg/dl, p = 0.026), chylomicron and VLDL triacylglycerols. The heterozygotes showed significantly lowest values of HDL cholesterol (40.9 ± 2.3 mg/dl) compared both to SHR (51.8 ± 2.2 mg/dl) and SHR-Dca-/- (48.6 ± 2.7 mg/dl). Total and LDL cholesterol in SHR-Dca+/- was lower compared to SHR. Glucose tolerance was improved and insulin concentrations were lowest in SHR-Dca-/- (1.11 ± 0.20 pg/ml) in comparison with both SHR (2.32 ± 0.49 pg/ml) and SHR-Dca+/- (3.04 ± 0.21 pg/ml). The heterozygous rats showed profile suggestive of increased oxidative stress as well as highest serum concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins 6, 12, 17, 18 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that connexin50 mutation in heterozygous state affects significantly the lipid profile and the oxidative stress parameters in the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Šeda
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic. .,Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Rat Models of Metabolic Disorders, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Drahomíra Křenová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Šedová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Rat Models of Metabolic Disorders, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Krupková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - František Liška
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Chylíková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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14
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Boortz KA, Syring KE, Lee RA, Dai C, Oeser JK, McGuinness OP, Wang JC, O'Brien RM. G6PC2 Modulates the Effects of Dexamethasone on Fasting Blood Glucose and Glucose Tolerance. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4133-4145. [PMID: 27653037 PMCID: PMC5086534 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 (G6PC2) gene encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit. G6PC2 forms a substrate cycle with glucokinase that determines the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion. Consequently, deletion of G6pc2 lowers fasting blood glucose (FBG) without affecting fasting plasma insulin. Although chronic elevation of FBG is detrimental to health, glucocorticoids induce G6PC2 expression, suggesting that G6PC2 evolved to transiently modulate FBG under conditions of glucocorticoid-related stress. We show, using competition and mutagenesis experiments, that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) induces G6PC2 promoter activity through a mechanism involving displacement of the islet-enriched transcription factor MafA by the glucocorticoid receptor. The induction of G6PC2 promoter activity by Dex is modulated by a single nucleotide polymorphism, previously linked to altered FBG in humans, that affects FOXA2 binding. A 5-day repeated injection paradigm was used to examine the chronic effect of Dex on FBG and glucose tolerance in wild-type (WT) and G6pc2 knockout mice. Acute Dex treatment only induces G6pc2 expression in 129SvEv but not C57BL/6J mice, but this chronic treatment induced G6pc2 expression in both. In 6-hour fasted C57BL/6J WT mice, Dex treatment lowered FBG and improved glucose tolerance, with G6pc2 deletion exacerbating the decrease in FBG and enhancing the improvement in glucose tolerance. In contrast, in 24-hour fasted C57BL/6J WT mice, Dex treatment raised FBG but still improved glucose tolerance, with G6pc2 deletion limiting the increase in FBG and enhancing the improvement in glucose tolerance. These observations demonstrate that G6pc2 modulates the complex effects of Dex on both FBG and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Boortz
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kristen E Syring
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Rebecca A Lee
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - James K Oeser
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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15
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Impact of Glucocorticoid Excess on Glucose Tolerance: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6030024. [PMID: 27527232 PMCID: PMC5041123 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that exert important physiological actions on metabolism. Given that GCs also exert potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, synthetic GCs such as prednisolone and dexamethasone were developed for the treatment of autoimmune- and inflammatory-related diseases. The synthetic GCs are undoubtedly efficient in terms of their therapeutic effects, but are accompanied by significant adverse effects on metabolism, specifically glucose metabolism. Glucose intolerance and reductions in insulin sensitivity are among the major concerns related to GC metabolic side effects, which may ultimately progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have aimed to understand the repercussions of GCs on glucose metabolism and the possible mechanisms of GC action. This review intends to summarize the main alterations that occur in liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets in the context of GC-induced glucose intolerance. For this, both experimental (animals) and clinical studies were selected and, whenever possible, the main cellular mechanisms involved in such GC-side effects were discussed.
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16
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Boortz KA, Syring KE, Dai C, Pound LD, Oeser JK, Jacobson DA, Wang JC, McGuinness OP, Powers AC, O'Brien RM. G6PC2 Modulates Fasting Blood Glucose In Male Mice in Response to Stress. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3002-8. [PMID: 27300767 PMCID: PMC4967123 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic 2 (G6PC2) gene is expressed specifically in pancreatic islet beta cells. Genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the G6PC2 gene are associated with variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) but not fasting plasma insulin. Molecular analyses examining the functional effects of these single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrate that elevated G6PC2 expression is associated with elevated FBG. Studies in mice complement these genome-wide association data and show that deletion of the G6pc2 gene lowers FBG without affecting fasting plasma insulin. This suggests that, together with glucokinase, G6PC2 forms a substrate cycle that determines the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion. Because genome-wide association studies and mouse studies demonstrate that elevated G6PC2 expression raises FBG and because chronically elevated FBG is detrimental to human health, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes, it is unclear why G6PC2 evolved. We show here that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone strongly induces human G6PC2 promoter activity and endogenous G6PC2 expression in isolated human islets. Acute treatment with dexamethasone selectively induces endogenous G6pc2 expression in 129SvEv but not C57BL/6J mouse pancreas and isolated islets. The difference is due to a single nucleotide polymorphism in the C57BL/6J G6pc2 promoter that abolishes glucocorticoid receptor binding. In 6-hour fasted, nonstressed 129SvEv mice, deletion of G6pc2 lowers FBG. In response to the stress of repeated physical restraint, which is associated with elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels, G6pc2 gene expression is induced and the difference in FBG between wild-type and knockout mice is enhanced. These data suggest that G6PC2 may have evolved to modulate FBG in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Boortz
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Kristen E Syring
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Lynley D Pound
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - James K Oeser
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - David A Jacobson
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
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Soto-Pina AE, Franklin C, Rani CSS, Gottlieb H, Hinojosa-Laborde C, Strong R. A Novel Model of Dexamethasone-Induced Hypertension: Use in Investigating the Role of Tyrosine Hydroxylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:528-36. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bönisch C, Irmler M, Brachthäuser L, Neff F, Bamberger MT, Marschall S, Hrabě de Angelis M, Beckers J. Dexamethasone treatment alters insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels in male mice as observed in DIO but does not lead to alterations of metabolic phenotypes in the offspring. Mamm Genome 2015; 27:17-28. [PMID: 26662513 PMCID: PMC4731435 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic inheritance (EI) of metabolic phenotypes via the paternal lineage has been shown in rodent models of diet-induced obesity (DIO). However, the factors involved in soma-to-germline information transfer remain elusive. Here, we address the role of alterations in insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels for EI of metabolic phenotypes by treating C57BL/6NTac male mice (F0) with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and generating offspring (F1) either by in vitro fertilization or by natural fecundation. Dexamethasone treatment slightly alters F0 body composition by increasing fat mass and decreasing lean mass, and significantly improves glucose tolerance. Moreover, it increases insulin and leptin levels and reduces adiponectin levels in F0 fathers as observed in mouse models of DIO. However, these paternal changes of metabolic hormones do not alter metabolic parameters, such as body weight, body composition and glucose homeostasis in male and female F1 mice even when these are challenged with a high-fat diet. Accordingly, sperm transcriptomes are not altered by dexamethasone treatment. Our results suggest that neither increased glucocorticoid, insulin, and leptin levels, nor decreased adiponectin levels in fathers are sufficient to confer soma-to-germline information transfer in EI of obesity via the paternal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Bönisch
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Brachthäuser
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mareike T Bamberger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susan Marschall
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Barbosa AM, Francisco PDC, Motta K, Chagas TR, Dos Santos C, Rafacho A, Nunes EA. Fish oil supplementation attenuates changes in plasma lipids caused by dexamethasone treatment in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:382-90. [PMID: 26939043 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid that may alter glucose and lipid homeostasis when administered in high doses or for long periods of time. Omega-3 fatty acids, present in fish oil (FO), can be used as potential modulators of intermediary glucose and lipid metabolism. Herein, we evaluate the effects of FO supplementation (1 g·kg(-1) body weight (BW)) on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats treated with dexamethasone (0.5 mg·kg(-1) BW) for 15 days. Adult male Wistar rats were distributed among 4 groups: control (saline, 1 mL·kg(-1) BW and mineral oil, 1 g·kg(-1) BW), DEX (dexamethasone and mineral oil), FO (fish oil and saline), and DFO (fish oil and dexamethasone). Dexamethasone and saline were administered intraperitoneally, and fish oil and mineral oil were administered by gavage. We evaluated functional and molecular parameters of lipid and glycemic profiles at 8 days and at the end of treatment. FO supplementation increased hepatic docosahexaenoic acid (DEX: 5.6% ± 0.7%; DFO: 10.5% ± 0.8%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (DEX: 0.3% ± 0.0%; DFO: 1.3% ± 0.1%) contents and attenuated the increase of plasma triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in DFO rats compared with DEX rats. These effects seem not to depend on hepatic expression of insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. There was no effect of supplementation on body weight loss, fasting glycemia, and glucose tolerance in rats treated with dexamethasone. In conclusion, we show that FO supplementation for 15 days attenuates the dyslipidemia induced by dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marreiro Barbosa
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,b Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Cássia Francisco
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Katia Motta
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thayz Rodrigues Chagas
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Dos Santos
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Everson Araújo Nunes
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,b Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Bowers DT, Botchwey EA, Brayman KL. Advances in Local Drug Release and Scaffolding Design to Enhance Cell Therapy for Diabetes. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2015; 21:491-503. [PMID: 26192271 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplant is a curative treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes. However, challenges, including poor tissue survival and a lack of efficient engraftment, must be overcome. An encapsulating or scaffolding material can act as a vehicle for agents carefully chosen for the islet transplant application. From open porous scaffolds to spherical capsules and conformal coatings, greater immune protection is often accompanied by greater distances to microvasculature. Generating a local oxygen supply from the implant material or encouraging vessel growth through the release of local factors can create an oxygenated engraftment site. Intricately related to the vascularization response, inflammatory interaction with the cell supporting implant is a long-standing hurdle to material-based islet transplant. Modulation of the immune responses to the islets as well as the material itself must be considered. To match the post-transplant complexity, the release rate can be tuned to orchestrate temporal responses. Material degradation properties can be utilized in passive approaches or external stimuli and biological cues in active approaches. A combination of multiple carefully chosen factors delivered in an agent-specialized manner is considered by this review to improve the long-term function of islets transplanted in scaffolding and encapsulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Bowers
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Edward A Botchwey
- 3 Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kenneth L Brayman
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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Rafacho A, Ortsäter H, Nadal A, Quesada I. Glucocorticoid treatment and endocrine pancreas function: implications for glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and diabetes. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:R49-62. [PMID: 25271217 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are broadly prescribed for numerous pathological conditions because of their anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and immunosuppressive effects, among other actions. Nevertheless, GCs can produce undesired diabetogenic side effects through interactions with the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Under conditions of excess and/or long-term treatment, GCs can induce peripheral insulin resistance (IR) by impairing insulin signalling, which results in reduced glucose disposal and augmented endogenous glucose production. In addition, GCs can promote abdominal obesity, elevate plasma fatty acids and triglycerides, and suppress osteocalcin synthesis in bone tissue. In response to GC-induced peripheral IR and in an attempt to maintain normoglycaemia, pancreatic β-cells undergo several morphofunctional adaptations that result in hyperinsulinaemia. Failure of β-cells to compensate for this situation favours glucose homeostasis disruption, which can result in hyperglycaemia, particularly in susceptible individuals. GC treatment does not only alter pancreatic β-cell function but also affect them by their actions that can lead to hyperglucagonaemia, further contributing to glucose homeostasis imbalance and hyperglycaemia. In addition, the release of other islet hormones, such as somatostatin, amylin and ghrelin, is also affected by GC administration. These undesired GC actions merit further consideration for the design of improved GC therapies without diabetogenic effects. In summary, in this review, we consider the implication of GC treatment on peripheral IR, islet function and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rafacho
- Department of Physiological SciencesCenter of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, BrazilDepartment of Clinical Science and EducationSödersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-11883 Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)Miguel Hernández University, University Avenue s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- Department of Physiological SciencesCenter of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, BrazilDepartment of Clinical Science and EducationSödersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-11883 Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)Miguel Hernández University, University Avenue s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Department of Physiological SciencesCenter of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, BrazilDepartment of Clinical Science and EducationSödersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-11883 Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)Miguel Hernández University, University Avenue s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Department of Physiological SciencesCenter of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, BrazilDepartment of Clinical Science and EducationSödersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-11883 Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)Miguel Hernández University, University Avenue s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
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Incretin response to a standard test meal in a rat model of sleeve gastrectomy with diet-induced obesity. Obes Surg 2014; 24:95-101. [PMID: 23934273 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. Gastroduodenal bypass surgery produces sustained weight loss and improves glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Previous studies have shown that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) produces similar results and implicate changes in incretin hormone release in these effects. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; lean control (lean), diet-induced obesity (DIO), DIO animals that had undergone SG (SG), and DIO animals that had undergone a sham operation (sham). RESULTS After a 2-week recovery period, the incretin response to a standard test meal was measured. Blood sampling was performed in free-moving rats at various time points using chronic vascular access to the right jugular vein. There was a significant increase in the bodyweight of DIO animals fed a high-fat/high-sugar diet compared with the lean animals, which was reversed by SG. DIO caused an impairment of the GLP-1 response to a standard test meal, but not the GIP response. SG resulted in a dramatic increase in the GLP-1 response to a standard test meal but had no effect on the GIP response. CONCLUSIONS A rapid rise in blood sugar was observed in the SG group following a standard test meal that was followed by reactive hypoglycemia. SG dramatically increases the GLP-1 response to a standard test meal but has no effect on GIP in a rat model of DIO.
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Rafacho A, Gonçalves-Neto LM, Santos-Silva JC, Alonso-Magdalena P, Merino B, Taboga SR, Carneiro EM, Boschero AC, Nadal A, Quesada I. Pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction contributes to the disruption of glucose homeostasis and compensatory insulin hypersecretion in glucocorticoid-treated rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93531. [PMID: 24705399 PMCID: PMC3976288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-based therapies can cause insulin resistance (IR), glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia and, occasionally, overt diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms behind these metabolic disorders could improve the management of glucose homeostasis in patients undergoing GC treatment. For this purpose, adult rats were treated with a daily injection of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) (DEX) or saline as a control for 5 consecutive days. The DEX rats developed IR, augmented glycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia. Treatment of the DEX rats with a glucagon receptor antagonist normalized their blood glucose level. The characteristic inhibitory effect of glucose on glucagon secretion was impaired in the islets of the DEX rats, while no direct effects were found on α-cells in islets that were incubated with DEX in vitro. A higher proportion of docked secretory granules was found in the DEX α-cells as well as a trend towards increased α-cell mass. Additionally, insulin secretion in the presence of glucagon was augmented in the islets of the DEX rats, which was most likely due to their higher glucagon receptor content. We also found that the enzyme 11βHSD-1, which participates in GC metabolism, contributed to the insulin hypersecretion in the DEX rats under basal glucose conditions. Altogether, we showed that GC treatment induces hyperglucagonemia, which contributes to an imbalance in glucose homeostasis and compensatory β-cell hypersecretion. This hyperglucagonemia may result from altered α-cell function and, likely, α-cell mass. Additionally, blockage of the glucagon receptor seems to be effective in preventing the elevation in blood glucose levels induced by GC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rafacho
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AR); (IQ)
| | - Luiz M. Gonçalves-Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Junia C. Santos-Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Sebastião R. Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Everardo M. Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Angel Nadal
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- * E-mail: (AR); (IQ)
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