1
|
Gravot A, Liégard B, Quadrana L, Veillet F, Aigu Y, Bargain T, Bénéjam J, Lariagon C, Lemoine J, Colot V, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Jubault M. Two adjacent NLR genes conferring quantitative resistance to clubroot disease in Arabidopsis are regulated by a stably inherited epiallelic variation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100824. [PMID: 38268192 PMCID: PMC11121752 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Clubroot caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a major disease affecting cultivated Brassicaceae. Using a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) fine mapping, CRISPR-Cas9 validation, and extensive analyses of DNA sequence and methylation patterns, we revealed that the two adjacent neighboring NLR (nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat) genes AT5G47260 and AT5G47280 cooperate in controlling broad-spectrum quantitative partial resistance to the root pathogen P. brassicae in Arabidopsis and that they are epigenetically regulated. The variation in DNA methylation is not associated with any nucleotide variation or any transposable element presence/absence variants and is stably inherited. Variations in DNA methylation at the Pb-At5.2 QTL are widespread across Arabidopsis accessions and correlate negatively with variations in expression of the two genes. Our study demonstrates that natural, stable, and transgenerationally inherited epigenetic variations can play an important role in shaping resistance to plant pathogens by modulating the expression of immune receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gravot
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Benjamin Liégard
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Veillet
- IGEPP INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, 29260 Ploudaniel, France
| | - Yoann Aigu
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Tristan Bargain
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Juliette Bénéjam
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Jocelyne Lemoine
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Vincent Colot
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Mélanie Jubault
- IGEPP Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650 Le Rheu, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ni J, Dong Z, Qiao F, Zhou W, Cao A, Xing L. Phylogenetic Analysis of Wall-Associated Kinase Genes in Triticum Species and Characterization of TaWAK7 Involved in Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1223-1235. [PMID: 37923976 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1090-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs), a group of receptor-like kinases, have been found to play important roles in defending against pathogens and in various developmental processes. However, the importance of this family in wheat remains largely unknown. Wheat powdery mildew is caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), which initiates infection on the cell surface and forms haustoria inside the cell; therefore, the defense to Bgt involves extracellular and subsequently intracellular signals. In this study, WAKs were identified genome-wide and analyzed phylogenetically, and then a transmembrane WAK gene that putatively participated in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to Bgt was functionally and evolutionarily investigated. In total, 1,193 WAKs were identified from wheat and its Gramineae relatives. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that WAKs expanded through tandem duplication or segment duplication. TaWAK7, from chromosome 2A, was identified as a Bgt-inducible gene both in susceptible and resistant materials, but it showed distinct responsive patterns. Functional analysis showed that TaWAK7 was involved in both the basal and resistance gene-mediated resistances. The specific gene structures and protein characteristics of TaWAK7, along with its orthologs, were characterized both in subgenomes of Triticum spp. and in the A genome of multiple wheat accessions, which revealed that TaWAK7 orthologs underwent complex evolution with frequent gene fusion and domain deletion. In addition, three cytoplasmic proteins interacting with TaWAK7 were indicated by yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Binding of TaWAK7 with these proteins could change its subcellular localization from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. This study provides a better understanding of the evolution of WAKs at the genomic level and TaWAK7 at the gene level and provides useful clues for further investigation of how WAKs transmit the extracellular signals to the cytoplasm to activate defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Ni
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenjie Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangyuan Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weihao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aizhong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Liping Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Matthew A, Wang D, Zheng H, Fu Z. A novel recognition-transmission-execution module in maize immunity. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00302-5. [PMID: 38693016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ashline Matthew
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208, USA
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhengqing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsai MC, Barati MT, Kuppireddy VS, Beckerson WC, Long G, Perlin MH. Characterization of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae Secreted Effector Proteins, Their Potential Host Targets, and Localization in a Heterologous Host Plant. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:262. [PMID: 38667933 PMCID: PMC11051474 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae is an obligate fungal species colonizing the plant host, Silene latifolia. The fungus synthesizes and secretes effector proteins into the plant host during infection to manipulate the host for completion of the fungal lifecycle. The goal of this study was to continue functional characterization of such M. lychnidis-dioicae effectors. Here, we identified three putative effectors and their putative host-plant target proteins. MVLG_02245 is highly upregulated in M. lychnidis-dioicae during infection; yeast two-hybrid analysis suggests it targets a tubulin α-1 chain protein ortholog in the host, Silene latifolia. A potential plant protein interacting with MVLG_06175 was identified as CASP-like protein 2C1 (CASPL2C1), which facilitates the polymerization of the Casparian strip at the endodermal cells. Proteins interacting with MVLG_05122 were identified as CSN5a or 5b, involved in protein turnover. Fluorescently labelled MVLG_06175 and MVLG_05122 were expressed in the heterologous plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. MVLG_06175 formed clustered granules at the tips of trichomes on leaves and in root caps, while MVLG_05122 formed a band structure at the base of leaf trichomes. Plants expressing MVLG_05122 alone were more resistant to infection with Fusarium oxysporum. These results indicate that the fungus might affect the formation of the Casparian strip in the roots and the development of trichomes during infection as well as alter plant innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.-C.T.); (V.S.K.);
| | - Michelle T. Barati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Venkata S. Kuppireddy
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.-C.T.); (V.S.K.);
| | - William C. Beckerson
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.-C.T.); (V.S.K.);
| | - Grace Long
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.-C.T.); (V.S.K.);
| | - Michael H. Perlin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (M.-C.T.); (V.S.K.);
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Noel K, Wolf IR, Hughes D, Valente GT, Qi A, Huang YJ, Fitt BDL, Stotz HU. Transcriptomics of temperature-sensitive R gene-mediated resistance identifies a WAKL10 protein interaction network. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5023. [PMID: 38424101 PMCID: PMC10904819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding temperature-sensitivity of R gene-mediated resistance against apoplastic pathogens is important for sustainable food production in the face of global warming. Here, we show that resistance of Brassica napus cotyledons against Leptosphaeria maculans was temperature-sensitive in introgression line Topas-Rlm7 but temperature-resilient in Topas-Rlm4. A set of 1,646 host genes was differentially expressed in Topas-Rlm4 and Topas-Rlm7 in response to temperature. Amongst these were three WAKL10 genes, including BnaA07g20220D, representing the temperature-sensitive Rlm7-1 allele and Rlm4. Network analysis identified a WAKL10 protein interaction cluster specifically for Topas-Rlm7 at 25 °C. Diffusion analysis of the Topas-Rlm4 network identified WRKY22 as a putative regulatory target of the ESCRT-III complex-associated protein VPS60.1, which belongs to the WAKL10 protein interaction community. Combined enrichment analysis of gene ontology terms considering gene expression and network data linked vesicle-mediated transport to defence. Thus, dysregulation of effector-triggered defence in Topas-Rlm7 disrupts vesicle-associated resistance against the apoplastic pathogen L. maculans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Noel
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
- LS Plant Breeding, North Barn, Manor Farm, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB24 9NG, UK.
| | - Ivan R Wolf
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - David Hughes
- Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Guilherme T Valente
- School of Medicine, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botocatu, SP, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Aiming Qi
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Yong-Ju Huang
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Bruce D L Fitt
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Henrik U Stotz
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhong T, Zhu M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Deng S, Guo C, Xu L, Liu T, Li Y, Bi Y, Fan X, Balint-Kurti P, Xu M. The ZmWAKL-ZmWIK-ZmBLK1-ZmRBOH4 module provides quantitative resistance to gray leaf spot in maize. Nat Genet 2024; 56:315-326. [PMID: 38238629 PMCID: PMC10864183 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungal pathogens Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina, is a major foliar disease of maize worldwide (Zea mays L.). Here we demonstrate that ZmWAKL encoding cell-wall-associated receptor kinase-like protein is the causative gene at the major quantitative disease resistance locus against GLS. The ZmWAKLY protein, encoded by the resistance allele, can self-associate and interact with a leucine-rich repeat immune-related kinase ZmWIK on the plasma membrane. The ZmWAKLY/ZmWIK receptor complex interacts with and phosphorylates the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) ZmBLK1, which in turn phosphorylates its downstream NADPH oxidase ZmRBOH4. Upon pathogen infection, ZmWAKLY phosphorylation activity is transiently increased, initiating immune signaling from ZmWAKLY, ZmWIK, ZmBLK1 to ZmRBOH4, ultimately triggering a reactive oxygen species burst. Our study thus uncovers the role of the maize ZmWAKL-ZmWIK-ZmBLK1-ZmRBOH4 receptor/signaling/executor module in perceiving the pathogen invasion, transducing immune signals, activating defense responses and conferring increased resistance to GLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Suining Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chenyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Baoshan Institute of Agricultural Science, Baoshan, P.R. China
| | - Yancong Li
- Baoshan Institute of Agricultural Science, Baoshan, P.R. China
| | - Yaqi Bi
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh NC and Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cloutier S, Edwards T, Zheng C, Booker HM, Islam T, Nabetani K, Kutcher HR, Molina O, You FM. Fine-mapping of a major locus for Fusarium wilt resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:27. [PMID: 38245903 PMCID: PMC10800302 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Fine-mapping of a locus on chromosome 1 of flax identified an S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) as the most likely candidate for a major Fusarium wilt resistance gene. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, is a devastating disease in flax. Genetic resistance can counteract this disease and limit its spread. To map major genes for Fusarium wilt resistance, a recombinant inbred line population of more than 700 individuals derived from a cross between resistant cultivar 'Bison' and susceptible cultivar 'Novelty' was phenotyped in Fusarium wilt nurseries at two sites for two and three years, respectively. The population was genotyped with 4487 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four QTLs were identified with IciMapping, 18 quantitative trait nucleotides with 3VmrMLM and 108 linkage disequilibrium blocks with RTM-GWAS. All models identified a major QTL on chromosome 1 that explained 20-48% of the genetic variance for Fusarium wilt resistance. The locus was estimated to span ~ 867 Kb but included a ~ 400 Kb unresolved region. Whole-genome sequencing of 'CDC Bethune', 'Bison' and 'Novelty' produced ~ 450 Kb continuous sequences of the locus. Annotation revealed 110 genes, of which six were considered candidate genes. Fine-mapping with 12 SNPs and 15 Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers narrowed down the interval to ~ 69 Kb, which comprised the candidate genes Lus10025882 and Lus10025891. The latter, a G-type S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) is the most likely resistance gene because it is the only polymorphic one. In addition, Fusarium wilt resistance genes previously isolated in tomato and Arabidopsis belonged to the SRLK class. The robust KASP markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding to select for this major Fusarium wilt resistance locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - T Edwards
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - C Zheng
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - H M Booker
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T Islam
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - K Nabetani
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H R Kutcher
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - O Molina
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - F M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aalders TR, de Sain M, Gawehns F, Oudejans N, Jak YD, Dekker HL, Rep M, van den Burg HA, Takken FL. Specific members of the TOPLESS family are susceptibility genes for Fusarium wilt in tomato and Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:248-261. [PMID: 37822043 PMCID: PMC10754003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum are a major threat to many agriculturally important crops. Genetic resistance is rare and inevitably overcome by the emergence of new races. To identify potentially durable and non-race-specific genetic resistance against Fusarium wilt diseases, we set out to identify effector targets in tomato that mediate susceptibility to the fungus. For this purpose, we used the SIX8 effector protein, an important and conserved virulence factor present in many pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. Using protein pull-downs and yeast two-hybrid assays, SIX8 was found to interact specifically with two members of the tomato TOPLESS family: TPL1 and TPL2. Loss-of-function mutations in TPL1 strongly reduced disease susceptibility to Fusarium wilt and a tpl1;tpl2 double mutant exerted an even higher level of resistance. Similarly, Arabidopsis tpl;tpr1 mutants became significantly less diseased upon F. oxysporum inoculation as compared to wildtype plants. We conclude that TPLs encode susceptibility genes whose mutation can confer resistance to F. oxysporum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Aalders
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mara de Sain
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Nina Oudejans
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Yoran D. Jak
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Henk L. Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of BiomoleculesSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sirangelo TM, Ludlow RA, Spadafora ND. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Potential Pathogen Resistance in Cannabis sativa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2764. [PMID: 37570918 PMCID: PMC10420965 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops, valued for producing a broad spectrum of compounds used in medicinal products and being a source of food and fibre. Despite the availability of its genome sequences, few studies explore the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen defense, and the underlying biological pathways are poorly defined in places. Here, we provide an overview of Cannabis defence responses against common pathogens, such as Golovinomyces spp., Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea and Pythium spp. For each of these pathogens, after a summary of their characteristics and symptoms, we explore studies identifying genes involved in Cannabis resistance mechanisms. Many studies focus on the potential involvement of disease-resistance genes, while others refer to other plants however whose results may be of use for Cannabis research. Omics investigations allowing the identification of candidate defence genes are highlighted, and genome editing approaches to generate resistant Cannabis species based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology are discussed. According to the emerging results, a potential defence model including both immune and defence mechanisms in Cannabis plant-pathogen interactions is finally proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first review of the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen resistance in Cannabis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana M. Sirangelo
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development-Division Biotechnologies and Agroindustry, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Richard A. Ludlow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Natasha D. Spadafora
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Joshi A, Song HG, Yang SY, Lee JH. Integrated Molecular and Bioinformatics Approaches for Disease-Related Genes in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2454. [PMID: 37447014 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern plant pathology relies on bioinformatics approaches to create novel plant disease diagnostic tools. In recent years, a significant amount of biological data has been generated due to rapid developments in genomics and molecular biology techniques. The progress in the sequencing of agriculturally important crops has made it possible to develop a better understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and plant resistance. The availability of host-pathogen genome data offers effective assistance in retrieving, annotating, analyzing, and identifying the functional aspects for characterization at the gene and genome levels. Physical mapping facilitates the identification and isolation of several candidate resistance (R) genes from diverse plant species. A large number of genetic variations, such as disease-causing mutations in the genome, have been identified and characterized using bioinformatics tools, and these desirable mutations were exploited to develop disease resistance. Moreover, crop genome editing tools, namely the CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated) system, offer novel and efficient strategies for developing durable resistance. This review paper describes some aspects concerning the databases, tools, and techniques used to characterize resistance (R) genes for plant disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Joshi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture Technology & Agri-Informatics, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut 250110, India
| | - Hyung-Geun Song
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Ma Y, Chen M, Da L, Su Z, Zhang Z, Liu X. Comparative genomics analysis of WAK/WAKL family in Rosaceae identify candidate WAKs involved in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:337. [PMID: 37337162 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wall associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like (WAKL) are typical pattern recognition receptors act as the first sentry of plant defense. But little of WAK/WAKL family is known in Rosaceae. RESULTS In this study, 131 WAK/WAKL genes from apple, peach and strawberry were identified using a bioinformatics approach. Together with 68 RcWAK/RcWAKL in rose, we performed a comparative analysis of 199 WAK/WAKL in four Rosaceae crops. The phylogenetic analysis divided all the WAK/WAKL into five clades. Among them, the cis-elements of Clade II and Clade V promoters were enriched in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and abiotic stress, respectively. And this can also be verified by the rose transcriptome responding to different hormone treatments. WAK/WAKL families have experienced a considerable proportion of purifying selection during evolution, but still 26 amino acid sites evolved under positive selection, which focused on extracellular conserved domains. WAK/WAKL genes presented collinearity relationship within and between crops, throughout four crops we mined four orthologous groups (OGs). The WAK/WAKL genes in OG1 and OG4 were speculated to involve in plant-Botrytis cinerea interaction, which were validated in rose via VIGS as well as strawberry by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results not only provide genetic resources and valuable information for the evolutionary relationship of WAK/WAKL gene family, but also offer a reference for future in-depth studies of Rosaceae WAK/WAKL genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Da
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huerta AI, Sancho-Andrés G, Montesinos JC, Silva-Navas J, Bassard S, Pau-Roblot C, Kesten C, Schlechter R, Dora S, Ayupov T, Pelloux J, Santiago J, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. The WAK-like protein RFO1 acts as a sensor of the pectin methylation status in Arabidopsis cell walls to modulate root growth and defense. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:865-881. [PMID: 37002606 PMCID: PMC10168605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms adjust their development according to the environmental conditions. For the majority, this implies the sensing of alterations to cell walls caused by different cues. Despite the relevance of this process, few molecular players involved in cell wall sensing are known and characterized. Here, we show that the wall-associated kinase-like protein RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM 1 (RFO1) is required for plant growth and early defense against Fusarium oxysporum and functions by sensing changes in the pectin methylation levels in the cell wall. The RFO1 dwell time at the plasma membrane is affected by the pectin methylation status at the cell wall, regulating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE and gene expression. We show that the extracellular domain of RFO1 binds de-methylated pectin in vitro, whose distribution in the cell wall is altered during F. oxysporum infection. Further analyses also indicate that RFO1 is required for the BR-dependent plant growth alteration in response to inhibition of pectin de-methyl-esterase activity at the cell wall. Collectively, our work demonstrates that RFO1 is a sensor of the pectin methylation status that plays a unique dual role in plant growth and defense against vascular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apolonio I Huerta
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Javier Silva-Navas
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Kesten
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Schlechter
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Temurkhan Ayupov
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Julia Santiago
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kong W, Shi J, Yang B, Yu S, Zhao P, Guo Z, Zhu H. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Wall-Associated Kinase ( WAK) Genes in Medicago truncatula and Functional Characterization of MtWAK24 in Response to Pathogen Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091849. [PMID: 37176907 PMCID: PMC10180995 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The wall-associated kinases (WAKs) can perceive and transmit extracellular signals as one kind of unique receptor-like kinases (RLKs) involved in the regulation of cell expansion, pathogen resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. To understand their potential roles and screen some key candidates in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula), genome-wide identification and characterization of MtWAKs were conducted in this study. A total of 54 MtWAK genes were identified and classified into four groups based on their protein domains. They were distributed on all chromosomes, while most of them were clustered on chromosome 1 and 3. The synteny analysis showed that 11 orthologous pairs were identified between M. truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) and 31 pairs between M. truncatula and Glycine max (G. max). The phylogenetic analysis showed that WAK-RLKs were classified into five clades, and they exhibited a species-specific expansion. Most MtWAK-RLKs had similar exon-intron organization and motif distribution. Multiple cis-acting elements responsive to phytohormones, stresses, growth and development were observed in the promoter regions of MtWAK-RLKs. In addition, the expression patterns of MtWAK-RLKs varied with different plant tissues, developmental stages and biotic and abiotic stresses. Interestingly, plasm membrane localized MtWAK24 significantly inhibited Phytophthora infection in tobacco. The study provides valuable information for characterizing the molecular functions of MtWAKs in regulation of plant growth, development and stress tolerance in legume plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Kong
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jia Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuhan Yu
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Patnaik A, Kumar A, Behera A, Mishra G, Dehery SK, Panigrahy M, Das AB, Panigrahi KCS. GIGANTEA supresses wilt disease resistance by down-regulating the jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1091644. [PMID: 36968378 PMCID: PMC10034405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1091644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
GIGANTEA (GI) is a plant-specific nuclear protein that plays a pleiotropic role in the growth and development of plants. GI's involvement in circadian clock function, flowering time regulation, and various types of abiotic stress tolerance has been well documented in recent years. Here, the role of GI in response to Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) infection is investigated at the molecular level comparing Col-0 WT with the gi-100 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana. Disease progression, photosynthetic parameters, and comparative anatomy confirmed that the spread and damage caused by pathogen infection were less severe in gi-100 than in Col-0 WT plants. F. oxysporum infection induces a remarkable accumulation of GI protein. Our report showed that it is not involved in flowering time regulation during F. oxysporum infection. Estimation of defense hormone after infection showed that jasmonic acid (JA) level is higher and salicylic acid (SA) level is lower in gi-100 compared to Col-0 WT. Here, we show that the relative transcript expression of CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) and PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 (PDF1.2) as a marker of the JA pathway is significantly higher while ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1) and NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1), the markers of the SA pathway, are downregulated in the gi-100 mutants compared to Col-0 plants. The present study convincingly suggests that the GI module promotes susceptibility to F. oxysporum infection by inducing the SA pathway and inhibiting JA signaling in A. thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Patnaik
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Anshuman Behera
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Gayatri Mishra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
| | - Subrat Kumar Dehery
- Department of Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Panigrahy
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Anath Bandhu Das
- Department of Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kishore C. S. Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Novel Wall-Associated Kinase TaWAK-5D600 Positively Participates in Defense against Sharp Eyespot and Fusarium Crown Rot in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055060. [PMID: 36902488 PMCID: PMC10003040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sharp eyespot and Fusarium crown rot, mainly caused by soil-borne fungi Rhizoctonia cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearum, are destructive diseases of major cereal crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum). However, the mechanisms underlying wheat-resistant responses to the two pathogens are largely elusive. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of wall-associated kinase (WAK) family in wheat. As a result, a total of 140 TaWAK (not TaWAKL) candidate genes were identified from the wheat genome, each of which contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a galacturonan binding domain, an EGF-like domain, a calcium binding EGF domain (EGF-Ca), a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular Serine/Threonine protein kinase domain. By analyzing the RNA-sequencing data of wheat inoculated with R. cerealis and F. pseudograminearum, we found that transcript abundance of TaWAK-5D600 (TraesCS5D02G268600) on chromosome 5D was significantly upregulated, and that its upregulated transcript levels in response to both pathogens were higher compared with other TaWAK genes. Importantly, knock-down of TaWAK-5D600 transcript impaired wheat resistance against the fungal pathogens R. cerealis and F. pseudograminearum, and significantly repressed expression of defense-related genes in wheat, TaSERK1, TaMPK3, TaPR1, TaChitinase3, and TaChitinase4. Thus, this study proposes TaWAK-5D600 as a promising gene for improving wheat broad resistance to sharp eyespot and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) in wheat.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mourou M, Raimondo ML, Lops F, Carlucci A. Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1033. [PMID: 36903895 PMCID: PMC10005080 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants cover a large number of species with great economic and nutritional importance around the world. The production of Brassica spp. is limited due to phytopathogenic fungal species causing enormous yield losses. In this scenario, precise and rapid detection and identification of plant-infecting fungi are essential to facilitate the effective management of diseases. DNA-based molecular methods have become popular methods for accurate plant disease diagnostics and have been used to detect Brassicaceae fungal pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays including nested, multiplex, quantitative post, and isothermal amplification methods represent a powerful weapon for early detection of fungal pathogens and preventively counteract diseases on brassicas with the aim to drastically reduce the fungicides as inputs. It is noteworthy also that Brassicaceae plants can establish a wide variety of relationships with fungi, ranging from harmful interactions with pathogens to beneficial associations with endophytic fungi. Thus, understanding host and pathogen interaction in brassica crops prompts better disease management. The present review reports the main fungal diseases of Brassicaceae, molecular methods used for their detection, review studies on the interaction between fungi and brassicas plants, and the various mechanisms involved including the application of omics technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mourou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonia Carlucci
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gou M, Balint-Kurti P, Xu M, Yang Q. Quantitative disease resistance: Multifaceted players in plant defense. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:594-610. [PMID: 36448658 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to large-effect qualitative disease resistance, quantitative disease resistance (QDR) exhibits partial and generally durable resistance and has been extensively utilized in crop breeding. The molecular mechanisms underlying QDR remain largely unknown but considerable progress has been made in this area in recent years. In this review, we summarize the genes that have been associated with plant QDR and their biological functions. Many QDR genes belong to the canonical resistance gene categories with predicted functions in pathogen perception, signal transduction, phytohormone homeostasis, metabolite transport and biosynthesis, and epigenetic regulation. However, other "atypical" QDR genes are predicted to be involved in processes that are not commonly associated with disease resistance, such as vesicle trafficking, molecular chaperones, and others. This diversity of function for QDR genes contrasts with qualitative resistance, which is often based on the actions of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) resistance proteins. An understanding of the diversity of QDR mechanisms and of which mechanisms are effective against which classes of pathogens will enable the more effective deployment of QDR to produce more durably resistant, resilient crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Maize Biology and Genetic Breeding in Arid Area of Northwest Region of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen S, Cui L, Wang X. A plant cell wall-associated kinase encoding gene is dramatically downregulated during nematode infection of potato. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2004026. [PMID: 34965851 PMCID: PMC8928814 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2004026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs) have been increasingly recognized as important regulators of plant immunity against various plant pathogens. However, the role of the WAK/WAKL family in plant-nematode interactions remains to be determined. Here, we analyzed a WAK-encoding gene (Soltu.DM.02G029720.1) from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The Soltu.DM.02G029720.1 encoded protein contains domains characteristic of WAK/WAKL proteins and shows the highest similarity to SlWAKL2 from tomato (S. lycopersicum). We thus named the gene as StWAKL2. Phylogenetic analysis of a wide range of plant WAKs/WAKLs further revealed close similarity of StWAKL2 to three WAK/WAKL proteins demonstrated to play a role in disease resistance. To gain insights into the potential regulation and function of StWAKL2, transgenic potato lines containing the StWAKL2 promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were generated and used to investigate StWAKL2 expression during plant development and upon nematode infection. Histochemical analyses revealed that StWAKL2 has specific expression patterns in potato leaf and root tissues. During nematode infection, GUS activity was mostly undetected at nematode infection sites over the course of nematode parasitism, although strong GUS activity was observed in root tissues adjacent to the infection region. Furthermore, mining of the transcriptomic data derived from cyst nematode infection of Arabidopsis roots identified a few WAK/WAKL genes, including a StWAKL2 homologue, found to be significantly down-regulated in nematode-induced feeding sites. These results indicated that specific suppression of WAK/WAKL genes in nematode-induced feeding sites might be crucial for cyst nematodes to achieve successful infection of host plants. Further studies are needed to uncover the role of WAK/WAKL genes in plant defenses against nematode infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Chen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lili Cui
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA
- CONTACT Xiaohong Wang School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zuo N, Bai WZ, Wei WQ, Yuan TL, Zhang D, Wang YZ, Tang WH. Fungal CFEM effectors negatively regulate a maize wall-associated kinase by interacting with its alternatively spliced variant to dampen resistance. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111877. [PMID: 36577386 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium graminearum causes a devastating disease Gibberella stalk rot of maize. Our knowledge of molecular interactions between F. graminearum effectors and maize immunity factors is lacking. Here, we show that a group of cysteine-rich common in fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) domain proteins of F. graminearum are required for full virulence in maize stalk infection and that they interact with two secreted maize proteins, ZmLRR5 and ZmWAK17ET. ZmWAK17ET is an alternative splicing isoform of a wall-associated kinase ZmWAK17. Both ZmLRR5 and ZmWAK17ET interact with the extracellular domain of ZmWAK17. Transgenic maize overexpressing ZmWAK17 shows increased resistance to F. graminearum, while ZmWAK17 mutants exhibit enhanced susceptibility to F. graminearum. Transient expression of ZmWAK17 in Nicotiana benthamiana triggers hypersensitive cell death, whereas co-expression of CFEMs with ZmWAK17ET or ZmLRR5 suppresses the ZmWAK17-triggered cell death. Our results show that ZmWAK17 mediates stalk rot resistance and that F. graminearum delivers apoplastic CFEMs to compromise ZmWAK17-mediated resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zuo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wan-Qian Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting-Lu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Zhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ishida K, Noutoshi Y. The function of the plant cell wall in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:273-284. [PMID: 36279746 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an interface of plant-microbe interactions. The ability of microbes to decompose cell wall polysaccharides contributes to microbial pathogenicity. Plants have evolved mechanisms to prevent cell wall degradation. However, the role of the cell wall in plant-microbe interactions is not well understood. Here, we discuss four functions of the plant cell wall-physical defence, storage of antimicrobial compounds, production of cell wall-derived elicitors, and provision of carbon sources-in the context of plant-microbe interactions. In addition, we discuss the four families of cell surface receptors associated with plant cell walls (malectin-like receptor kinase family, wall-associated kinase family, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family, and lysin motif receptor-like kinase family) that have been the subject of several important studies in recent years. This review summarises the findings on both plant cell wall and plant immunity, improving our understanding and may provide impetus to various researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cantila AY, Thomas WJW, Bayer PE, Edwards D, Batley J. Predicting Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Radish, Underutilised Oilseeds, and Wild Brassicaceae Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3010. [PMID: 36432742 PMCID: PMC9693284 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae crops, including Brassica, Camelina and Raphanus species, are among the most economically important crops globally; however, their production is affected by several diseases. To predict cloned disease resistance (R) gene homologs (CDRHs), we used the protein sequences of 49 cloned R genes against fungal and bacterial diseases in Brassicaceae species. In this study, using 20 Brassicaceae genomes (17 wild and 3 domesticated species), 3172 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (2062 nucleotide binding-site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), 497 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 613 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) were identified. CDRH clusters were also observed in Arabis alpina, Camelina sativa and Cardamine hirsuta with assigned chromosomes, consisting of 62 homogeneous (38 NLR, 17 RLK and 7 RLP clusters) and 10 heterogeneous RGA clusters. This study highlights the prevalence of CDRHs in the wild relatives of the Brassicaceae family, which may lay the foundation for rapid identification of functional genes and genomics-assisted breeding to develop improved disease-resistant Brassicaceae crop cultivars.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang L, Calabria J, Chen HW, Somssich M. The Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 pathosystem: an overview. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6052-6067. [PMID: 35709954 PMCID: PMC9578349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen of several major food crops. Research on understanding the molecular details of fungal infection and the plant's defense mechanisms against this pathogen has long focused mainly on the tomato-infecting F. oxysporum strains and their specific host plant. However, in recent years, the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 (Fo5176) pathosystem has additionally been established to study this plant-pathogen interaction with all the molecular biology, genetic, and genomic tools available for the A. thaliana model system. Work on this system has since produced several new insights, especially with regards to the role of phytohormones involved in the plant's defense response, and the receptor proteins and peptide ligands involved in pathogen detection. Furthermore, work with the pathogenic strain Fo5176 and the related endophytic strain Fo47 has demonstrated the suitability of this system for comparative studies of the plant's specific responses to general microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this review, we highlight the advantages of this specific pathosystem, summarize the advances made in studying the molecular details of this plant-fungus interaction, and point out open questions that remain to be answered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sipahi H, Whyte TD, Ma G, Berkowitz G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Wall-Associated Kinase (WAK) Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2703. [PMID: 36297727 PMCID: PMC9609219 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are receptors that bind pectin or small pectic fragments in the cell wall and play roles in cell elongation and pathogen response. In the Cannabis sativa (Cs) genome, 53 CsWAK/CsWAKL (WAK-like) protein family members were identified and characterized; their amino acid lengths and molecular weights varied from 582 to 983, and from 65.6 to 108.8 kDa, respectively. They were classified into four main groups by a phylogenetic tree. Out of the 53 identified CsWAK/CsWAKL genes, 23 CsWAK/CsWAKL genes were unevenly distributed among six chromosomes. Two pairs of genes on chromosomes 4 and 7 have undergone duplication. The number of introns and exons among CsWAK/CsWAKL genes ranged from 1 to 6 and from 2 to 7, respectively. The promoter regions of 23 CsWAKs/CsWAKLs possessed diverse cis-regulatory elements that are involved in light, development, environmental stress, and hormone responsiveness. The expression profiles indicated that our candidate genes (CsWAK1, CsWAK4, CsWAK7, CsWAKL1, and CsWAKL7) are expressed in leaf tissue. These genes exhibit different expression patterns than their homologs in other plant species. These initial findings are useful resources for further research work on the potential roles of CsWAK/CsWAKL in cellular signalling during development, environmental stress conditions, and hormone treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Sipahi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Eskişehir 26160, Türkiye
| | - Terik Djabeng Whyte
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Eskişehir 26160, Türkiye
| | - Gang Ma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Gerald Berkowitz
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liao CJ, Hailemariam S, Sharon A, Mengiste T. Pathogenic strategies and immune mechanisms to necrotrophs: Differences and similarities to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102291. [PMID: 36063637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying specialized and generic virulence strategies that are countered by intricate resistance mechanisms. The significant challenges that necrotrophs pose to crop production are predicted to increase with climate change. Immunity to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs is dominated by intracellular receptors that recognize specific effectors and activate resistance. These mechanisms play only minor roles in resistance to necrotrophs. Pathogen- or host-derived conserved pattern molecules trigger immune responses that broadly contribute to plant immunity. However, certain pathogen or host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by the virulence activities of necrotrophs. Different plant hormones modulate systemic resistance and cell death that have differential impacts on resistance to pathogens of different lifestyles. Knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to resistance to necrotrophs has expanded. Besides toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes that dominate the pathogenesis of necrotrophs, other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kudjordjie EN, Hooshmand K, Sapkota R, Darbani B, Fomsgaard IS, Nicolaisen M. Fusarium oxysporum Disrupts Microbiome-Metabolome Networks in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0122622. [PMID: 35766498 PMCID: PMC9430778 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01226-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the plant host metabolome drives distinct enrichment of detrimental and beneficial members of the microbiome, the mechanistic interomics relationships remain poorly understood. Here, we studied microbiome and metabolome profiles of two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions after Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. mathioli (FOM) inoculation, Landsberg erecta (Ler-0) being susceptible and Col-0 being resistant against FOM. By using bacterial and fungal amplicon sequencing and targeted metabolite analysis, we observed highly dynamic microbiome and metabolome profiles across FOM host progression, while being markedly different between FOM-inoculated and noninoculated Col-0 and Ler-0. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed more robust microbial networks in the resistant Col-0 compared to Ler-0 during FOM infection. Correlation analysis revealed distinct metabolite-OTU correlations in Ler-0 compared with Col-0 which could possibly be explained by missense variants of the Rfo3 and Rlp2 genes in Ler-0. Remarkably, we observed positive correlations in Ler-0 between most of the analyzed metabolites and the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, and negative correlations with Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi. The glucosinolates 4-methyoxyglucobrassicin, glucoerucin and indole-3 carbinol, but also phenolic compounds were strongly correlating with the relative abundances of indicator and hub OTUs and thus could be active in structuring the A. thaliana root-associated microbiome. Our results highlight interactive effects of host plant defense and root-associated microbiota on Fusarium infection and progression. Our findings provide significant insights into plant interomic dynamics during pathogen invasion and could possibly facilitate future exploitation of microbiomes for plant disease control. IMPORTANCE Plant health and fitness are determined by plant-microbe interactions which are guided by host-synthesized metabolites. To understand the orchestration of this interaction, we analyzed the distinct interomic dynamics in resistant and susceptible Arabidopsis ecotypes across different time points after infection with Fusarium oxysporum (FOM). Our results revealed distinct microbial profiles and network resilience during FOM infection in the resistant Col-0 compared with the susceptible Ler-0 and further pinpointed specific microbe-metabolite associations in the Arabidopsis microbiome. These findings provide significant insights into plant interomics dynamics that are likely affecting fungal pathogen invasion and could possibly facilitate future exploitation of microbiomes for plant disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Behrooz Darbani
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S. Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xia X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang L, An Q, Tu Q, Wu L, Jiang P, Zhang P, Yu L, Li G, He Y. Characterization of the WAK Gene Family Reveals Genes for FHB Resistance in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137157. [PMID: 35806165 PMCID: PMC9266398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are important receptor-like proteins that play major roles in plant defense against pathogens. Fusarium head blight (FHB), one of the most widespread and devastating crop diseases, reduces wheat yield and leads to quality deterioration. Although WAK gene families have been studied in many plants, systematic research on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its role in FHB resistance, in particular, is lacking. In this study, we identified and characterized 320 genes of the TaWAK family in wheat distributed across all chromosomes except 4B and divided them into three phylogenetic groups. Duplication and synteny analyses provided valuable information on the evolutionary characteristics of the TaWAK genes. The gene expression pattern analysis suggested that TaWAK genes play diverse roles in plant biological processes and that at least 30 genes may be involved in the response to Fusarium infection in wheat spikes, with most of the genes contributing to pectin- and chitin-induced defense pathways. Furthermore, 45 TaWAK genes were identified within 17 hcmQTLs that are related to wheat FHB resistance. Our findings provide potential candidate genes for improving FHB resistance and insights into the future functional analysis of TaWAK genes in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xia
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yicong Zhang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qi An
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lei Wu
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Peng Jiang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lixuan Yu
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Gang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yi He
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.X.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.); (Q.A.); (Q.T.); (L.W.); (P.J.); (P.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pincot DDA, Feldmann MJ, Hardigan MA, Vachev MV, Henry PM, Gordon TR, Bjornson M, Rodriguez A, Cobo N, Famula RA, Cole GS, Coaker GL, Knapp SJ. Novel Fusarium wilt resistance genes uncovered in natural and cultivated strawberry populations are found on three non-homoeologous chromosomes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2121-2145. [PMID: 35583656 PMCID: PMC9205853 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several Fusarium wilt resistance genes were discovered, genetically and physically mapped, and rapidly deployed via marker-assisted selection to develop cultivars resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, a devastating soil-borne pathogen of strawberry. Fusarium wilt, a soilborne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, poses a significant threat to strawberry (Fragaria [Formula: see text] ananassa) production in many parts of the world. This pathogen causes wilting, collapse, and death in susceptible genotypes. We previously identified a dominant gene (FW1) on chromosome 2B that confers resistance to race 1 of the pathogen, and hypothesized that gene-for-gene resistance to Fusarium wilt was widespread in strawberry. To explore this, a genetically diverse collection of heirloom and modern cultivars and octoploid ecotypes were screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt races 1 and 2. Here, we show that resistance to both races is widespread in natural and domesticated populations and that resistance to race 1 is conferred by partially to completely dominant alleles among loci (FW1, FW2, FW3, FW4, and FW5) found on three non-homoeologous chromosomes (1A, 2B, and 6B). The underlying genes have not yet been cloned and functionally characterized; however, plausible candidates were identified that encode pattern recognition receptors or other proteins known to confer gene-for-gene resistance in plants. High-throughput genotyping assays for SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with FW1-FW5 were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection and accelerate the development of race 1 resistant cultivars. This study laid the foundation for identifying the genes encoded by FW1-FW5, in addition to exploring the genetics of resistance to race 2 and other races of the pathogen, as a precaution to averting a Fusarium wilt pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D. A. Pincot
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mitchell J. Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Michael A. Hardigan
- Horticultural Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Mishi V. Vachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Thomas R. Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Alan Rodriguez
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicolas Cobo
- Departamento de Producción, Agropecuaria Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Randi A. Famula
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Glenn S. Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Steven J. Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mining of Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Brassica Species and Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060821. [PMID: 35741342 PMCID: PMC9220128 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Developing cultivars with resistance genes (R genes) is an effective strategy to support high yield and quality in Brassica crops. The availability of clone R gene and genomic sequences in Brassica species and Arabidopsis thaliana provide the opportunity to compare genomic regions and survey R genes across genomic databases. In this paper, we aim to identify genes related to cloned genes through sequence identity, providing a repertoire of species-wide related R genes in Brassica crops. The comprehensive list of candidate R genes can be used as a reference for functional analysis. Abstract Various diseases severely affect Brassica crops, leading to significant global yield losses and a reduction in crop quality. In this study, we used the complete protein sequences of 49 cloned resistance genes (R genes) that confer resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases known to impact species in the Brassicaceae family. Homology searches were carried out across Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. carinata and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes. In total, 660 cloned disease R gene homologs (CDRHs) were identified across the seven species, including 431 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (248 nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats (NLRs), 150 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 33 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) and 229 non-RGAs. Based on the position and distribution of specific homologs in each of the species, we observed a total of 87 CDRH clusters composed of 36 NLR, 16 RLK and 3 RLP homogeneous clusters and 32 heterogeneous clusters. The CDRHs detected consistently across the seven species are candidates that can be investigated for broad-spectrum resistance, potentially providing resistance to multiple pathogens. The R genes identified in this study provide a novel resource for the future functional analysis and gene cloning of Brassicaceae R genes towards crop improvement.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Plant architecture fundamentally differs from that of other multicellular organisms in that individual cells serve as osmotic bricks, defined by the equilibrium between the internal turgor pressure and the mechanical resistance of the surrounding cell wall, which constitutes the interface between plant cells and their environment. The state and integrity of the cell wall are constantly monitored by cell wall surveillance pathways, which relay information to the cell interior. A recent surge of discoveries has led to significant advances in both mechanistic and conceptual insights into a multitude of cell wall response pathways that play diverse roles in the development, defense, stress response, and maintenance of structural integrity of the cell. However, these advances have also revealed the complexity of cell wall sensing, and many more questions remain to be answered, for example, regarding the mechanisms of cell wall perception, the molecular players in this process, and how cell wall-related signals are transduced and integrated into cellular behavior. This review provides an overview of the mechanistic and conceptual insights obtained so far and highlights areas for future discoveries in this exciting area of plant biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Development of PCR-Based Race-Specific Markers for Differentiation of Indian Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt in Banana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010053. [PMID: 35049993 PMCID: PMC8782045 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is the most lethal soil-borne fungal pathogen infecting bananas. Foc race 1 (R1) and 4 (R4) are the two most predominant races affecting the economically important Cavendish group of bananas in India. A total of seven vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) from three pathogenic races were isolated during our field survey and were found to be highly virulent towards cv. Grande Naine. According to comparative genome analyses, these Indian Foc VCGs were diverse in genomic organization and effector gene profiles. As a result, false-positive results were obtained with currently available molecular markers. In this context, the study has been initiated to develop PCR-based molecular markers for the unambiguous identification of Indian Foc R1 and R4 isolates. Whole-genome sequences of Foc R1 (GCA_011316005.3), Foc TR4 (GCA_014282265.3), and Foc STR4 (GCA_016802205.1), as well as the reference genomes of Foc (ASM799451v1) and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol; ASM14995v2), were aligned to identify unique variable regions among the Foc races. Using putative chromosome and predicted gene comparison, race-specific unique Foc virulence genes were identified. The putative lineage-specific identified genes encoding products secreted in xylem (SIX) that may be necessary for disease development in the banana. An in silico analysis was performed and primers were designed from a region where sequences were dissimilar with other races to develop a specific marker for Foc R1, R4, TR4, and STR4. These race-specific markers allowed target amplification in the characterized highly virulent Foc isolates, and did not show any cross-amplification to any other Foc races, VCGs or banana pathogens, Fusarium species, and non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates. The study demonstrated that the molecular markers developed for all the three Foc races of India could detect the pathogen in planta and up to 0.025 pg µL−1 DNA levels. Thus, the markers developed in this study are novel and could potentially be useful for the accurate diagnosis and detection of the Indian Foc races which are important for the effective management of the disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
Stephens C, Hammond-Kosack KE, Kanyuka K. WAKsing plant immunity, waning diseases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:22-37. [PMID: 34520537 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With the requirement to breed more productive crop plants in order to feed a growing global population, compounded by increasingly widespread resistance to pesticides exhibited by pathogens, plant immunity is becoming an increasingly important area of research. Of the genes that contribute to disease resistance, the wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKs) are increasingly shown to play a major role, in addition to their contribution to plant growth and development or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Being transmembrane proteins, WAKs form a central pillar of a plant cell's ability to monitor and interact with the extracellular environment. Found in both dicots and monocots, WAKs have been implicated in defence against pathogens with diverse lifestyles and contribute to plant immunity in a variety of ways. Whilst some act as cell surface-localized immune receptors recognizing either pathogen- or plant-derived invasion molecules (e.g. effectors or damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively), others promote innate immunity through cell wall modification and strengthening, thus limiting pathogen intrusion. The ability of some WAKs to provide both durable resistance against pathogens and other agronomic benefits makes this gene family important targets in the development of future crop ideotypes and important to a greater understanding of the complexity and robustness of plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stephens
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Delplace F, Huard-Chauveau C, Berthomé R, Roby D. Network organization of the plant immune system: from pathogen perception to robust defense induction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:447-470. [PMID: 34399442 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system has been explored essentially through the study of qualitative resistance, a simple form of immunity, and from a reductionist point of view. The recent identification of genes conferring quantitative disease resistance revealed a large array of functions, suggesting more complex mechanisms. In addition, thanks to the advent of high-throughput analyses and system approaches, our view of the immune system has become more integrative, revealing that plant immunity should rather be seen as a distributed and highly connected molecular network including diverse functions to optimize expression of plant defenses to pathogens. Here, we review the recent progress made to understand the network complexity of regulatory pathways leading to plant immunity, from pathogen perception, through signaling pathways and finally to immune responses. We also analyze the topological organization of these networks and their emergent properties, crucial to predict novel immune functions and test them experimentally. Finally, we report how these networks might be regulated by environmental clues. Although system approaches remain extremely scarce in this area of research, a growing body of evidence indicates that the plant response to combined biotic and abiotic stresses cannot be inferred from responses to individual stresses. A view of possible research avenues in this nascent biology domain is finally proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Delplace
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Carine Huard-Chauveau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Crown and Brown Rust Resistance in Perennial Ryegrass. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010020. [PMID: 35052360 PMCID: PMC8774571 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A population of 239 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes was analyzed to identify marker-trait associations for crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) and brown rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. loliina) resistance. Phenotypic data from field trials showed a low correlation (r = 0.17) between the two traits. Genotypes were resequenced, and a total of 14,538,978 SNPs were used to analyze population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and for genome-wide association study. The SNP heritability (h2SNP) was 0.4 and 0.8 for crown and brown rust resistance, respectively. The high-density SNP dataset allowed us to estimate LD decay with the highest possible precision to date for perennial ryegrass. Results showed a low LD extension with a rapid decay of r2 value below 0.2 after 520 bp on average. Additionally, QTL regions for both traits were detected, as well as candidate genes by applying Genome Complex Trait Analysis and Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation. Moreover, two significant genes, LpPc6 and LpPl6, were identified for crown and brown rust resistance, respectively, when SNPs were aggregated to the gene level. The two candidate genes encode proteins with phosphatase activity, which putatively can be induced by the host to perceive, amplify and transfer signals to downstream components, thus activating a plant defense response.
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang HT, Bharadwaj VS, Yang JY, Curry TM, Moremen KW, Bomble YJ, Urbanowicz BR. Rational enzyme design for controlled functionalization of acetylated xylan for cell-free polymer biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118564. [PMID: 34560975 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylan O-acetyltransferase 1 (XOAT1) is involved in O-acetylating the backbone of hemicellulose xylan. Recent structural analysis of XOAT1 showed two unequal lobes forming a cleft that is predicted to accommodate and position xylan acceptors into proximity with the catalytic triad. Here, we used docking and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the optimal orientation of xylan in the binding cleft of XOAT1 and identify putative key residues (Gln445 and Arg444 on Minor lobe & Asn312, Met311 and Asp403 on Major lobe) involved in substrate interactions. Site-directed mutagenesis coupled with biochemical analyses revealed the major lobe of XOAT1 is important for xylan binding. Mutation of single key residues yielded XOAT1 variants with various enzymatic efficiencies that are applicable to one-pot synthesis of xylan polymers with different degrees of O-acetylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of computational modeling in guiding enzyme engineering aimed at modulating xylan and redesigning plant cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas M Curry
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ma Y, Chhapekar SS, Lu L, Yu X, Kim S, Lee SM, Gan TH, Choi GJ, Lim YP, Choi SR. QTL mapping for Fusarium wilt resistance based on the whole-genome resequencing and their association with functional genes in Raphanus sativus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3925-3940. [PMID: 34387712 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two major QTL associated with resistance to Fusarium wilt (FW) were identified using whole-genome resequencing. Sequence variations and gene expression level differences suggest that TIR-NBS and LRR-RLK are candidate genes associated with FW-resistance. Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani is an important disease in radish, leading to severe decrease in yield and quality. YR4 as a novel genetic source to resistant to FW was confirmed through screening with five pathogen isolates. We have generated F2 and F2:3 populations segregated with FW resistance using YR4 and YR18 inbred lines. The disease symptom was evaluated in F2:3 population (n = 180) in three independent studies over two years. We identified 4 QTL including the two major QTL (FoRsR7.159A and FoRsR9.359A). FoRsR7.159A and FoRsR9.359A were detected in three replicated experiments. FoRsR7.159A was delimited to the 2.18-Mb physical interval on chromosome R07, with a high LOD value (5.17-12.84) and explained phenotypic variation (9.34%-27.97%). The FoRsR9.359A represented relatively low LOD value (3.38-4.52) and explained phenotypic variation (6.24%-8.82%). On the basis of the re-sequencing data for the parental lines, we identified five putative resistance-related genes and 13 unknown genes with sequence variations at the gene and protein levels. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Rs382940 (TIR-NBS) and Rs382200 (RLK) were expressed only in 'YR4' from 0 to 6 days after the inoculation. Moreover, Rs382950 (TIR-NBS-LRR) was more highly expressed in 'YR4' from 3 to 6 days after the inoculation. These three genes might be important for FW-resistance in radish. We identified several markers based on these potential candidate genes. The marker set should be useful for breeding system to introduce the FW resistance loci from 'YR4' to improve tolerance to FW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Ma
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, Shandong Peanut Industry Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Seungho Kim
- Neo Seed Co., 256-45 Jingeonjung-gil, Gongdo-eup, Anseong, Gyeonggi Province, 17565, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Lee
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyoung Gan
- JIREH Seed Co., 104 Dongtansunhwan-daero 20-gil, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, 18484, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vollrath P, Chawla HS, Alnajar D, Gabur I, Lee H, Weber S, Ehrig L, Koopmann B, Snowdon RJ, Obermeier C. Dissection of Quantitative Blackleg Resistance Reveals Novel Variants of Resistance Gene Rlm9 in Elite Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:749491. [PMID: 34868134 PMCID: PMC8636856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.749491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Blackleg is one of the major fungal diseases in oilseed rape/canola worldwide. Most commercial cultivars carry R gene-mediated qualitative resistances that confer a high level of race-specific protection against Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal fungus of blackleg disease. However, monogenic resistances of this kind can potentially be rapidly overcome by mutations in the pathogen's avirulence genes. To counteract pathogen adaptation in this evolutionary arms race, there is a tremendous demand for quantitative background resistance to enhance durability and efficacy of blackleg resistance in oilseed rape. In this study, we characterized genomic regions contributing to quantitative L. maculans resistance by genome-wide association studies in a multiparental mapping population derived from six parental elite varieties exhibiting quantitative resistance, which were all crossed to one common susceptible parental elite variety. Resistance was screened using a fungal isolate with no corresponding avirulence (AvrLm) to major R genes present in the parents of the mapping population. Genome-wide association studies revealed eight significantly associated quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes A07 and A09, with small effects explaining 3-6% of the phenotypic variance. Unexpectedly, the qualitative blackleg resistance gene Rlm9 was found to be located within a resistance-associated haploblock on chromosome A07. Furthermore, long-range sequence data spanning this haploblock revealed high levels of single-nucleotide and structural variants within the Rlm9 coding sequence among the parents of the mapping population. The results suggest that novel variants of Rlm9 could play a previously unknown role in expression of quantitative disease resistance in oilseed rape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vollrath
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Harmeet S. Chawla
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dima Alnajar
- Plant Pathology and Crop Protection Division, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iulian Gabur
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | - HueyTyng Lee
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Weber
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lennard Ehrig
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birger Koopmann
- Plant Pathology and Crop Protection Division, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rod J. Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Obermeier
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu X, Wang Z, Tian Y, Zhang S, Li D, Dong W, Zhang C, Zhang Z. Characterization of wall-associated kinase/wall-associated kinase-like (WAK/WAKL) family in rose (Rosa chinensis) reveals the role of RcWAK4 in Botrytis resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:526. [PMID: 34758750 PMCID: PMC8582219 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wall-associated kinase (WAK)/WAK-like (WAKL) is one of the subfamily of receptor like kinases (RLK). Although previous studies reported that WAK/WAKL played an important role in plant cell elongation, response to biotic and abiotic stresses, there are no systematic studies on RcWAK/RcWAKL in rose. RESULTS In this study, we identified a total of 68 RcWAK/RcWAKL gene family members within rose (Rosa chinensis) genome. The RcWAKs contained the extracellular galacturonan-binding domain and calcium-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, as well as an intracellular kinase domains. The RcWAKLs are missing either calcium-binding EGF-like domain or the galacturonan-binding domain in their extracellular region. The phylogenetic analysis showed the RcWAK/RcWAKL gene family has been divided into five groups, and these RcWAK/RcWAKL genes were unevenly distributed on the 7 chromosomes of rose. 12 of RcWAK/RcWAKL genes were significantly up-regulated by Botrytis cinerea-inoculated rose petals, where RcWAK4 was the most strongly expressed. Virus induced gene silencing of RcWAK4 increased the rose petal sensitivity to B. cinerea. The results indicated RcWAK4 is involved in the resistance of rose petal against B. cinerea. CONCLUSION Our study provides useful information to further investigate the function of the RcWAK/RcWAKL gene family and breeding research for resistance to B. cinerea in rose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiya Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kudjordjie EN, Sapkota R, Nicolaisen M. Arabidopsis assemble distinct root-associated microbiomes through the synthesis of an array of defense metabolites. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259171. [PMID: 34699568 PMCID: PMC8547673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant associated microbiomes are known to confer fitness advantages to the host. Understanding how plant factors including biochemical traits influence host associated microbiome assembly could facilitate the development of microbiome-mediated solutions for sustainable plant production. Here, we examined microbial community structures of a set of well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana mutants disrupted in metabolic pathways for the production of glucosinolates, flavonoids, or a number of defense signalling molecules. A. thaliana lines were grown in a natural soil and maintained under greenhouse conditions for 4 weeks before collection of roots for bacterial and fungal community profiling. We found distinct relative abundances and diversities of bacterial and fungal communities assembled in the individual A. thaliana mutants compared to their parental lines. Bacterial and fungal genera were mostly enriched than depleted in secondary metabolite and defense signaling mutants, except for flavonoid mutations on fungi communities. Bacterial genera Azospirillum and Flavobacterium were significantly enriched in most of the glucosinolate, flavonoid and signalling mutants while the fungal taxa Sporobolomyces and Emericellopsis were enriched in several glucosinolates and signalling mutants. Whilst the present study revealed marked differences in microbiomes of Arabidopsis mutants and their parental lines, it is suggestive that unknown enzymatic and pleiotropic activities of the mutated genes could contribute to the identified host-associated microbiomes. Notwithstanding, this study revealed interesting gene-microbiota links, and thus represents valuable resource data for selecting candidate A. thaliana mutants for analyzing the links between host genetics and the associated microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
TaWAK2A-800, a Wall-Associated Kinase, Participates Positively in Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight and Sharp Eyespot in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111493. [PMID: 34768923 PMCID: PMC8583783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and sharp eyespot are important diseases of the cereal plants, including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley. Both diseases are predominately caused by the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum and Rhizoctonia cerealis. The roles of the wheat-wall-associated kinases (WAKs) in defense against both F. graminearum and R. cerealis have remained largely unknown. This research reports the identification of TaWAK2A-800, a wheat WAK-coding gene located on chromosome 2A, and its functional roles in wheat resistance responses to FHB and sharp eyespot. TaWAK2A-800 transcript abundance was elevated by the early infection of R. cerealis and F. graminearum, or treatment with exogenous chitin. The gene transcript seemed to correspond to the resistance of wheat. Further functional analyses showed that silencing TaWAK2A-800 compromised the resistance of wheat to both FHB (F. graminearum) and sharp eyespot (R. cerealis). Moreover, the silencing reduced the expression levels of six defense-related genes, including the chitin-triggering immune pathway-marker genes, TaCERK1, TaRLCK1B, and TaMPK3. Summarily, TaWAK2A-800 participates positively in the resistance responses to both F. graminearum and R. cerealis, possibly through a chitin-induced pathway in wheat. TaWAK2A-800 will be useful for breeding wheat varieties with resistance to both FHB and sharp eyespot.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lin W, Wang Y, Liu X, Shang JX, Zhao L. OsWAK112, A Wall-Associated Kinase, Negatively Regulates Salt Stress Responses by Inhibiting Ethylene Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751965. [PMID: 34675955 PMCID: PMC8523997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The wall-associated kinase (WAK) multigene family plays critical roles in various cellular processes and stress responses in plants, however, whether WAKs are involved in salt tolerance is obscure. Herein, we report the functional characterization of a rice WAK, WAK112, whose expression is suppressed by salt. Overexpression of OsWAK112 in rice and heterologous expression of OsWAK112 in Arabidopsis significantly decreased plant survival under conditions of salt stress, while knocking down the OsWAK112 in rice increased plant survival under salt stress. OsWAK112 is universally expressed in plant and associated with cell wall. Meanwhile, in vitro kinase assays and salt tolerance analyses showed that OsWAK112 possesses kinase activity and that it plays a negative role in the response of plants to salt stress. In addition, OsWAK112 interacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS) 1/2/3, which catalyzes SAM synthesis from ATP and L-methionine, and promotes OsSAMS1 degradation under salt stress. Furthermore, in OsWAK112-overexpressing plants, there is a decreased SAMS content and a decreased ethylene content under salt stress. These results indicate that OsWAK112 negatively regulates plant salt responses by inhibiting ethylene production, possibly via direct binding with OsSAMS1/2/3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liqun Zhao
- *Correspondence: Liqun Zhao, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-8130
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guo L, Yu H, Wang B, Vescio K, Delulio GA, Yang H, Berg A, Zhang L, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C, Kistler HC, Ma LJ. Metatranscriptomic Comparison of Endophytic and Pathogenic Fusarium-Arabidopsis Interactions Reveals Plant Transcriptional Plasticity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1071-1083. [PMID: 33856230 PMCID: PMC9048145 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-21-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to beneficial and pathogenic microbes, but how plants recognize and respond to friends versus foes remains poorly understood. Here, we compared the molecular response of Arabidopsis thaliana independently challenged with a Fusarium oxysporum endophyte Fo47 versus a pathogen Fo5176. These two F. oxysporum strains share a core genome of about 46 Mb, in addition to 1,229 and 5,415 unique accessory genes. Metatranscriptomic data reveal a shared pattern of expression for most plant genes (about 80%) in responding to both fungal inoculums at all timepoints from 12 to 96 h postinoculation (HPI). However, the distinct responding genes depict transcriptional plasticity, as the pathogenic interaction activates plant stress responses and suppresses functions related to plant growth and development, while the endophytic interaction attenuates host immunity but activates plant nitrogen assimilation. The differences in reprogramming of the plant transcriptome are most obvious in 12 HPI, the earliest timepoint sampled, and are linked to accessory genes in both fungal genomes. Collectively, our results indicate that the A. thaliana and F. oxysporum interaction displays both transcriptome conservation and plasticity in the early stages of infection, providing insights into the fine-tuning of gene regulation underlying plant differential responses to fungal endophytes and pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks & Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049 China
| | - Houlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Bo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks & Network Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049 China
| | - Kathryn Vescio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Gregory A. Delulio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - He Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Véronique Edel-Hermann
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
- Corresponding author: L.-J. Ma;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Reinar WB, Lalun VO, Reitan T, Jakobsen KS, Butenko MA. Length variation in short tandem repeats affects gene expression in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2221-2234. [PMID: 33848350 PMCID: PMC8364236 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for the fine-tuned regulation of gene expression is complex and ultimately influences the phenotype and thus the local adaptation of natural populations. Short tandem repeats (STRs) consisting of repetitive DNA motifs have been shown to regulate gene expression. STRs are variable in length within a population and serve as a heritable, but semi-reversible, reservoir of standing genetic variation. For sessile organisms, such as plants, STRs could be of major importance in fine-tuning gene expression as a response to a shifting local environment. Here, we used a transcriptome dataset from natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate population-wide gene expression patterns in light of genome-wide STR variation. We empirically modeled gene expression as a response to the STR length within and around the gene and demonstrated that an association between gene expression and STR length variation is unequivocally present in the sampled population. To support our model, we explored the promoter activity in a transcriptional regulator involved in root hair formation and provided experimentally determined causality between coding sequence length variation and promoter activity. Our results support a general link between gene expression variation and STR length variation in A. thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B. Reinar
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vilde O. Lalun
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Reitan
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetill S. Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Melinka A. Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ayukawa Y, Asai S, Gan P, Tsushima A, Ichihashi Y, Shibata A, Komatsu K, Houterman PM, Rep M, Shirasu K, Arie T. A pair of effectors encoded on a conditionally dispensable chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum suppress host-specific immunity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:707. [PMID: 34108627 PMCID: PMC8190069 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. This study provides insight into how host specificity of F. oxysporum may be determined by a pair of effector genes on a transmissible CD chromosome. Yu Ayukawa, Shuta Asai, et al. report the genome sequence of a Fusarium oxysporum isolate and demonstrate that it contains different conditionally dispensable chromosomes which are important to confer virulence on specific hosts, like Arabidopsis thaliana or cabbage. Altogether, these results provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying F. oxysporum pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ayukawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Asai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Pamela Gan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Tsushima
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Arisa Shibata
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petra M Houterman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee ON, Koo H, Yu JW, Park HY. Genotyping-by-Sequencing-Based Genome-Wide Association Studies of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Radishes ( Raphanus sativus L.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060858. [PMID: 34205206 PMCID: PMC8228987 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) is a fungal disease that causes severe yield losses in radish production. The most effective method to control the FW is the development and use of resistant varieties in cultivation. The identification of marker loci linked to FW resistance are expected to facilitate the breeding of disease-resistant radishes. In the present study, we applied an integrated framework of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to identify FW resistance loci among a panel of 225 radish accessions, including 58 elite breeding lines. Phenotyping was conducted by manual inoculation of seedlings with the FW pathogen, and scoring for the disease index was conducted three weeks after inoculation during two constitutive years. The GWAS analysis identified 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and twenty putative candidate genes that were significantly associated with FW resistance. In addition, a total of four QTLs were identified from F2 population derived from a FW resistant line and a susceptible line, one of which was co-located with the SNPs on chromosome 7, detected in GWAS study. These markers will be valuable for molecular breeding programs and marker-assisted selection to develop FW resistant varieties of R. sativus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O New Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Hyunjin Koo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | | | - Han Yong Park
- College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Qi H, Zhu X, Guo F, Lv L, Zhang Z. The Wall-Associated Receptor-Like Kinase TaWAK7D Is Required for Defense Responses to Rhizoctonia cerealis in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115629. [PMID: 34073183 PMCID: PMC8199179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sharp eyespot, caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a serious fungal disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Certain wall-associated receptor kinases (WAK) mediate resistance to diseases caused by biotrophic/hemibiotrophic pathogens in several plant species. Yet, none of wheat WAK genes with positive effect on the innate immune responses to R. cerealis has been reported. In this study, we identified a WAK gene TaWAK7D, located on chromosome 7D, and showed its positive regulatory role in the defense response to R. cerealis infection in wheat. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses showed that TaWAK7D transcript abundance was elevated in wheat after R. cerealis inoculation and the induction in the stem was the highest among the tested organs. Additionally, TaWAK7D transcript levels were significantly elevated by pectin and chitin treatments. The knock-down of TaWAK7D transcript impaired resistance to R. cerealis and repressed the expression of five pathogenesis-related genes in wheat. The green fluorescent protein signal distribution assays indicated that TaWAK7D localized on the plasma membrane in wheat protoplasts. Thus, TaWAK7D, which is induced by R. cerealis, pectin and chitin stimuli, positively participates in defense responses to R. cerealis through modulating the expression of several pathogenesis-related genes in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Qi
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Q.); (X.Z.); (F.G.)
| | - Xiuliang Zhu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Q.); (X.Z.); (F.G.)
| | - Feilong Guo
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Q.); (X.Z.); (F.G.)
| | - Liangjie Lv
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China;
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Q.); (X.Z.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-82108781
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kohorn BD, Greed BE, Mouille G, Verger S, Kohorn SL. Effects of Arabidopsis wall associated kinase mutations on ESMERALDA1 and elicitor induced ROS. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251922. [PMID: 34015001 PMCID: PMC8136723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm cell adhesion is dependent on interactions between pectin polysaccharides which make up a significant portion of the plant cell wall. Cell adhesion in Arabidopsis may also be regulated through a pectin-related signaling cascade mediated by a putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMERALDA1 (ESMD1), and the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) domains of the pectin binding Wall associated Kinases (WAKs) are a primary candidate substrate for ESMD1 activity. Genetic interactions between WAKs and ESMD1 were examined using a dominant hyperactive allele of WAK2, WAK2cTAP, and a mutant of the putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMD1. WAK2cTAP expression results in a dwarf phenotype and activation of the stress response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while esmd1 is a suppressor of a pectin deficiency induced loss of adhesion. Here we find that esmd1 suppresses the WAK2cTAP dwarf and stress response phenotype, including ROS accumulation and gene expression. Additional analysis suggests that mutations of the potential WAK EGF O-fucosylation site also abate the WAK2cTAP phenotype, yet only evidence for an N-linked but not O-linked sugar addition can be found. Moreover, a WAK locus deletion allele has no effect on the ability of esmd1 to suppress an adhesion deficiency, indicating WAKs and their modification are not a required component of the potential ESMD1 signaling mechanism involved in the control of cell adhesion. The WAK locus deletion does however affect the induction of ROS but not the transcriptional response induced by the elicitors Flagellin, Chitin and oligogalacturonides (OGs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Kohorn
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bridgid E. Greed
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gregory Mouille
- IJPB, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susan L. Kohorn
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
González-García Y, Cadenas-Pliego G, Alpuche-Solís ÁG, Cabrera RI, Juárez-Maldonado A. Carbon Nanotubes Decrease the Negative Impact of Alternaria solani in Tomato Crop. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1080. [PMID: 33922093 PMCID: PMC8143504 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The diseases that attack the tomato crop are a limiting factor for its production and are difficult to control or eradicate. Stem and fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Alternaria solani causes severe damage and substantial yield losses. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could be an alternative for the control of pathogens since they have strong antimicrobial activity, in addition to inducing the activation of the antioxidant defense system in plants. In the present study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were evaluated on the incidence and severity of A. solani. Moreover, to the impact they have on the antioxidant defense system and the photosynthetic capacity of the tomato crop. The results show that the application of CNTs had multiple positive effects on tomato crop. CNTs decreased the incidence and severity of A. solani. Furthermore, CNTs increased the fruit yield of tomato crop and dry shoot biomass. The antioxidant system was improved, since the content of ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and the activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme were increased. The net photosynthesis and water use efficiency were also increased by the application of CNTs. CNTs can be an option to control A. solani in tomato crop, and diminish the negative impact of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda González-García
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Agricultura Protegida, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | | | - Ángel Gabriel Alpuche-Solís
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Raúl Iskander Cabrera
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center (RAREC), Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA;
| | - Antonio Juárez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Henry PM, Pincot DD, Jenner BN, Borrero C, Aviles M, Nam M, Epstein L, Knapp SJ, Gordon TR. Horizontal chromosome transfer and independent evolution drive diversification in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:327-340. [PMID: 33616938 PMCID: PMC7986148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The genes required for host-specific pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum can be acquired through horizontal chromosome transfer (HCT). However, it is unknown if HCT commonly contributes to the diversification of pathotypes. Using comparative genomics and pathogenicity phenotyping, we explored the role of HCT in the evolution of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, the cause of Fusarium wilt of strawberry, with isolates from four continents. We observed two distinct syndromes: one included chlorosis ('yellows-fragariae') and the other did not ('wilt-fragariae'). All yellows-fragariae isolates carried a predicted pathogenicity chromosome, 'chrY-frag ', that was horizontally transferred at least four times. chrY-frag was associated with virulence on specific cultivars and encoded predicted effectors that were highly upregulated during infection. chrY-frag was not present in wilt-fragariae; isolates causing this syndrome evolved pathogenicity independently. All origins of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae occurred outside of the host's native range. Our data support the conclusion that HCT is widespread in F. oxysporum, but pathogenicity can also evolve independently. The absence of chrY-frag in wilt-fragariae suggests that multiple, distinct pathogenicity chromosomes can confer the same host specificity. The wild progenitors of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) did not co-evolve with this pathogen, yet we discovered several sources of genetic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1636 E. Alisal St.SalinasCA93905USA
| | - Dominique D.A. Pincot
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Bradley N. Jenner
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Celia Borrero
- Department of Ciencias AgroforestalesEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaUniversidad de SevillaCtra. Utrera km 1Sevilla41013Spain
| | - Manuel Aviles
- Department of Ciencias AgroforestalesEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaUniversidad de SevillaCtra. Utrera km 1Sevilla41013Spain
| | - Myeong‐Hyeon Nam
- Strawberry Research InstituteChungcheongnam‐do Agricultural Research & Extension ServicesNonsan32914Korea
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Steven J. Knapp
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Thomas R. Gordon
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| |
Collapse
|