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Takashima A, Miura J, Sugiyama K, Shimizu M, Okada M, Otani T, Nagashima T, Tsuda T, Araki T. Glycation promotes pulp calcification in Type 2 diabetes rat model. Oral Dis 2024; 30:593-603. [PMID: 36843542 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrapulpal calcifications can occur in the dental pulp of patients with diabetes. We focused on the association between ectopic calcifications in the dental pulp and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT)-fatty rats, an obese type 2 diabetic rat model, to determine the mechanism of calcification with pulp stone in the dental pulp. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pathologic calcification in the dental pulp of SDT-fatty rats was observed using electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, mechanical analysis of periapical region of molar tooth against occlusal force was performed. RESULTS In SDT-fatty rats, pathogenic pulpal calcifications occurred during blood glucose elevation after 6 weeks, and granular calcification was observed in the dental pulp after 11 weeks. Pentosidine, a major AGE, and the receptor for AGEs were strongly expressed in the dental pulp of SDT-fatty rats. S100A8, TNF-α, and IL-6 also showed positive response in the dental pulp of the SDT-fatty rat, which indicated pulpal inflammation. Blood flow disorder and hypoxic dental pulp cells were also observed. In silico simulation, strain from occlusal force concentrates on the root apex. CONCLUSIONS Glycation makes blood vessels fragile, and occlusal forces damage the vessels mechanically. These are factors for intrapulpal calcification of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Takashima
- Division for Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jiro Miura
- Division for Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Keita Sugiyama
- Division for Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masato Shimizu
- Division for Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Misa Okada
- Division for Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Otani
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nagashima
- Division for Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsuda
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Araki
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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Yagihashi S. Contribution of animal models to diabetes research: Its history, significance, and translation to humans. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1015-1037. [PMID: 37401013 PMCID: PMC10445217 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is still expanding globally and is epidemic in developing countries. The combat of this plague has caused enormous economic and social burdens related to a lowered quality of life in people with diabetes. Despite recent significant improvements of life expectancy in patients with diabetes, there is still a need for efforts to elucidate the complexities and mechanisms of the disease processes to overcome this difficult disorder. To this end, the use of appropriate animal models in diabetes studies is invaluable for translation to humans and for the development of effective treatment. In this review, a variety of animal models of diabetes with spontaneous onset in particular will be introduced and discussed for their implication in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Exploratory Medicine for Nature, Life and HumansToho University School of MedicineChibaJapan
- Department of PathologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
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Kotake H, Ogura Y, Yamada S, Inoue K, Watanabe S, Ichikawa D, Sugaya T, Ohata K, Natsuki Y, Hoshino S, Watanabe M, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y, Kamijo-Ikemori A. Mechanism for exercise-mediated prevention against muscle wasting on extensor digitorum longus muscle in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:5. [PMID: 37016292 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the significant increase in limb muscle strength and cross-sectional area of the type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in a type 2 diabetic animal model, with Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats (n = 6) undergoing regular treadmill exercise from 8 to 16 weeks of age compared with sedentary SDT fatty rats (n = 6). This study investigated the mechanism by which exercise training prevented skeletal muscle wasting in the EDL muscle of the SDT fatty rats. The endurance exercise for 8 weeks downregulated the expression of muscle RING-finger protein-1 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) and upregulated the expression of CD31, insulin receptor substrate-2, and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the EDL muscle of 16-week-old SDT fatty rats.Endurance exercise training might reduce muscle wasting by preventing muscle degradation and increasing the angiogenic response in the EDL muscle in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kotake
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamada
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuho Inoue
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Shiika Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohata
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Natsuki
- Institute for Ultrastructural Morphology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Minoru Watanabe
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yugo Shibagaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitor on metabolic inflexibility and visceral fat amount in animal model of obese type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11012. [PMID: 36281369 PMCID: PMC9587290 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are often accompanied with a disrupted diurnal rhythm of eating and sustained anabolic state, leading to metabolic inflexibility. In the present study, we plan to investigate effects of a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, canagliflozin (CANA), on such a metabolic inflexibility, especially on fat metabolism, in the obese type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and methods Five-week-old male SDT (Spontaneously Diabetic Torii) fatty rats as a model of obesity and T2DM and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated by either CANA (10 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle) orally for 14 days. Then, after the measurement of respiratory quotient (RQ) and visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes, rats were euthanized and blood and tissue samples were collected. Results The treatment by CANA significantly enhanced β-ketone concentration in the blood during light period in the SDT fatty rats with no effect on blood glucose concentration. The CANA treatment significantly reduced visceral fat volume in the SDT fatty rats. A diurnal rhythm of RQ was severely disrupted and persistently high throughout the day in the vehicle-treated SDT fatty rats. By the administration of CANA clearly restored the disrupted diurnal rhythm of RQ with a revival of the nadir during light period. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant increase of AMP-activated protein kinase and decrease of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 expression in the liver, and a significant increase of hormone sensitive lipase and uncoupling protein-2 expression in the white adipose tissue by the treatment of CANA in the SDT fatty rats. Conclusion CANA as a SGLT2i reduced visceral fat amount via the enhancement of fat oxidation during the light period, leading to an amelioration of metabolic inflexibility in an obese diabetic model. A novel mechanism of CANA prompts the possibility that this new class of anti-diabetic agent could be a promising anti-obesity agent as well. SGLT2i reduced visceral fat independent of its effect on urinary glucose excretion. SGLT2i increased blood ketone concentration during light period. Concomitantly, RQ during light period was decreased, reviving a diurnal RQ rhythm. Changes in relevant molecules were observed towards fat oxidation. SGLT2i effectively corrected metabolic inflexibility in an obese diabetic model.
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Jin S, Yamamoto Y, Harada Y, Kaneko S, Oishi K, Ishibashi Y. Effectiveness of photofunctionalized titanium alloy on osseointegration in rats with type 2 diabetes. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:445. [PMID: 36209088 PMCID: PMC9548098 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet (UV) light-mediated photofunctionalization improves the osseointegration of pure titanium and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). However, little is known about the effect of UV irradiation on Ti6Al4V, used frequently in orthopedic surgery, in diabetic patients. We examined the effect of UV irradiation on Ti6Al4V in rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods Cylinder Ti6Al4V implants were used. Half the animals were Sprague Dawley rats (the control group), and the other half were Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats (the diabetes mellitus model). For radiological analysis, bone density was observed and calculated using 3D microcomputed tomography. Histological analysis was performed to calculate the bone–implant contact (BIC) ratio. We used Pearson correlation to analyze the correlation between average blood glucose level and BIC ratio, and between average blood glucose level and bone volume (BV) ratio. Results In the UV light-treated group, the BIC ratios of the normal and diabetic rats increased significantly compared with those in the untreated group at 2 weeks; at 4 weeks, the BIC ratio of the diabetic rats increased significantly, but there was no significant increase in the control animals. In both the control and diabetic groups, there was no significant difference in the BV ratios between the UV-treated and untreated implants at 2 or 4 weeks. The average blood glucose level in the 4-week group negatively correlated with the BIC and BV ratios. The average blood glucose level in the UV-treated group negatively correlated with the BIC ratio. Conclusion Photofunctionalization of Ti6Al4V implants may promote osseointegration in the early stages in rats with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdao Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Harada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Sho Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
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Saigo Y, Sasase T, Uno K, Shinozaki Y, Maekawa T, Sano R, Toriniwa Y, Miyajima K, Ohta T. Establishment of a new nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model; Ovariectomy exacerbates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-like pathology in diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 116:107190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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MAEKAWA T, SUGIMOTO M, KUME S, OHTA T. Pathophysiological features in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:330-337. [PMID: 35082197 PMCID: PMC8983279 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological changes in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats with diabetes and obesity. Brains of Sprague-Dawley (SD), SDT and SDT fatty rats were collected at 58 weeks of age. The parietal cortical thickness was measured and the number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and 3 (CA1 and CA3) and the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) regions were counted. The area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positivity in CA1, CA3 and DG regions were measured. The parietal cortical thickness and the number of cells in CA3 and DG regions of SDT and SDT fatty rats did not show obvious changes. On the other hand, in the CA1 region, the number of cells in SDT rats and SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SD rats, and that in SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SDT rats. The GFAP-positive area in SDT fatty rats was significantly reduced compared to that in SD rats only in the DG region. Preliminarily result showed that the expression of S100a9, an inflammation-related gene, was increased in the brains of SDT fatty rats. These results suggest that female SDT fatty rat may exhibit central nervous system diseases due to obesity and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya MAEKAWA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki SUGIMOTO
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi KUME
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi OHTA
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kotake H, Yamada S, Ogura Y, Watanabe S, Inoue K, Ichikawa D, Sugaya T, Ohata K, Natsuki Y, Hoshino S, Watanabe M, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y, Kamijo-Ikemori A. Endurance exercise training-attenuated diabetic kidney disease with muscle weakness in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 47:203-218. [PMID: 34923497 DOI: 10.1159/000521464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of endurance exercise training against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with muscle weakness by using male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats as type 2 diabetic animal models with obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Methods Eight-week-old SDT fatty rats (n = 12) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were randomly divided into exercise (Ex; SDT-Ex: n = 6, SD-Ex: n = 5) and sedentary groups (SDT-Cont: n = 6, SD-Cont: n = 5), respectively. Each group underwent regular treadmill exercise four times a week from ages 8 to 16 weeks. Results The exercise attenuated hypertension and hyperlipidemia and prevented increases in renal parameter levels without affecting blood glucose levels. In the SDT fatty rats, it prevented induction of renal morphological abnormalities in the interstitium of the superficial and intermediate layers of the cortex. Downregulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the glomerulus of the SDT fatty rats was significantly upregulated by the exercise. The exercise upregulated the renal expressions of both medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α related to fatty acid metabolism. It increased muscle strength and both muscle weight and cross-sectional area of type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle in the SDT fatty rats. Conclusion Endurance exercise training in type 2 diabetes ameliorates DKD by improving endothelial abnormality and enhancing fatty acid metabolism in addition to attenuated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and muscle weakness independently of blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kotake
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamada
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shiika Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuho Inoue
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohata
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Natsuki
- Institute for Ultrastructural Morphology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Watanabe
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Yugo Shibagaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Teoh SH, Miyajima K, Shinozaki Y, Shinohara M, Ohata K, Briand F, Morimoto R, Nakamura Y, Uno K, Kemuriyama N, Nakae D, Ohta T, Maekawa T. Effects of excessive sodium chloride loading in the spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) fatty rats, a preclinical model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:589-599. [PMID: 34853244 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents an international health concern with its growing number of patients worldwide. At the same time, excessive salt consumption is also seen as a major cause of diseases such as hypertension and may expedite renal complications in diabetic patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of excessive sodium chloride supplementation on the kidney of the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT fatty) rat, an obese type 2 diabetes model. Male and female SDT fatty rats and normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 5 weeks of age were loaded with 0.3% sodium chloride (NaCl) in drinking water for 13 weeks. Blood serum and urinary parameters were observed throughout the experiment and kidney samples were examined in histopathological and genetical analyses. Significant changes on the body weight, blood pressure, urine volume, creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), relative gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were observed in the salt-loaded male SDT fatty rats. Urinary L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and albumin levels were higher observed in the salt-loaded male SDT fatty rats throughout the period, but urinary albumin levels in the female SDT fatty rats remain unchanged. In the kidney, slight Armani-Ebstein changes, tubular degeneration, hyaline cast, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in female SDT fatty rats while the levels of some changes were higher in the salt-loaded group. The kidney of the salt-loaded male SDT fatty rats demonstrated a higher degree of lesions compared to the female group and the male unloaded group. Histopathological changes in salt-loaded SDT fatty rats show that excessive salt consumption may act as a diabetic pathology exacerbation factor, but the pathology may be influenced by gender difference. Urinary L-FABP levels may act as a useful biomarker to detect slight tubular damages in the kidney. Excessive salt loading was shown to exacerbate the renal injury in SDT fatty rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hui Teoh
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Yuichi Shinozaki
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University.,Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | | | | | | | - Rika Morimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Kinuko Uno
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Noriko Kemuriyama
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University.,Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University.,Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
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Koerber-Rosso I, Brandt S, von Schnurbein J, Fischer-Posovszky P, Hoegel J, Rabenstein H, Siebert R, Wabitsch M. A fresh look to the phenotype in mono-allelic likely pathogenic variants of the leptin and the leptin receptor gene. Mol Cell Pediatr 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 34448070 PMCID: PMC8390564 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-021-00119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) play a major role in energy homeostasis, metabolism, and reproductive function. While effects of biallelic likely pathogenic variants (-/-) on the phenotype are well characterized, effects of mono-allelic likely pathogenic variants (wt/-) in the LEP and LEPR gene on the phenotype compared to wild-type homozygosity (wt/wt) have not been systematically investigated. We identified in our systematic review 44 animal studies (15 on Lep, 29 on Lepr) and 39 studies in humans reporting on 130 mono-allelic likely pathogenic variant carriers with 20 distinct LEP variants and 108 heterozygous mono-allelic likely pathogenic variant carriers with 35 distinct LEPR variants. We found indications for a higher weight status in carriers of mono-allelic likely pathogenic variant in the leptin and in the leptin receptor gene compared to wt/wt, in both animal and human studies. In addition, animal studies showed higher body fat percentage in Lep and Lepr wt/- vs wt/wt. Animal studies provided indications for lower leptin levels in Lep wt/- vs. wt/wt and indications for higher leptin levels in Lepr wt/- vs wt/wt. Data on leptin levels in human studies was limited. Evidence for an impaired metabolism in mono-allelic likely pathogenic variants of the leptin and in leptin receptor gene was not conclusive (animal and human studies). Mono-allelic likely pathogenic variants in the leptin and in leptin receptor gene have phenotypic effects disposing to increased body weight and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Koerber-Rosso
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia von Schnurbein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Josef Hoegel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hannah Rabenstein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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11
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Quiroz J, Yazdanyar A. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1272. [PMID: 34532409 PMCID: PMC8421981 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The retina is the posterior neuro-integrated layer of the eye that conducts impulses induced by light to the optic nerve for human vision. Diseases of the retina often leads to diminished vision and in some cases blindness. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide public health issue and globally, there is an estimated 463 million people that are affected by DM and its consequences. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a blinding complication of chronic uncontrolled DM and is the most common cause of blindness in the United States between the ages 24-75. It is estimated that the global prevalence of DR will increase to 191.0 million by 2030, of those 56.3 million possessing vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR). For the most part, current treatment modalities control the complications of DR without addressing the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new therapeutics that not only repair the damaged retinal tissue, but also reverse the course of DR. The key element in developing these treatments is expanding our basic knowledge by studying DR pathogenesis in animal models of proliferative and non-proliferative DR (PDR and NPDR). There are numerous models available for the research of both PDR and NPDR with substantial overlap. Animal models available include those with genetic backgrounds prone to hyperglycemic states, immunologic etiologies, or environmentally induced disease. In this review we aimed to comprehensively summarize the available animal models for DR while also providing insight to each model's ocular therapeutic potential for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Quiroz
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amirfarbod Yazdanyar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Sano R, Ishii Y, Yamanaka M, Yasui Y, Kemmochi Y, Kuroki F, Sugimoto M, Fukuda S, Sasase T, Miyajima K, Nakae D, Ohta T. Glomerular hyperfiltration with hyperglycemia in the spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, an obese type 2 diabetic model. Physiol Res 2021; 70:45-54. [PMID: 33453716 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular hyperfiltration is observed in an early stage of kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy. A better understanding of pathophysiological changes in glomerular hyperfiltration is essential for development of new therapies to prevent kidney disease progression. In this study, we investigated glomerular changes including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and glomerular size in the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, an obese type 2 diabetic model, and we also evaluated pharmacological effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on the renal lesions. Dapagliflozin was administered to SDT fatty rats from 5 to 17 weeks of age. Blood and urinary biochemical parameters were periodically measured. GFR was determined by transdermal GFR monitor at 16 weeks of age and histopathological analysis was performed at 17 weeks of age. SDT fatty rat developed severe hyperglycemia and exhibited pathophysiological abnormalities in the kidney, such as an increased GFR, glomerular hypertrophy and tissue lesions. Dapagliflozin achieved good glycemic control during the experimental period, inhibited the increase in GFR, and improved histopathological abnormalities in tubules. These results suggest that the SDT fatty rat is a useful model for analyzing the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy during its early stage and dapagliflozin improves not only hyperglycemia but also glomerular hyperfiltration and tubule lesions in SDT fatty rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sano
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan.
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13
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Murai Y, Sasase T, Tadaki H, Heitaku S, Imagawa N, Yamada T, Ohta T. Analysis of haemodynamics and angiogenic response to ischaemia in the obese type 2 diabetic model Spontaneously Diabetic Torii
Lepr
fa
(SDT fatty) rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:583-590. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Murai
- Japan Tobacco Inc. Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Takatsuki Osaka Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agrobiology Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Japan Tobacco Inc. Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Hironobu Tadaki
- Japan Tobacco Inc. Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Shiro Heitaku
- Japan Tobacco Inc. Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Naoya Imagawa
- Japan Tobacco Inc. Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agrobiology Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Kyoto Japan
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14
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Tanabe J, Ogura Y, Kosaki K, Nagai Y, Sugaya T, Ohata K, Watanabe S, Ichikawa D, Inoue K, Hoshino S, Kimura K, Maeda S, Shibagaki Y, Kamijo-Ikemori A. Relationship between Urinary Liver-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-FABP) and Sarcopenia in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7614035. [PMID: 32405506 PMCID: PMC7201485 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7614035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a known risk factor for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and sarcopenia in older patients. Because there may be an interaction between DKD and sarcopenia, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between urinary levels of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and sarcopenia using a novel rat model of T2D. METHODS Male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats (n = 5) at 16 weeks of age were used as an animal model of T2D. Age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 7) were used as controls. Urine samples were obtained from the rats, and muscle strength was evaluated with the use of the forelimb grip test at 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. Serum, kidney, soleus, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle samples were collected at 24 weeks of age. Urinary L-FABP levels were measured using dedicated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Increased urinary L-FABP levels, focal glomerular sclerosis, moderate interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and accumulation of renal oxidative proteins were significantly observed in the SDT fatty rats, compared to the SD rats. Muscle weight, muscle strength, cross-sectional areas of both type I and type IIb muscle fibers, and increasing rate of muscle strength were significantly decreased in the SDT fatty rats compared to the SD rats at 24 weeks. Urinary L-FABP levels at 20 and 24 weeks were significantly negatively correlated with muscle strength. Urinary L-FABP levels at 16 weeks were significantly negatively correlated with the increasing rate of muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS Urinary L-FABP reflects the degree of muscle strength and weight, as well as cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers. Although further clinical study is needed, urinary L-FABP may be useful to monitor the progression of sarcopenia and DKD in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisei Kosaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nagai
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohata
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiika Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuho Inoue
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yugo Shibagaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Kikuchi K, Murata M, Noda K, Kase S, Tagawa Y, Kageyama Y, Shinohara M, Sasase T, Ishida S. Diabetic Cataract in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:3058547. [PMID: 32832559 PMCID: PMC7422424 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3058547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat is a novel animal model of type 2 diabetes with obesity. SDT fatty rats develop hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and other diabetic complications including ocular disorders; however, diabetic cataract formation in SDT fatty rats has not been fully investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the characteristics of cataract in the SDT fatty rats. The mean body weight of SDT fatty rats is larger than that of age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and control animals until 8 weeks of age, and thereafter the growing speed decreased until the end of observation at 16 weeks of age. Blood glucose levels in SDT fatty rats were significantly higher than those in SD rats throughout the observational period. Slit-lamp examination revealed that no rats showed cataract formation at 5 weeks of age; however, SDT fatty rats gradually developed cortical cataract and posterior subcapsular cataract, both of which are the common types of cataract in patients with type 2 diabetes. The levels of glucose, sorbitol, and fructose were higher in the lens tissues of SDT fatty rats in comparison with that of SD rats. Furthermore, the level of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was higher in the lens of SDT fatty rats than in that of SD rats. By contrast, total glutathione (GSH) concentration was lower in the lens of SDT fatty rats than in that of SD rats. The present study demonstrated that the cataractogenesis in SDT fatty rats resembled human diabetic cataract formation, indicating that SDT fatty rats serve as a potential animal model in researches on human cataract associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Murata
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology & Visual Science, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Takahashi T, Matsuura C, Toyoda K, Suzuki Y, Yamada N, Kobayashi A, Sugai S, Shimoi K. Estimation of potential risk of allyl alcohol induced liver injury in diabetic patients using type 2 diabetes spontaneously diabetic Torii-Lepr fa (SDT fatty) rats. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:759-776. [PMID: 31708533 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the potential risk of chemicals including drug in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we investigated allyl alcohol induced liver injury using SD rats and Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT fatty) rats as a model for human T2DM. The diabetic state is one of the risk factors for chemically induced liver injury because of lower levels of glutathione for detoxification by conjugation with chemicals and environmental pollutants and their reactive metabolites. Allyl alcohol is metabolized to a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein, which is detoxified by conjugation with glutathione. Therefore, we used allyl alcohol as a model compound. Our investigations showed that SDT fatty rats appropriately mimic the diabetic state in humans. The profiles of glucose metabolism, hepatic function tests and glutathione synthesis in the SDT fatty rats were similar to those in patients with T2DM. Five-week oral dosing with allyl alcohol to the SDT fatty rats revealed that the allyl alcohol induced liver injury was markedly enhanced in the SDT fatty rats when compared with the SD rats and the difference was considered to be due to lower hepatic detoxification of acrolein, the reactive metabolite of allyl alcohol, by depleted hepatic glutathione synthesis. Taking all the results of the present study into consideration, the potential for allyl alcohol to induce liver injury is considered to be higher in diabetic patients than in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakazu Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC.,Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Chizuru Matsuura
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Nomura S, Kitami A, Takao-Kawabata R, Takakura A, Nakatsugawa M, Kono R, Maeno A, Tokuda A, Isogai Y, Ishizuya T, Utsunomiya H, Nakamura M. Teriparatide Improves Bone and Lipid Metabolism in a Male Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2339-2352. [PMID: 31504411 PMCID: PMC6760306 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The pathology of diabetic osteoporosis is distinct from postmenopausal osteoporosis, and there are no specific treatment guidelines for diabetic osteoporosis. In the current study, this issue was addressed by evaluating the effect of osteoporosis medications, such as the anabolic agent PTH [teriparatide (TPTD)] and the antiresorptive agents calcitonin [elcatonin (ECT)] and bisphosphonate [risedronate (RIS)], on bone metabolism as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats, which are a model of type 2 DM (T2DM). The medicines were injected subcutaneously into 8-week-old male SDT fatty rats three times weekly for 8 weeks. TPTD treatment in SDT fatty rats increased the osteoblast number and function on trabecular bone in vertebrae, and increased the trabecular bone mass, bone mineral density (BMD), and mechanical strength of vertebrae. Additionally, TPTD improved cortical bone structure and increased BMD. RIS decreased the osteoclast number and function, which led to an increase in vertebral bone mineral content and BMD in the femoral diaphysis, and mechanical strength was increased in the vertebrae. ECT showed no clear effects on bone mass or metabolism. Similar to diabetic lesions, all of the drugs had no effects on hyperglycemia, pancreas morphology, or serum insulin and glucagon levels. However, triglyceride levels and lipid droplets in fatty liver were decreased in the TPTD group. These results suggest that TPTD may be useful for treating fatty liver in addition to osteoporosis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Nomura
- Department of Strategic Surveillance for Functional Food and Comprehensive Traditional Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitami
- Clinical Development Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takao-Kawabata
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
- Correspondence: Ryoko Takao-Kawabata, PhD, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan. E-mail: ; or Misa Nakamura, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Aya Takakura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakatsugawa
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kono
- Department of Strategic Surveillance for Functional Food and Comprehensive Traditional Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Maeno
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tokuda
- Department of Strategic Surveillance for Functional Food and Comprehensive Traditional Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Isogai
- Corporate Planning and Coordination Division, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Ishizuya
- Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Strategic Surveillance for Functional Food and Comprehensive Traditional Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Misa Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: Ryoko Takao-Kawabata, PhD, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan. E-mail: ; or Misa Nakamura, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan. E-mail:
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18
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Takakura S, Takasu T. First-dose effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin on cardiovascular activity in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:266-273. [PMID: 30485488 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first dose of a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor induces osmotic diuresis and can thereby affect cardiovascular activity in hyperglycemic patients. We aimed to determine whether the first dose of the selective SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin affects cardiovascular activity in non-diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats in two studies, a urine collection study and a telemetry study. In the former study, urine was collected for 24 hours after a single oral dose of ipragliflozin. In the latter study, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored for 24 hours under conscious and unrestrained conditions from immediately before the administration of ipragliflozin. The telemetry study was conducted in a crossover design at successive 1 week intervals. Cardiovascular autonomic nerve activity was calculated from the SBP and HR. SDT fatty rats exhibited polyuria, glucosuria and hyperglycemia. In addition, the mean and standard deviation of SBP were higher, while the coefficient of variance of HR was lower than the respective parameters in SD rats. Ipragliflozin increased both urine output and urinary glucose excretion, and the increases were more pronounced in SDT fatty rats than in SD rats. In contrast, ipragliflozin had no effect on SBP, the standard deviation of SBP, HR, and the coefficient of variance of HR, or on autonomic nerve activity in either rat strain. These results suggest that the first dose of the SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin has little impact on cardiovascular activity despite causing glucosuria with osmotic diuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Takakura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takasu
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Katsuhiro M, Hui Teoh S, Yamashiro H, Shinohara M, Fatchiyah F, Ohta T, Yamada T. Effects on Glycemic Control in Impaired Wound Healing in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) Fatty Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:4-8. [PMID: 29416209 PMCID: PMC5789560 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2018.72.4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Impaired diabetic wound healing is an important issue in diabetic complications. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effect on glycemic control against impaired diabetic wound healing using a diabetic rat model. We investigated the wound healing process and effect on the impaired wound repair by glycemic control in the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, which is a new animal model of obese type 2 diabetes and may be a good model for study impaired wound healing. Material and methods Male SDT fatty rats at 15 weeks of age were administered orally with sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor for 3 weeks. Wounds were induced at 2 weeks after SGLT 2 inhibitor treatment, and the wound areas were periodically examined in morphological and histological analyses. Results The SDT fatty rats showed a delayed wound healing as compared with the normal rats, but a glycemic control improved the impaired wound healing. In histological analysis in the skin of SDT fatty rats showed severe infiltration of inflammatory cell, hemorrhage and many bacterial masses in the remaining and slight fibrosis of crust on skin tissue. Thought that this results skin performance to be a delay of crust formation and regeneration of epithelium; however, these findings were ameliorated in the SGLT 2 inhibitor treated group. Conclusion Glycemic control is effective for treatment in diabetic wounds and the SDT fatty rat may be useful to investigate pathophysiological changes in impaired diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyajima Katsuhiro
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soon Hui Teoh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Research Center of SMONAGENES UB, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo Animal & Diet Dept., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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20
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Sakimura K, Maekawa T, Sasagawa K, Ishii Y, Kume SI, Ohta T. Depression-related behavioural and neuroendocrine changes in the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:927-933. [PMID: 29757463 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases and is commonly comorbid with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the pathophysiology underlying the depressive state in DM remains poorly understood. Animal models are useful tools to investigate the association between depression and DM. In the present study we investigated whether the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, a novel animal model of type 2 DM, shows depression-related features. We assessed depression-like behaviour, hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and neurotransmitter levels in the brain. Behaviour was evaluated using a forced swimming test, and the HPA axis was evaluated with changes in plasma corticosterone levels after a swimming stress exposure or dexamethasone challenge. In addition, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), noradrenaline, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and brain stem were measured. In the forced swimming test, SDT fatty rats exhibited increased duration of immobility compared with control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Moreover, basal corticosterone levels were significantly elevated in SDT fatty compared with control SD rats. However, there were no stress-induced increases or changes in dexamethasone-induced suppression of corticosterone in SDT fatty compared with control SD rats. Furthermore, there were significant changes in 5-HT concentrations in the prefrontal cortex, and in GABA and glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus in SDT fatty compared with controls. The results of the present study suggest that the SDT fatty rat may be an appropriate model for diabetes with comorbid depression associated with neurotransmitter impairments and aberrant basal HPA hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakimura
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sasagawa
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kume
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Toriniwa Y, Muramatsu M, Ishii Y, Riya E, Miyajima K, Ohshida S, Kitatani K, Takekoshi S, Matsui T, Kume S, Yamada T, Ohta T. Pathophysiological characteristics of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-like changes in cholesterol-loaded type 2 diabetic rats. Physiol Res 2018; 67:601-612. [PMID: 29750881 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats, a new obese diabetic model, reportedly presented with features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) after 32 weeks of age. We tried to accelerate the onset of NASH in SDT fatty rats using dietary cholesterol loading and noticed changes in the blood choline level which is expected to be a NASH biomarker. Body weight and biochemical parameters were measured from 8 to 24 weeks of age. At 16, 20, 24 weeks, pathophysiological analysis of the livers were performed. Hepatic lipids, lipid peroxides, and the expression of mRNA related to triglyceride (TG) synthesis, inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated at 24 weeks. Hepatic fibrosis was observed in SDT fatty rats fed cholesterol-enriched diets (SDT fatty-Cho) from 16 weeks. Furthermore, hepatic lipids and lipid peroxide were significantly higher in SDT fatty-Cho than SDT fatty rats fed normal diets at 24 weeks. Hepatic mRNA expression related to TG secretion decreased in SDT fatty-Cho, and the mRNA expression related to inflammation and fibrosis increased in SDT fatty-Cho at 24 weeks. Furthermore, SDT fatty-Cho presented with increased plasma choline, similar to human NASH. There were no significant changes in the effects of feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet in Sprague-Dawley rats. SDT fatty-Cho has the potential to become a valuable animal model for NASH associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Toriniwa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan.
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Toriniwa Y, Saito T, Miyajima K, Ishii Y, Uno K, Maekawa T, Matsui T, Kume S, Yamada T, Ohta T. Investigation of pharmacological responses to anti-diabetic drugs in female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats, a new nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:878-885. [PMID: 29643297 PMCID: PMC6021872 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease, and some patients develop hepatic cirrhosis/carcinoma. Animal models play key roles in the development of new therapies for NASH. In this study, the pharmacological effects of metformin and pioglitazone were investigated in female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats to verify the utility of this model. The anti-diabetic drugs were administered to SDT fatty rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet from 4 to 25 weeks, and changes in food intake, body weight, and blood chemistry parameters were evaluated every 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid content, mRNA expression in relation to lipid synthesis, inflammation, and fibrosis, and histopathological analyses were performed at 25 weeks. Pioglitazone improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and abnormalities in hepatic parameters. The insulin levels were lower than those in the control rats before 16 weeks. Plasma glucose levels in the metformin-treated rats were lower than those in the control rats, and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels temporarily decreased. The lipid content and some mRNA expression in relation to fibrosis in the liver decreased with pioglitazone treatment, and the mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein increased. Hepatic fibrosis observed in the SDT fatty rats improved with pioglitazone treatment; however, the effect with metformin treatment was partial. These results in both drugs are in line with results in the human study, suggesting that the SDT fatty rat is useful for developing new anti-NASH drugs that show potential to regulate glucose/lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Toriniwa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saito
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kinuko Uno
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kume
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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23
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Motohashi Y, Kemmochi Y, Maekawa T, Tadaki H, Sasase T, Tanaka Y, Kakehashi A, Yamada T, Ohta T. Diabetic macular edema-like ocular lesions in male spontaneously diabetic torii fatty rats. Physiol Res 2018. [PMID: 29527913 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major factor contributing to visual disabilities in diabetic patients, and the number of patients is increasing. Animal models play a key role in the development of novel therapies. In this study, pathophysiological analyses of ocular lesions in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats were performed. First, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in vitreous humor, retinal vascular permeability and retinal thickness were measured in SDT fatty rats (Experiment 1). Furthermore, the pharmacological effects of two anti-diabetic drugs, phlorizin and pioglitazone, on retinal lesions were evaluated (Experiment 2). As results, the SDT fatty rats exhibited VEGF increase in vitreous humor at 8 and 16 weeks of age, and both retinal vascular hyperpermeability and retinal thickening at 16 weeks of age. In particular, the layers between the retinal internal limiting membrane and the outer nuclear layer were thickened. Phlorizin treatment from 4 to 16 weeks of age improved hyperglycemia and normalized retinal thickness; however, the effect of pioglitazone on retinal thickness was not strong despite the normalization of hyperglycemia. These data demonstrate that the male SDT fatty rat is a useful model for developing new therapeutic approaches in DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Motohashi
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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24
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Subramaniam A, Landstrom M, Luu A, Hayes KC. The Nile Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) as a Superior Carbohydrate-Sensitive Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020235. [PMID: 29463026 PMCID: PMC5852811 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental interactions. No single animal model has so far mirrored all the characteristics or complications of diabetes in humans. Since this disease represents a chronic nutritional insult based on a diet bearing a high glycemic load, the ideal model should recapitulate the underlying dietary issues. Most rodent models have three shortcomings: (1) they are genetically or chemically modified to produce diabetes; (2) unlike humans, most require high-fat feeding; (3) and they take too long to develop diabetes. By contrast, Nile rats develop diabetes rapidly (8-10 weeks) with high-carbohydrate (hiCHO) diets, similar to humans, and are protected by high fat (with low glycemic load) intake. This review describes diabetes progression in the Nile rat, including various aspects of breeding, feeding, and handling for best experimental outcomes. The diabetes is characterized by a striking genetic permissiveness influencing hyperphagia and hyperinsulinemia; random blood glucose is the best index of disease progression; and kidney failure with chronic morbidity and death are outcomes, all of which mimic uncontrolled T2DM in humans. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also described in diabetic humans, results from hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation associated with rising blood glucose. Protection is afforded by low glycemic load diets rich in certain fibers or polyphenols. Accordingly, the Nile rat provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional factors and underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that characterize human T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Luu
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - K C Hayes
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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25
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Kemmochi Y, Ohta T, Motohashi Y, Kaneshige A, Katsumi S, Kakimoto K, Yasui Y, Anagawa-Nakamura A, Toyoda K, Taniai-Riya E, Takahashi A, Shoda T, Yamada T. Pathophysiological analyses of skeletal muscle in obese type 2 diabetes SDT fatty rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:113-123. [PMID: 29750000 PMCID: PMC5938212 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-related decrease of muscle mass and function. Diabetes and obesity
are known to be risk factors that exacerbate sarcopenia, but the underlying mechanism of
diabetes-related sarcopenia is still unknown. Obese type 2 diabetes SDT fatty rats show
early onset of severe diabetes and there have been no reports on the characteristics of
their skeletal muscle. Therefore, pathophysiological analyses were performed for the
skeletal muscle in these rats. Diabetic male SDT fatty rats were sacrificed at 8, 16, 24,
32 and 40 weeks of age. Age-matched Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used as the normal
control. In addition to biological blood parameters, the soleus and the extensor digitorum
longus muscles were examined for muscle weight, histopathology, and protein synthesis and
degradation. Muscle grip strength was also examined. These results revealed that the
muscle weights of the SDT fatty rats were significantly decreased from 16 weeks of age.
The mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in the SDT fatty rats decreased from 24
weeks of age. Increased intramyocellular lipid accumulation, identified by
immunohistochemistry for adipophilin and TEM, was observed in the SDT fatty rats from 8
weeks of age. Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels and muscle strength in the
SDT fatty rats decreased at 24 weeks of age and thereafter. These pathophysiological
findings have been reported both in sarcopenia in aged humans and in patients with
diabetes. In conclusion, the SDT fatty rat was considered to be a useful model for
analysis of diabetes-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kemmochi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yu Motohashi
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kaneshige
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Sohei Katsumi
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kochi Kakimoto
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yasui
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Akiko Anagawa-Nakamura
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Eriko Taniai-Riya
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Akemi Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shoda
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Department of Agrobiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Igarashi, Nishiku, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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26
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Takeda Y, Shimomura T, Asao H, Wakabayashi I. Relationship between Immunological Abnormalities in Rat Models of Diabetes Mellitus and the Amplification Circuits for Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4275851. [PMID: 28299342 PMCID: PMC5337356 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4275851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms is required in order to treat diseases. However, the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications are extremely complex. Immune reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, while diabetes influences immune reactions. Furthermore, both diabetes and immune reactions are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. To address these issues, animal models are useful tools. So far, various animal models of diabetes have been developed in rats, which have advantages over mice models in terms of the larger volume of tissue samples and the variety of type 2 diabetes models. In this review, we introduce rat models of diabetes and summarize the immune reactions in diabetic rat models. Finally, we speculate on the relationship between immune reactions and diabetic episodes. For example, diabetes-prone Biobreeding rats, type 1 diabetes model rats, exhibit increased autoreactive cellular and inflammatory immune reactions, while Goto-Kakizaki rats, type 2 diabetes model rats, exhibit increased Th2 reactions and attenuation of phagocytic activity. Investigation of immunological abnormalities in various diabetic rat models is useful for elucidating complicated mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Studying immunological alterations, such as predominance of Th1/17 or Th2 cells, humoral immunity, and innate immune reactions, may improve understanding the structure of amplification circuits for diabetes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
- *Yuji Takeda:
| | - Tomoko Shimomura
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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27
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Ohta T, Toriniwa Y, Ryumon N, Inaba N, Hirao T, Yamanaka S, Maeno T, Sakakibara W, Sumikawa M, Chiba K, Nakamura A, Miyajima K, Fatchiyah F, Yamada T. Maternal high-fat diet promotes onset of diabetes in rat offspring. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:149-155. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohta
- Japan Tobacco Inc.; Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Brawijaya University; Malang East Java Indonesia
| | - Yasufumi Toriniwa
- Japan Tobacco Inc.; Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Naruhiko Ryumon
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Inaba
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Tadaaki Hirao
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Saori Yamanaka
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Takayuki Maeno
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Wakako Sakakibara
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Morio Sumikawa
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Kaoru Chiba
- JT Creative Cervice Co., Ltd.; Takatsuki office; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Akiko Nakamura
- Japan Tobacco Inc.; Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Japan Tobacco Inc.; Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Brawijaya University; Malang East Java Indonesia
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
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28
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Takakura S, Toyoshi T, Hayashizaki Y, Takasu T. Effect of ipragliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on progression of diabetic microvascular complications in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Life Sci 2016; 147:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Elucidation of genetic factors in diabetes based on studies of animal models. Diabetol Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-015-0228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Katsuda Y, Sasase T, Tadaki H, Mera Y, Motohashi Y, Kemmochi Y, Toyoda K, Kakimoto K, Kume S, Ohta T. Contribution of hyperglycemia on diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic SDT fatty rats: effects of SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. Exp Anim 2015; 64:161-9. [PMID: 25736710 PMCID: PMC4427731 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) fatty rat is a new model of type 2 diabetes
showing overt obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. With early onset of diabetes
mellitus, diabetic microvascular complications, including nephropathy, peripheral
neuropathy and retinopathy, are observed at young ages. In the present study, blood
glucose levels of female SDT fatty rats were controlled with phlorizin, a non-selective
SGLT inhibitor, to examine whether and how these complications are caused by
hyperglycemia. Phlorizin treatment adequately controlled plasma glucose levels during the
experiment. At 29 weeks of age, urinary albumin excretion considerably increased in SDT
fatty rats. Glomerulosclerosis and tubular pathological findings also indicate diabetic
nephropathy. These renal parameters tended to decrease with phlorizin; however, effects
were partial. Sciatic nerve conduction velocities were significantly delayed in SDT fatty
rats compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density, an
indicator of subclinical small nerve fiber neuropathy, significantly decreased in SDT
fatty rats. Retinal dysfunction (prolongation of peak latency for oscillatory potential in
electroretinograms) and histopathological eye abnormalities, including retinal folding and
mature cataracts were also observed. Both nerve and eye disorders were prevented with
phlorizin. These findings indicate that severe hyperglycemia mainly causes diabetic
complications in SDT fatty rats. However, other factors, such as hyperlipidemia and
hypertension, may affect diabetic nephropathy. These characteristics of diabetic
complications will become helpful in evaluating new drugs for diabetic complications using
SDT fatty rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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31
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Katsuda Y, Ohta T, Miyajima K, Kemmochi Y, Sasase T, Tong B, Shinohara M, Yamada T. Diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic rat models. Exp Anim 2014; 63:121-32. [PMID: 24770637 PMCID: PMC4160981 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We overviewed the pathophysiological features of diabetes and its complications in obese
type 2 diabetic rat models: Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat, Wistar fatty
rat, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat and Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat.
Pancreatic changes with progression of diabetes were classified into early changes, such
as islet hypertrophy and degranulation of β cells, and degenerative changes, such as islet
atrophy and fibrosis of islet with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Renal lesions in
tubuli and glomeruli were observed, and nodular lesions in glomeruli were notable changes
in OLETF and SDT fatty rats. Among retinal changes, folding and thickening were
interesting findings in SDT fatty rats. A decrease of motor nerve conduction velocity with
progression of diabetes was presented in obese diabetic rats. Other diabetic
complications, osteoporosis and sexual dysfunction, were also observed. Observation of
bone metabolic abnormalities, including decrease of osteogenesis and bone mineral density,
and sexual dysfunction, including hypotestosteronemia and erectile dysfunction, in obese
type 2 diabetic rats have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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32
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Kemmochi Y, Miyajima K, Ohta T, Sasase T, Yasui Y, Toyoda K, Kakimoto K, Shoda T, Kakehashi A. Ocular inflammation in uveal tract in aged obese type 2 diabetic rats (Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats). J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:629016. [PMID: 25295283 PMCID: PMC4180194 DOI: 10.1155/2014/629016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report uveitis observed in an obese type 2 diabetes rat model, Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rats aged over 50 weeks. The eyes of SDT fatty rats (16 animals: 7 males and 9 females with 50 or 60 weeks of age) were examined histopathologically. Infiltration of inflammatory cells in the uveal tract was observed in 13 of 16 animals. One female showed severe inflammation affecting the entire uveal tract including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid with a variety of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages). Those changes clinically mimic the findings of diabetic iridocyclitis in diabetic patients. Uveitis associated with diabetes can occur in diabetic patients but the pathogenesis still remains unknown. Since increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen and abscess in the genital and lower urinary tracts were observed in some SDT fatty rats, increased susceptibility to infection, prolongation of inflammatory states, and disorders of the immune system were considered to be possible factors of the uveitis in aged SDT fatty rats. There have been few reports on how diabetes has influence on the development of uveitis associated with bacterial infection. The SDT fatty rat can be an animal model to investigate diabetes-associated uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kemmochi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
- *Yusuke Kemmochi:
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yasui
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Kochi Kakimoto
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shoda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Toxicology Research Laboratories, 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kakehashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
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33
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Takeda Y, Shimomura T, Wakabayashi I. [Immunological disorders of diabetes mellitus in experimental rat models]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:166-176. [PMID: 25253518 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanism is the prerequisite for proper disease management. However, the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complication remain extremely complicated and unresolved. While immune reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic complication, the diabetic condition itself can influence immune responses. Furthermore, both diabetes and immune reactions are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. As a result, animal models have evolved to be powerful research tools to elucidate the complicated mechanisms for the pathogenesis of diabetes. Recently, various animal models of diabetes have been developed in rats, which provide advantages over mouse models in the scale of tissue samples and variation in type 2 diabetes models. In this review, we introduced rat models of diabetes and summarized the immune reactions in diabetic rats to propose the relationship between immune reactions and diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is induced by self-reactive cellular immune reactions. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes in rat models is associated with augmentation of innate immune reactions and increased humoral immunity. For example, helper T (Th) 1/Th17 cells are prevalent in non-obese type 1 diabetes rats (diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats), while non-obese type 2 diabetes rats (Goto-Kakizaki rat) show higher levels of natural IgM and T cell ratios with elevated Th2 cells compared with Wister rats. The investigation of immunological disorders in various diabetic rat models is useful to elucidate complicated mechanisms for the pathophysiology of diabetes. In future studies, immunological experimentations altering Th1/Th17 or Th2 cell levels and natural immune reactions may lend support to understanding the causes of diabetes and predicting the pathological conditions in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
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Wang YW, Sun GD, Sun J, Liu SJ, Wang J, Xu XH, Miao LN. Spontaneous type 2 diabetic rodent models. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:401723. [PMID: 23671868 PMCID: PMC3647580 DOI: 10.1155/2013/401723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is one of the most common chronic diseases and continues to increase in numbers with large proportion of health care budget being used. Many animal models have been established in order to investigate the mechanisms and pathophysiologic progress of T2DM and find effective treatments for its complications. On the basis of their strains, features, advantages, and disadvantages, various types of animal models of T2DM can be divided into spontaneously diabetic models, artificially induced diabetic models, and transgenic/knockout diabetic models. Among these models, the spontaneous rodent models are used more frequently because many of them can closely describe the characteristic features of T2DM, especially obesity and insulin resistance. In this paper, we aim to investigate the current available spontaneous rodent models for T2DM with regard to their characteristic features, advantages, and disadvantages, and especially to describe appropriate selection and usefulness of different spontaneous rodent models in testing of various new antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Guang-dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shu-jun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xiao-hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Li-ning Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
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Yokoi N, Hoshino M, Hidaka S, Yoshida E, Beppu M, Hoshikawa R, Sudo K, Kawada A, Takagi S, Seino S. A Novel Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes: The Zucker Fatty Diabetes Mellitus ZFDM Rat. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:103731. [PMID: 23671847 PMCID: PMC3647587 DOI: 10.1155/2013/103731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zucker fatty (ZF) rat harboring a missense mutation (fatty, fa) in the leptin receptor gene (Lepr) develops obesity without diabetes; Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats derived from the ZF strain exhibit obesity with diabetes and are widely used for research on type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here we establish a novel diabetic strain derived from normoglycemic ZF rats. In our ZF rat colony, we incidentally found fa/fa homozygous male rats having reproductive ability, which is generally absent in these animals. During maintenance of this strain by mating fa/fa males and fa/+ heterozygous females, we further identified fa/fa male rats exhibiting diabetes. We then performed selective breeding using the fa/fa male rats that exhibited relatively high blood glucose levels at 10 weeks of age, resulting in establishment of a diabetic strain that we designated Hos:ZFDM-Lepr(fa) (ZFDM). These fa/fa male rats developed diabetes as early as 10 weeks of age, reaching 100% incidence by 21 weeks of age, while none of the fa/+ male rats developed diabetes. The phenotypic characteristics of this diabetic strain are distinct from those of normoglycemic ZF rats. ZFDM rat strain having high reproductive efficiency should serve as a more useful animal model of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | | | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eri Yoshida
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masayuki Beppu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hoshikawa
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Animal Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | | | | | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Kemmochi Y, Fukui K, Maki M, Kimura S, Ishii Y, Sasase T, Miyajima K, Ohta T. Metabolic Disorders and Diabetic Complications in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr (fa) Rat: A New Obese Type 2 Diabetic Model. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:948257. [PMID: 23691524 PMCID: PMC3647577 DOI: 10.1155/2013/948257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr (fa) (SDT fatty) rat, established by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat into SDT rat genome, is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. Both male and female SDT fatty rats show overt obesity, and hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are observed at a young age as compared with SDT rats. With early incidence of diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, in SDT fatty rats were seen at younger ages compared to those in the SDT rats. In this paper, we overview pathophysiological features in SDT fatty rats and also describe new insights regarding the hematology, blood pressure, renal complications, and sexual dysfunction. The SDT fatty rats showed an increase of leukocytes, especially the monocyte count, prominent hypertension associated with salt drinking, end-stage renal disease with aging, and hypogonadism. Unlike other diabetic models, the characteristic of SDT fatty rat is to present an incidence of diabetes in females, hypertension, and retinopathy. SDT fatty rat is a useful model for analysis of various metabolic disorders and the evaluation of drugs related to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kemmochi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Mimi Maki
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kimura
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- *Takeshi Ohta:
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Yamaguchi T, Sasase T, Mera Y, Tomimoto D, Tadaki H, Kemmochi Y, Ohta T, Sato E, Matsushita M. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rats. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1669-73. [PMID: 22850562 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat is a hereditary model of diabetes. Although the SDT rat shows severe diabetic complications, the onset of hyperglycemia is late. SDT fatty rat, established by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat to SDT rat, develops diabetes much faster than SDT rat. In the present study, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was evaluated to show the further usefulness of this animal model. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was delayed, and the number of sural nerve fibers was decreased in SDT fatty rat. Treatment of pioglitazone lowered blood glucose level and prevented delay of MNCV in SDT fatty rats. SDT fatty rat is a useful animal model for studies of DPN in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamaguchi
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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Schmid PM, Heid I, Buechler C, Steege A, Resch M, Birner C, Endemann DH, Riegger GA, Luchner A. Expression of fourteen novel obesity-related genes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:48. [PMID: 22553958 PMCID: PMC3398851 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are useful to reveal an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and different measures of obesity. A multitude of new loci has recently been reported, but the exact function of most of the according genes is not known. The aim of our study was to start elucidating the function of some of these genes. Methods We performed an expression analysis of fourteen genes, namely BDNF, ETV5, FAIM2, FTO, GNPDA2, KCTD15, LYPLAL1, MCR4, MTCH2, NEGR1, NRXN3, TMEM18, SEC16B and TFAP2B, via real-time RT-PCR in adipose tissue of the kidney capsule, the mesenterium and subcutaneum as well as the hypothalamus of obese Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and Zucker lean (ZL) rats at an age of 22 weeks. Results All of our target genes except for SEC16B showed the highest expression in the hypothalamus. This suggests a critical role of these obesity-related genes in the central regulation of energy balance. Interestingly, the expression pattern in the hypothalamus showed no differences between obese ZDF and lean ZL rats. However, LYPLAL1, TFAP2B, SEC16B and FAIM2 were significantly lower expressed in the kidney fat of ZDF than ZL rats. NEGR1 was even lower expressed in subcutaneous and mesenterial fat, while MTCH2 was higher expressed in the subcutaneous and mesenterial fat of ZDF rats. Conclusion The expression pattern of the investigated obesity genes implies for most of them a role in the central regulation of energy balance, but for some also a role in the adipose tissue itself. For the development of the ZDF phenotype peripheral rather than central mechanisms of the investigated genes seem to be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Kimura S, Sasase T, Ohta T, Sato E, Matsushita M. Characteristics of bone turnover, bone mass and bone strength in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr fa rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:312-20. [PMID: 22038286 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr (fa) (SDT-fa/fa) rat is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. The SDT-fa/fa rat shows obesity and hyperglycemia at a young age compared to the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT-+/+) rat; however, bone abnormalities in the SDT-fa/fa rat have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of obese type 2 diabetes on bone turnover, bone mass, and bone strength in the SDT-fa/fa rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as control animals, and SDT-+/+ rats were used as non-obese type 2 diabetic rats. Serum osteocalcin and urine deoxypyridinoline levels were decreased in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control rats at a young age. SDT-fa/fa rats showed decreases in bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the whole tibia, and shortening of the tibia and femur compared to control and SDT-+/+ rats. Deterioration in bone geometrical properties of the femur midshaft such as cortical thickness and minimum moment of inertia, was observed in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control and SDT-+/+ rats. Furthermore, trabecular bone volume of the distal femur was decreased in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control rats. These negative effects on bone in SDT-fa/fa rats caused severe decreases in maximum load, stiffness, and energy absorption of the femur. In addition, serum levels of homocysteine, a candidate for bone fragility markers, were elevated in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control and SDT-+/+ rats. In conclusion, the SDT-fa/fa rat may be a useful model to investigate bone abnormalities in obese type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kimura
- Biological/Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
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Hata T, Ohta T, Ishii Y, Sasase T, Yamaguchi T, Mera Y, Miyajima K, Tanoue G, Sato E, Matsushita M. Elevated glucagon-like peptide-1 on a high-fat diet feeding prevents the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii <i>Lepr<sup>fa</sup></i> rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jdm.2012.22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Akimoto T, Terada M, Shimizu A. Progression of pancreatitis prior to diabetes onset in WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:65-70. [PMID: 21836382 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We established the WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rat as a new congenic strain for the fa allele of the leptin receptor gene (Lepr). Homozygous (fa/fa) WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats provide a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, although its onset is secondary to pancreatitis. In the present study, we compared histopathological observations of pancreatitis in each genotype of this rat, to examine its suitability as a model of pancreatitis. The histopathological findings of the pancreatitis revealed intense changes dependent on age, such as hemorrhage or hemosiderin deposition. The pancreatitis in homozygous (fa/fa) WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats were more severe than those of WBN/Kob rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Akimoto
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kimura S, Sasase T, Ohta T, Matsushita M. Effects of ovariectomy on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in spontaneously diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) rats. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1025-9. [PMID: 21490414 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) (SDT- fa/fa) rat is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. The female SDT-fa/fa rat shows obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia from a young age. However, it is not known whether diabetes and estrogen deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities in the female SDT-fa/fa rat. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in the female SDT-fa/fa rat. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used as control animals. The BMDs of the whole tibia and fifth lumbar (L5) vertebral body were analyzed at 30 weeks after OVX. Serum osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, and urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD), a bone resorption marker, were sequentially analyzed before and at 5, 15 and 30 weeks after OVX. Serum osteocalcin and urine DPD levels were lower in SDT-fa/fa rats than in control rats before OVX. Both serum osteocalcin and urine DPD levels were elevated in control rats 5-30 weeks after OVX, but only the urine DPD levels were elevated in SDT-fa/fa rats 5-30 weeks after OVX. SDT-fa/fa rats showed a decrease in the BMDs of the whole tibia and L5 vertebral body compared with control rats. OVX decreased the BMDs of the whole tibia and L5 vertebral body in control rats, but not in SDT-fa/fa rats. These data suggest that estrogen deficiency is not a risk factor for bone loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kimura
- Biological/Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka 569–1125, Japan.
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Akimoto T, Terada M, Shimizu A, Sawai N, Ozawa H. The influence of dietary restriction on the development of diabetes and pancreatitis in female WBN/Kob-fatty rats. Exp Anim 2011; 59:623-30. [PMID: 21030790 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Original WBN/Kob male rats commonly develop chronic pancreatitis by the age of 3 months, while diabetes mellitus occurs at 9 months. In contrast, female rats of this strain do not show pancreatitis or diabetes. The WBN/Kob-fatty rat is a homozygous (fa/fa) congenic strain for the fa allele of the leptin receptor gene (Lepr). In WBN/Kob-fatty rats, both females and males provide a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes with obesity. The leptin receptor fatty gene (Lepr(fa)) induces obesity and hyperphagia. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary restriction on pancreatitis and diabetes in female WBN/Kob-fatty rats. Five female fatty rats comprised a restricted feeding group with paired-feeding from 3 to 13 weeks of age, and five female lean rats comprised a control group with paired-feeding. At 13 weeks of age, two of the five female fatty rats of the control group developed diabetes mellitus, while no female fatty rats of the restricted feeding group developed diabetes mellitus. At this stage, pathological changes of the pancreas were observed in female fatty rats. All female fatty rats showed severe interlobular, intra-lobular and intra-islet fibrosis. In female fatty rats of the restricted feeding group, pathological changes of the pancreas were milder those of the free-feeding fatty group. Although dietary restriction could not completely prevent pancreatitis in female fatty rats, the development of diabetes was inhibited by its reduction of the severity of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Akimoto
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Ishii Y, Ohta T, Sasase T, Morinaga H, Hata T, Miyajima K, Katusda Y, Masuyama T, Shinohara M, Kakutani M, Matsushita M. A high-fat diet inhibits the progression of diabetes mellitus in type 2 diabetic rats. Nutr Res 2010; 30:483-91. [PMID: 20797481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that rats and mice, when fed a high-fat diet, develop obesity associated with abnormal glycolipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of a high-fat diet on a diabetic rat model, Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT), which develops diabetes due to decreased insulin production and secretion with age. We hypothesized that a high-fat diet would accelerate the induction of diabetes in this model. The SDT rats were divided into 2 groups, which were fed a high-fat diet or standard diet for 16 weeks. The group fed a high-fat diet developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia until 16 weeks of age. Before 16 weeks of age, hyperglycemia accompanied by hypoinsulinemia developed in the group on a standard diet, but serum glucose levels were comparable in both groups. After 16 weeks of age, the group on a standard diet showed an increase in serum glucose levels and a decrease in serum insulin levels. Unexpectedly, in the group on the high-fat diet, we observed a suppressed of the progression of hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia. Histopathological observation revealed more pancreatic beta cells in the group on the high-fat diet. This study suggests that feeding SDT rats a high-fat diet induces obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia, but not hyperglycemia, until 16 weeks of age. Thereafter, age-dependent progress of hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia was delayed by a high-fat diet. The hyperfunction of pancreatic beta cells induced by a high-fat diet before the onset of hyperglycemia appears to suppress development of hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Ishii
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Ishii Y, Maki M, Yamamoto H, Sasase T, Kakutani M, Ohta T. Blood pressure characteristics of female spontaneously diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) rats. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:501-5. [PMID: 21127391 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure in female SDT-fa/fa rats was periodically investigated at ages 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Furthermore, an insulin therapy was performed for 5 weeks in the female rats at age 11 weeks, and the change of blood pressure was examined. In addition to obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia and increased urinary angiotensinogen level were observed during the experimental period. Blood pressure was elevated at ages 8 and 16 weeks, but that at 24 weeks was comparable to that in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Heart rate was decreased from age 8 to 24 weeks. Insulin therapy induced good glycemic control and improvement of hyperlipidemia, but the blood pressure was not reduced. Blood pressure in female SDT-fa/fa rats was elevated temporarily. The blood pressure was not decreased by insulin treatment. SDT-fa/fa rat is a useful model to investigate the relation between diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Ishii
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1–1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569–1125, Japan
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Ishii Y, Maki M, Yamamoto H, Sasase T, Kakutani M, Ohta T. Evaluation of blood pressure in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) rats. Exp Anim 2010; 59:525-9. [PMID: 20661000 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) (SDT-fa/fa) rat, a new model of obese type 2 diabetes, shows obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia from 6 weeks of age. Diabetic complications such as nephropathy and cataract are observed with aging; however, blood pressure change with age has not previously been examined. In this study, blood pressure was periodically measured and the change was investigated. Blood pressure in male SDT-fa/fa rats was elevated at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age, whereas the heart rate was not changed. In addition to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and proteinuria, hyperleptinemia and increased urine angiotensinogen were observed in SDT-fa/fa rats. Blood pressure and heart rate in the male original SDT (SDT-+/+) rat did not significantly change. In conclusion, the SDT-fa/fa rat is a promising model, showing significant hypertension with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Ishii
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Ishii Y, Ohta T, Sasase T, Morinag H, Miyajima K, Kakutani M. Effects of food restriction on pancreatic islets in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:169-75. [PMID: 20877155 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, established by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat into the SDT rat genome, is a new model of obesity/type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated effects of food restriction on metabolic and endocrinological function in SDT fatty rats. SDT fatty rats were pair-fed with SDT rats from 7 to 21 weeks of age. The SDT fatty rats were already hyperinsulinemic and hyperlipidemic at 7 weeks of age. After 7 weeks of age, SDT fatty rats showed age-dependently increasing serum glucose levels associated with decreasing serum insulin levels. However, in pair-fed SDT fatty rats, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were attenuated at 9 weeks of age. After 9 weeks of age, the serum insulin levels unexpectedly increased in the pair-fed SDT fatty rats. Glucose tolerance was also improved, and the pancreatic insulin contents were increased in these rats. Pancreatic islets were hypertrophied in pair-fed SDT fatty rats compared with ad lib-fed SDT fatty rats, which were comparable to SDT rats. This study showed that, in SDT fatty rats, calorie restriction by paired-feeding with SDT rats attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia for the first 2 weeks. Thereafter, the serum insulin levels and pancreatic insulin contents were increased, though the restriction was continued. Hypertrophic pancreatic islets were also remarkable, indicating increased beta cell proliferation. The activated pancreatic beta cell functions might be due to rapid food ingestion, a change of feeding behavior resulting form increasing the fasting period, which was indispensable for calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Ishii
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Japan.
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Ishii Y, Ohta T, Sasase T, Morinaga H, Ueda N, Hata T, Kakutani M, Miyajima K, Katsuda Y, Masuyama T, Shinohara M, Matsushita M. Pathophysiological analysis of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats. Exp Anim 2010; 59:73-84. [PMID: 20224171 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes-associated complications appear at younger ages (6-8 weeks) in the male Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) (SDT-fa/fa) rat than in the male original SDT (SDT-+/+) rat. However, the incidence and progression of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications in the female SDT-fa/fa rat have not been reported in detail. In the present study, the pathophysiological features of the female SDT-fa/fa rat were examined, and compared with those of the female SDT-+/+ rat. Female SDT-fa/fa rats showed hyperphagia, obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia from 5 or 6 weeks of age, and hyperinsulinemia was observed from 5 to 12 weeks. Pathological changes pancreatic islets were observed from 8 weeks. Renal function parameters, such as urine volume and urinary protein, increased from 16 weeks, and pathological findings in the renal tubule, and cataracts were also observed from 16 weeks. Increases of visceral and subcutaneous fats were obvious during the observation period. In pair-feeding with SDT-+/+ rats, SDT-fa/fa rats showed improved hyperglycemia and hypertriglycemia, but hypercholesterolemia was not entirely improved during the study period. Female SDT-fa/fa rats showed diabetes mellitus and diabetes-associated complications at young ages, and fat accumulation was remarkable. Suppression of hyperphagia in SDT-fa/fa rats was effective at improving hyperglycemia and hypertriglycemia. In conclusion, the female SDT-fa/fa rat has the potential to become an important animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity, especially for women, for which few models currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Ishii
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Pathophysiological characteristics of diabetic ocular complications in spontaneously diabetic torii rat. J Ophthalmol 2010; 2010:615641. [PMID: 20508774 PMCID: PMC2875698 DOI: 10.1155/2010/615641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat, a nonobese type 2 diabetes model, develops severe diabetic retinopathy as result of chronic severe hyperglycemia. Although existing diabetes animal models also develop ocular complications, severe retinal lesions frequently observed in human diabetes patients such as preretinal neovascularization or retinal detachment are not found. Distinctive features in SDT rat are hypermature cataract, tractional retinal detachment with fibrous proliferation, and massive hemorrhaging in the anterior chamber. These pathophysiological changes are caused by sustained hyperglycemic condition and subsequent increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retina, iris, and ciliary body. Although some differences in diabetic retinopathy exist between SDT rats and humans (e.g., a low incidence of neovascular formation and poor development of nonperfused area are found in this animal), SDT rat will be a useful model in studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Effect of food restriction on adipose tissue in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2009; 2009:715057. [PMID: 19696902 PMCID: PMC2729098 DOI: 10.1155/2009/715057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-fa/fa (SDT fatty) rat is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. SDT fatty rat exhibits obesity associated with hyperphagia. In this study, SDT fatty rats were subjected to pair-feeding with SDT-+/+ (SDT) rats from 6 to 22 weeks of age. The ratio of visceral fat weight to subcutaneous fat weight (V/S) decreased at 12 weeks of age in the pair-feeding rats. The intraperitoneal fat weight such as epididymal and retroperitoneal fat weight decreased, whereas mesenteric fat weight had no change. Cell size of the epididymal fat in the pair-feeding rats tended to decrease. Glucose oxidation level in epididymal fat in the pair-feeding rats at 12 weeks of age was recovered to a similar level with that in SDT rats. These results indicated that SDT fatty rat is a useful model to evaluate the functional or the morphological features in adipose tissue and develop a novel drug for antiobesity.
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