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Konyole SO, Omollo SA, Kinyuru JN, Owuor BO, Estambale BB, Ritz C, Michaelsen KF, Filteau SM, Wells JC, Roos N, Friis H, Owino VO, Grenov B. Associations between Stunting, Wasting and Body Composition: A Longitudinal Study in 6- to 15-Month-Old Kenyan Children. J Nutr 2023; 153:970-978. [PMID: 36796480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early growth and body composition may influence the risk of obesity and health in adulthood. Few studies have examined how undernutrition is associated with body composition in early life. OBJECTIVES We assessed stunting and wasting as correlates of body composition in young Kenyan children. METHODS Nested in a randomized controlled nutrition trial, this longitudinal study assessed fat and fat-free mass (FM, FFM) using deuterium dilution technique among children at age 6 and 15 months. This trial was registered at http://controlled-trials.com/ (ISRCTN30012997). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between z-score categories of length-for-age (LAZ) or weight-for-length (WLZ) and FM, FFM, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), triceps, and subscapular skinfolds were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Among the 499 children enrolled, breastfeeding declined from 99% to 87%, stunting increased from 13% to 32%, and wasting remained at 2% to 3% between 6 and 15 mo. Compared with LAZ >0, stunted children had a 1.12 kg (95% CI: 0.88, 1.36; P < 0.001) lower FFM at 6 mo and increased to 1.59 kg (95% CI: 1.25, 1.94; P < 0.001) at 15 mo, corresponding to differences of 18% and 17%, respectively. When analyzing FFMI, the deficit in FFM tended to be less than proportional to children's height at 6 mo (P ≤ 0.060) but not at 15 mo (P > 0.40). Stunting was associated with 0.28 kg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.47; P = 0.004) lower FM at 6 mo. However, this association was not significant at 15 mo, and stunting was not associated with FMI at any time point. A lower WLZ was generally associated with lower FM, FFM, FMI, and FFMI at 6 and 15 mo. Differences in FFM, but not FM, increased with time, whereas FFMI differences did not change, and FMI differences generally decreased with time. CONCLUSIONS Overall, low LAZ and WLZ among young Kenyan children were associated with reduced lean tissue, which may have long-term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvenus O Konyole
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
| | - Selina A Omollo
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John N Kinyuru
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | | | - Benson B Estambale
- Division of Research, Innovations and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne M Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victor O Owino
- Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lewis JI, Friis H, Mupere E, Wells JC, Grenov B. Calibration of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Against Deuterium Dilution for Body Composition Assessment in Stunted Ugandan Children. J Nutr 2023; 153:426-434. [PMID: 36894235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BIA represents an important tool in body composition (BC) assessment, especially in low-income settings in which simple and affordable options are preferred. There is a particular need to measure BC in stunted children, in which cases population-specific BIA estimating equations are lacking. OBJECTIVES We calibrated an equation to estimate body composition from BIA using deuterium dilution (2H) as the criterion method in stunted children. METHODS We measured BC with 2H and performed BIA in stunted Ugandan children (n = 50). Multiple linear regression models were constructed to predict 2H-derived FFM from BIA-derived whole-body impedance and other relevant predictors. Model performance was expressed as adjusted R2 and RMSE. Prediction errors were also calculated. RESULTS Participants were aged 16-59 mo, of whom 46% were girls, and their median (IQR) height-for-age z-score (HAZ) was -2.58 (-2.92 to -2.37) according to the WHO growth standards. Impedance index (height2/impedance measured at 50 kHz) alone explained 89.2% variation in FFM and had an RMSE of 583 g (precision error 6.5%). The final model contained age, sex, impedance index, and height-for-age z-score as predictors and explained 94.5% variation in FFM with an RMSE of 402 g (precision error 4.5%). CONCLUSIONS We present a BIA calibration equation for a group of stunted children with a relatively low prediction error. This may help evaluate the efficacy of nutritional supplementation in large-scale trials in the same population. J Nutr 20XX;xxx:xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack I Lewis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy, and Practice Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mattes RD, Rowe SB, Ohlhorst SD, Brown AW, Hoffman DJ, Liska DJ, Feskens EJM, Dhillon J, Tucker KL, Epstein LH, Neufeld LM, Kelley M, Fukagawa NK, Sunde RA, Zeisel SH, Basile AJ, Borth LE, Jackson E. Valuing the Diversity of Research Methods to Advance Nutrition Science. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1324-1393. [PMID: 35802522 PMCID: PMC9340992 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ASN Board of Directors appointed the Nutrition Research Task Force to develop a report on scientific methods used in nutrition science to advance discovery, interpretation, and application of knowledge in the field. The genesis of this report was growing concern about the tone of discourse among nutrition professionals and the implications of acrimony on the productive study and translation of nutrition science. Too often, honest differences of opinion are cast as conflicts instead of areas of needed collaboration. Recognition of the value (and limitations) of contributions from well-executed nutrition science derived from the various approaches used in the discipline, as well as appreciation of how their layering will yield the strongest evidence base, will provide a basis for greater productivity and impact. Greater collaborative efforts within the field of nutrition science will require an understanding that each method or approach has a place and function that should be valued and used together to create the nutrition evidence base. Precision nutrition was identified as an important emerging nutrition topic by the preponderance of task force members, and this theme was adopted for the report because it lent itself to integration of many approaches in nutrition science. Although the primary audience for this report is nutrition researchers and other nutrition professionals, a secondary aim is to develop a document useful for the various audiences that translate nutrition research, including journalists, clinicians, and policymakers. The intent is to promote accurate, transparent, verifiable evidence-based communication about nutrition science. This will facilitate reasoned interpretation and application of emerging findings and, thereby, improve understanding and trust in nutrition science and appropriate characterization, development, and adoption of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonard H Epstein
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Kelley
- Michael Kelley Nutrition Science Consulting, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Steven H Zeisel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Development of population-specific prediction equations for bioelectrical impedance analyses in Vietnamese children. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1345-1352. [PMID: 32616079 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452000241x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for accurate, inexpensive and field-friendly methods to assess body composition in children. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising approach; however, there have been limited validation and use among young children in resource-poor settings. We aim to develop and validate population-specific prediction equations for estimating total fat mass (FM), fat free-mass (FFM) and percentage body fat (PBF) in Vietnamese children (4-7 years) using reactance and resistance from BIA, anthropometric variables and demographic information. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 120 children. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BIA and anthropometry. To develop prediction equations, we split all data into development (70 %) and validation datasets (30 %). The model performance was evaluated using predicted residual error sum of squares, root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and R2. We identified a top performing model with the least number of parameters (age, sex, weight and resistance index or resistance and height), low RMSE (FM 0·70, FFM 0·74, PBF 3·10), low MAE (FM 0·55, FFM 0·62, PBF 2·49), high R2 (FM 0·95, FFM 0·92, PBF 0·82) and the least difference between predicted values and actual values from DXA (FM 0·03 kg or 0·01 sd, FFM 0·06 kg or 0·02 sd, PBF 0·27 % or 0·04 sd). In conclusion, we developed the first valid and highly predictive equations to estimate FM, FFM and PBF in Vietnamese children using BIA. These findings have important implications for future research on the double burden of disease and risks associated with overweight and obesity in young children.
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dos Santos FK, Moura dos Santos MA, Almeida MB, Nobre IG, Nobre GG, Ferreira e Silva WT, Gomes TN, António Ribeiro Maia J, Leandro CG. Biological and behavioral correlates of body weight status among rural Northeast Brazilian schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23096. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelus Brito Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science; CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco; Vitória de Santo Antão PE Brazil
| | - Isabele Goes Nobre
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science; CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco; Vitória de Santo Antão PE Brazil
| | - Gabriela Goes Nobre
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science; CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco; Vitória de Santo Antão PE Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carol Góis Leandro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science; CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco; Vitória de Santo Antão PE Brazil
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Vonaesch P, Tondeur L, Breurec S, Bata P, Nguyen LBL, Frank T, Farra A, Rafaï C, Giles-Vernick T, Gody JC, Gouandjika-Vasilache I, Sansonetti P, Vray M. Factors associated with stunting in healthy children aged 5 years and less living in Bangui (RCA). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182363. [PMID: 28796794 PMCID: PMC5552116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stunting remains a major public health concern worldwide. Although its global prevalence is slowly decreasing, the actual number of affected children is still rising in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the Central African Republic (CAR), about one third of all children below the age of five are stunted. Stunting is correlated with many long-term consequences, including poor cognitive development and a higher rate of morbidity and mortality, making stunting a major contributor to poverty. In CAR, little is known about the factors that contribute to stunting. This study aimed at analysing, in a cross-sectional study, the main factors associated with stunting in a group of 414 children recruited between December 2011 and November 2013, aged five years or less and living in Bangui. For all children, demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric data were recorded and asymptomatic enteropathogen carriage was assessed in stool samples using classical microbiological assays. The study group had a mean age of 14.2±10 months. Fifty-eight percent (292/414) were boys, and 36 percent (148/414) exhibited stunted growth. Of the stunted children, 51% (75/148) showed a moderate delay in linear growth for their age group [height-for-age z-score (HAZ) between -2 and -3 SD] while 49% (73/148) presented a severe delay (HAZ < -3). Factors significantly associated with stunting included gender (aOR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.07; 2.62 for boys compared to girls) and age (aOR of 3.98 (95% CI: 2.45; 6.46) for toddlers and aOR 4.42 (95% CI: 2.36; 8.28) for children compared to infants). Most importantly, we identified being overweight [weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) > 2 SD; aOR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.50; 6.90 of overweight compared to normal weight] as also being significantly associated with stunting. This is the first study showing that even in the poorest countries of the world there is an association of stunting with being overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité d'épidémiologie et d'expertise des maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Unité d'épidémiologie et d'expertise des maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Breurec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique et Environnementale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pointe-à-Pitre/Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
- Université des Antilles, Faculté de Médecine, Pointe-aà-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Petula Bata
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Liem Binh Luong Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Thierry Frank
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Alain Farra
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Clotaire Rafaï
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Unité d'épidémiologie et d'expertise des maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Vray
- Unité d'épidémiologie et d'expertise des maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité d’épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
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Is body mass index an appropriate proxy for body fat in children? GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Weitz CA, Friedlaender FR, Van Horn A, Friedlaender JS. Modernization and the onset of overweight and obesity in Bougainville and Solomon Islands children: cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between 1966 and 1986. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 149:435-46. [PMID: 23042600 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This set of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from children and young adults in certain Bougainville and Solomon Islands populations undergoing rapid modernization during the period 1966-1986 reveals very different responses to essentially the same stimuli-the introduction and widespread availability of western dietary items and reductions in habitual activity. Our analyses of over 2,000 children and young adults first measured in 1966-1972, with follow-up surveys in 1968-1970 and 1985-1986, show changes in overweight/obesity in these communities have their onset around puberty, and are not related to differences in childhood growth stunting. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased substantially during the period of this study among young adults, particularly women, and in groups with more Polynesian affinities, where the frequency of overweight (BMI ≥ 25) tripled over this 20-year interval. However, the BMI of the more Papuan groups on Bougainville remained remarkably stable, even though they were close to the epicenter of modernization during this period, the Bougainville Copper Mine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Weitz
- Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Hoffman DJ, Toro-Ramos T, Sawaya AL, Roberts SB, Rondo P. Estimating total body fat using a skinfold prediction equation in Brazilian children. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39:156-60. [PMID: 22324842 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.660989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The double burden of obesity and underweight is increasing in developing countries and simple methods for the assessment of fat mass in children are needed. AIM To develop and validate a new anthropometric predication equation for assessment of fat mass in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Body composition was assessed in 145 children aged 9.8 ± 1.3 (SD) years from São Paulo, Brazil using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and skinfold measurements. The study sample was divided into development and validation sub-sets to develop a new prediction equation for FM (PE). RESULTS Using multiple linear regression analyses, the best equation for predicting FM (R(2) = 0.77) included body weight, triceps skinfold, height, gender and age as independent variables. When cross-validated, the new PE was valid in this sample (R(2) = 0.80), while previously published equations were not. CONCLUSION The PE was more valid for Brazilian children that existing equations, but further studies are needed to assess the validity of this PE in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Accuracy of anthropometric measurements in estimating fat mass in individuals with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Nutrition 2012; 28:984-90. [PMID: 22516373 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of anthropometric measurements to estimate the percentage of body fat (%BF) is easy and inexpensive. However, the accuracy of these methods in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) has not been explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of skinfold-based models, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) in estimations of %BF using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method in individuals with 21OHD. METHODS Fifty-four 21OHD patients (32 women and 22 men), aged 7 to 20 y, were recruited for the study. DXA was used to determine %BF; four predictive skinfold equations, BMI, and WC were assessed for accuracy in determining %BF. RESULTS All predictive skinfold equations were highly associated (R, range: 0.82-0.89) with DXA %BF values. In women, BMI and WC showed moderate correlations (R = 0.69 for both BMI and WC) with DXA values. In contrast, among men there was a low explanatory power for BMI (13%) and WC (4%) and high errors (BMI, 6.9%; WC, 7.4%). All predictive equations significantly underestimated %BF (range of differences, -4.1 to -8.9) compared with DXA (women, 31.3 ± 6.1; men, 24.4 ± 7.3), and large limits of agreement were observed (range, -15.3 to 1.7 and -15.5 to 4.2 for women and men, respectively). CONCLUSION In children and adolescents with 21OHD, %BF as estimated by skinfold measurements was associated more strongly with DXA-assessed %BF than both BMI and WC. However, still, the skinfold-based assessment underestimated DXA %BF and showed moderate agreement.
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11
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Wilson HJ, Dickinson F, Griffiths PL, Azcorra H, Bogin B, Varela-Silva MI. How useful is BMI in predicting adiposity indicators in a sample of Maya children and women with high levels of stunting? Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:780-9. [PMID: 21936013 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Body mass index (BMI) is used frequently to estimate adiposity levels in children and adults. However, the applicability of BMI to populations with high levels of stunting has been questioned. Stunted people can have disproportionately short legs, which may increase BMI without increasing body fat because of the relatively larger trunk compared with the legs. METHODS A sample of 57 urban Maya schoolchildren, aged 7-9 years (31 boys), and 53 adult women underwent anthropometric assessments and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine whether the ability of BMI to predict adiposity indicators is altered by stunting and sitting height ratio (SHR). The adiposity indicators were waist circumference, sum of skinfolds, upper arm muscle area, upper arm fat area, and arm fat index. RESULTS BMI was the strongest predictor of all adiposity indicators and in most cases, explained more of the variance in adiposity of Maya children than Maya women. Abdominal adiposity was better predicted by BMI than peripheral adiposity in Maya women and Maya children. Stunting was significant in predicting adiposity in some models but never substantially changed the variance explained. SHR was never a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between BMI and adiposity indicators is not changed by stunting status or body proportions in this short population of urban Maya children and women. BMI can be used as an indicator of adiposity for these children but not the women. It is recommended that BMI is used in conjunction with other estimates of body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Wilson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
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12
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Gregory CO, Corvalán C, Ramirez-Zea M, Martorell R, Stein AD. Detection of cardio-metabolic risk by BMI and waist circumference among a population of Guatemalan adults. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11:1037-45. [PMID: 18093354 PMCID: PMC3730839 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMI and waist circumference (WC) are used to screen for cardio-metabolic risk; however it is unclear how well these indices perform in populations subject to childhood stunting. OBJECTIVES To evaluate BMI and WC as indicators of cardio-metabolic risk and to determine optimal cut-off points among 1,325 Guatemalan adults (44 % stunted: 162 cm men). METHODS Cardio-metabolic risk factors were systolic/diastolic blood pressure 85 mmHg, glucose 5 mmol/l, TAG 7 mmol/l, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol 0, and the presence of two or more and three or more of the preceding risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used. RESULTS Areas under the ROC curve were in the range of 005978 for WC among men and 006472 among women, respectively. Optimal cut-off points for BMI were 242651 kg/m2 stunted; 242656 kg/m2 among women (262769 kg/m2 non-stunted). Optimal cut-off points for WC were 879134 cm stunted; 889333 cm among women (909486 cm non-stunted). CONCLUSION Optimal cut-off points for BMI were slightly higher among women than men with no meaningful differences by stature. Optimal cut-off points for WC were several centimetres lower for stunted compared with non-stunted men, and both were substantially lower than the current recommendations among Western populations. Cut-off points derived from Western populations may not be appropriate for developing countries with a high prevalence of stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cria O Gregory
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- Institute of Nutrition of Central American and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Reynaldo Martorell
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aryeh D Stein
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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JUDD SUZANNEE, RAMIREZ-ZEA MANUEL, STEIN ARYEHD. Relation of ratio indices of anthropometric measures to obesity in a stunted population. Am J Hum Biol 2008; 20:446-50. [PMID: 18348171 PMCID: PMC3735353 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratios of anthropometric measures are used to estimate obesity while controlling for allometric scaling. A good index should be uncorrelated with its denominator; this often requires exponentiation of the denominator. The stability of the derived exponents across populations is not known. We obtained subscapular (SUBS) and triceps (TRI) skinfolds, weight (WT), height (HT), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) in a population of Guatemalan adults [height 1.63 +/- 0.06 m (868 males); 1.51 +/- 0.06 m (1047 females)]. We derived exponents for the indices WT/HT(P), SUBS/TRI(P), TRI/SUBS(P), WC/HT(P), FM/WT(P), and FM/FFM(P) such that the ratios were free from association with their denominators. The derived exponents were (Men: SUBS/TRI(0.88), FM/WT(2.69), FM/FFM(2.86), WC/HT(0.68), and WT/HT(2.17); Women: SUBS/TRI(0.93), FM/WT(2.01), FM/FFM(3.37), WC/HT(0.47), WT/HT(2.03)). For all examined indices the derived exponents differed (P < 0.05) from 1 and differed (P < 0.05) between men and women. The exponents for the men also differed from those previously published for Brazilian men (JCK Wells and CG Victora [2005]: Int J Obes 29:483-489). The derived indices were not more strongly correlated with adiposity than were simple unexponentiated ratios. Although exponentiation of the denominator eliminates the association of index with its denominator, the resulting exponents lack generalizability across populations, especially those where stunting remains prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- SUZANNE E. JUDD
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - MANUEL RAMIREZ-ZEA
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Calzada Roosevelt 6-25 Zona 11, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - ARYEH D. STEIN
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Corvalán C, Gregory CO, Ramirez-Zea M, Martorell R, Stein AD. Size at birth, infant, early and later childhood growth and adult body composition: a prospective study in a stunted population. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:550-7. [PMID: 17376801 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-natal and post-natal growth are associated with adult body composition, but the relative importance of growth in different periods of childhood is still unclear, particularly in stunted populations. METHODS We studied 358 women and 352 men measured as children in 1969-77 in four villages in Guatemala, and re-measured as adults in 2002-04 (mean age 32.7 years). We determined the associations of body mass index (BMI) and length at birth, and changes in BMI and length during infancy (0-1.0 year) and early (1.0-3.0 years) and later (3.0-7.0 years) childhood, with adult BMI ((a)BMI), percentage of body fat ((a)PBF), abdominal circumference ((a)AC) and fat-free mass ((a)FFM). RESULTS Prevalence of stunting was high (64% at 3 years; HAZ < -2SD). Obesity (WHZ > 2SD) prevalence in childhood was <2%, while overweight prevalence in adulthood was 52%. BMI at birth was positively associated with (a)BMI and (a)FFM while length at birth was positively associated with (a)AC and (a)FFM. Increased BMI in infancy and later childhood were positively associated with all four adult body composition measures; associations in later childhood with fatness and abdominal fatness were stronger than those with (a)FFM. Change in length during infancy and early childhood was positively associated with all four adult body composition outcomes; the associations with (a)FFM were stronger than those with fat mass. CONCLUSIONS Increases in BMI between 3.0 and 7.0 years had stronger associations with adult fat mass and abdominal fat than with (a)FFM; increases in length prior to age 3.0 years were most strongly associated with increases in (a)FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corvalán
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, 540 Asbury Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Fernald LC, Neufeld LM. Overweight with concurrent stunting in very young children from rural Mexico: prevalence and associated factors. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:623-32. [PMID: 17136036 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the prevalence of overweight or obesity concurrent with stunting in rural low-income Mexican children and to identify demographic and socio-economic characteristics that could help identify families at risk of having an overweight/obese and stunted young child in this population. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the nutritional status of very young children, using primary data from a rural community-based survey conducted in 2003. Overweight, obesity and stunting were documented along with several maternal, household and community characteristics. SETTING Impoverished areas of rural Mexico. SUBJECTS Pre-school children (n=7555), aged 24-72 months. RESULTS The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was equal to or greater than 20% in all children, as was the prevalence of stunting. The prevalence of concurrent overweight or obesity and stunting was approximately 5% in non-indigenous children, and over 10% in indigenous children 24-60 months. A multinomial logistic analysis revealed that the factors associated with coexisting stunting and overweight/obesity were lower socio-economic status (SES), lower maternal age, education, intelligence (vocabulary) and perceived social status, shorter maternal height, and larger household size. Among only stunted children, the risk of also being overweight or obese was associated with younger maternal age (relative risk ratios (RRR): 0.98, P=0.05), lower maternal perceived social status (RRR: 0.95, P<0.01) and maternal obesity (RRR: 2.93, P<0.0001) or overweight (RRR: 1.50, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS These analyses highlight that concurrent overweight or obesity and stunting is an important public health issue in low-income areas of rural Mexico beginning in early childhood. Even within this impoverished population, children living in households with low relative SES are the most vulnerable. SPONSORSHIP Financial support for this research was provided by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, the Fogarty International Center at NIH, the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation 'Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health' and the Mexican Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Fernald
- Community Health and Human Development, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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