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Ahuja N, Mahmood A, Kedia S, Dillon PJ. Predictors of U.S. Adults' Opinion Toward an R-Rating Policy for Movies With Cigarette Smoking. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2024; 51:573-582. [PMID: 38519853 DOI: 10.1177/10901981241239933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Recently, multiple health organizations and advocacy groups have pushed for giving an R-rating for movies depicting tobacco imagery. This study examined several predictors of U.S. adults' opinion toward an R-rating policy for movies depicting cigarette smoking. We used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (2020 cycle), for a nationally representative sample of 3,865 US adults (aged ≥ 18). The outcome variable was opinion toward an R-rating policy (support, neutral, and oppose) for movies depicting cigarette smoking. A weighted adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis with comparisons of support versus oppose, support versus neutral, and neutral versus oppose was performed. About 48.2% of respondents were supportive of, 31.1% were neutral toward, and 20.7% were opposed to an R-rating policy. Adults aged 50 to 64 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.28, p = .008) and ≥65 years (aOR = 4.54, p <.001) (vs. 18-34 years) were more likely to support the R-rating policy than oppose it. Non-Hispanic Black respondents (vs. non-Hispanic Whites) were 1.74 times more likely to support than oppose the policy (aOR = 1.74, p = .04), whereas adults with a household annual income of US$75,000 or more (vs. <$20,000) and those with moderate (vs. liberal) political viewpoints were more likely to be neutral than oppose the policy. Former and current e-cigarette users (vs. never users) were less likely to support than oppose the policy. Tailored messaging addressing the rationale behind R-rating policy should be directed towards communities based on age, race/ethnicity, household income, e-cigarette usage, and political ideologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ahuja
- Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA, USA
| | - Asos Mahmood
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Satish Kedia
- The University of Memphis School of Public Health, Memphis, TN, USA
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Feliu A, Quintero A, Peruga A, Carnicer-Pont D, Antón L, Rey-Pino JM, Fernández E. Changes in tobacco imagery and smokers' depiction in Spanish top-grossing films before and after the implementation of a comprehensive tobacco control policy in Spain. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:66. [PMID: 37215193 PMCID: PMC10198122 DOI: 10.18332/tid/162700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As more restrictions on tobacco marketing communication are implemented, tobacco marketing has persisted through smoking in films. Our aims were to assess changes in tobacco imagery exposure in Spanish top-grossing films before and after the banning of tobacco advertising in Spain, and to determine whether the depiction of smoking characters has changed over the years. METHODS A repeated cross-sectional study measured the tobacco content in the 10 Spanish top-grossing films in 2005, 2010 and 2015 (n=30) before and after a complete tobacco advertising ban. We conducted a descriptive and regression analysis of changes in tobacco impressions by year. RESULTS The 30 films contained 1378 tobacco occurrences (90.2% positive for tobacco) with a median length of eight seconds onscreen. Total tobacco occurrences deemed positive for tobacco interests significantly increased in 2010 and 2015 compared to 2005. However, we observed decreased odds of tobacco brands appearances (OR=0.25; p<0.001) in 2010 and of implied tobacco use (OR=0.44; p=0.002), and tobacco brands appearances (OR=0.36; p<0.001) in 2015 compared to 2005. There was a change of pattern in the type of role smokers played from a leading role to a supporting one (p<0.001). The population reach of positive for tobacco occurrence in Spanish top-grossing films decreased from 15.9 (95% CI: 15.86-15.86) per 1000 spectators in 2005 to 0.8 (95% CI: 0.82-0.82) in 2015. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a ban on complete tobacco product advertising was followed by a decrease in tobacco incidents across top-grossing Spanish films. Yet, exposure to smoking in films is still unacceptably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Feliu
- Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Control del Tabaco, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Madrid, Espana
| | - Alex Quintero
- Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Control del Tabaco, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
| | - Armando Peruga
- Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Control del Tabaco, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Madrid, Espana
- Centro de Epidemiologia y Politicas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dolors Carnicer-Pont
- Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Control del Tabaco, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Madrid, Espana
| | - Laura Antón
- Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Control del Tabaco, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Madrid, Espana
| | - Juan M. Rey-Pino
- Departamento de Comercializacion e Investigacion de Mercados, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Espana
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Unidad de Control del Tabaco, Centro Colaborador de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Control del Tabaco, Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (CIBERES), Madrid, Espana
- Departamento de Ciencias Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Espana
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Bhat NA, Roopesh BN, Bhaskarapillai B, Benegal V. Factor structure validation, psychometric evaluation and measurement invariance testing of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale-Chinese (BSSS-C) in Indian adolescents. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 45:66-71. [PMID: 31520882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-report measures of sensation seeking though commonly used in research have not undergone factor structure or psychometric validation in Indian adolescents. The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale - Chinese (BSSS-C; Chen et al., 2013) is a less culture specific tool with excellent psychometric properties and presents a suitable option for use with Indian adolescents. AIM The present study aims to validate the factor structure, evaluate the psychometric properties, and examine the gender invariance of the BSSS-C in Indian adolescents. METHODS A community sample of adolescent, n = 2079, with mean age 17 years (SD = 1.71) completed the BSSS-C, the BIS/BAS, and the Adolescent Risky Behaviour scales. RESULTS The four factor structure of the BSSS-C exhibited good to excellent model fit, acceptable internal consistency reliability (α = 0.77) and, adequate construct as well as concurrent validity in Indian adolescents. Invariance testing revealed that the factor configuration and factor loadings of the BSSS-C were equivalent across the gender. Three of the four BSSS-C latent factors were amenable for mean comparisons across the gender. CONCLUSION BSSS-C is a reliable measure of the four dimensional model of sensation seeking in Indian adolescents. The gender differences in the BSSS-C factors are attributable to real differences in sensation seeking construct between male and female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Bangalore N Roopesh
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Binukumar Bhaskarapillai
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
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Ngula KW, Miller AN, Mberia HK. Motivational and Parental Mediation Factors Related to Kenyan Adolescents' Intake of Sexual Radio and TV Content. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:724-732. [PMID: 28402150 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1306909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on the influence of media on youths' sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa has focused almost entirely on the effects of multimedia health communication campaigns and edutainment programming. Scholarly literature is nearly silent about the influence of the multiple hours that young people in many sub-Saharan nations spend immersed in increasingly sex-heavy entertainment programming. We surveyed a stratified cluster sample of 437 Nairobi public high school students about motivational and parental mediation factors associated with their exposure to sexual radio and TV content. Watching sexual content in the bedroom predicted higher intake of both sexual radio and TV content. Believing that parents were successful in their efforts to limit media use predicted lower intake of both sexual radio and TV content. A friend/companion motive for watching was associated with taking in higher levels of sexual TV content. For day school students, watching sexual content in the sitting room also predicted higher levels of exposure to sexual TV content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hellen K Mberia
- c Department of Social Sciences and Humanities , Jomo Kenyatta University for Agriculture and Technology
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6.media/marketing] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 PMCID: PMC6208350 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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Janssen T, Cox MJ, Stoolmiller M, Barnett NP, Jackson KM. The Role of Sensation Seeking and R-rated Movie Watching in Early Substance Use Initiation. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 47:991-1006. [PMID: 28889368 PMCID: PMC5844791 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of heightened impulsivity as well as substantial exposure to the effects of popular media. Specifically, R-rated movie content and sensation seeking have been shown to be individually and multiplicatively associated with early alcohol initiation, as well as to mutually influence one another over time. The present study attempts to replicate and extend these findings to cigarette and marijuana use, considering several peer, parental, and individual correlates, as well as substance-specific movie exposure, among 1023 youth (mean age 12.4 years, 52% female), using a combination of cross-lagged path models, latent growth models, and discrete-time survival models. Changes over time were associated between R-rated movie watching and sensation seeking, and both individually, not multiplicatively, predicted earlier alcohol initiation. R-rated movie watching (but not sensation seeking) also predicted earlier smoking and marijuana initiation. Parental R-rated movie restriction may thus potentially delay smoking and marijuana initiation as well as adolescent drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Melissa J Cox
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mike Stoolmiller
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Ngula KW, Mberia HK, Miller AN. Parental mediation of adolescent media use and demographic factors as predictors of Kenyan high school students' exposure to sexual content in television. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2016; 15:1-8. [PMID: 27002353 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2015.1131727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research in Western nations suggests that parents' involvement in their children's media use can make a difference in how adolescents select, process and respond to sexual television messages. Little or no published research has investigated this issue in sub-Saharan Africa, even though adolescents and young adults remain among the groups at highest risk for HIV transmission. This study investigated the relationship between Kenyan adolescents' level of exposure to sexual television content and their parents' mediation of their television use. A cluster sample of 427 Nairobi public high school students was surveyed regarding parental mediation of their media use and their intake of sexual television content. Co-viewing with opposite sex friends was associated with higher intake of sexual TV content. This relationship was stronger among boarding school students than among day school students. Parental mediation and co-viewing variables predicted three times as much variance among boarding than among day school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyalo wa Ngula
- a Department of Mass Communication , Jomo Kenyatta University for Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hellen K Mberia
- b Department of Social Sciences and Humanities , Jomo Kenyatta University for Agriculture and Technology
| | - Ann Neville Miller
- c Nicholson School of Communication , University of Central Florida , USA
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Mejia R, Pérez A, Peña L, Morello P, Kollath-Cattano C, Braun S, Thrashe JF, Sargent JD. Parental Restriction of Mature-rated Media and Its Association With Substance Use Among Argentinean Adolescents. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:282-9. [PMID: 26615087 PMCID: PMC4821658 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the independent relation between parental restrictions on mature-rated media (M-RM) and substance use among South American adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional school-based youth survey of 3,172 students (mean age, 12.8 years; 57.6% boys) in 3 large Argentinean cities. The anonymous survey queried tobacco, alcohol, and drug use using items adapted from global youth surveys. Adolescents reported M-RM restriction for internet and video game use, television programming, and movies rated for adults. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between parental M-RM restriction and substance use after adjustment for hourly media use, measures of authoritative parenting style, sociodemographic characteristics, and sensation-seeking. RESULTS Substance use rates were 10% for current smoking, 32% for current drinking alcohol, 17% for past 30-day binge drinking, and 8% for illicit drug use (marijuana or cocaine). Half of the respondents reported parental M-RM restriction (internet 52%, TV 43%, adult movies 34%, video game 25%). Parental M-RM restriction was only modestly correlated with authoritative parenting measures. In multivariate analyses M-RM restriction on all 4 venues was strongly protective for all substance use outcomes. Compared with no restriction, odds ratios for substance use for full restrictions were 0.32 (0.18-0.59), 0.53 (0.38-0.07), 0.36 (0.22-0.59), and 0.49 (0.26-0.92) for current smoking, drinking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use, respectively. The most important single M-RM venue was movies. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study confirmed the protective association between parental M-RM restriction during adolescence and multiple substance use outcomes, including illicit drugs. M-RM restriction is independent of traditional parenting measures. The preponderance of the evidence supports intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Mejia
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Sánchez de Bustamante 27 (C1173AAA) CABA, Argentina,Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2153 (C1120AAF) CABA, Argentina
| | - Adriana Pérez
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Sánchez de Bustamante 27 (C1173AAA) CABA, Argentina,Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2153 (C1120AAF) CABA, Argentina,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, (C1428EGA) CABA, Argentina
| | - Lorena Peña
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Sánchez de Bustamante 27 (C1173AAA) CABA, Argentina
| | - Paola Morello
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Sánchez de Bustamante 27 (C1173AAA) CABA, Argentina
| | - Christy Kollath-Cattano
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, 66 George St Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Sandra Braun
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Sánchez de Bustamante 27 (C1173AAA) CABA, Argentina,Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2153 (C1120AAF) CABA, Argentina
| | - James F. Thrashe
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene St. Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - James D. Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Rubin 8 One Medical Center Drive Lebanon, NH 03756
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Waylen A, Leary S, Ness A, Sargent J. Alcohol use in films and adolescent alcohol use. Pediatrics 2015; 135:851-8. [PMID: 25869367 PMCID: PMC8194465 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether exposure to alcohol use in films (AUFs) is associated with early alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol-related problems in British adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 5163 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the United Kingdom. We measured adolescent exposure to AUFs, age at onset of alcohol use, and binge-drinking behavior. We adjusted for early childhood social, family and behavioral factors, adolescent tobacco use, and peer drinking. RESULTS After adjustment, adolescents with the highest exposure to AUFs were 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.3) times more likely to have tried alcohol compared with those least exposed and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.5-2.0) times more likely to binge drink. They were 2.4 (95% CI: 1.9-3.1) times more likely to drink weekly and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.7-2.4) times more likely to have alcohol-related problems than those least exposed. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to AUFs is associated with higher risk of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in UK adolescents. Our findings provide evidence to support the argument that a review of film-rating categories and alcohol ratings for all films may help reduce problem-related alcohol consumption in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Leary
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - James Sargent
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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Luo Y, Waite LJ. Loneliness and mortality among older adults in China. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 69:633-45. [PMID: 24550354 PMCID: PMC4049147 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationships between loneliness, social and health behaviors, health, and mortality among older adults in China. METHOD Data came from a nationally representative sample of 14,072 adults aged 65 and older from the 2002, 2005, and 2008 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. A cross-lagged model combined with survival analysis was used to assess the relationships between loneliness, behavioral and health outcomes, and risk of mortality. RESULTS About 28% of older Chinese adults reported feeling lonely, and lonely adults faced increased risks of dying over the subsequent years. Some of the effect was explained by social and health behaviors, but most of the effect was explained by health outcomes. Loneliness both affects and is affected by social activities, solitary leisure activities, physical exercise, emotional health, self-rated health, and functional limitations over a 3-year period. DISCUSSION Loneliness is part of a constellation of poor social, emotional, and health outcomes for Chinese older adults. Interventions to increase the social involvement of lonely individuals may improve well-being and lengthen life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Clemson University, South Carolina.
| | - Linda J Waite
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Illinois. Center on Aging, University of Chicago, Illinois
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Stack S, Kral M, Borowski T. Exposure to Suicide Movies and Suicide Attempts: A Research Note. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2014.856707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Parkes A, Wight D, Hunt K, Henderson M, Sargent J. Are sexual media exposure, parental restrictions on media use and co-viewing TV and DVDs with parents and friends associated with teenagers' early sexual behaviour? J Adolesc 2013; 36:1121-33. [PMID: 24215959 PMCID: PMC3847268 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sexual content in teenagers' media diets is known to predict early sexual behaviour. Research on sexual content has not allowed for the social context of media use, which may affect selection and processing of content. This study investigated whether sexual media content and/or contextual factors (co-viewing, parental media restrictions) were associated with early sexual behaviour using 2251 14-15 year-olds from Scotland, UK. A third (n = 733) reported sexual intercourse. In multivariable analysis the likelihood of intercourse was lower with parental restriction of sexual media and same-sex peer co-viewing; but higher with mixed-sex peer co-viewing. Parental co-viewing, other parental restrictions on media and sexual film content exposure were not associated with intercourse. Findings suggest the context of media use may influence early sexual behaviour. Specific parental restrictions on sexual media may offer more protection against early sex than other restrictions or parental co-viewing. Further research is required to establish causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Parkes
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, United Kingdom.
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Specificity of early movie effects on adolescent sexual behavior and alcohol use. Soc Sci Med 2013; 96:200-7. [PMID: 24034968 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' movie sex exposure (MSE) and movie alcohol exposure (MAE) have been shown to influence later sexual behavior and drinking, respectively. No study to date, however, has tested whether these effects generalize across behaviors. This study examined the concurrent influences of early (i.e., before age 16) MSE and MAE on subsequent risky sex and alcohol use among a national sample of 1228 U.S. adolescents. Participants reported their health behaviors and movie viewing up to six times between 2003 and 2009 in telephone interviews. The Beach method was used to create a population-based estimate of each participant's MSE and MAE, which were then entered into a structural equation model (SEM) to predict lifetime risky sex and past month alcohol use at ages 18-21. For both men and women, MAE predicted alcohol use, mediated by age of initiation of heavy episodic drinking (HED) and age of sexual debut; MAE also predicted risky sex via age of sexual debut. Among men only, MSE indirectly predicted risky sex and alcohol use. Findings indicated that early exposure to risk content from movies had both specific and general effects on later risk-taking, but gender differences were evident: for men, MSE was a stronger predictor than MAE, but for women, only MAE predicted later risk behavior. These results have implications for future media research, prevention programs for adolescent sex and alcohol use, and movie ratings that can guide parents' decisions as to which movies are appropriate for their children.
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Sargent JD, Tanski S, Stoolmiller M. Influence of motion picture rating on adolescent response to movie smoking. Pediatrics 2012; 130:228-36. [PMID: 22778305 PMCID: PMC3408681 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between movie smoking exposure (MSE) and adolescent smoking according to rating category. METHODS A total of 6522 US adolescents were enrolled in a longitudinal survey conducted at 8-month intervals; 5503 subjects were followed up at 8 months, 5019 subjects at 16 months, and 4575 subjects at 24 months. MSE was estimated from 532 recent box-office hits, blocked into 3 Motion Picture Association of America rating categories: G/PG, PG-13, and R. A survival model evaluated time to smoking onset. RESULTS Median MSE in PG-13-rated movies was ∼3 times higher than median MSE from R-rated movies, but their relation with smoking was essentially the same, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-1.81) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.23-1.81) for each additional 500 occurrences of MSE respectively. MSE from G/PG-rated movies was small and had no significant relationship with adolescent smoking. Attributable risk estimates showed that adolescent smoking would be reduced by 18% (95% CI: 14-21) if smoking in PG-13-rated movies was reduced to the fifth percentile. In comparison, making all parents maximally authoritative in their parenting would reduce adolescent smoking by 16% (95% CI: 12-19). CONCLUSIONS The equivalent effect of PG-13-rated and R-rated MSE suggests it is the movie smoking that prompts adolescents to smoke, not other characteristics of R-rated movies or adolescents drawn to them. An R rating for movie smoking could substantially reduce adolescent smoking by eliminating smoking from PG-13 movies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sargent
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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O'Hara RE, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Li Z, Sargent JD. Greater exposure to sexual content in popular movies predicts earlier sexual debut and increased sexual risk taking. Psychol Sci 2012; 23:984-93. [PMID: 22810165 DOI: 10.1177/0956797611435529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early sexual debut is associated with risky sexual behavior and an increased risk of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections later in life. The relations among early movie sexual exposure (MSE), sexual debut, and risky sexual behavior in adulthood (i.e., multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom use) were examined in a longitudinal study of U.S. adolescents. MSE was measured using the Beach method, a comprehensive procedure for media content coding. Controlling for characteristics of adolescents and their families, analyses showed that MSE predicted age of sexual debut, both directly and indirectly through changes in sensation seeking. MSE also predicted engagement in risky sexual behaviors both directly and indirectly via early sexual debut. These results suggest that MSE may promote sexual risk taking both by modifying sexual behavior and by accelerating the normal rise in sensation seeking during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E O'Hara
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Primack BA, Longacre MR, Beach ML, Adachi-Mejia AM, Titus LJ, Dalton MA. Association of established smoking among adolescents with timing of exposure to smoking depicted in movies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:549-55. [PMID: 22423010 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether exposure to smoking depicted in movies carries greater influence during early or late adolescence. We aimed to quantify the independent relative contribution to established smoking of exposure to smoking depicted in movies during both early and late adolescence. METHODS We prospectively assessed 2049 nonsmoking students recruited from 14 randomly selected public schools in New Hampshire and Vermont. At baseline enrollment, students aged 10-14 years completed a written survey to determine personal, family, and sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to depictions of smoking in the movies (early exposure). Seven years later, we conducted follow-up telephone interviews to ascertain follow-up exposure to movie smoking (late exposure) and smoking behavior. We used multiple regression models to assess associations between early and late exposure and development of established smoking. RESULTS One-sixth (17.3%) of the sample progressed to established smoking. In analyses that controlled for covariates and included early and late exposure in the same model, we found that students in the highest quartile for early exposure had 73% greater risk of established smoking than those in the lowest quartile for early exposure (27.8% vs 8.6%; relative risk for Q4 vs Q1 = 1.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 2.62). However, late exposure to depictions of smoking in movies was not statistically significantly associated with established smoking (22.1% vs 14.0%; relative risk for Q4 vs Q1 = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 0.89 to 1.44). Whereas 31.6% of established smoking was attributable to early exposure, only an additional 5.3% was attributable to late exposure. CONCLUSIONS Early exposure to smoking depicted in movies is associated with established smoking among adolescents. Educational and policy-related interventions should focus on minimizing early exposure to smoking depicted in movies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Primack
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 230 McKee Place, Ste 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA.
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Hunt K, Henderson M, Wight D, Sargent JD. Exposure to smoking in films and own smoking among Scottish adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Thorax 2011; 66:866-74. [PMID: 21764893 PMCID: PMC3719166 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of high exposure of UK youth to images of smoking in films has led to calls for an 18 rating for films with smoking to reduce smoking in youth. However, the only study to date in the UK to test for an association showed no relation between film-smoking exposure and smoking among young adults. OBJECTIVE To assess whether there is an association between exposure to film images of smoking and own smoking among UK adolescents and whether repeated viewings of films has an impact. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 1999 pupils aged 15-16 years from 13 Scottish schools. Outcome Smoked tobacco in the past year. EXPOSURE MEASURE: Film-smoking exposure was assessed using the Beach method; account for repeated viewings of films was then used to modify estimated exposure. Covariates included: media usage, parental restriction on and context of TV/film viewing, family connectedness, parental monitoring and friends' smoking. RESULTS Most (71%) students had not smoked in the past year. About half reported no parental restrictions on TV/film viewing. Many reported repeated viewings of films; accounting for this more than doubled exposure estimates and strengthened the association with smoking. Adolescents with high exposure to film smoking were more likely to have smoked than those with low exposure (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.08, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.55). Additionally, adolescents who reported parental rules about TV/film watching were less likely to smoke (AOR 0.37 (0.27 to 0.52)) than those who did not. Adolescents who mainly watched films with friends had higher exposure to film smoking and were more likely to smoke (AOR 2.19 (1.10 to 4.38)). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to film smoking is associated with smoking among Scottish adolescents. These data lend support to calls for an 18 rating for films with images of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hunt
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ Scotland, UK.
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