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Rook GAW. Evolution and the critical role of the microbiota in the reduced mental and physical health associated with low socioeconomic status (SES). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105653. [PMID: 38582194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of the gut-microbiota-brain axis in animals reveals that microbial inputs influence metabolism, the regulation of inflammation and the development of organs, including the brain. Inflammatory, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in people of low socioeconomic status (SES). Many aspects of low SES reduce exposure to the microbial inputs on which we are in a state of evolved dependence, whereas the lifestyle of wealthy citizens maintains these exposures. This partially explains the health deficit of low SES, so focussing on our evolutionary history and on environmental and lifestyle factors that distort microbial exposures might help to mitigate that deficit. But the human microbiota is complex and we have poor understanding of its functions at the microbial and mechanistic levels, and in the brain. Perhaps its composition is more flexible than the microbiota of animals that have restricted habitats and less diverse diets? These uncertainties are discussed in relation to the encouraging but frustrating results of attempts to treat psychiatric disorders by modulating the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of infection, UCL (University College London), London, UK.
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2
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Labetoulle M, Baudouin C, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Rolando M, Rescigno M, Messmer EM, Aragona P. How gut microbiota may impact ocular surface homeostasis and related disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101250. [PMID: 38460758 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the bacterial flora in the gut, also described as gut microbiota, are readily acknowledged to be associated with several systemic diseases, especially those with an inflammatory, neuronal, psychological or hormonal factor involved in the pathogenesis and/or the perception of the disease. Maintaining ocular surface homeostasis is also based on all these four factors, and there is accumulating evidence in the literature on the relationship between gut microbiota and ocular surface diseases. The mechanisms involved are mostly interconnected due to the interaction of central and peripheral neuronal networks, inflammatory effectors and the hormonal system. A better understanding of the influence of the gut microbiota on the maintenance of ocular surface homeostasis, and on the onset or persistence of ocular surface disorders could bring new insights and help elucidate the epidemiology and pathology of ocular surface dynamics in health and disease. Revealing the exact nature of these associations could be of paramount importance for developing a holistic approach using highly promising new therapeutic strategies targeting ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Labetoulle
- Ophthalmology Départment, Hopital Bicetre, APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France; Hôpital National de la Vision des Quinze, Vingts, IHU ForeSight, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Hôpital National de la Vision des Quinze, Vingts, IHU ForeSight, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Jose M Benitez Del Castillo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Clínica Rementeria, Instituto Investigaciones Oftalmologicas Ramon Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, MI, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Rook GAW. The old friends hypothesis: evolution, immunoregulation and essential microbial inputs. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1220481. [PMID: 37772259 PMCID: PMC10524266 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1220481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In wealthy urbanised societies there have been striking increases in chronic inflammatory disorders such as allergies, autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases. There has also been an increase in the prevalence of individuals with systemically raised levels of inflammatory biomarkers correlating with increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular and psychiatric problems. These changing disease patterns indicate a broad failure of the mechanisms that should stop the immune system from attacking harmless allergens, components of self or gut contents, and that should terminate inappropriate inflammation. The Old Friends Hypothesis postulates that this broad failure of immunoregulation is due to inadequate exposures to the microorganisms that drive development of the immune system, and drive the expansion of components such as regulatory T cells (Treg) that mediate immunoregulatory mechanisms. An evolutionary approach helps us to identify the organisms on which we are in a state of evolved dependence for this function (Old Friends). The bottom line is that most of the organisms that drive the regulatory arm of the immune system come from our mothers and family and from the natural environment (including animals) and many of these organisms are symbiotic components of a healthy microbiota. Lifestyle changes that are interrupting our exposure to these organisms can now be identified, and many are closely associated with low socioeconomic status (SES) in wealthy countries. These insights will facilitate the development of education, diets and urban planning that can correct the immunoregulatory deficit, while simultaneously reducing other contributory factors such as epithelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A. W. Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, UCL (University College London), London, United Kingdom
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Kubo Y, Kanazawa N, Fukuda H, Inaba Y, Mikita N, Jinnin M, Furukawa F, Kuraishi Y, Yoshihara S. Saliva contact during infancy and allergy development in school-age children. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100108. [PMID: 37779525 PMCID: PMC10509937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Parent-child saliva contact during infancy might stimulate the child's immune system for effective allergy prevention. However, few studies have investigated its relation to allergy development in school-age children. Objective We sought to investigate the relationship between parent-child saliva contact during infancy and allergy development at school age. Methods We performed a large multicenter cross-sectional study involving Japanese school children and their parents. The self-administered questionnaires including questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood were distributed to 3570 elementary and junior high school children in 2 local cities. Data were analyzed for the relationship between saliva contact during infancy (age <12 months) and the risk of allergy development, specifically eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. For detailed Methods, please see the Methods section in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org. Results The valid response rate was 94.7%. The mean and median age of children was 10.8 ± 2.7 and 11 (interquartile range, 9-13) years, respectively. Saliva contact via sharing eating utensils during infancy was significantly associated with a lower risk of eczema (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83) at school age. Saliva contact via parental sucking of pacifiers was significantly associated with a lower risk of eczema (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10-0.60) and allergic rhinitis (odds ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.15-0.73), and had a borderline association with the risk of asthma in school-age children. Conclusions Saliva contact during infancy may reduce the risk of developing eczema and allergic rhinitis in school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kanazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan
- Nasu Kids Clinic, Kutsugake, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Naoya Mikita
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Jinnin
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Takatsuki Red Cross Hospital, Abuno, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kuraishi
- University Research Administration, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shigemi Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi, Japan
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Street ME, Shulhai AM, Rotondo R, Giannì G, Caffarelli C. Current knowledge on the effects of environmental contaminants in early life nutrition. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1120293. [PMID: 37324741 PMCID: PMC10267348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1120293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk represents the optimal source of feeding for newborns, in terms of nutritional compounds and as it provides immunological, metabolic, organic, and neurological well-being. As a complex biological fluid, it consists not only of nutritional compounds but also contains environmental contaminants. Formulas through production, contact with bottles and cups, and complementary feeding can also be contaminated. The current review focuses on endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and made-man xenoestrogens present in the environment and both commonly present in food sources, agricultural practices, packaging, consumer products, industry, and medical care. These contaminants are transferred by passive diffusion to breast milk and are delivered during breastfeeding. They mainly act by activating or antagonizing hormonal receptors. We summarize the effects on the immune system, gut microbiota, and metabolism. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and indirect food additives may induce tissue inflammation and polarize lymphocytes, increase proinflammatory cytokines, promote allergic sensitization, and microbial dysbiosis, activate nuclear receptors and increase the incidence of allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Breast milk is the most important optimal source in early life. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on environmental contaminants and paves the way for strategies to prevent milk contamination and limit maternal and infant exposure during pregnancy and the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna-Mariia Shulhai
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Rotondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giannì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The increasing global prevalence of food allergy indicates that environmental exposures are likely contributing to food allergy development. This review summarizes recent studies on how specific factors within the external exposome may impact the development of food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS There is strong evidence that nonoral exposure to food allergens within the living environment is a risk factor for food sensitization and food allergy. The role of air pollution in food allergy development remains unclear, as cohort studies have not found consistent relationships between air pollutant exposure and food sensitization. Early-life microbial exposures linked to a rural lifestyle are likely protective against food allergy development, possibly through alteration of the infant microbiome. In contrast, factors associated with urbanization and decreased exposure to microbes may contribute to food allergy development. Recent studies on the role of residential greenness in food allergy development suggest either no relationship or a possible increased risk for food allergy. SUMMARY The external exposome comprises a number of exposures that can modify food allergy risk. Improved understanding of how complex environmental exposures interact with genetic factors will be necessary for developing effective interventions aimed at preventing food allergy development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Moran
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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El Homsi M, Tanno LK, Annesi-Maesano I. Pacifier use related to the food allergy reactions in infants recruited in the EDEN mother-child birth cohort. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e13922. [PMID: 36825744 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan El Homsi
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luciana Kase Tanno
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Division of Allergy, Département de Pneumologie et Addictologie, Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Background: In recent years, an increase of allergies and asthma has been observed throughout the world, more so in Western countries than in less developed ones. Although genetics may play a role in this increase, there are many other factors that may have contributed to the upsurge. Objective: The purpose of the present report was to review the many factors associated with modernization and lifestyle that may have contributed to the allergy and/or asthma epidemic, with a particular focus on those aspects that have particular relevance for the allergist/immunologist. Results: The marked rise in allergy and asthma has been significantly seen in more-developed countries, greater in urban than in rural areas, more pronounced in affluent than in poorer societies, and in individuals who have migrated from developing countries to industrialized countries. A widely accepted explanation for this rise is the "hygiene hypothesis," which postulates a critical dependence on microbial infection for maintenance of a healthy balanced immune system and that extremely clean external environments, often found in the developed world, can derail equilibrated immune development. With the control of infectious diseases, the immune system shifts from a balanced equilibrated immunologic structure to a more Th2 driven proinflammatory state often associated with IgE and eosinophil-related disorders. Conclusion: Modernization has been associated with increased development of allergies and asthma through a cleaner environment and more exposure to allergens and to multiple other contributory factors. The marked reduction in infectious diseases in recent decades permitted the immune system to switch from fighting infectious disease agents and parasites to reacting adversely (hypersensitivity) to benign environmental agents (allergens) and even to self-antigens (autoimmunity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami L Bahna
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, and
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9
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Zhang Y, Wu YP, Feng V, Cao GZ, Feng XP, Chen X. Microbiota of preterm infant develops over time along with the first teeth eruption. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1049021. [PMID: 36620010 PMCID: PMC9813514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1049021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The temporal growth of the infant microbiome in the early years of life influences short- and long-term infant health. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate bacterial dynamics in the microbiome of preterm infants during tooth eruption. Methods Saliva samples from normally delivered (n = 24) and preterm infants (n = 31) were collected 30 days after birth and after the eruption of two primary mandibular incisors. Based on Illumina MiSeq Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the dynamic microbial changes of newborns at two-time points were investigated. Meanwhile, the Human Oral Microbiome Database was adopted for assigning taxonomy. Results Using alpha and beta diversity analyses, different shift patterns of microbiome structures in preterm and healthy participants and bacterial diversity over time were observed. The relative abundance and shifts trend, along with the two lower primary central incisors eruption, of core oral flora varies in full-term and preterm groups, including Gemella spp., Rothia mucilaginosa, Veillonella atypica, etc. Several microorganisms colonize later in the oral microbiome development of premature babies, such as Gemella spp. In addition to teeth eruption, the growth of the saliva microbiome in preterm infants could be influenced by breastfeeding durations and birth weight. Conclusion This study provided insights into how the oral microbiota changes during tooth eruption in preterm infants and how the colonization of the oral cavity with bacteria in preterm infants differs significantly from that in full-term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xi Chen
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Xi-Ping Feng,
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10
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Wright JT. What's in a kiss? J Am Dent Assoc 2022; 153:493-494. [PMID: 35623664 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gois-Santos VTD, Santos VS, Tavares CSS, Araújo BCL, Ribeiro KMN, Simões SDM, Martins Filho PR. Association between deleterious oral habits and asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e039. [PMID: 35293504 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleterious oral habits (DOH) have been described as a common finding in pediatric series. Studies have investigated their association with local and systemic health problems. In this study, the association between DOH and asthma was investigated. PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and OpenThesis were accessed to identify observational studies that evaluated the association between DOH (thumb sucking, pacifier use, onychophagia or nail biting, bottle feeding) and asthma in children aged 2-17 years. Information on DOH was obtained from the verbal report of the children's parents. Asthma diagnosis was performed by a physician or using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. We used a random-effects model to pool the results. The odds ratio (OR) was used as measure of association between DOH and asthma. The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess risk of bias. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of evidence. Five studies were included and data from 18,733 children aged 2 to 13 years were analyzed. We found an association between bottle feeding and asthma (OR = 1.25; 95%CI 1.13-1.38; p < 0.001) with moderate level of certainty. Despite the association between pacifier use and asthma (OR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.00-1.24; p = 0.05), the quality of evidence was low. Only one study provided data on nail biting and thumb-sucking, and the individual results showed no association between these habits and asthma. This meta-analysis found an association between bottle feeding, pacifier use, and asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Santana Santos
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
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12
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Abstract
Healthy development and function of essentially all physiological systems and organs, including the brain, require exposure to the microbiota of our mothers and of the natural environment, especially in early life. We also know that some infections, if we survive them, modulate the immune system in relevant ways. If we study the evolution of the immune and metabolic systems, we can understand how these requirements developed and the nature of the organisms that we need to encounter. We can then begin to identify the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of these exposures. Against this evolutionary background, we can analyze the ways in which the modern urban lifestyle, particularly for individuals experiencing low socioeconomic status (SES), results in deficient or distorted microbial exposures and microbiomes. Thus, an evolutionary approach facilitates the identification of practical solutions to the growing scandal of health disparities linked to inequality.
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Abstract
The influx of maternal oral microbes is considered to play an important role in the acquisition and development of infant oral microbiota. In this study, we examined tongue swab samples from 448 mother-infant pairs at 4-month checkups. The bacterial composition of each sample was determined using PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene and the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) approach. Although the infant oral microbiota was distinctly different from the mother oral microbiota, ASVs shared with their biological mother accounted for a median relative abundance of 9.7% (range of 0.0 to 99.3%), which was significantly higher than that of ASVs shared with unrelated mothers. This shared abundance was strongly associated with the feeding method of infants rather than their delivery mode or antibiotic exposure, and formula-fed infants had higher shared abundance than exclusively breastfed infants. Our study presents strain-level evidence for mother-to-infant transmission of oral bacteria and suggests that colonization of maternal oral bacteria is higher in formula-fed infants. IMPORTANCE Acquisition of oral bacteria during infancy can affect the subsequent formation of stable oral microbiota. This study focused on the mother-to-infant transmission of oral bacteria, a major acquisition route of infant oral microbiota, and demonstrated that most infants acquired oral bacteria from their biological mother even at the single-nucleotide level. Our results also indicated that the occupancies of maternal oral bacteria in infant oral microbiota were associated with the feeding methods of infants. These data could increase understanding of the early development of oral microbiota in infants and its potential associations with oral microbiota-related diseases.
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Blum J, Silva M, Byrne SJ, Butler CA, Adams GG, Reynolds EC, Dashper SG. Temporal development of the infant oral microbiome. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 48:730-742. [PMID: 35015598 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2025042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human oral microbiome is becoming recognized as playing roles in health and disease well beyond the oral cavity over the lifetime of the individual. The oral microbiome is hypothesized to result from specific colonization events followed by a reproducible and ordered development of complex bacterial communities. Colonization events, proliferation, succession and subsequent community development are dependent on a range of host and environmental factors, most notably the neonate diet. It is now becoming apparent that early childhood and prenatal influences can have long term effects on the development of human oral microbiomes. In this review, the temporal development of the infant human oral microbiome is examined, with the effects of prenatal and postnatal influences and the roles of specific bacteria. Dietary and environmental factors, especially breastfeeding, have a significant influence on the development of the infant oral microbiome. The evidence available regarding the roles and functions of early colonizing bacteria is still limited, and gaps in knowledge where further research is needed to elucidate these specific roles in relation to health and disease still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blum
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Mihiri Silva
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Samantha J Byrne
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Geoffrey G Adams
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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15
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Peters RL, Mavoa S, Koplin JJ. An Overview of Environmental Risk Factors for Food Allergy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020722. [PMID: 35055544 PMCID: PMC8776075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated food allergy is an increasing public health concern in many regions around the world. Although genetics play a role in the development of food allergy, the reported increase has occurred largely within a single generation and therefore it is unlikely that this can be accounted for by changes in the human genome. Environmental factors must play a key role. While there is strong evidence to support the early introduction of allergenic solids to prevent food allergy, this is unlikely to be sufficient to prevent all food allergy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence on risk factors for food allergy with a focus the outdoor physical environment. We discuss emerging evidence of mechanisms that could explain a role for vitamin D, air pollution, environmental greenness, and pollen exposure in the development of food allergy. We also describe the recent extension of the dual allergen exposure hypothesis to potentially include the respiratory epithelial barrier in addition to the skin. Few existing studies have examined the relationship between these environmental factors with objective measures of IgE-mediated food allergy and further research in this area is needed. Future research also needs to consider the complex interplay between multiple environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Peters
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; (S.M.); (J.J.K.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Suzanne Mavoa
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; (S.M.); (J.J.K.)
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer J. Koplin
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; (S.M.); (J.J.K.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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16
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Dental Biofilm and Saliva Microbiome and Its Interplay with Pediatric Allergies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061330. [PMID: 34207425 PMCID: PMC8235788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the interplay and contribution of oral microorganisms to allergic diseases, especially in children. The aim of the clinical study was to associate saliva and dental biofilm microbiome with allergic disease, in particular with allergic asthma. In a single-center study, allergic/asthmatic children (n = 15; AA-Chd; age 10.7 ± 2.9), atopic/allergic children (n = 16; AT/AL-Chd; 11.3 ± 2.9), and healthy controls (n = 15; CON-Chd; age 9.9 ± 2.2) were recruited. After removing adhering biofilms from teeth and collecting saliva, microbiome was analyzed by using a 16s-rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing in these two mediums. Microbiome structure differed significantly between saliva and dental biofilms (β-diversity). Within the groups, the dental biofilm microbiome of AA-Chd and AT/AL-Chd showed a similar microbial fingerprint characterized by only a small number of taxa that were enriched or depleted (4) compared to the CON-Chd, while both diseased groups showed a stronger microbial shift compared to CON-Chd, revealing 14 taxa in AA-Chd and 15 taxa in AT/AL-Chd that were different. This could be the first note to the contribution of dental biofilm and its metabolic activity to allergic health or disease.
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17
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Microbial exposures that establish immunoregulation are compatible with targeted hygiene. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:33-39. [PMID: 34033844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is often suggested that hygiene is not compatible with the microbial exposures that are necessary for establishment of the immune system in early life. However, when we analyze the microbial exposures of modern humans in the context of human evolution and history, it becomes evident that whereas children need exposure to the microbiotas of their mothers, other family members, and the natural environment, exposure to the unnatural microbiota of the modern home is less relevant. In addition, any benefits of exposure to the infections of childhood within their household setting are at least partly replaced by the recently revealed nonspecific effects of vaccines. This article shows how targeting hygiene practices at key risk moments and sites can maximize protection against infection while minimizing any impact on essential microbial exposures. Moreover, this targeting must aim to reduce direct exposure of children to cleaning agents because those agents probably exert TH2-adjuvant effects that trigger allergic responses to normally innocuous antigens. Finally, we need to halt the flow of publications in the scientific literature and the media that blame hygiene for the increases in immunoregulatory disorders. Appropriately targeted hygiene behavior is compatible with a healthy lifestyle that promotes exposure to essential microorganisms.
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Van Mason J, Portnoy JM. Immunologic Strategies for Prevention of Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 8:834-847. [PMID: 32147137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new understanding of factors leading to the development of asthma has pointed to potential primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies. Some, such as genetic makeup, are not yet modifiable. Interventions targeting other factors such as maternal intake of vitamin D or environmental control can be used to decrease the risk of asthma development (primary prevention). The benefits of a diversified microbiome could be considered when recommending allergen avoidance and pet ownership. In addition to reducing symptoms, allergen immunotherapy is also worth considering for prevention of new sensitivities (secondary prevention) in addition to the development of asthma. Ongoing studies involving the use of bacterial vaccines and biologics may provide additional strategies for primary prevention of asthma and for reducing symptoms once it has developed (tertiary prevention). As the relative benefits of these strategies are defined, they should have an increasingly important place in the prevention and management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Van Mason
- Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Jay M Portnoy
- Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo.
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Soriano VX, Koplin JJ, Forrester M, Peters RL, O'Hely M, Dharmage SC, Wright R, Ranganathan S, Burgner D, Thompson K, Dwyer T, Vuillerman P, Ponsonby AL. Infant pacifier sanitization and risk of challenge-proven food allergy: A cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1823-1829.e11. [PMID: 33810856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental microbial exposure plays a role in immune system development and susceptibility to food allergy. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether infant pacifier use during the first postnatal year, with further consideration of sanitization, alters the risk of food allergy by age 1 year. METHODS The birth cohort recruited pregnant mothers at under 28 weeks' gestation in southeast Australia, with 894 families followed up when infants turned 1 year. Infants were excluded if born under 32 weeks, with a serious illness, major congenital malformation, or genetic disease. Questionnaire data, collected at recruitment and infant ages 1, 6, and 12 months, included pacifier use and pacifier sanitization (defined as the joint exposure of a pacifier and cleaning methods). Challenge-proven food allergy was assessed at 12 months. RESULTS Any pacifier use at 6 months was associated with food allergy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.04-3.61), but not pacifier use at other ages. This overall association was driven by the joint exposure of pacifier-antiseptic use (adjusted odds ratio, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.10-21.18) compared with no pacifier use. Using pacifiers without antiseptic at 6 months was not associated with food allergy. Among pacifier users, antiseptic cleaning was still associated with food allergy (adjusted odds ratio, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.18-10.77) compared with no antiseptic use. Furthermore, persistent and repeated antiseptic use over the first 6 months was associated with higher food allergy risk (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a pacifier-antiseptic combination being associated with a higher risk of subsequent food allergy. Future work should investigate underlying biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria X Soriano
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Koplin
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mike Forrester
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; St John of God Hospital, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rachel L Peters
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rosemary Wright
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Vuillerman
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Neuroepidemiology Research Group, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.
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Abstract
Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota occur in a dynamic process over various stages and involve close and continuous interactions with the host and its environment. In the present review, we discuss the stages of this process in chronological order. We start with the prenatal period and address the following questions: ‘Is the fetus exposed to maternal microbiota during pregnancy?’ and ‘If so, what is the potential role of this exposure?’ We comment on recent reports of finding bacterial DNA in placenta during pregnancies, and provide current views on the potential functions of prenatal microbial encounters. Next, we discuss the physiological adaptations that take place in the newborn during the birth process and the effect of this phase of life on the acquisition of the oral microbiota. Is it really just exposure to maternal vaginal microbes that results in the difference between vaginally and Cesarian section‐born infants? Then, we review the postnatal phase, in which we focus on transmission of microbes, the intraoral niche specificity, the effects of the host behavior and environment, as well as the role of genetic background of the host on shaping the oral microbial ecosystem. We discuss the changes in oral microbiota during the transition from deciduous to permanent dentition and during puberty. We also address the finite knowledge on colonization of the oral cavity by microbes other than the bacterial component. Finally, we identify the main outstanding questions that limit our understanding of the acquisition and establishment of a healthy microbiome at an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Marije Kaan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dono Kahharova
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ronan V, Yeasin R, Claud EC. Childhood Development and the Microbiome-The Intestinal Microbiota in Maintenance of Health and Development of Disease During Childhood Development. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:495-506. [PMID: 33307032 PMCID: PMC8714606 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the intestinal microbiome affects health from the prenatal period throughout childhood, and many diseases have been associated with dysbiosis. The gut microbiome is constantly changing, from birth throughout adulthood, and several variables affect its development and content. Features of the intestinal microbiota can affect development of the brain, immune system, and lungs, as well as body growth. We review the development of the gut microbiome, proponents of dysbiosis, and interactions of the microbiota with other organs. The gut microbiome should be thought of as an organ system that has important effects on childhood development. Dysbiosis has been associated with diseases in children and adults, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, asthma, and allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ronan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rummanu Yeasin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Windsor University School of Medicine
| | - Erika C. Claud
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Corresponding Author: Erika C. Claud, MD, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC6060, Chicago, IL 60137, Phone 773-702-6210, Fax: 773-702-0764,
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22
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Early life microbial exposures and allergy risks: opportunities for prevention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:177-191. [PMID: 32918062 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergies, including asthma, food allergy and atopic dermatitis, are increasing in prevalence, particularly in westernized countries. Although a detailed mechanistic explanation for this increase is lacking, recent evidence indicates that, in addition to genetic predisposition, lifestyle changes owing to modernization have an important role. Such changes include increased rates of birth by caesarean delivery, increased early use of antibiotics, a westernized diet and the associated development of obesity, and changes in indoor and outdoor lifestyle and activity patterns. Most of these factors directly and indirectly impact the formation of a diverse microbiota, which includes bacterial, viral and fungal components; the microbiota has a leading role in shaping (early) immune responses. This default programme is markedly disturbed under the influence of environmental and lifestyle risk factors. Here, we review the most important allergy risk factors associated with changes in our exposure to the microbial world and the application of this knowledge to allergy prevention strategies.
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23
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Tubbs JD, Ding J, Baum L, Sham PC. Immune dysregulation in depression: Evidence from genome-wide association. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100108. [PMID: 34589869 PMCID: PMC8474691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong body of evidence supports a role for immune dysregulation across many psychiatric disorders including depression, the leading cause of global disability. Recent progress in the search for genetic variants associated with depression provides the opportunity to strengthen our current understanding of etiological factors contributing to depression and generate novel hypotheses. Here, we provide an overview of the literature demonstrating a role for immune dysregulation in depression, followed by a detailed discussion of the immune-related genes identified by the most recent genome-wide meta-analysis of depression. These genes represent strong evidence-based targets for future basic and translational research which aims to understand the role of the immune system in depression pathology and identify novel points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiahong Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Larry Baum
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Kaan AM, Buijs MJ, Brandt BW, Crielaard W, Keijser BJF, de Ruyter JC, Zaura E. Home sampling is a feasible method for oral microbiota analysis for infants and mothers. J Dent 2020; 100:103428. [PMID: 32653498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Large longitudinal cohort studies in infants are needed to understand oral microbiome maturation in relation to general health. The logistics of such studies are complex and costs involved high. Methods like home sampling by caretakers might be a solution to these issues. This study aimed to evaluate feasibility of home sampling by caretakers and to assess which oral niche provides the most reliable sample. METHODS In this cross-sectional study 30 mothers and their infants aged 2-15 months participated. Swabs of the tongue, buccal mucosa, saliva, and dental plaque of the mother and the infant were collected by the mother after watching an instruction video. Thereafter, the trained researcher repeated the sample collection. Variations on the sampling protocol were listed. Bacterial DNA was quantified and microbial composition was assessed using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS None of the sampled niches appeared to be unfeasible based on interviews and observed variations on protocol. No significant differences in bacterial DNA concentration between operators (mother and researcher) were found. In infant's saliva, Shannon diversity of samples collected by the researcher was significantly higher than those collected by mothers (p = 0.0009) and the bacterial composition was influenced by variations on sampling protocol (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Home sampling by caretakers is a feasible method for oral sample collection in infants and mothers. Oral samples collected by mothers resemble samples collected by a trained researcher, with the tongue sample being the most similar and saliva the least. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Home sampling can simplify longitudinal oral microbiota collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kaan
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M J Buijs
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - B W Brandt
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - W Crielaard
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - B J F Keijser
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; TNO Microbiology and Systems Biology, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - J C de Ruyter
- Public Health Service Amsterdam, Sarphati Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018WT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - E Zaura
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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High Frequency of Concomitant Food Allergy Development and Autoantibody Formation in Children Who Have Undergone Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 103:2338-2346. [PMID: 30985574 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy and other immune-mediated diseases are more frequently reported in children who have undergone liver transplantation. Furthermore, autoantibodies are also prevalent, suggesting a state of immune dysregulation in these patients. Whether or not these processes occur simultaneously in the same individual has not been studied previously. METHODS A cohort of 43 children who had undergone liver transplantation for nonautoimmune liver disease at median age of 1.3 years was investigated for allergy and autoimmune disease. Sensitization to food and inhalant allergens was assessed, and autoantibodies were measured. RESULTS The prevalence of food allergy was 26% and that of respiratory allergy was 23%, whereas 33% and 26% of the subjects were sensitized to food and inhalant allergens, respectively. Autoimmune disease (ie, autoimmune hepatitis) occurred in a single individual (2%), whereas autoantibodies were present in 44% of the children. Food allergy and autoantibodies occurred concomitantly in 19% of the children, which was almost twice the frequency expected by chance (11%, P = 0.04). Respiratory allergy and the presence of autoantibodies were unrelated (12% concurrence versus the expected 10%, P = 0.73). In the logistic regression analysis, autoantibody formation was associated with discontinued immunosuppression and food allergy, with odds ratios of 13 (P = 0.01) and 7.1 (P = 0.03), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to respiratory allergy, food allergy and autoantibody formation occurred together in the same children who underwent liver transplantation at a frequency higher than would be expected by chance. This may reflect an underlying immune dysregulation that impairs immune tolerance to both food allergens and autoantigens.
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26
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Lif Holgerson P, Esberg A, Sjödin A, West CE, Johansson I. A longitudinal study of the development of the saliva microbiome in infants 2 days to 5 years compared to the microbiome in adolescents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9629. [PMID: 32541791 PMCID: PMC7295743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding oral microbiota programming attracts increasing interest due to its importance for oral health and potential associations with systemic diseases. Here the oral microbiota was longitudinally characterized in children from 2 days (n = 206) to 5 years of age and in young adults (n = 175) by sequencing of the v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene from saliva extracted DNA. Alpha diversity increased by age, with 2-day- and 3-month-old infants in one sub-group, and 18-month- and 3-year-old children in another. Firmicutes decreased up to 3 years of age, whereas Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria abundances increased. Abiotrophia, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Kingella, Leptotrichia, Neisseria and Porphyromonas appeared from 18-months of age. This was paralleled by expansions in the core microbiome that continued up to adulthood. The age-related microbiota transformation was paralleled by functional alterations, e.g., changed metabolic pathways that reflected e.g., breastfeeding and increasing proportions of anaerobic species. Oral microbiotas differed by feeding mode and weakly by mode of delivery, but not gender, pacifier use or cleaning method or probiotic intake. The study shows that the saliva microbiota is diverse 2 days after birth and under transformation up to 5 years of age and beyond, with fluctuations possibly reflecting age-related environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lif Holgerson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-906 21, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Association of oral habits with food allergy and comorbid atopic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:230-231. [PMID: 32407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Al Nabhani Z, Eberl G. Imprinting of the immune system by the microbiota early in life. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:183-189. [PMID: 31988466 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny and maturation of the immune system is modulated by the microbiota. During fetal life, the mother's microbiota produces compounds that are transferred to the fetus and offspring, and enhance the generation of innate immune cells. After birth, the colonizing microbiota induces the development of intestinal lymphoid tissues and maturation of myeloid and lymphoid cells, and imprints the immune system with a reactivity level that persists long after weaning into adulthood. When the cross-talk between host and microbiota is perturbed early in life, a pathological imprinting may develop that is characterized by excessive immune reactivity in adulthood, which translates into increased susceptibility to inflammatory pathologies. In this review, we discuss the recent data that demonstrate the existence of a time window of opportunity early in life during which mice and human have to be exposed to microbiota in order to develop a balanced immune system. We also discuss the factors involved in imprinting, such as the microbiota, immune cells and stromal cells, as well as the nature of imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France.
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Van Daele E, Knol J, Belzer C. Microbial transmission from mother to child: improving infant intestinal microbiota development by identifying the obstacles. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:613-648. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1680601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Van Daele
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Gut Biology and Microbiology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Al-Tamprouri C, Malin B, Bill H, Lennart B, Anna S. Cat and dog ownership during/after the first year of life and risk for sensitization and reported allergy symptoms at age 13. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2019; 7:250-257. [PMID: 31464382 PMCID: PMC6842813 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avoidance of pets as a strategy for preventing atopic diseases has been questioned. This study aimed to identify the risk of sensitization and allergic symptoms at age 13 in relation to dog- and cat-keeping during and after the first year of life. METHODS The study included all children born at Östersund Hospital in Northern Sweden between February 1996 and January 1997 (n = 1231). At inclusion, parents were asked to answer questionnaires about lifestyle, including cat- and dog-keeping. Dog allergy, cat allergy, hay fever, and asthma were diagnosed based on parental reported allergic symptoms at 13 years of age (n = 834). The risks of sensitization or allergy in relation to dog- and cat-keeping during and after the first year of life were analyzed with logistic regression. To adjust for reverse causation, all subjects that had reported avoidance of pets due to allergic symptoms of the child or allergy in the family (n = 177) were excluded. RESULTS Dog- or cat-keeping during the first year of life reduced the risk of sensitization to dog or cat allergens, respectively, and to birch and to at least one of the 10 allergens tested. Cat-keeping, both during and after the first year of life, reduced the risk of cat allergy and hay fever. Having a dog at home during the first year of life reduced the risk of dog and cat allergy, whereas dog-keeping after the first year of life did not affect allergic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Cat ownership, either during or after the first year of life, may be a strategy for preventing the development of cat allergy and hay fever later in life. Dog ownership reduced the risk of sensitization to dog and birch allergen, and also the risk of cat and dog allergy, but had no effect on hay fever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barman Malin
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hesselmar Bill
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bråbäck Lennart
- Section of Sustainable Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sandin Anna
- Department of Clinical Science, Paediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Al Nabhani Z, Dulauroy S, Marques R, Cousu C, Al Bounny S, Déjardin F, Sparwasser T, Bérard M, Cerf-Bensussan N, Eberl G. A Weaning Reaction to Microbiota Is Required for Resistance to Immunopathologies in the Adult. Immunity 2019; 50:1276-1288.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Lane AA, McGuire MK, McGuire MA, Williams JE, Lackey KA, Hagen EH, Kaul A, Gindola D, Gebeyehu D, Flores KE, Foster JA, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, Rodríguez JM, Ruiz L, Pareja RG, Bode L, Price WJ, Meehan CL. Household composition and the infant fecal microbiome: The INSPIRE study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:526-539. [PMID: 31012086 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Establishment and development of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) varies cross-culturally and is thought to be influenced by factors such as gestational age, birth mode, diet, and antibiotic exposure. However, there is little data as to how the composition of infants' households may play a role, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective. Here, we examined relationships between infant fecal microbiome (IFM) diversity/composition and infants' household size, number of siblings, and number of other household members. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 377 fecal samples from healthy, breastfeeding infants across 11 sites in eight different countries (Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, Spain, Sweden, and the United States). Fecal microbial community structure was determined by amplifying, sequencing, and classifying (to the genus level) the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Surveys administered to infants' mothers identified household members and composition. RESULTS Our results indicated that household composition (represented by the number of cohabitating siblings and other household members) did not have a measurable impact on the bacterial diversity, evenness, or richness of the IFM. However, we observed that variation in household composition categories did correspond to differential relative abundances of specific taxa, namely: Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. DISCUSSION This study, to our knowledge, is the largest cross-cultural study to date examining the association between household composition and the IFM. Our results indicate that the social environment of infants (represented here by the proxy of household composition) may influence the bacterial composition of the infant GIM, although the mechanism is unknown. A higher number and diversity of cohabitants and potential caregivers may facilitate social transmission of beneficial bacteria to the infant gastrointestinal tract, by way of shared environment or through direct physical and social contact between the maternal-infant dyad and other household members. These findings contribute to the discussion concerning ways by which infants are influenced by their social environments and add further dimensionality to the ongoing exploration of social transmission of gut microbiota and the "old friends" hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery A Lane
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Kimberly A Lackey
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Abhishek Kaul
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Debela Gindola
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Dubale Gebeyehu
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Katherine E Flores
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Daniel W Sellen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Samwel Mbugua
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gloria E Otoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain
| | | | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, California
| | - William J Price
- Statistical Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Cingi C, Bayar Muluk N, Scadding GK. Will every child have allergic rhinitis soon? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 118:53-58. [PMID: 30580075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the increasing prevalence of AR amongst children, we aimed to review the literature regarding the future of AR in this population. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Google and Proquest Central databases at Kırıkkale University Library. Search terms used were: "allergic rhinitis", "children", "paediatric", "allergy", "future", "risk factors", "treatment", "pharmacotherapy" and/or "allergen - specific immunotherapy". With regard to risk factors for allergic rhinitis, the terms "Environmental factors", "Improved hygiene", "Increased indoor allergen exposure", "Farms, villages, worms, and other parasites", "Environmental toxicants", "Diet", "Lifestyle changes", "Air pollution" and "Climate factors" were searched for. "Prevention of allergic diseases" and "Allergen-specific immunotherapy in the future" were also included in the search. RESULTS AR has a high prevalence and causes considerable morbidity, has associated comorbidity and features specific complications. The principal treatments rely on avoiding the allergens responsible, and administering drug treatment or immunotherapy, which targets specific antigens. Genetic drift does not explain the rising prevalence of allergic disorders, but multifactorial environmental factors are likely culprits. Amongst such environmental factors to consider are the rise in caesarean births, decreases in breast feeding, dietary changes resulting in less fresh produce being consumed, the eradication of intestinal worm infestations, alterations in the way homes are aired and heated, children taking less exercise and being outdoors for shorter periods, whilst also having more contact with pollution. CONCLUSION Barring substantial lifestyle alterations, more and more children are likely to develop AR. It may prove feasible to stop allergy developing in the first place through manipulation of the microbiome, but the exact format such a modification should involve remains to be discovered. Molecular allergological techniques do offer the prospect of more precisely targeted immunotherapy, the sole disease modifier at present. However, at present the complexity and cost of such interventions prevents their widespread use and research in this area is still needed. The majority of children with AR are going to be managed using nasal saline sprays, since they are the most straightforward and least risky alternative for first line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Cingi
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kirikkale University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kirikkale, Turkey.
| | - Glenis K Scadding
- Honorary Consultant Allergist & Rhinologist, RNTNE Hospital, University College Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
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Nowrouzian FL, Ljung A, Nilsson S, Hesselmar B, Adlerberth I, Wold AE. Neonatal gut colonization by Staphylococcus aureus strains with certain adhesins and superantigens is negatively associated with subsequent development of atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1481-1488. [PMID: 30474111 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient early immune stimulation may predispose to atopic disease. Staphylococcus aureus, a skin and gut colonizer, produces the B-cell mitogen protein A and T-cell-activating superantigens. Early gut colonization by S. aureus strains that possess the superantigens encoded by the enterotoxin gene (egc) cluster and elastin-binding protein is negatively associated with development of atopic eczema. OBJECTIVES To investigate (i) whether these findings could be replicated in a second birth cohort, FARMFLORA, and (ii) whether nasal colonization by S. aureus also relates to subsequent atopic eczema development. METHODS Faecal samples and nasal swabs from infants in the FARMFLORA birth cohort (n = 65) were cultured for S. aureus. Individual strains were distinguished by random amplified polymorphic DNA and assessed for adhesin and superantigen gene carriage by polymerase chain reaction. Atopic eczema at 18 months of age was related to nasal and gut S. aureus colonization patterns during the first 2 months of life (well before onset of eczema). RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus colonization per se was unrelated to subsequent eczema development. However, gut S. aureus strains from the infants who subsequently developed atopic eczema less frequently carried the ebp gene, encoding elastin-binding protein, and superantigen genes encoded by egc, compared with strains from children who remained healthy. Nasal colonization by S. aureus was less clearly related to subsequent eczema development. CONCLUSIONS The results precisely replicate our previous observations and may suggest that mucosal colonization by certain S. aureus strains provides immune stimulation that strengthens the epithelial barrier and counteracts the development of atopic eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Nowrouzian
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Ljung
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Nilsson
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Hesselmar
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Institution of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Adlerberth
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A E Wold
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hesselmar B, Hicke-Roberts A, Lundell AC, Adlerberth I, Rudin A, Saalman R, Wennergren G, Wold AE. Pet-keeping in early life reduces the risk of allergy in a dose-dependent fashion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208472. [PMID: 30566481 PMCID: PMC6300190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Several studies have indicated that early pet keeping could protect the infant from later allergy development. Here, we investigate if there is a dose-dependent association between cat- and dog-keeping during the first year of life and subsequent allergy development. Methods Two cohorts were investigated: a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of 7- to 8-year-old children (N = 1029) from Mölndal and Kiruna, and a birth-cohort of children from the Västra Götaland county clinically evaluated for asthma and allergy by paediatricians up to the age of 8–9 years (N = 249). The cross-sectional study asked validated questions on asthma and allergy that had been used in two previous studies of children from the same areas. In the birth-cohort study, a diagnosis of asthma and allergy was based on predefined clinical criteria, and laboratory evaluation included blood eosinophils, skin-prick tests and specific immunoglobulin E analyses. Information on pets during first year of life was collected retrospectively in the Cross-Sectional Cohort and prospectively in the Birth Cohort. Results A dose-response association was seen, with less allergic manifestations (any of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, or eczema) with increasing number of household cats and dogs during the first year of life. In the Cross-Sectional Cohort, allergy ever decreased from 49% in those with no pets to zero in those with five or more pets (P-value for trend 0.038), and from 32% to zero for allergy last year (P-value for trend 0.006). The same pattern was seen in Birth Cohort. Sensitization to animals, as well as pollens, also decreased with increasing number of animals in the household. Conclusion The prevalence of allergic disease in children aged 7–9 years is reduced in a dose-dependent fashion with the number of household pets living with the child during their first year of life, suggesting a “mini-farm” effect, whereby cats and dogs protect against allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Hesselmar
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Hicke-Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Adlerberth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Rudin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Saalman
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Wennergren
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes E. Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Baker E, Masso S, McLeod S, Wren Y. Pacifiers, Thumb Sucking, Breastfeeding, and Bottle Use: Oral Sucking Habits of Children with and without Phonological Impairment. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2018; 70:165-173. [DOI: 10.1159/000492469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Dzidic M, Collado MC, Abrahamsson T, Artacho A, Stensson M, Jenmalm MC, Mira A. Oral microbiome development during childhood: an ecological succession influenced by postnatal factors and associated with tooth decay. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2292-2306. [PMID: 29899505 PMCID: PMC6092374 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Information on how the oral microbiome develops during early childhood and how external factors influence this ecological process is scarce. We used high-throughput sequencing to characterize bacterial composition in saliva samples collected at 3, 6, 12, 24 months and 7 years of age in 90 longitudinally followed children, for whom clinical, dietary and health data were collected. Bacterial composition patterns changed through time, starting with "early colonizers", including Streptococcus and Veillonella; other bacterial genera such as Neisseria settled after 1 or 2 years of age. Dental caries development was associated with diverging microbial composition through time. Streptococcus cristatus appeared to be associated with increased risk of developing tooth decay and its role as potential biomarker of the disease should be studied with species-specific probes. Infants born by C-section had initially skewed bacterial content compared with vaginally delivered infants, but this was recovered with age. Shorter breastfeeding habits and antibiotic treatment during the first 2 years of age were associated with a distinct bacterial composition at later age. The findings presented describe oral microbiota development as an ecological succession where altered colonization pattern during the first year of life may have long-term consequences for child´s oral and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Dzidic
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Malin Stensson
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
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Manji F, Dahlen G, Fejerskov O. Caries and Periodontitis: Contesting the Conventional Wisdom on Their Aetiology. Caries Res 2018; 52:548-564. [PMID: 29694978 DOI: 10.1159/000488948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the literature on the oral microbiome and the role of the microbiota in the development of dental caries and periodontitis. While most research has been focused on identifying one or more specific determinants of these diseases, the results have provided limited predictive value and have not been able to explain the variation in the distribution of these diseases observed in epidemiological or clinical studies. Drawing on existing knowledge about the nature of the oral microbiota, we suggest that a stochastic model based on the Weiner process provides simple and parsimonious explanations for the pathogenesis of both caries and periodontitis, making few assumptions, and providing explanations for phenomena that have hitherto proved difficult, or have required complex arguments, to explain. These diseases occur as the result of the dental hard tissues and periodontal tissues integrating the random "noise" caused by normal metabolic activities of commensal microorganisms in the dental biofilm. The processes that result in the progression and regression of caries and periodontitis may be considered as "natural," rather than pathological, even if, when left unchecked over long periods of time, they can result in the development of pathologies. The likelihood of progression or regression can be influenced by other determinants, but these processes will nevertheless occur in the absence of such influences. The distributional characteristics of the model approximate the findings of epidemiological studies indicating that, for both caries and periodontitis, there will be few sites affected in the early period after the eruption of the permanent dentition, but in those older there is an almost linear relationship with increasing age; furthermore, the longer a site survives without being affected, the less likely that it will be affected. We discuss the clinical and public health importance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoze Manji
- Daraja Press, CSP Mozart, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gunnar Dahlen
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ole Fejerskov
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus,
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Eberl G. The microbiota, a necessary element of immunity. C R Biol 2018; 341:281-283. [PMID: 29631890 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is essential for digestion, the production of physiological metabolites, and defense. More than 1013 bacteria are present in the intestine, inspiring awe as well as fear of potential infections. By definition, the immune system protects us from infection, and is given the task to recognize dangerous pathogens from useful mutualists. Nevertheless, the definition of pathogens and mutualists is often contextual, and the immune system reacts to all types of microbes. In fact, immune reactivity to microbiota is necessary for the development of the immune system. If the host-microbe cross-talk is perturbed before birth or weaning, the immune system develops "pathological imprinting" and increased susceptibility to inflammatory pathology later in life. Reactivity to microbiota is also important in adulthood to regulate immune responses and maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment & Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1224, 75724 Paris, France.
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Bloomfield SF, Rook GA, Scott EA, Shanahan F, Stanwell-Smith R, Turner P. Time to abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome, infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene. Perspect Public Health 2018; 136:213-24. [PMID: 27354505 PMCID: PMC4966430 DOI: 10.1177/1757913916650225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To review the burden of allergic and infectious diseases and the evidence for
a link to microbial exposure, the human microbiome and immune system, and to
assess whether we could develop lifestyles which reconnect us with exposures
which could reduce the risk of allergic disease while also protecting
against infectious disease. Methods: Using methodology based on the Delphi technique, six experts in infectious
and allergic disease were surveyed to allow for elicitation of group
judgement and consensus view on issues pertinent to the aim. Results: Key themes emerged where evidence shows that interaction with microbes that
inhabit the natural environment and human microbiome plays an essential role
in immune regulation. Changes in lifestyle and environmental exposure, rapid
urbanisation, altered diet and antibiotic use have had profound effects on
the human microbiome, leading to failure of immunotolerance and increased
risk of allergic disease. Although evidence supports the concept of immune
regulation driven by microbe–host interactions, the term ‘hygiene
hypothesis’ is a misleading misnomer. There is no good evidence that
hygiene, as the public understands, is responsible for the clinically
relevant changes to microbial exposures. Conclusion: Evidence suggests a combination of strategies, including natural childbirth,
breast feeding, increased social exposure through sport, other outdoor
activities, less time spent indoors, diet and appropriate antibiotic use,
may help restore the microbiome and perhaps reduce risks of allergic
disease. Preventive efforts must focus on early life. The term ‘hygiene
hypothesis’ must be abandoned. Promotion of a risk assessment approach
(targeted hygiene) provides a framework for maximising protection against
pathogen exposure while allowing spread of essential microbes between family
members. To build on these findings, we must change public, public health
and professional perceptions about the microbiome and about hygiene. We need
to restore public understanding of hygiene as a means to prevent infectious
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally F Bloomfield
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, The Old Dairy Cottage, Montacute, Somerset TA15 6XL, UK
| | - Graham Aw Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Scott
- Center for Hygiene and Health, Department of Biology, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paul Turner
- Section of Paediatrics (Allergy & Infectious Diseases) and MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cai L, Kaneko S, Morita E. Changes in salivary chromogranin A levels in adults with atopic dermatitis are correlated with changes in their condition. J Dermatol 2018; 45:554-559. [PMID: 29500830 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced scratching is an issue in patients with adult atopic dermatitis (AD). Symptoms of stress-induced AD are common in clinical practise. Salivary chromogranin A (CgA) level has research value as a possible index related to a patient's psychological stress. Using saliva, which is easily collectable, we compared two assessments of the severities of AD and stress with the levels of stress proteins in the saliva of 30 patients with AD in the Department of Dermatology of Shimane University between April 2015 and May 2017. The severities of AD and stress were assessed using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) score and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score, respectively. Additionally, the assessments included those of personality using the Tokyo University Egogram (TEG)-II score and quality of life using the Dermatology Life Quality Index score. Simultaneously, we measured their salivary CgA levels. The change in salivary CgA per protein in patients with AD was correlated with their changes in SCORAD score (correlation coefficient, r = 0.596, P = 0.001) and objective SCORAD (r = 0.608, P < 0.001). The changes in CgA per protein correlated with those in TEG-II A (r = 0.370, P = 0.022), while the changes in SCORAD score correlated with those in DLQI (r = 0.309, P = 0.048). Our results suggest that changes in a patient's condition are reflective of the changes in the patient's stress. The changes in salivary CgA level in patients with AD correlated with the changes in their condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Sakae Kaneko
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Cervin AU. The Potential for Topical Probiotic Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis, a Personal Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:530. [PMID: 29379772 PMCID: PMC5770906 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the rationale for topical probiotic intervention, the obstacles we are facing and a strategy for future research in the use of probiotics to modify CRS symptoms and disease expression. Recent advances in molecular microbiology has revealed a plethora of microbial DNA in the nasal cavity and sinuses of healthy subjects as well as in chronic sinusitis (CRS) patients. An infection is today rather seen as an imbalance between the commensal microbiome and the bacterial pathogens, resulting in a reduction in commensal bacterial diversity, combined with an increase in the growth of microbes eliciting an inflammatory response. This will in turn lead to the clinical symptoms of sinusitis. Probiotics (microorganisms that confer a health benefit) can be used either as a form of living antibiotics treatment, or as an immune-modulatory intervention. Topical probiotics, which is the focus of this review, have shown efficacy in a limited number of trials in otitis media and tonsillitis, but to date not in CRS. Although bacterial interference capacity against pathogens can be determined in in vitro experiments, it may not translate to a health benefit. This limits the role of laboratory research in identifying probiotic strains with a clinical benefit. To gain more clinical experience without further delay, I recommend future research to focus on empirical clinical trials in well-defined CRS patient populations and study the underlying mechanisms in more detail once a clinical benefit has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders U Cervin
- Faculty of Medicine, The Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation Chair in Otolaryngology, (Rhinology), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Clinical Unit, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarises recent developments on the prevention of food allergy in terms of the 5 D's of the development of food allergy: dry skin, diet, dogs, dribble, and vitamin D. RECENT FINDINGS While several advances have improved our understanding of the development of food allergy, few preventive strategies have been implemented beyond changes in infant feeding guidelines. These now state that the introduction of allergenic solids such as peanuts should occur in the first year of life. Results from randomised controlled trials on other allergenic solids, vitamin D supplementation, BCG immunisation at birth and eczema prevention are eagerly anticipated in order to inform further preventative strategies.
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Do bacteria shape our development? Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and HPA axis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:458-471. [PMID: 28918360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human body contains as many bacteria in the intestine as the total number of human body cells. These bacteria have a central position in human health and disease, and would also play a role in the regulation of emotions, behavior, and even higher cognitive functions. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) is a major physiological stress system that produces cortisol. This hormone is involved in responding to environmental stress and also shapes many aspects of brain development. Both the HPA axis and the intestinal microbiota show rapid and profound developmental changes during the first years of life. Early environmental disturbances can affect the development of both systems. Early adversity, for example, is known to lead to later unbalances in both, as well as to psychopathological behavior and emotions. The goal of this theoretical review is to summarize current knowledge on the developmental crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the HPA axis, providing a basis for understanding the development and bidirectional communication between these two essential systems in human functioning.
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Tamburini S, Shen N, Wu HC, Clemente JC. The microbiome in early life: implications for health outcomes. Nat Med 2017; 22:713-22. [PMID: 27387886 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have characterized how host genetics, prenatal environment and delivery mode can shape the newborn microbiome at birth. Following this, postnatal factors, such as antibiotic treatment, diet or environmental exposure, further modulate the development of the infant's microbiome and immune system, and exposure to a variety of microbial organisms during early life has long been hypothesized to exert a protective effect in the newborn. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that factors that alter bacterial communities in infants during childhood increase the risk for several diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding early-life microbiome composition. In this review, we describe how prenatal and postnatal factors shape the development of both the microbiome and the immune system. We also discuss the prospects of microbiome-mediated therapeutics and the need for more effective approaches that can reconfigure bacterial communities from pathogenic to homeostatic configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tamburini
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Shen
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Han Chih Wu
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Rook G, Bäckhed F, Levin BR, McFall-Ngai MJ, McLean AR. Evolution, human-microbe interactions, and life history plasticity. Lancet 2017; 390:521-530. [PMID: 28792414 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A bacterium was once a component of the ancestor of all eukaryotic cells, and much of the human genome originated in microorganisms. Today, all vertebrates harbour large communities of microorganisms (microbiota), particularly in the gut, and at least 20% of the small molecules in human blood are products of the microbiota. Changing human lifestyles and medical practices are disturbing the content and diversity of the microbiota, while simultaneously reducing our exposures to the so-called old infections and to organisms from the natural environment with which human beings co-evolved. Meanwhile, population growth is increasing the exposure of human beings to novel pathogens, particularly the crowd infections that were not part of our evolutionary history. Thus some microbes have co-evolved with human beings and play crucial roles in our physiology and metabolism, whereas others are entirely intrusive. Human metabolism is therefore a tug-of-war between managing beneficial microbes, excluding detrimental ones, and channelling as much energy as is available into other essential functions (eg, growth, maintenance, reproduction). This tug-of-war shapes the passage of each individual through life history decision nodes (eg, how fast to grow, when to mature, and how long to live).
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, UCL (University College London), London, UK.
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruce R Levin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Angela R McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Conkle J, Kounnavong S, Young M, Stein AD. Premastication and length for age among children under 24 months in Laos. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 14. [PMID: 28449357 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Premastication of infant food by caregivers is common in Laos. Premastication is hypothesized to have both positive and negative implications for children, but the net effect of premastication on child health and nutrition is largely unknown because of a lack of research. This study quantitatively describes premastication in 5 provinces of Laos and examines the associations between premastication and the length of young children. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Laos 2015 Food and Nutrition Security Survey to characterize premastication among children under 2 years of age (n = 1,661) and to test associations between premastication and child length-for-age z-score. We explored associations using multilevel mixed effects linear regression. Among children 0-23 months, 27.2% of mothers reported giving premasticated food in the past week. Receipt of premasticated food was inversely associated with length-for-age z-score after controlling for potential confounders (child's age, ethno-linguistic group, wealth, and parity) among children 6-13 months (β -0.36, CI [-0.68, -0.04]) and among children 14-23 months (β -0.43, CI [-0.81, -0.05]). For breastfed children 0-5 months who received complementary food, the coefficient was similar, but the association was not statistically significant (β -0.42, CI [-1.2, 0.37]). Premastication is a common feeding practice for children 0-23 months of age, and many infants consume premasticated food on a daily basis. There was a negative relationship between premastication and child length. However, given the cross-sectional nature of this study and potential unmeasured confounding factors, reverse causality or confounding cannot be ruled out. Longitudinal studies are needed to develop recommendations on premastication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Conkle
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- Division of Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, The Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Melissa Young
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aryeh D Stein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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48
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Nowrouzian FL, Lina G, Hodille E, Lindberg E, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, Adlerberth I, Wold AE. Superantigens and adhesins of infant gut commensal Staphylococcus aureus strains and association with subsequent development of atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:439-445. [PMID: 27761891 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the hygiene hypothesis, insufficient immune activation by microbes increases the risk of allergy development. Staphylococcus aureus, which is part of the skin and gut microbiota of infants in Western countries, produces a variety of T-cell-activating enterotoxins, called superantigens. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether early (0-2 months of age) gut colonization by S. aureus strains that carry specific superantigens and adhesins was related to subsequent development of atopic eczema in a Swedish birth cohort. METHODS Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from rectal swabs and cultured quantitatively from faecal samples, with individual strains being tested for carriage of genes for superantigens and adhesins. Atopic eczema was diagnosed at onset of symptoms and at 18 months of age. RESULTS Although the frequency of early gut colonization by S. aureus was not related to subsequent eczema development, the S. aureus strains that were found to colonize those infants who developed atopic eczema were less likely to carry the gene encoding the superantigen SElM (P = 0·008) and the gene for elastin-binding protein (P = 0·03), compared with strains that were isolated from infants who had not developed atopic eczema by 18 months of age. CONCLUSIONS Gut colonization by S. aureus strains carrying a certain combination of superantigen and adhesin genes was negatively associated with subsequent development of atopic eczema. Such strains may provide stimulation and promote maturation of the infant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Nowrouzian
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Lina
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIRI, Université Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - E Hodille
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIRI, Université Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - E Lindberg
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Hesselmar
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Institution of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Saalman
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Institution of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Adlerberth
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A E Wold
- Institution for Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Arakali SR, Green TD, Dinakar C. Prevalence of food allergies in South Asia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 118:16-20. [PMID: 27864090 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the published medical literature on the prevalence and types of food allergies in South Asia. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search was performed using the keywords India and food allergy, Asia and food allergy, and South Asia and food allergy for any period. Articles cited in selected studies were reviewed for their appropriateness of inclusion into this review. STUDY SELECTIONS Publications were included that were original research and fit the topic of food allergy and South Asia. South Asia is defined as region inclusive of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. RESULTS A total of 169 articles were initially identified, and 47 were reviewed in detail for inclusion in this review. The primary focus was placed on 10 studies that consisted of case reports of newly reported or documented food allergy, survey studies that investigated food allergy prevalence in specific demographics, and prospective and cross-sectional studies with case controls, all of which investigated food allergy prevalence by allergy testing in a selected population. CONCLUSION The medical literature on the prevalence and types of food allergy in South Asia indicates that there is a variety of unusual and unique allergens and an overall low incidence of food allergy. There is also an association of increased food allergy prevalence in individuals who live in metropolitan regions or who migrate to communities that have adopted westernization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schweta R Arakali
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Todd D Green
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chitra Dinakar
- Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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Han CS, Martin MA, Dichosa AEK, Daughton AR, Frietze S, Kaplan H, Gurven MD, Alcock J. Salivary microbiomes of indigenous Tsimane mothers and infants are distinct despite frequent premastication. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2660. [PMID: 27833819 PMCID: PMC5101600 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Premastication, the transfer of pre-chewed food, is a common infant and young child feeding practice among the Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon. Research conducted primarily with Western populations has shown that infants harbor distinct oral microbiota from their mothers. Premastication, which is less common in these populations, may influence the colonization and maturation of infant oral microbiota, including via transmission of oral pathogens. We collected premasticated food and saliva samples from Tsimane mothers and infants (9–24 months of age) to test for evidence of bacterial transmission in premasticated foods and overlap in maternal and infant salivary microbiota. We extracted bacterial DNA from two premasticated food samples and 12 matched salivary samples from maternal-infant pairs. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). We evaluated maternal and infant microbial composition in terms of relative abundance of specific taxa, alpha and beta diversity, and dissimilarity distances. Results The bacteria in saliva and premasticated food were mapped to 19 phyla and 400 genera and were dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The oral microbial communities of Tsimane mothers and infants who frequently share premasticated food were well-separated in a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) plot. Infant microbiotas clustered together, with weighted Unifrac distances significantly differing between mothers and infants. Infant saliva contained more Firmicutes (p < 0.01) and fewer Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) than did maternal saliva. Many genera previously associated with dental and periodontal infections, e.g. Neisseria, Gemella, Rothia, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and Leptotrichia, were more abundant in mothers than in infants. Conclusions Salivary microbiota of Tsimane infants and young children up to two years of age do not appear closely related to those of their mothers, despite frequent premastication and preliminary evidence that maternal bacteria is transmitted to premasticated foods. Infant physiology and diet may constrain colonization by maternal bacteria, including several oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff S Han
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National LaborataoryLos Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Ashlynn R Daughton
- Analytics, Intelligence and Technology (A) Division, Los Alamos National Laborataory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael D Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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