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Gmeinder R, Heldt K, Velde ADT, Büchter D, Brogle B, Schmid H, Laimbacher J, l'Allemand D. Home visits to identify the roles lifestyle and stress play in families of children with obesity. Clin Obes 2023; 13:e12602. [PMID: 37190901 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One-sixth of Swiss children are affected by overweight, and despite the implementation of an evidence-based multiprofessional approach, there has only been moderate therapeutic success. An unfavourable home environment and psychosocial stresses on the family may impede lifestyle changes. This longitudinal observational study included children with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥97th percentile [P.]) or overweight (BMI ≥ 90th P.) with a comorbidity, and who were participating in a regional 12-month multiprofessional group programme (MGP). Two health professionals routinely visited the family home at baseline (T0) to identify obesogenic environmental factors and psychosocial stress using an observation and question checklist and the Heidelberger stress scale (HSS). At T0 and after an 8-month intensive intervention phase (T1), the BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) and its associations with the environmental and psychosocial factors were assessed. Twenty-eight children (17 male) met the criteria for participation in the MGP. At T0, age was 11.2 ± 1.71 years, BMI 28.1 ± 4.7 kg/m2 and BMI-SDS 2.9 ± 0.8, means ±SD. By T1, the mean BMI-SDS had decreased significantly, by -0.11 (p < .05). The stress scores (30.46 ± 17.8) were elevated and the subcategories of financial and social stress showed a trend towards predicting BMI or BMI-SDS at T0 and T1, but none of the other supposed obesogenic risk factors significantly predicted weight status. Conducting home visits allowed health professionals to identify obesity-promoting home conditions and, more importantly, otherwise undisclosed high psychosocial stress and resource limitations in families that impacted the children's obesity before and after the MGP intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Gmeinder
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Heldt
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anneco Dintheer-Ter Velde
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Büchter
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Björn Brogle
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Schmid
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Laimbacher
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar l'Allemand
- Departments of Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mack DE, Anzovino D, Sanderson M, Dotan R, Falk B. Reporting of Adverse Events in Muscle Strengthening Interventions in Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37105544 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Clear definition, identification, and reporting of adverse event (AE) monitoring during training interventions are essential for decision making regarding the safety of training and testing in youths. PURPOSE To document the extent to which AEs, resulting from intervention studies targeting muscle strengthening training (MST) in youth, are reported by researchers. METHODS Electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched for English peer-reviewed articles published before April 2018. Inclusion criteria were: (1) average age <16 years, (2) use of MST, (3) statement(s) linked to the presence/absence of AEs, and (4) randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs. Risk of reporting bias for AEs followed recommendations by the Cochrane Collaboration group. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-one full-text articles were screened. One hundred and thirty met all MST criteria, out of which only 44 (33.8%; n = 1278, age = 12.1 [1.1] y) included a statement as to the presence/absence of adverse events. The 86 other studies (66.2%) included no such statement. Of the reporting 44 studies, 18 (40.1%) indicated one or more adverse events. Of the 93 reported adverse events, 55 (59.1%) were linked to training or testing. CONCLUSIONS Most MST studies in youth do not report presence/absence of adverse events, and when reported, adverse events are not well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Mack
- Behavioral Health Sciences Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Daniel Anzovino
- Behavioral Health Sciences Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Malcolm Sanderson
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Raffy Dotan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
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Fang Q, Zhang X, Xia Y, Huang F. Integrating elastic band into physical education classes to enhance strength training. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1037736. [PMID: 36874828 PMCID: PMC9975595 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1037736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Fang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochao Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuhang Xia
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Huang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Fitness Changes in Adolescent Girls Following In-School Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise: Interaction With Birthweight. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:76-83. [PMID: 34894627 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of a supervised in-school combined resistance and aerobic training program in adolescent girls and investigate whether responses differ according to birthweight. METHODS Participants (girls aged 13-17 y) were randomized either to an intervention replacing physical education (PE) classes with 2 × 60-minute training sessions per week (n = 58) or to a control group that continued to attend 2 × 60 minutes per week of curriculum PE (n = 41). We measured muscular fitness (handgrip, standing long jump, and sit-ups), cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), skinfolds, and lean body mass preintervention and postintervention and determined effect size (Hedge's g) differences between changes in these measures. We also compared changes within lower (<3000 g) and normal birthweight intervention and PE control subgroups. RESULTS The intervention group showed greater improvements in all the fitness measures and lean body mass (g = 0.22-0.48) and lower skinfold increases (g = 0.41) than PE controls. Within the intervention group, improvements in all fitness measures were larger in lower birthweight (g = 0.53-0.94) than in normal birthweight girls (g = 0.02-0.39). CONCLUSION Replacing curriculum PE with supervised training improved muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition outcomes in adolescent females. Our findings suggest an enhanced adaptive response to training in participants with lower birthweight which warrants further investigation.
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Seo-Mayer P, Ashoor I, Hayde N, Laster M, Sanderson K, Soranno D, Wigfall D, Brown D. Seeking justice, equity, diversity and inclusion in pediatric nephrology. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1084848. [PMID: 36578658 PMCID: PMC9791125 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1084848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inequity, racism, and health care disparities negatively impact the well-being of children with kidney disease. This review defines social determinants of health and describes how they impact pediatric nephrology care; outlines the specific impact of systemic biases and racism on chronic kidney disease care and transplant outcomes; characterizes and critiques the diversity of the current pediatric nephrology workforce; and aims to provide strategies to acknowledge and dismantle bias, address barriers to care, improve diversity in recruitment, and strengthen the pediatric nephrology community. By recognizing historical and current realities and limitations, we can move forward with strategies to address racism and bias in our field and clinical practices, thereby cultivating inclusive training and practice environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seo-Mayer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Inova Children's Hospital, University of Virginia School of Medicine-Inova Campus, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Isa Ashoor
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicole Hayde
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marciana Laster
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of California Los Angeles Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keia Sanderson
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Danielle Soranno
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Delbert Wigfall
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Denver Brown
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD007651. [PMID: 34555181 PMCID: PMC8459921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity among children and adolescents is associated with lower adiposity, improved cardio-metabolic health, and improved fitness. Worldwide, fewer than 30% of children and adolescents meet global physical activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day. Schools may be ideal sites for interventions given that children and adolescents in most parts of the world spend a substantial amount of time in transit to and from school or attending school. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review update is to summarise the evidence on effectiveness of school-based interventions in increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents 6 to 18 years of age. Specific objectives are: • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on increasing physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents; • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on improving body composition; and • to determine whether certain combinations or components (or both) of school-based interventions are more effective than others in promoting physical activity and fitness in this target population. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BIOSIS, SPORTDiscus, and Sociological Abstracts to 1 June 2020, without language restrictions. We screened reference lists of included articles and relevant systematic reviews. We contacted primary authors of studies to ask for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible interventions were relevant to public health practice (i.e. were not delivered by a clinician), were implemented in the school setting, and aimed to increase physical activity among all school-attending children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18) for at least 12 weeks. The review was limited to randomised controlled trials. For this update, we have added two new criteria: the primary aim of the study was to increase physical activity or fitness, and the study used an objective measure of physical activity or fitness. Primary outcomes included proportion of participants meeting physical activity guidelines and duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time (new to this update). Secondary outcomes included measured body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, health-related quality of life (new to this update), and adverse events (new to this update). Television viewing time, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure have been removed from this update. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent review authors used standardised forms to assess each study for relevance, to extract data, and to assess risk of bias. When discrepancies existed, discussion occurred until consensus was reached. Certainty of evidence was assessed according to GRADE. A random-effects meta-analysis based on the inverse variance method was conducted with participants stratified by age (children versus adolescents) when sufficient data were reported. Subgroup analyses explored effects by intervention type. MAIN RESULTS Based on the three new inclusion criteria, we excluded 16 of the 44 studies included in the previous version of this review. We screened an additional 9968 titles (search October 2011 to June 2020), of which 978 unique studies were potentially relevant and 61 met all criteria for this update. We included a total of 89 studies representing complete data for 66,752 study participants. Most studies included children only (n = 56), followed by adolescents only (n = 22), and both (n = 10); one study did not report student age. Multi-component interventions were most common (n = 40), followed by schooltime physical activity (n = 19), enhanced physical education (n = 15), and before and after school programmes (n = 14); one study explored both enhanced physical education and an after school programme. Lack of blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors and loss to follow-up were the most common sources of bias. Results show that school-based physical activity interventions probably result in little to no increase in time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (mean difference (MD) 0.73 minutes/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 1.30; 33 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) and may lead to little to no decrease in sedentary time (MD -3.78 minutes/d, 95% CI -7.80 to 0.24; 16 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may improve physical fitness reported as maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) (MD 1.19 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.82; 13 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may result in a very small decrease in BMI z-scores (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.02; 21 studies; low-certainty evidence) and may not impact BMI expressed as kg/m² (MD -0.07, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.01; 50 studies; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain whether school-based physical activity interventions impact health-related quality of life or adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the variability of results and the overall small effects, school staff and public health professionals must give the matter considerable thought before implementing school-based physical activity interventions. Given the heterogeneity of effects, the risk of bias, and findings that the magnitude of effect is generally small, results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Maureen Dobbins
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, Hamilton, Canada
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Collins HM, Fawkner S, Booth JN, Duncan A. The impact of resistance training on strength and correlates of physical activity in youth. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:40-49. [PMID: 34533102 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1976487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) may have a positive impact on specific correlates of physical activity (PA) in inactive and/or obese youth, with strength as a possible underlying mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate this. Twelve participants (aged 8.9 ± 1.0 years) were assigned to an experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Pre and post intervention assessments for strength, physical self-perceptions (PSPs), weight status, fundamental movement skills (FMS), and PA levels were completed. The EG participated in a twice-weekly 10-week RT programme. There were significant group x time interactions for FMS (CAMSA total P = 0.016, CAMSA skill score P = 0.036) and stretch stature (P = 0.002) (EG larges changes than the CG). Large effect sizes for the differences in change scores between the EG and CG were evident for CAMSA total score (Hedges' g = 0.830, P = 0.138), CAMSA skill score (Hedges' g = 0.895, P = 0.112) and relative strength (Hedges' g = 0.825, P = 0.140). This study demonstrated that a 10-week RT intervention has a positive effect on strength and FMS, and may also benefit weight status and PSPs. This study supports the development of RT interventions to develop these correlates, and increase PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Collins
- Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Samantha Fawkner
- Physical Activity and Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josephine N Booth
- Moray House School of Education & Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Audrey Duncan
- Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Cox A, Fairclough SJ, Noonan RJ. "It's Just Not Something We Do at School". Adolescent Boys' Understanding, Perceptions, and Experiences of Muscular Fitness Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4923. [PMID: 34063097 PMCID: PMC8125655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND English youth typically do not sufficiently engage in the types and intensities of physical activity that develop muscular fitness. The aim of this study was to use a combination of qualitative techniques to explore adolescent boys' understanding, perceptions, and experiences of physical activity and the role muscular fitness plays within boys' physically active lifestyles. METHODS Focus group interviews with a write, draw, show, and tell activity were conducted with 32 adolescent boys aged 14-16 years from 3 secondary schools. Three separate sources of data (frequency counts, verbatim transcripts, and visual data) were generated and were pooled together and triangulated. Data were analysed deductively, first using the Youth Physical Activity Promotion model as a thematic framework, and then inductively. RESULTS Physical activity was frequently associated with organised sport, and most boys were unaware of current UK physical activity guidelines. Co-participation was frequently reported as a reinforcing factor to physical activity. CONCLUSIONS There was a perceived lack of opportunity to participate in muscular fitness activities, particularly in school, and knowledge of how to conduct muscular fitness activities was limited. The contribution of physical education was highlighted as being key to facilitating exposure to muscular fitness activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39, UK;
| | - Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39, UK;
| | - Robert J. Noonan
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L1, UK;
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Cohen DD, Sandercock GR, Camacho PA, Otero-Wandurraga J, Romero SMP, Marín RDPM, Sierra CAV, Carreño J, Moran J, Lopez-Jaramillo P. The SIMAC study: A randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of resistance training and aerobic training on the fitness and body composition of Colombian adolescents. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248110. [PMID: 33878107 PMCID: PMC8057582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on muscle strength, aerobic fitness and body composition, of replacing the physical education (PE) class of Colombian adolescents with resistance or aerobic training. 120 tanner stage 3 adolescents attending a state school were randomized to resistance training, aerobic training, or a control group who continued to attend a weekly 2- hour PE class for 16 weeks. The resistance training and aerobic training groups participated in twice weekly supervised after-school exercise sessions of < 1 hour instead of their PE class. Sum of skinfolds, lean body mass (bioelectrical impedance analysis), muscular strength (6 repetition maximum (RM)) bench press, lateral pulldown and leg press) and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (multistage 20 meter shuttle run) were assessed at pre and post intervention. Complete data were available for n = 40 of the resistance training group, n = 40 of the aerobic training group and n = 30 PE (controls). Resistance training attenuated increases in sum of skinfolds compared with controls (d = 0.27, [0.09-0.36]). We found no significant effect on lean body mass. Resistance training produced a positive effect on muscle strength compared with both controls (d = 0.66 [.49-.86]) and aerobic training (d = 0.55[0.28-0.67]). There was a positive effect of resistance training on cardiorespiratory fitness compared with controls (d = 0.04 [-0.10-0.12]) but not compared with aerobic training (d = 0.24 [0.10-0.36]). Replacing a 2-hour PE class with two 1 hour resistance training sessions attenuated gains in subcutaneous adiposity, and enhanced muscle strength and aerobic fitness development in Colombian youth, based on a median attendance of approximately 1 session a week. Further research to assess whether adequate stimuli for the development of muscular fitness exists within current physical education provision is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dylan Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | | | - Paul Anthony Camacho
- Fundación Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Johanna Otero-Wandurraga
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Javier Carreño
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jason Moran
- Fundación Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Fundación Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Stricker PR, Faigenbaum AD, McCambridge TM. Resistance Training for Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2020-1011. [PMID: 32457216 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is becoming more important as an integral part of comprehensive sport training regimens, school physical education classes, and after-school fitness programs. The increasing number of youth who are involved in sport activities, coupled with the health problems of inactivity and being overweight, have resulted in increased interest in resistance training. Secular declines in measures of muscular fitness in modern-day youth highlight the need for participation in youth resistance training for nonathletes as well as athletes. Parents often ask pediatricians to offer advice regarding the safety, benefits, and implementation of an effective resistance-training program. This report is a revision of the 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement and reviews current information and research on the benefits and risks of resistance training for children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Stricker
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric & Adolescent Sports Medicine, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California;
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; and
| | - Teri M McCambridge
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Peitz M, Behringer M, Granacher U. A systematic review on the effects of resistance and plyometric training on physical fitness in youth- What do comparative studies tell us? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205525. [PMID: 30304033 PMCID: PMC6179270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, several meta-analyses clearly demonstrated that resistance and plyometric training are effective to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents. However, a methodological limitation of meta-analyses is that they synthesize results from different studies and hence ignore important differences across studies (i.e., mixing apples and oranges). Therefore, we aimed at examining comparative intervention studies that assessed the effects of age, sex, maturation, and resistance or plyometric training descriptors (e.g., training intensity, volume etc.) on measures of physical fitness while holding other variables constant. METHODS To identify relevant studies, we systematically searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) from inception to March 2018. We included resistance and plyometric training studies in healthy young athletes and non-athletes aged 6 to 18 years that investigated the effects of moderator variables (e.g., age, maturity, sex, etc.) on components of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength and power). RESULTS Our systematic literature search revealed a total of 75 eligible resistance and plyometric training studies, including 5,138 participants. Mean duration of resistance and plyometric training programs amounted to 8.9 ± 3.6 weeks and 7.1±1.4 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that maturation affects plyometric and resistance training outcomes differently, with the former eliciting greater adaptations pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and the latter around- and post-PHV. Sex has no major impact on resistance training related outcomes (e.g., maximal strength, 10 repetition maximum). In terms of plyometric training, around-PHV boys appear to respond with larger performance improvements (e.g., jump height, jump distance) compared with girls. Different types of resistance training (e.g., body weight, free weights) are effective in improving measures of muscle strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction) in untrained children and adolescents. Effects of plyometric training in untrained youth primarily follow the principle of training specificity. Despite the fact that only 6 out of 75 comparative studies investigated resistance or plyometric training in trained individuals, positive effects were reported in all 6 studies (e.g., maximum strength and vertical jump height, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present review article identified research gaps (e.g., training descriptors, modern alternative training modalities) that should be addressed in future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Peitz
- German Research Center of Elite Sport—momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- University of Potsdam, Faculty of Human Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
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Thompson BJ, Stock MS, Mota JA, Drusch AS, DeFranco RN, Cook TR, Hamm MA. Adaptations Associated With an After-School Strength and Conditioning Program in Middle-School-Aged Boys: A Quasi-Experimental Design. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2840-2851. [PMID: 28933713 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity strength and conditioning programs aimed at improving youth performance are becoming increasingly prevalent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 16-week after-school strength and conditioning program on performance and body composition in middle-school-aged boys. Subjects in the training group (n = 16, mean age = 11.8 years) performed 90 minutes of supervised plyometric and resistance training twice weekly for 16 weeks. A group of control subjects (n = 9, age = 12.1 years) maintained their current activity levels. Sprint speed, 5-10-5 proagility, jump height, isometric peak torque of the leg extensors and flexors, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition were examined during pretesting and posttesting. Data were analyzed by performing independent samples t-tests on the absolute change scores between groups. The primary findings were that the training intervention elicited significant improvements in 20-m sprint times (p = 0.03; mean change for training group = -0.17 seconds) and body-fat percentage (p = 0.03; 2.5% absolute improvement), the latter of which was a function of reduced fat mass (p = 0.06; -0.84 kg). Between-group differences were not noted for agility, jump height, lean mass, or strength measures; however, effect sizes generally showed greater improvements for the training group. In contrast to findings in longitudinal studies performed in collegiate athletes, sprint speed may be particularly adaptable during adolescence. In addition to potentially improving sport performance, high-intensity plyometric and resistance training programs offer the added benefit of improved body composition. These programs appear less effective for agility and jump performance and do not elicit substantial improvements in muscle mass above maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Thompson
- 1Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah;2Department of Health Professions, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida;3Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;4Center for Rehabilitation Research, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas; and5Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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13
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Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Pate RR, Connor Gorber S, Kho ME, Sampson M, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 41:S197-239. [PMID: 27306431 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is essential for disease prevention and health promotion. Emerging evidence suggests other intensities of physical activity (PA), including light-intensity activity (LPA), may also be important, but there has been no rigorous evaluation of the evidence. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationships between objectively measured PA (total and all intensities) and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Online databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria: population (apparently healthy, aged 5-17 years), intervention/exposure/comparator (volumes, durations, frequencies, intensities, and patterns of objectively measured PA), and outcome (body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical fitness, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, cognition/academic achievement, quality of life/well-being, harms, bone health, motor skill development, psychological distress, self-esteem). Heterogeneity among studies precluded meta-analyses; narrative synthesis was conducted. A total of 162 studies were included (204 171 participants from 31 countries). Overall, total PA was favourably associated with physical, psychological/social, and cognitive health indicators. Relationships were more consistent and robust for higher (e.g., MVPA) versus lower (e.g., LPA) intensity PA. All patterns of activity (sporadic, bouts, continuous) provided benefit. LPA was favourably associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers; data were scarce for other outcomes. These findings continue to support the importance of at least 60 min/day of MVPA for disease prevention and health promotion in children and youth, but also highlight the potential benefits of LPA and total PA. All intensities of PA should be considered in future work aimed at better elucidating the health benefits of PA in children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Joan Poitras
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Casey Ellen Gray
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michael M Borghese
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- c Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- b School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Russell R Pate
- e Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sarah Connor Gorber
- f Office of the Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michelle E Kho
- g School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- h Library and Media Services, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- a Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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Howie EK, Straker LM. Rates of attrition, non-compliance and missingness in randomized controlled trials of child physical activity interventions using accelerometers: A brief methodological review. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:830-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eather N, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. Improving health-related fitness in adolescents: the CrossFit Teens™ randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:209-23. [PMID: 25972203 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1045925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and feasibility of the CrossFit Teens™ resistance training programme for improving health-related fitness and resistance training skill competency in adolescents. This assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted in one secondary school in the Hunter Region, Australia, from July to September 2013. Ninety-six (96) students (age = 15.4 (.5) years, 51.5% female) were randomised into intervention (n = 51) or control (n = 45) conditions for 8-weeks (60 min twice per week). Waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), BMI-Z score (primary outcomes), cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttle run test), muscular fitness (standing jump, push-up, handgrip, curl-up test), flexibility (sit and reach) and resistance training skill competency were measured at baseline and immediate post-intervention. Feasibility measures of recruitment, retention, adherence and satisfaction were assessed. Significant group-by-time intervention effects were found for waist circumference [-3.1 cm, P < 0.001], BMI [-1.38 kg · m(‒)(2), P < 0.001], BMI-Z [-0.5 z-scores, P < 0.001], sit and reach [+3.0 cm, P < 0.001], standing jump [+0.1 m, P = 0.021] and shuttle run [+10.3 laps, P = 0.019]. Retention rate was 82.3%. All programme sessions were delivered and participants' mean satisfaction scores ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 out of 5. The findings demonstrate that CrossFit Teens™ is a feasible and efficacious programme for improving health-related fitness in adolescents.
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