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Shimi G. Dietary approaches for controlling cancer by limiting the Warburg effect: a review. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:1281-1291. [PMID: 37903372 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a mysterious disease. Among other alterations, tumor cells, importantly, have metabolic modifications. A well-known metabolic modification commonly observed in cancer cells has been termed the Warburg effect. This phenomenon is defined as a high preference for glucose uptake, and increased lactate production from that glucose, even when oxygen is readily available. Some anti-cancer drugs target the proposed Warburg effect, and some dietary regimens can function similarly. However, the most suitable dietary strategies for treating particular cancers are not yet well understood. The aim of this review was to describe findings regarding the impact of various proposed dietary regimens targeting the Warburg effect. The evidence suggests that combining routine cancer therapies with diet-based strategies may improve the outcome in treating cancer. However, designing individualized therapies must be our ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Shimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Salido-Bueno B, Gil-Hernandez E, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Gomez-Chica P, Roman P, Cardona D. Effects of ketogenic diets on cancer-related variables: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. NUTR BULL 2024. [PMID: 38923748 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health concern influenced by genetics, environment and lifestyle choices. Recent research shows that a ketogenic diet (KD) might ease cancer symptoms and reduce tumour size. We hypothesised that the KD could result in improvements in cancer-related variables. Therefore, this study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the KD's efficacy for patients with cancer. The databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, CINAHL and Open Grey were utilised for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. The analysis was limited to randomised controlled trials with adult participants aged 18 years and above. Levels of glucose, cholesterol, insulin-like growth factor 1, weight and quality of life were evaluated following the KD. After identifying 596 articles in the initial search, eight studies, lasting between 4 and 16 weeks, were included in the systematic review and seven in the meta-analysis. The KD led to decreased glucose levels in patients with cancer but did not show significant improvements in cholesterol, insulin-like growth factor 1, weight or quality of life. Based on the results of this systematic review and meta-analysis, there is insufficient evidence to establish a definitive link between the KD and cancer-related parameters. While some studies suggest potential benefits in terms of some outcomes and tumour size reduction, further research is required to fully comprehend the effects of this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Salido-Bueno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Research Group CTS-1114 Advances and Innovation in Health, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Roman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Research Group CTS-1114 Advances and Innovation in Health, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Diana Cardona
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
- Health Research Center CEINSA, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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Arneson‐Wissink PC, Mendez H, Pelz K, Dickie J, Bartlett AQ, Worley BL, Krasnow SM, Eil R, Grossberg AJ. Hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signalling drives early-stage pancreatic cancer cachexia via suppressed ketogenesis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:975-988. [PMID: 38632714 PMCID: PMC11154744 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) often suffer from cachexia, a wasting syndrome that significantly reduces both quality of life and survival. Although advanced cachexia is associated with inflammatory signalling and elevated muscle catabolism, the early events driving wasting are poorly defined. During periods of nutritional scarcity, the body relies on hepatic ketogenesis to generate ketone bodies, and lipid metabolism via ketogenesis is thought to protect muscle from catabolizing during nutritional scarcity. METHODS We developed an orthotopic mouse model of early PDAC cachexia in 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice. Murine pancreatic cancer cells (KPC) were orthotopically implanted into the pancreas of wild-type, IL-6-/-, and hepatocyte STAT3-/- male and female mice. Mice were subject to fasting, 50% food restriction, ad libitum feeding or ketogenic diet interventions. We measured longitudinal body composition by EchoMRI, body mass and food intake. At the endpoint, we measured tissue mass, tissue gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, whole-body calorimetry, circulating hormone levels, faecal protein and lipid content, hepatic lipid content and ketogenic response to medium-chain fatty acid bolus. We assessed muscle atrophy in vivo and C2C12 myotube atrophy in vitro. RESULTS Pre-cachectic PDAC mice did not preserve gastrocnemius muscle mass during 3-day food restriction (-13.1 ± 7.7% relative to food-restricted sham, P = 0.0117) and displayed impaired fatty acid oxidation during fasting, resulting in a hypoketotic state (ketogenic response to octanoate bolus, -83.0 ± 17.3%, P = 0.0328; Hmgcs2 expression, -28.3 ± 7.6%, P = 0.0004). PDAC human patients display impaired fasting ketones (-46.9 ± 7.1%, P < 0.0001) and elevated circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) (12.4 ± 16.5-fold increase, P = 0.0001). IL-6-/- PDAC mice had improved muscle mass (+35.0 ± 3.9%, P = 0.0031) and ketogenic response (+129.4 ± 44.4%, P = 0.0033) relative to wild-type PDAC mice. Hepatocyte-specific signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) deletion prevented muscle loss (+9.3 ± 4.0%, P = 0.009) and improved fasting ketone levels (+52.0 ± 43.3%, P = 0.018) in PDAC mice. Without affecting tumour growth, a carbohydrate-free diet improved tibialis anterior myofibre diameter (+16.5 ± 3.5%, P = 0.0089), circulating ketone bodies (+333.0 ± 117.6%, P < 0.0001) and Hmgcs2 expression (+106.5 ± 36.1%, P < 0.0001) in PDAC mice. Ketone supplementation protected muscle against PDAC-induced atrophy in vitro (+111.0 ± 17.6%, P < 0.0001 myofibre diameter). CONCLUSIONS In early PDAC cachexia, muscle vulnerability to wasting is dependent on inflammation-driven metabolic reprogramming in the liver. PDAC suppresses lipid β-oxidation and impairs ketogenesis in the liver, which is reversed in genetically modified mouse models deficient in IL-6/STAT3 signalling or through ketogenic diet supplementation. This work establishes a direct link between skeletal muscle homeostasis and hepatic metabolism. Dietary and anti-inflammatory interventions that restore ketogenesis may be a viable preventative approach for pre-cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Mendez
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Katherine Pelz
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Jessica Dickie
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Alexandra Q. Bartlett
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Beth L. Worley
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Robert Eil
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Aaron J. Grossberg
- Brenden‐Colson Center for Pancreatic CareOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Department of Radiation MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
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de Sousa DJM, Feitosa de Oliveira KG, Pereira IC, do Nascimento GTM, Barrense CO, Martins JA, Pereira Rêgo BDM, Oliveira da Silva TE, Carneiro da Silva FC, Torres-Leal FL. Dietary restriction and hepatic cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 196:104264. [PMID: 38341120 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of calorie restriction, fasting, and ketogenic diets on the treatment of liver cancer remains uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effect of restrictive diets on the development and progression of liver cancer in animal models. We did a meta-analysis using the Cochrane Collaboration's Review Manager software, with the random effects model and the inverse variance technique. We examined 19 studies that were conducted between 1983 and 2020. Of these, 63.2% investigated calorie restriction, 21.0% experimented with a ketogenic diet, and 15.8% investigated the effects of fasting. The intervention lasted anything from 48 h to 221 weeks. Results showed that restrictive diets may reduce tumor incidence and progression, with a significant reduction in the risk of liver cancer development. Thereby, our results suggest that putting limits on what you eat may help treat liver cancer in more ways than one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallyla Jennifer Morais de Sousa
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Kynnara Gabriella Feitosa de Oliveira
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Irislene Costa Pereira
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Glauto Tuquarre Melo do Nascimento
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Clenio Oliveira Barrense
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Jorddam Almondes Martins
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Mello Pereira Rêgo
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal
- Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre Laboratory, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
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Directo D, Lee SR. Cancer Cachexia: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Metabolites 2023; 13:1024. [PMID: 37755304 PMCID: PMC10538050 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, a multifactorial metabolic syndrome developed during malignant tumor growth, is characterized by an accelerated loss of body weight accompanied by the depletion of skeletal muscle mass. This debilitating condition is associated with muscle degradation, impaired immune function, reduced functional capacity, compromised quality of life, and diminished survival in cancer patients. Despite the lack of the known capability of fully reversing or ameliorating this condition, ongoing research is shedding light on promising preclinical approaches that target the disrupted mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia. This comprehensive review delves into critical aspects of cancer cachexia, including its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, preclinical models for studying the progression of cancer cachexia, methods for clinical assessment, relevant biomarkers, and potential therapeutic strategies. These discussions collectively aim to contribute to the evolving foundation for effective, multifaceted counteractive strategies against this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Rok Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
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Jaggarapu MMCS, Ghosh D, Johnston T, Yaron JR, Mangal JL, Inamdar S, Gosangi M, Rege K, Acharya AP. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid based polymeric particles for cutaneous wound healing. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1372-1378. [PMID: 36951217 PMCID: PMC10517069 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites are not only involved in energy pathways but can also act as signaling molecules. Herein, we demonstrate that polyesters of alpha-ketoglutararte (paKG) can be generated by reacting aKG with aliphatic diols of different lengths, which release aKG in a sustained manner. paKG polymer-based microparticles generated via emulsion-evaporation technique lead to faster keratinocyte wound closures in a scratch assay test. Moreover, paKG microparticles also led to faster wound healing responses in an excisional wound model in live mice. Overall, this study shows that paKG MPs that release aKG in a sustained manner can be used to develop regenerative therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan M. C. S. Jaggarapu
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Deepanjan Ghosh
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Tyler Johnston
- Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Joslyn L. Mangal
- Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Mallikarjun Gosangi
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biological Design, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
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7
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Nutraceuticals as Supportive Therapeutic Agents in Diabetes and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020158. [PMID: 36829437 PMCID: PMC9953002 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and diabetes-related mechanisms support the hypothesis that early therapeutic strategies targeting diabetes can contribute to PDAC risk reduction and treatment improvement. A systematic review was conducted, using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, to evaluate the current evidence from clinical studies qualitatively examining the efficacy of four natural products: Curcumin-Curcuma longa L.; Thymoquinone-Nigella sativa L.; Genistein-Glycine max L.; Ginkgo biloba L.; and a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and PDAC treatment. A total of 28 clinical studies were included, showing strong evidence of inter-study heterogeneity. Used as a monotherapy or in combination with chemo-radiotherapy, the studied substances did not significantly improve the treatment response of PDAC patients. However, pronounced therapeutic efficacy was confirmed in T2D. The natural products and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet, combined with the standard drugs, have the potential to improve T2D treatment and thus potentially reduce the risk of cancer development and improve multiple biological parameters in PDAC patients.
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Guo A, Asztely F, Smits A, Jakola AS. Methodological Approaches to Ketogenic Dietary Treatments in Glioma Patients from a Nutritional Point of View. Nutr Cancer 2022; 75:112-122. [PMID: 35959770 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KD) have received increasing interest in neuro-oncology based on their ability to inhibit glioma growth In Vitro and their established role in medically refractory seizures. This review analyses the methodological aspects of KD treatment alongside standard care for patients with gliomas from a nutritional point of view. A literature search was performed in March 2022 searching PubMed and Scopus. We identified 13 articles including 187 patients with a histological-new or recurrent-diagnosis of glioma and treated by KD during the course of the disease. Dietary treatments were categorized as the classical ketogenic diet (CKD), the Modified Atkins diet (MAD), and the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet. We identified a large variation in dietary characteristics regarding restriction of carbohydrates, ketogenic ratio, and additional dietary support. This striking heterogenicity in the methodological approaches of KD treatments made it problematic to compare effects between the included studies. Therefore, a standardized definition of KD for patients with glioma and a consensus on methodological implementation is needed. It would also be desirable to further investigate to what extent KD treatment can be optimized to secure optimal nutrient status and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Asztely
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Medicine, Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asgeir S Jakola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Watanabe S, Tsujino S. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802805. [PMID: 35719157 PMCID: PMC9203050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of "ketone diets" in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.
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The efficacy of an unrestricted cycling ketogenic diet in preclinical models of IDH wild-type and IDH mutant glioma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257725. [PMID: 35134075 PMCID: PMC8824343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrative gliomas are the most common neoplasms arising in the brain, and remain largely incurable despite decades of research. A subset of these gliomas contains mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1mut) or, less commonly, IDH2 (together called “IDHmut”). These mutations alter cellular biochemistry, and IDHmut gliomas are generally less aggressive than IDH wild-type (IDHwt) gliomas. Some preclinical studies and clinical trials have suggested that various forms of a ketogenic diet (KD), characterized by low-carbohydrate and high-fat content, may be beneficial in slowing glioma progression. However, adherence to a strict KD is difficult, and not all studies have shown promising results. Furthermore, no study has yet addressed whether IDHmut gliomas might be more sensitive to KD. The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of a unrestricted, cycling KD (weekly alternating between KD and standard diet) in preclinical models of IDHwt versus IDHmut gliomas. In vitro, simulating KD by treatment with the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on the proliferation of patient-derived IDHwt or IDHmut glioma cells, either in low or normal glucose conditions. Likewise, an unrestricted, cycling KD had no effect on the in vivo growth of patient-derived IDHwt or IDHmut gliomas, even though the cycling KD did result in persistently elevated circulating ketones. Furthermore, this KD conferred no survival benefit in mice engrafted with Sleeping-Beauty transposase-engineered IDHmut or IDHwt glioma. These data suggest that neither IDHwt nor IDHmut gliomas are particularly responsive to an unrestricted, cycling form of KD.
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Taftian M, Beigrezaei S, Arabi V, Salehi-Abargouei A. The Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Weight Loss in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:1222-1234. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1942081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Taftian
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sara Beigrezaei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Vahid Arabi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Gangitano E, Gnessi L, Lenzi A, Ray D. Chronobiology and Metabolism: Is Ketogenic Diet Able to Influence Circadian Rhythm? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:756970. [PMID: 34819833 PMCID: PMC8606558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms underpin most physiological processes, including energy metabolism. The core circadian clock consists of a transcription-translation negative feedback loop, and is synchronized to light-dark cycles by virtue of light input from the retina, to the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. All cells in the body have circadian oscillators which are entrained to the central clock by neural and humoral signals. In addition to light entrainment of the central clock in the brain, it now emerges that other stimuli can drive circadian clock function in peripheral tissues, the major one being food. This can then drive the liver clock to be misaligned with the central brain clock, a situation of internal misalignment with metabolic disease consequences. Such misalignment is prevalent, with shift workers making up 20% of the working population. The effects of diet composition on the clock are not completely clarified yet. High-fat diet and fasting influence circadian expression of clock genes, inducing phase-advance and phase-delay in animal models. Ketogenic diet (KD) is able to induce a metabolic switch from carbohydrate to fatty acid oxidation, miming a fasting state. In recent years, some animal studies have been conducted to investigate the ability of the KD to modify circadian gene expression, and demonstrated that the KD alters circadian rhythm and induces a rearrangement of metabolic gene expression. These findings may lead to new approaches to obesity and metabolic pathologies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gangitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Spot-light on microbiota in obesity and cancer. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2291-2299. [PMID: 34363002 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the complexity and diversity of gut microbiota within and across individuals has been detailed in relation to human health. Further, understanding of the bidirectional association between gut microbiota and metabolic disorders has highlighted a complimentary, yet crucial role for microbiota in the onset and progression of obesity-related cancers. While strategies for cancer prevention and cure are known to work efficiently when supported by healthy diet and lifestyle choices and physical activity, emerging evidence suggests that the complex interplay relating microbiota both to neoplastic and metabolic diseases could aid strategies for cancer treatment and outcomes. This review will explore the experimental and clinical grounds supporting the functional role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology and progression of cancers in relation to obesity and its metabolic correlates. Therapeutic approaches aiding microbiota restoration in connection with cancer treatments will be discussed.
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14
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Han P, Wang Y, Luo W, Lu Y, Zhou X, Yang Y, Zheng Q, Li D, Wu S, Li L, Zhang H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Matskova L, Li P, Zhou X. Epigenetic inactivation of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase reduces ketogenesis and facilitates tumor cell motility in clear cell renal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 227:153622. [PMID: 34624592 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that the dysregulation of ketogenesis plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here, we demonstrate decreased expression of the HMGCS2 gene in ccRCC, a critical enzyme for the synthesis of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB). We found that the reduced transcription of the HMGCS2 gene in ccRCC cells was significantly correlated to a higher relative methylation rate in its promotor region. The higher methylation rate in the region of the transcription start site and 1st exon of the HMGCS2 gene was, in turn, correlated with a worse clinical outcome for patients. The transcription of HMGCS2 was possible to restore by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and with the histone deacetylase inhibitor β-OHB. Therefore, the low levels of the HMGCS2 enzyme in ccRCC may be the consequence of hypermethylation of the HMGCS2 promotor. The ensuing reduction in the ketone body levels further suppresses the transcription of HMGCS2 via a feedback loop. Ectopic expression of HMGCS2 attenuates the migration and invasion of ccRCC but does not affect the proliferative capacity of ccRCC cells in vitro. In addition, we showed that ectopic expression of HMGCS2 boosts the intracellular levels of β-OHB and that exogenously applied β-OHB suppresses the motility and invasion of ccRCC. Our study reveals crosstalk between genes that regulate metabolism and their metabolites, thus providing a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanism involved in ccRCC carcinogenesis and suggesting opportunities for metabolic therapy of tumors. Initially, we suggest that the mRNA level of HMGCS2 could serve as a potentially valuable diagnostic (AUC = 0.918, p < 0.001) and prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Han
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China; Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yifang Wang
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yunliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Danping Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Shu Wu
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Limei Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Haishan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Liudmila Matskova
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Pathology, College & Hospital of Stomatology Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, China; Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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15
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Mahnashi MH, Alyami BA, Alqahtani YS, Alqarni AO, Jan MS, Ayaz M, Ullah F, Shahid M, Rashid U, Sadiq A. Neuroprotective potentials of selected natural edible oils using enzyme inhibitory, kinetic and simulation approaches. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:248. [PMID: 34600509 PMCID: PMC8487577 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible oils have proven health benefits in the prevention and treatment of various disorders since the establishment of human era. This study was aimed to appraise neuropharmacological studies on the commonly used edible oils including Cinnamomum verum (CV), Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Cuminum cyminum (CC). METHODS The oils were analyzed via GC-MS for identifications of bioactive compounds. Anti-radicals capacity of the oils were evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals scavenging assays. The samples were also tested against two important acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which are among the important drug targets in Alzheimer's disease. Lineweaver-Burk plots were constructed for enzyme inhibition studies which correspond to velocity of enzymes (Vmax) against the reciprocal of substrate concentration (Km) in the presence of test samples and control drugs following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Docking studies on AChE target were also carried out using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2016.0802) software. RESULTS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of thirty-four compounds in Cinnamon oil (Cv.Eo), fourteen in ginger oil (Zo.Eo) and fifty-six in cumin oil (Cc.Eo). In the antioxidant assays, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited IC50 values of 85, 121, 280 μg/ml sequentially against DPPH radicals. Whereas, in ABTS assay, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo showed considerable anti-radicals potentials with IC50 values of 93, 77 and 271 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, Cv.Eo was highly active against AChE enzyme with IC50 of 21 μg/ml. Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against AChE with IC50 values of 88 and 198 μg/ml respectively. In BChE assay, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited IC50 values of 106, 101 and 37 μg/ml respectively. Our results revealed that these oils possess considerable antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory potentials. As functional foods these oils can be effective remedy for the prevention and management of neurological disorders including AD. Synergistic effect of all the identified compounds was determined via binding energy values computed through docking simulations. Binding orientations showed that all the compounds interact with amino acid residues present in the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic anionic site (CAS) amino acid residues, oxyanion hole and acyl pocket via π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar A. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP 18000 Dir (L) Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP 18000 Dir (L) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000 Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP 18000 Dir (L) Pakistan
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16
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Cortez NE, Mackenzie GG. Ketogenic Diets in Pancreatic Cancer and Associated Cachexia: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093202. [PMID: 34579079 PMCID: PMC8471358 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive and extremely therapy-resistant cancer. It is estimated that up to 80% of PDAC patients present with cachexia, a multifactorial disorder characterized by the involuntary and ongoing wasting of skeletal muscle that affects therapeutic response and survival. During the last decade, there has been an increased interest in exploring dietary interventions to complement the treatment of PDAC and associated cachexia. Ketogenic diets (KDs) have gained attention for their anti-tumor potential. Characterized by a very low carbohydrate, moderate protein, and high fat composition, this diet mimics the metabolic changes that occur in fasting. Numerous studies report that a KD reduces tumor growth and can act as an adjuvant therapy in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. However, research on the effect and mechanisms of action of KDs on PDAC-associated cachexia is limited. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence of the impact of KDs in PDAC treatment and cachexia mitigation. Furthermore, we discuss key cellular mechanisms that explain KDs’ potential anti-tumor and anti-cachexia effects, focusing primarily on reprogramming of cell metabolism, epigenome, and the gut microbiome. Finally, we provide a perspective on future research needed to advance KDs into clinical use.
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17
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Nutritional Interventions Targeting Gut Microbiota during Cancer Therapies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071469. [PMID: 34361904 PMCID: PMC8303428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is increasingly being recognized for its influence on intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders such as cancer. Today, diet is the most studied environmental modulator of gut microbiota, capable of altering or improving it in terms of richness and diversity. Recent evidence from several preclinical and clinical trials suggested that gut microbiota composition could modulate cancer therapies (toxicities, treatment responses) and vice versa. This review highlights the latest research on the bidirectional associations between gut microbiota and cancer. We also dissect the role of gut microbiota during cancer therapies in terms of toxicity and treatment response and, in turn, how cancer therapies could impact gut microbiota composition and functions. In this context, we summarize the state-of-the-art research regarding the role of various nutritional interventions-prebiotics, dietary strategies, and dietary restrictions-as cutting-edge possibilities to modulate gut microbiota during cancer therapies.
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18
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Talib WH, Mahmod AI, Kamal A, Rashid HM, Alashqar AMD, Khater S, Jamal D, Waly M. Ketogenic Diet in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:558-589. [PMID: 34287243 PMCID: PMC8928964 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer is still one of the most significant global challenges facing public health, the world still lacks complementary approaches that would significantly enhance the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. One of the essential strategies during cancer treatment is following a healthy diet program. The ketogenic diet (KD) has recently emerged as a metabolic therapy in cancer treatment, targeting cancer cell metabolism rather than a conventional dietary approach. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and very-low-carbohydrate with adequate amounts of protein, has shown antitumor effects by reducing energy supplies to cells. This low energy supply inhibits tumor growth, explaining the ketogenic diet's therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment. This review highlights the crucial mechanisms that explain the ketogenic diet's potential antitumor effects, which probably produces an unfavorable metabolic environment for cancer cells and can be used as a promising adjuvant in cancer therapy. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid background for researchers and physicians to design new combination therapies based on KD and conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Ayah Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Hasan M. Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Aya M. D. Alashqar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Samar Khater
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Duaa Jamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Mostafa Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 34-123, Oman;
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19
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Boison D. Specialty Grand Challenge for Brain Disease Mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:689903. [PMID: 34040504 PMCID: PMC8141592 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.689903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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20
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Lorenzo PM, Crujeiras AB. Potential effects of nutrition-based weight loss therapies in reversing obesity-related breast cancer epigenetic marks. Food Funct 2021; 12:1402-1414. [PMID: 33480953 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01984d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a modifiable risk factor of breast cancer and epigenetic marks were proposed as a relevant mechanistic link. These mechanisms can be remodelled by modifying lifestyle factors and this fact could be useful in the treatment of obesity-related breast cancer. This review aimed to reveal the current evidence on the effects of differences in body composition and lifestyle factors on the risk, treatment, and survival of breast cancer with a focus on the effects of weight loss therapies based on different nutrients, bioactive compounds, and Mediterranean and ketogenic diets to counteract obesity-related breast cancer epigenetic marks. This review was framed on the most relevant and recently published articles and abstracts selected in PubMed using key words related to epigenetics, lifestyle, dietary habits, nutrients, bioactive compounds, ketone bodies, and weight loss treatments in obesity and breast cancer. Several studies have demonstrated that lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications towards a healthy diet pattern, are effective therapies to prevent the onset of breast cancer and to improve the survival after treatment. These therapies reduce the main factors associated with obesity that are links between adiposity and cancer, including oxidative stress, inflammation and epigenetic mechanisms. However, although sufficient evidence exists regarding the effects of nutrients, dietary patterns, and weight loss therapies to prevent breast cancer or to improve survival, the effects of these strategies on the oncological treatment response were less studied. This review summarises the current scientific evidence regarding these nutritional strategies as adjuvant therapies in the management of obesity-related breast cancer by remodelling epigenetic marks related to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Lorenzo
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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21
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Fonseca GWPD, von Haehling S. An overview of anamorelin as a treatment option for cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:889-895. [PMID: 33491505 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1873954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cachexia is a complex multifaceted syndrome involving functional impairment, changes in body composition, and nutritional disorders. The treatment of cancer cachexia can be based on these three domains of the syndrome. Phase II and III trials of anamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic agent, have been shown to increase body weight in patients with cancer cachexia, mainly by increasing muscle and fat mass. Anamorelin has been shown to improve anorexia scores. AREAS COVERED This review aims to outline the effect of anamorelin on body composition and functional parameters as well as to discuss the clinical importance of these alterations in patients with cancer cachexia. EXPERT OPINION To date, there is no treatment approved to enhance body composition and functional parameters in patients with cancer cachexia. Anamorelin, the most advanced therapy to treat cachexia, has not yielded convincing results in all aspects of the syndrome. In particular, no effect has been noted on physical function and long-term survival. Along with these essential improvements for future interventions with anamorelin, subsequent studies must address other etiologies of cancer, rather than non-small cell lung cancer, and add complementary therapies, such as exercise training and nutritional interventions, in an attempt to overcome cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wesley Peixoto Da Fonseca
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho De Aguiar, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center (UMG), Göttingen, Germany;s German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Charlot A, Conrad O, Zoll J. [Ketogenic diet: a new nutritional strategy for cancer therapy?]. Biol Aujourdhui 2020; 214:115-123. [PMID: 33357370 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease that can appear in several tissues and that kills more than 150 000 people in France every year. Cancer cells have mutations in their genome that lead to changes in their metabolism, compared to healthy cells. They use mostly glycolysis as their energy source, but not fatty acid oxidation. Currently, treatments used against cancer are nonspecific and have many side effects. Thus it appears increasingly important to find new strategies against cancer cells progression while protecting surrounding healthy cells and decreasing side effects. Ketogenic diet, which is a low-sugar high-fat diet, could be an interesting candidate as it alters the energy machinery of the cell and keeps away its primary energy source (glucose). This diet is largely used to treat refractory epilepsy and begins to be studied in oncology as well. This article describes the scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet and aims at showing how this complementary treatment could be useful against several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Charlot
- Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, UR3072 « Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ombline Conrad
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7021, Laboratoire Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Joffrey Zoll
- Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, UR3072 « Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Barrea L, Caprio M, Tuccinardi D, Moriconi E, Di Renzo L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. Could ketogenic diet "starve" cancer? Emerging evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1800-1821. [PMID: 33274644 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1847030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells (CCs) predominantly use aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) for their metabolism. This important characteristic of CCs represents a potential metabolic pathway to be targeted in the context of tumor treatment. Being this mechanism related to nutrient oxidation, dietary manipulation has been hypothesized as an important strategy during tumor treatment. Ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary pattern characterized by high fat intake, moderate-to-low protein consumption, and very-low-carbohydrate intake (<50 g), which in cancer setting may target CCs metabolism, potentially influencing both tumor treatment and prognosis. Several mechanisms, far beyond the originally proposed inhibition of glucose/insulin signaling, can underpin the effectiveness of KD in cancer management, ranging from oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, and inflammation. The role of a qualified Nutritionist is essential to reduce and manage the short and long-term complications of this dietary therapy, which must be personalized to the individual patient for the planning of tailored KD protocol in cancer patients. In the present review, we summarize the proposed antitumor mechanisms of KD, the application of KD in cancer patients with obesity and cachexia, and the preclinical and clinical evidence on KD therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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24
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Bandera-Merchan B, Boughanem H, Crujeiras AB, Macias-Gonzalez M, Tinahones FJ. Ketotherapy as an epigenetic modifier in cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:509-519. [PMID: 32514818 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations in cancer play a variety of roles. Aberrant DNA methylation, as one of the epigenetic mechanisms, has been widely studied in both tumor and liquid biopsies and provide a useful bench mark for treatment response in cancer. Recently, several studies have reported an association between the type of diet and epigenetic modifications. Whereby there is a growing interest in finding the "anti-cancer diet formula", if such a thing exists. In this sense, ketogenic diets (KD) have reported potentially beneficial effects, which were able to prevent malignancies and decrease tumor growth. Some studies have even shown increased survival in cancer patients, reduced side effects of cytotoxic treatments, and intensified efficacy of cancer therapies. Although the biological mechanisms of KD are not well understood, it has been reported that KD may affect DNA methylation by modulating the expression of crucial genes involved in tumor survival and proliferation. However, there are many considerations to take into account to use ketotherapy in cancer, such as epigenetic mark, type of cancer, immunological and metabolic state or microbiota profile. In this review, we argue about ketotherapy as a potential strategy to consider as coadjuvant of cancer therapy. We will focus on mainly epigenetic mechanisms and dietary approach that could be included in the current clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Bandera-Merchan
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hatim Boughanem
- Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA). Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana B Crujeiras
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Macias-Gonzalez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010, Málaga, Spain.
- CIBEROBN (CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, University of Malaga (IBIMA), 29010, Málaga, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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He J, Lü L, Peng J, Li C, Kong X, Zhang J, Peng L. [Inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet on neuroblastoma in BALB/c-nu mouse models]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1155-1164. [PMID: 32895178 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on growth of neuroblastoma in mice. METHODS BALB/c-nu mouse models bearing neuroblastoma xenografts were established by subcutaneous injection of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). When the tumor volume reached 250 mm3, the mice were randomized into SD group with standard diet and PBS treatment, KD group with ketogenic diet and PBS treatment, and CP+KD group with ketogenic diet and cyclophosphamide (60 mg·kg-1·day-1) treatment, n=8. The tumor volume, body weight, blood glucose, ketone body (β-Hydroxybutyrate) levels, and hepatic steatosis in the mice were assessed. The expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected by Western blotting, and Ki67 expresison was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for the autophagosomes, and the autophagic protein Beclin1, LC3A/B and P62 were detected by IHC and Western blotting. RESULTS On day 28 post tumor cell injection, the mice in KD and CP+KD groups could prolong the overall survival rates than that in SD group (P < 0.001). On day 22 post the injection, the tumor volume in KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.05); on 16, 19, and 22 day post the injection, the tumor volume in CP+KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.01). The mice in SD group showed greater body weight on day 19 and higher blood glucose level on day 13 post the injection than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Blood ketone level and hepatic steatosis score were higher and glucose ketone index (GKI) was lower in KD and CP+KD groups than those in SD group (all P < 0.05). The expressions of Ki67 and apoptotic proteins were detected in the tumor tissues of all groups. TEM revealed more autophagosomes in the tumor tissues of KD group than that of SD group. P62 expression was lowered (P < 0.01) and Beclin1 and LC3A/B expressions were up-regulated in the tumor tissues of KD group (P < 0.05), which is consisitent with IHC. CONCLUSIONS KD has a strong anti-tumor effect in the xenograft mouse model possibly by regulating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao He
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Linya Lü
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junwei Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiangru Kong
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
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He J, Lü L, Peng J, Li C, Kong X, Zhang J, Peng L. [Inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet on neuroblastoma in BALB/c-nu mouse models]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [PMID: 32895178 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20191103-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on growth of neuroblastoma in mice. METHODS BALB/c-nu mouse models bearing neuroblastoma xenografts were established by subcutaneous injection of human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). When the tumor volume reached 250 mm3, the mice were randomized into SD group with standard diet and PBS treatment, KD group with ketogenic diet and PBS treatment, and CP+KD group with ketogenic diet and cyclophosphamide (60 mg·kg-1·day-1) treatment, n=8. The tumor volume, body weight, blood glucose, ketone body (β-Hydroxybutyrate) levels, and hepatic steatosis in the mice were assessed. The expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected by Western blotting, and Ki67 expresison was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for the autophagosomes, and the autophagic protein Beclin1, LC3A/B and P62 were detected by IHC and Western blotting. RESULTS On day 28 post tumor cell injection, the mice in KD and CP+KD groups could prolong the overall survival rates than that in SD group (P < 0.001). On day 22 post the injection, the tumor volume in KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.05); on 16, 19, and 22 day post the injection, the tumor volume in CP+KD group was smaller than that in SD group (P < 0.01). The mice in SD group showed greater body weight on day 19 and higher blood glucose level on day 13 post the injection than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Blood ketone level and hepatic steatosis score were higher and glucose ketone index (GKI) was lower in KD and CP+KD groups than those in SD group (all P < 0.05). The expressions of Ki67 and apoptotic proteins were detected in the tumor tissues of all groups. TEM revealed more autophagosomes in the tumor tissues of KD group than that of SD group. P62 expression was lowered (P < 0.01) and Beclin1 and LC3A/B expressions were up-regulated in the tumor tissues of KD group (P < 0.05), which is consisitent with IHC. CONCLUSIONS KD has a strong anti-tumor effect in the xenograft mouse model possibly by regulating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao He
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Linya Lü
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junwei Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders//National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders//China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders//Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University//Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiangru Kong
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Chongqing 400014, China
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Ghahremani H, Sirati-Sabet M, Salami S. Evaluation of Impacts of Cellular Metabolism on the Migration of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Two in Vitro Assays: A Method Comparison Study. Galen Med J 2020; 9:e1831. [PMID: 34466600 PMCID: PMC8343618 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteration of metabolic pathways in cancer cells can intensely modulate their migration as an important step in invasion and metastasis. Ketogenic diet showed some contradictory results in cancer patients. In this study the impact of metabolic reprogramming of A2780CP as a model of ovarian cancer stem-like cells on cell migration by two in vitro methods: wound healing and soft agar colony-forming assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS short term and long term metabolic reprogramming were done by restriction of glucose to 250mg/L with or without enrichment with beta-hydroxybutyrate (5 milimolar) for 48 hours and 30 days, respectively. Wound healing assay was done and the wound ratio was calculated for 24 and 48 hours. Soft agar colony formation assay was also done in treated and control cells. For method comparison, ten biological replicates were analyzed in triplicate. RESULTS Migration of A2780CP ovarian cancer stem-like cells were significantly alleviated by long term glucose restriction but no significant changes were observed in short term study. Beta-hydroxybutyrate enrichment did not produce significant impacts on glucose restriction in short or long term studies. CONCLUSION The results of colony formation in soft agar and wound or scratch healing assay were in good correlation and convergence which could be used interchangeably in the investigation of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghahremani
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sirati-Sabet
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Salami
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Ghahremani H, Nabati S, Tahmori H, Peirouvi T, Sirati-Sabet M, Salami S. Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without β-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signalings in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1708-1726. [PMID: 32799692 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1804947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial impacts of the ketogenic diet and metabolic reprograming were recently reported for ovarian cancer patients. In this study, the effects of glucose restriction with or without beta-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) enrichment were studied in drug-resistant CD133high A2780CP and CD133low SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells to scrutinize the impact of experimental ketosis on ATP production, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and related signaling pathways including Wnt, Hippo, and Hedgehog. Cells were adapted and maintained for a month with restricted levels of glucose (250 mg/l) with or without the therapeutic concentration of bHB (5 mM). Quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, and wound healing assay were used in this study. Glucose restriction and bHB enrichment reduced the stemness marker and diminished In Vitro migration in both cell lines. Glucose restriction significantly reduced ATP levels in both cells, but bHB enrichment was partially compensated for the ATP levels solely in SK-OV-3 cells. Glucose restriction mainly inhibited the Wnt pathway in the CD133high A2780CP cells, but the Hedgehog pathway was the main target in CD133low SK-OV-3 cells. In Conclusion, Prior targeted evaluations of key genes' expression would help to predict the distinctive impacts of metabolic fuels and to optimize the efficacy of ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghahremani
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Nabati
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Tahmori
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Peirouvi
- Departments of Histology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Majid Sirati-Sabet
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Salami
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mangal JL, Inamdar S, Yang Y, Dutta S, Wankhede M, Shi X, Gu H, Green M, Rege K, Curtis M, Acharya AP. Metabolite releasing polymers control dendritic cell function by modulating their energy metabolism. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5195-5203. [PMID: 32427266 PMCID: PMC8294829 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites control immune cell functions, and delivery of these metabolites in a sustained manner may be able to modulate function of the immune cells. In this study, alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) and diol based polymeric-microparticles (termed paKG MPs) were synthesized to provide sustained release of aKG and promote an immunosuppressive cellular phenotype. Notably, after association with dendritic cells (DCs), paKG MPs modulated the intracellular metabolic-profile/pathways, and decreased glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in vitro. These metabolic changes resulted in modulation of MHC-II, CD86 expression in DCs, and altered the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and T-helper type-1/2/17 cells in vitro. This unique strategy of intracellular delivery of key-metabolites in a sustained manner provides a new direction in immunometabolism field-based immunotherapy with potential applications in different diseases associated with immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn L Mangal
- Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Subhadeep Dutta
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Mamta Wankhede
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Matthew Green
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA. and Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Marion Curtis
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA. and Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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Gray A, Dang BN, Moore TB, Clemens R, Pressman P. A review of nutrition and dietary interventions in oncology. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120926877. [PMID: 32537159 PMCID: PMC7268120 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120926877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex cellular mechanisms and inter-related pathways of cancer proliferation, evasion, and metastasis remain an emerging field of research. Over the last several decades, nutritional research has prominent role in identifying emerging adjuvant therapies in our fight against cancer. Nutritional and dietary interventions are being explored to improve the morbidity and mortality for cancer patients worldwide. In this review, we examine several dietary interventions and their proposed mechanisms against cancer as well as identifying limitations in the currently available literature. This review provides a comprehensive review of the cancer metabolism, dietary interventions used during cancer treatment, anti metabolic drugs, and their impact on nutritional deficiencies along with a critical review of the following diets: caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, Mediterranean diet, Japanese diet, and vegan diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Gray
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian N Dang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodore B Moore
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger Clemens
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, International Center for Regulatory Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- Polyscience Consulting & Director of Nutrition and Public Health, The Daedalus Foundation, San Clemente, CA, USA
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Ji CC, Hu YY, Cheng G, Liang L, Gao B, Ren YP, Liu JT, Cao XL, Zheng MH, Li SZ, Wan F, Han H, Fei Z. A ketogenic diet attenuates proliferation and stemness of glioma stem‑like cells by altering metabolism resulting in increased ROS production. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:606-617. [PMID: 31894296 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism serves a critical role in the development and progression of different types of malignancies including glioblastoma (GBM), and may therefore serve as a promising target for treatment of cancer. Preclinical studies have indicated that a ketogenic diet (KD) may exhibit beneficial effects in patients with GBM; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a KD on glioma stem‑like cells (GSCs), by culturing patient‑derived primary GSCs as well as a GSC cell line in glucose‑restricted, β‑hydroxybutyrate‑containing medium (BHB‑Glow) which was used to mimic clinical KD treatment. GSCs cultured in BHB‑Glow medium exhibited reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis compared with cells grown in the control medium. Furthermore, decreased expression of stem cell markers, diminished self‑renewal in vitro, and reduced tumorigenic capacity in vivo, providing evidence that the stemness of GSCs was compromised. Mechanistically, culturing in BHB‑Glow medium reduced glucose uptake and inhibited glycolysis in GSCs. Furthermore, culturing in the BHB‑Glow medium resulted in morphological and functional disturbances to the mitochondria of GSCs. These metabolic changes may have reduced ATP production, promoted lactic acid accumulation, and thus, increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GSCs. The expression levels and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin, hypoxia‑inducible factor 1 and B‑cell lymphoma 2 were decreased, consistent with the reduced proliferation of GSCs in BHB‑Glow medium. ROS scavenging reversed the inhibitory effects of a KD on GSCs. Taken together, the results demonstrate that treatment with KD inhibited proliferation of GSCs, increased apoptosis and attenuated the stemness in GSCs by increasing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Peng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 413 Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - San-Zhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Cabrera-Mulero A, Tinahones A, Bandera B, Moreno-Indias I, Macías-González M, Tinahones FJ. Keto microbiota: A powerful contributor to host disease recovery. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:415-425. [PMID: 31720986 PMCID: PMC6938789 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) is a key contributor to host metabolism and physiology. Data generated on comparing diseased and healthy subjects have reported changes in the GM profile between both health states, suggesting certain bacterial composition could be involved in pathogenesis. Moreover, studies reported that reshaping of GM could contribute actively to disease recovery. Interestingly, ketogenic diets (KD) have emerged recently as new economic dietotherapeutic strategy to combat a myriad of diseases (refractory epilepsy, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases…). KD, understood in a broad sense, refers to whatever dietetic approximation, which causes physiological ketosis. Therefore, high fat-low carbs diets, fasting periods or caloric restriction constitute different strategies to produce an increase of main ketones bodies, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, in blood. Involved biological mechanisms in ketotherapeutic effects are still to be unravelled. However, it has been pointed out that GM remodelling by KD, from now on "keto microbiota", may play a crucial role in patient response to KD treatment. In fact, germ-free animals were resistant to ketotherapeutic effects; reinforcing keto microbiota may be a powerful contributor to host disease recovery. In this review, we will comment the influence of gut microbiota on host, as well as, therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets and keto microbiota to restore health status. Current progress and limitations will be argued too. In spite of few studies have defined applicability and mechanisms of KD, in the light of results, keto microbiota might be a new useful therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cabrera-Mulero
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Tinahones
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Borja Bandera
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Macías-González
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Rabinovich S, Silberman A, Adler L, Agron S, Levin-Zaidman S, Bahat A, Porat Z, Ben-Zeev E, Geva I, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Buchaklian A, Helbling D, Dimmock D, Erez A. The mitochondrial carrier Citrin plays a role in regulating cellular energy during carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2019; 39:164-175. [PMID: 31462712 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Citrin, encoded by SLC25A13 gene, is an inner mitochondrial transporter that is part of the malate-aspartate shuttle, which regulates the NAD+/NADH ratio between the cytosol and mitochondria. Citrullinemia type II (CTLN-II) is an inherited disorder caused by germline mutations in SLC25A13, manifesting clinically in growth failure that can be alleviated by dietary restriction of carbohydrates. The association of citrin with glycolysis and NAD+/NADH ratio led us to hypothesize that it may play a role in carcinogenesis. Indeed, we find that citrin is upregulated in multiple cancer types and is essential for supplementing NAD+ for glycolysis and NADH for oxidative phosphorylation. Consequently, citrin deficiency associates with autophagy, whereas its overexpression in cancer cells increases energy production and cancer invasion. Furthermore, based on the human deleterious mutations in citrin, we found a potential inhibitor of citrin that restricts cancerous phenotypes in cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that targeting citrin may be of benefit for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Rabinovich
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Silberman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lital Adler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Agron
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Bahat
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Cell Sorting, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Ben-Zeev
- Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbal Geva
- Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adam Buchaklian
- Human and Molecular Genetic and Biochemistry Center, Medical College Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Helbling
- Human and Molecular Genetic and Biochemistry Center, Medical College Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David Dimmock
- Human and Molecular Genetic and Biochemistry Center, Medical College Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Fasting and rapamycin: diabetes versus benevolent glucose intolerance. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:607. [PMID: 31406105 PMCID: PMC6690951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin (Sirolimus) slows aging, extends life span, and prevents age-related diseases, including diabetic complications such as retinopathy. Puzzlingly, rapamycin can induce insulin sensitivity, but may also induce insulin resistance or glucose intolerance without insulin resistance. This mirrors the effect of fasting and very low calorie diets, which improve insulin sensitivity and reverse type 2 diabetes, but also can cause a form of glucose intolerance known as benevolent pseudo-diabetes. There is no indication that starvation (benevolent) pseudo-diabetes is detrimental. By contrast, it is associated with better health and life extension. In transplant patients, a weak association between rapamycin/everolimus use and hyperglycemia is mostly due to a drug interaction with calcineurin inhibitors. When it occurs in cancer patients, the hyperglycemia is mild and reversible. No hyperglycemic effects of rapamycin/everolimus have been detected in healthy people. For antiaging purposes, rapamycin/everolimus can be administrated intermittently (e.g., once a week) in combination with intermittent carbohydrate restriction, physical exercise, and metformin.
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Abstract
Designed a century ago to treat epilepsy, the ketogenic diet (KD) is also effective against obesity and diabetes. Paradoxically, some studies in rodents have found that the KD seemingly causes diabetes, contradicting solid clinical data in humans. This paradox can be resolved by applying the concept of starvation pseudo-diabetes, which was discovered in starved animals almost two centuries ago, and has also been observed in some rapamycin-treated rodents. Intriguingly, use of the KD and rapamycin is indicated for a similar spectrum of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Even more intriguingly, benevolent (starvation) pseudo-diabetes may counteract type 2 diabetes or its complications.
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Mitchell T, Clarke L, Goldberg A, Bishop KS. Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia: The Role of Nutritional Interventions. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7030089. [PMID: 31323984 PMCID: PMC6787643 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a cancer with one of the highest mortality rates and many pancreatic cancer patients present with cachexia at diagnosis. The definition of cancer cachexia is not consistently applied in the clinic or across studies. In general, it is “defined as a multifactorial syndrome characterised by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment.” Many regard cancer cachexia as being resistant to dietary interventions. Cachexia is associated with a negative impact on survival and quality of life. In this article, we outline some of the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer cachexia and discuss nutritional interventions to support the management of pancreatic cancer cachexia. Cachexia is driven by a combination of reduced appetite leading to reduced calorie intake, increased metabolism, and systemic inflammation driven by a combination of host cytokines and tumour derived factors. The ketogenic diet showed promising results, but these are yet to be confirmed in human clinical trials over the long-term. L-carnitine supplementation showed improved quality of life and an increase in lean body mass. As a first step towards preventing and managing pancreatic cancer cachexia, nutritional support should be provided through counselling and the provision of oral nutritional supplements to prevent and minimise loss of lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Mitchell
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lewis Clarke
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Alexandra Goldberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Karen S Bishop
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Inglis JE, Lin PJ, Kerns SL, Kleckner IR, Kleckner AS, Castillo DA, Mustian KM, Peppone LJ. Nutritional Interventions for Treating Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Qualitative Review. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:21-40. [PMID: 30688088 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1513046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating syndrome that persists for many cancer survivors for years after treatment. Symptoms include early and persistent fatigue, functional decline, depression, and cognitive difficulties. Inflammation, assessed using pro-inflammatory biomarkers, is increased in cancer survivors with fatigue and treatments for fatigue are often aimed at reducing inflammation. Additionally, cancer and its treatment lead to nutritional complications, changes in body composition, and nutritional deficiencies that potentially weaken the cancer survivor and impact CRF. We conducted a qualitative review of clinical trials that assessed nutritional interventions for preventing and treating CRF. Further studies were examined that used nutritional interventions to address inflammation and fatigue, due to the dearth of nutrition research directly related to CRF. Dietary intake prior to, during, and after cancer treatment appears to affect fatigue levels. Increased protein intake may help preserve lean mass and body composition. Dietary patterns that reduce inflammation, such as the Mediterranean diet and other plant-based diets, appear tolerable to cancer survivors and may reduce fatigue. Supplementation with ginseng, ginger, or probiotics may improve cancer survivors' energy levels. Nutritional interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions should be considered as therapy for fatigue in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Inglis
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Po-Ju Lin
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Sarah L Kerns
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Ian R Kleckner
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Amber S Kleckner
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Daniel A Castillo
- c Edward G. Miner Library, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Karen M Mustian
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Luke J Peppone
- a Department of Surgery , University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) , Rochester , New York , USA
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Cannataro R, Perri M, Gallelli L, Caroleo MC, De Sarro G, Cione E. Ketogenic Diet Acts on Body Remodeling and MicroRNAs Expression Profile. Microrna 2019; 8:116-126. [PMID: 30474543 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666181126093903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ketogenic Diet (KD) promotes metabolic changes and optimizes energy metabolism. It is unknown if microRNAs (miRs) are influenced by KD in obese subjects. The screening of circulating miRs was performed with the FDA approved platform n-counter flex and blood biochemical parameters were dosed by ADVIA 1800. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate mir profile under 6 weeks of biphasic KD in obese subjects. We enrolled 36 obese subjects (18 females and 18 males) in stage 1 of Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) parameter. RESULT Any correlation was found between biochemical parameter and three miRs, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p and hsa-miR-504-5p influenced in an equal manner in both sexes. The KD resulted safe and ameliorate both biochemical and anthropometric factors in obese subjects re-collocating them into stage 0 of EOSS parameters. CONCLUSION The miRs herein identified under KD might be a useful tool to monitor low carbohydrate nutritional regimens which reflect indirectly the regulatory biochemical mechanisms and cell signaling that orchestrate metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cannataro
- GalaScreen SRL, Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Savinio, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Mariarita Perri
- GalaScreen SRL, Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Savinio, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Via Venuta Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Caroleo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Savinio, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Via Venuta Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Savinio, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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Sremanakova J, Sowerbutts AM, Burden S. A systematic review of the use of ketogenic diets in adult patients with cancer. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:793-802. [PMID: 30062812 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence indicates the importance of nutrition in cancer treatment. Ketogenic diets are one strategy that has been proposed to enhance traditional anticancer therapy. This review summarises the evidence concerning the effect of oral ketogenic diets on anthropometry, metabolism, quality of life (QoL) and tumour effects, at the same time as documenting adverse events and adherence in patients with cancer. METHODS We searched electronic databases using medical subject headings (MeSH) and text words related to ketogenic diets and cancer. Adult patients following a ketogenic diet as a complementary therapy prior, alongside or after standard anticancer treatment for more than 7 days were included. Studies were assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools (https://www.casp-uk.net). RESULTS Eleven studies were included with 102 participants (age range 34-87 years) from early-phase trials, cohort studies and case reports. Studies included participants with brain, rectal or mixed cancer sites at an early or advanced disease stage. The duration of intervention ranged from 2.4 to 134.7 weeks (0.5-31 months). Evidence was inconclusive for nutritional status and adverse events. Mixed results were observed for blood parameters, tumour effects and QoL. Adherence to diet was low (50 out of 102; 49%) and ranged from 23.5% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS High-quality evidence on the effect of ketogenic diets on anthropometry, metabolism, QoL and tumour effects is currently lacking in oncology patients. Heterogeneity between studies and low adherence to diet affects the current evidence. There is an obvious gap in the evidence, highlighting the need for controlled trials to fully evaluate the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sremanakova
- School of Health Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A M Sowerbutts
- School of Health Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Burden
- School of Health Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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40
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Prehabilitation and functional recovery for colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018; 44:919-926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Jin XF, Spampatti MP, Spitzweg C, Auernhammer CJ. Supportive therapy in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Often forgotten but important. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018; 19:145-158. [PMID: 29464446 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-018-9443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a group of rare and heterogeneous malignancies that can develop in various organs. A significant number of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) is functionally active and presents with symptoms related to the secretion of biologically active substances, leading to the development of distinct clinical syndromes. There are various therapeutic approaches for GEP-NETs, including curative surgery, palliative surgery, local-ablative and loco-regional therapies as well as systemic therapeutic options including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, cytotoxic therapy, and molecularly targeted therapies. Specific supportive therapy of patients with NETs includes management or prevention of hormone-related clinical syndromes and paraneoplastic states. Supportive therapy plays a key role in NET treatment. Supportive therapy includes debulking surgery and interventional radiologic techniques to reduce tumour bulk or load, as well as systemic medical treatment options to manage or prevent hypersecretion syndromes and treatment-related side effects. Supportive therapies are a type of of comprehensive treatment addressing the patient as a whole person throughout the process of NET treatment. Therefore, supportive therapy also encompasses psychosocial support, expert nursing, nutritional support and management of cancer related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Feng Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University-Hospital Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matilde P Spampatti
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University-Hospital Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University-Hospital Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University-Hospital Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Rauh S, Antonuzzo A, Bossi P, Eckert R, Fallon M, Fröbe A, Gonella S, Giusti R, Lakatos G, Santini D, Villarini A. Nutrition in patients with cancer: a new area for medical oncologists? A practising oncologist's interdisciplinary position paper. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000345. [PMID: 29765772 PMCID: PMC5950635 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rauh
- Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Emile Mayrisch, Esch, Luxembourg
| | - Andrea Antonuzzo
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Pisa, Toscana, Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Oncologia Medica 3, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert Eckert
- Medical Oncology, Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Marie Fallon
- Palliative and Supportive Care Group, University of Edinborough, Edinborough, UK
| | - Anna Fröbe
- Clinical Oncology, University Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvia Gonella
- Nursing Sciences and Public Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaele Giusti
- Department of Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabor Lakatos
- Medical Oncology, Magyar Klinikai Onkologiai Tarsasag, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniele Santini
- Oncologia Medica, Università, Campus Bio Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Villarini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
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Westmark CJ. A Role for Amino Acid Balance in Dietary Treatments for Epilepsy. J Nutr 2018; 148:307-308. [PMID: 29546299 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cara J Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Sciences Center, Madison, WI
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