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Kuunibe N, Bountogo M, Ouermi L, Sié A, Bärnighausen T, Harling G. Effects of education and age on the experience of youth violence in a very low-resource setting: a fixed-effects analysis in rural Burkina Faso. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071104. [PMID: 37852761 PMCID: PMC10603425 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the effects of education and age on the experience of youth violence in low-income and middle-income country settings. DESIGN Using a standardised questionnaire, our study collected two waves of longitudinal data on sociodemographics, health practices, health outcomes and risk factors. The panel fixed-effects ordinary least squares regression models were used for the analysis. SETTINGS The study was conducted in 59 villages and the town of Nouna with a population of about 100 000 individuals, 1 hospital and 13 primary health centres in Burkina Faso. PARTICIPANTS We interviewed 1644 adolescents in 2017 and 1291 respondents in 2018 who participated in both rounds. OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES We examined the experience of physical attacks in the past 12 months and bullying in the past 30 days. Our exposures were completed years of age and educational attainment. RESULTS A substantial minority of respondents experienced violence in both waves (24.1% bullying and 12.2% physical attack), with males experiencing more violence. Bullying was positively associated with more education (β=0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.22) and non-significantly with older age. Both effects were stronger in males than females, although the gender differences were not significant. Physical attacks fell with increasing age (β=-0.18; 95% CI -0.31 to -0.05) and this association was again stronger in males than females; education and physical attacks were not substantively associated. CONCLUSIONS Bullying and physical attacks are common for rural adolescent Burkinabe. The age patterns found suggest that, particularly for males, there is a need to target violence prevention at younger ages and bullying prevention at slightly older ones, particularly for those remaining in school. Nevertheless, a fuller understanding of the mechanisms behind our findings is needed to design effective interventions to protect youth in low-income settings from violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naasegnibe Kuunibe
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science and Arts, Simon Diedong Dombo University of Business and Integrated Development Studies, Wa, Ghana
| | - Mamadou Bountogo
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
- Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Demenech LM, Gomes JR, Moraes RDS, Silva JCD, Neiva-Silva L, Dumith SC. [The experience of forced sexual intercourse among undergraduate students: associated factors and possible consequences]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:1241-1251. [PMID: 37042903 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023284.13982022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to investigate the prevalence of the experience of forced sexual intercourse on life and its possible consequences on mental and sexual health among undergraduate students at a public university in Brazil. It is a quantitative cross-sectional study with 996 undergraduate students. Sampling was carried out systematically by single-stage clusters. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Poisson Regression model, and the etiological fractions of the consequences of forced sexual intercourse were calculated. The lifetime prevalence of forced sexual intercourse was 12.1%. Female sex, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, first sexual intercourse before the age of 14, child food insecurity and domestic violence were associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome. Individuals who experienced forced sexual intercourse were more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections and to represent a potential suicide risk. The study revealed the problems of sexual violence in the university context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Miranda Demenech
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália s/n, km 8, bairro Carreiros. 96203-900 Rio Grande RS Brasil.
- Centro de Estudos sobre Risco e Saúde (CERIS), FURG. Rio Grande RS Brasil
| | - Jéssica Rodrigues Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Pelotas RS Brasil
| | | | | | - Lucas Neiva-Silva
- Centro de Estudos sobre Risco e Saúde (CERIS), FURG. Rio Grande RS Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, FURG. Rio Grande RS Brasil
| | - Samuel C Dumith
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália s/n, km 8, bairro Carreiros. 96203-900 Rio Grande RS Brasil.
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Nakamura IB, Silva MT, Garcia LP, Galvao TF. Prevalence of Physical Violence Against Brazilian Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:329-339. [PMID: 34236005 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211029410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women is a major problem in Brazil, but data on its prevalence are scarce. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of physical violence against women in Brazil. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of physical violence against women. Population-based researches that assessed physical violence in Brazilian women were searched on MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and VHL/BIREME. The last search update was carried out in March 2020. Two researchers selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the eligible studies. Summary of prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using Freeman-Tukey double arccosine transformation, weighted by the official local population size. Heterogeneity was estimated by I 2 and investigated by meta-regression analyses. Of 3,408 reports, 13 studies carried out from 1999 to 2016 (n = 25,781 women) were included. Most studies had limitations on sample size (5/13) and response rate (7/13). The prevalence of physical violence was 22.4% in lifetime (95% CI [21.6, 23.2%]; I 2 = 99.0%), and 11.5% in previous year (95% CI [11.1, 11.9%]; I 2 = 99.5%). Assuring privacy during interview significantly increased the prevalence (p = .028; residual I 2 = 80.0%). Higher prevalence was also observed in studies with adequate sample source, validated questionnaire, and privacy (in both recall periods), potentially due to lower risk of nonresponse bias. Over two in 10 Brazilian women suffered physical violence during their lives, and over one tenth, in the previous year. Measurement of outcome affected the prevalence; privacy should be assured for the interviewee for future reliable estimates in the country.
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Viana VAO, Madeiro AP, Mascarenhas MDM, Rodrigues MTP. Temporal trend of sexual violence against adolescent women in Brazil, 2011-2018. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:2363-2371. [PMID: 35649023 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022276.14992021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of sexual violence (SV) reports against adolescent women in Brazil from 2011 to 2018. An ecological time series study was performed on reports of SV against women aged 10 to 19, which were available in the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System (SINAN). Data were collected in 2020 but are related to reports filed from 2011 to 2018. The Prais-Winsten linear regression model was applied to analyze the time trend, including a calculation of the annual percentage variation (APC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). We found a significant trend increase in all Brazilian regions. Although the rates in the Northern region are higher at the beginning and at the end of the analyzed time period, the reporting rates of the Southeast (APC 14.56%; 95%CI 7.98;21.54) and the South (APC 14.19%; 95%CI 6.56;22.36) showed a greater increase. The increase of SV reports in recent years shows how vulnerable adolescent women are to this type of violence, but also indicates greater improvement of violence surveillance systems. We conclude that both reporting systems and public policies aimed at tackling SV against women need to be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Alice Oliveira Viana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comunidade, Universidade Federal do Piauí. Av. Frei Serafim 2280, Centro. 64000-020 Teresina PI Brasil.
| | - Alberto Pereira Madeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comunidade, Universidade Federal do Piauí. Av. Frei Serafim 2280, Centro. 64000-020 Teresina PI Brasil.
| | - Márcio Dênis Medeiros Mascarenhas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comunidade, Centro de Inteligência e Agravos Tropicais, Emergentes e Negligenciados. Teresina PI Brasil
| | - Malvina Thaís Pacheco Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comunidade, Centro de Inteligência e Agravos Tropicais, Emergentes e Negligenciados. Teresina PI Brasil
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Rodrigues NCP, Andrade MKDN, O'Dwyer G, Monteiro DLM, Reis IDN, Lino VTS. Analysis of the Main Groups Victimized by Familiar Violence and by Violence by a Known Person in Brazil. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:348-358. [PMID: 34937848 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the ratio of the number of cases of family violence and violence by a known person, over the four surveys that took place in 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2011, within the population treated in the Brazilian health services, according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Data from the Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes survey was used. The variables age, victim sex, aggressor sex, race, and schooling level were considered in the analysis. This study pointed out decreasing trend in the number of violence-related care within the older age group. The number of familial violence-related care per victim sex was higher for male victims when the aggressor was female, and conversely, it was higher for female victims when the aggressor was male. The number of violence-related care was mostly higher in non-White people than in White. People with low schooling levels showed the highest ratio of the number of violence-related care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gisele O'Dwyer
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
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Santos CAD, Moura MAV, Orfão NH, Queiroz ABA, Parmejiani EP, Paredes HDMT. Sexual violence perpetrated in adolescence and adult phase: analysis of reported cases in the capital of Rondônia. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2021-0405en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objective to analyze the epidemiological profile of reported cases of sexual violence perpetrated against women in Porto Velho, Rondônia. Method a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study, including cases of violence against women aged 12 years or older registered in the Notifiable Diseases Information System from 2010 to 2018. Results statistical significance was found among women who suffered sexual violence in relation to education (p=0.000); marital status (p=0.000); if they were pregnant women (p=0.026); if the aggressor had a relationship/degree of kinship as spouse/boyfriend (p=0.000); ex-spouse/boyfriend (p=0.002); friends/acquaintances (p=0.015); unknown (p=0.000); with suspected alcohol use (p=0.001) and for the place of occurrence (p=0.000), if it occurred other times (p=0.000); procedure performed (abortion provided for by law (p=0.001), emergency contraception (p=0.001), material collection (p= 0.012) and prophylaxis (p=0.000)); and means used in aggression (body strength/beating (p=0.000), threat (p=0.031), sharp object (p=0.000), firearm (p=0.000), hanging (p=0.000) and blunt object (p=0.019)). Conclusion and implications for practice sexual violence was evidenced as prevalent in adolescence, regardless of age group, and the type of aggression was rape. The contribution will enable efforts to be directed to prevent this disease in groups of younger ages in different forms of relationships.
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Santos CAD, Moura MAV, Orfão NH, Queiroz ABA, Parmejiani EP, Paredes HDMT. Violência sexual perpetrada na adolescência e fase adulta: análise dos casos notificados na capital de Rondônia. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2021-0405pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos notificados de violência sexual perpetrada contra as mulheres em Porto Velho, Rondônia. Método estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, incluindo os casos de violência contra mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 12 anos registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no período de 2010 a 2018. Resultados verificou-se significância estatística entre mulheres que sofreram violência sexual em relação à escolaridade (p=0,000); situação conjugal/civil (p=0,000); se eram gestantes (p=0,026); se o agressor possuía vínculo/grau de parentesco como cônjuge/namorado (p=0,000); ex-cônjuge/namorado (p=0,002); amigos/conhecidos (p=0,015); desconhecido (p=0,000); suspeita do uso de álcool (p=0,001); local da ocorrência (p=0,000), se ocorreu outras vezes (p=0,000); procedimento realizado (aborto previsto em lei (p=0,001), contracepção de emergência (p=0,001), coleta de material (p=0,012) e profilaxia (p=0,000)); e meio usado na agressão (força corporal/espancamento (p=0,000), ameaça (p=0,031), objeto perfurocortante (p=0,000), arma de fogo (p=0,000), enforcamento (p=0,000) e objeto contundente (p=0,019)). Conclusão e implicações na prática evidenciou-se a violência sexual como prevalente na adolescência, independentemente da faixa etária, e o tipo de agressão foi o estupro. A contribuição possibilitará direcionar esforços na prevenção desse agravo em grupos de idades mais jovens nas diferentes formas de relacionamentos.
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Feitosa SO, Noll M, Mendonça CR, Silveira EA, Esposito Sorpreso IC, Noll PRES. Prevalence of sexual abuse and its association with health-risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents: A populational study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 122:105347. [PMID: 34634524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of sexual abuse has usually been neglected in research at developing countries despite its everlasting consequences. This study examined the prevalence of sexual abuse among Brazilian adolescents according to data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE) and analyzed it based on Brazilian regions, sociodemographic aspects, health information, and health-risk behaviors among Brazilian adolescents who reported having experienced sexual abuse previously. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The PeNSE data were utilized, and the sample included 102,072 students from all over Brazil, aged between 11 and 19 years. METHODS Data were collected by questionnaires and were analyzed by multivariate analysis using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS The results denoted a relation between sexual abuse, social determinants of health variables (i.e., black, indigenous, and mixed skin color/ethnicity; Brazilian region public school, age between 15 and 18 years, and low education level of the mother), and health-risk behaviors (i.e., early sexual intercourse, having multiple sexual partners, unprotected sexual intercourse, use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs). CONCLUSION Therefore, reports of sexual abuse are associated with risky behaviors. Given these findings, targeted interventions on sexual abuse are essential for the health of adolescents and the prevention of risky behaviors, and can also facilitate programs to prevent sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matias Noll
- Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | | | - Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Esposito Sorpreso
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Rayanne E Silva Noll
- Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres, Brazil; Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Silva AN, Marques ES, da Silva LS, Azeredo CM. Wealth Inequalities in Different Types of Violence Among Brazilian Adolescents: National Survey of School Health 2015. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:10705-10724. [PMID: 31718422 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies have assessed inequalities in violence by economic status, but few studies have been done with adolescents from middle-income countries. Our objective was to analyze inequalities in verbal bullying, family physical violence, sexual violence, and fights with weapons among Brazilian adolescents in school according to wealth and stratified by sex and skin color. We used data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar [PeNSE]), carried out in 2015, with a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents attending ninth grade in public and private schools. We created a wealth index based on questions about access to goods and services through principal component analysis; this index was later divided into quintiles. We calculated the slope index of inequality (SII), the concentration index (CIX), and simple measures of inequality, such as ratio and difference. To identify statistically significant differences in sex and skin color inequality, we used the t test. We found high prevalence values of verbal bullying and family physical violence, 23.9% and 14.5%, respectively. In general, when comparing the types of violence according to SII and CIX, we observed a higher prevalence of violence among adolescents in the lower income quintiles, for both sexes and skin colors. We observed higher wealth inequality in sexual violence among girls (CIX = -14.89) when compared with boys (CIX = -4.63) (p = .001). We also observed higher wealth inequality in sexual violence among Whites (CIX = -15.55) when compared with Brown (CIX = -6.23) (p = .009). Wealth inequality aggravates the occurrence of violence among poorer Brazilian adolescents. Also, the identification of vulnerable groups may contribute to target public policies for fighting violence.
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Burgos-Muñoz RM, Soriano-Moreno AN, Bendezu-Quispe G, Urrunaga-Pastor D, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Benites-Zapata VA. Intimate partner violence against reproductive-age women and associated factors in Peru: evidence from national surveys, 2015-2017. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07478. [PMID: 34296009 PMCID: PMC8281376 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the factors associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) against reproductive-age women in Peru. METHODS Secondary analysis of the ENDES 2015-2017. ENDES is a multi-stage survey with a probabilistic sampling design for the urban and rural areas of the 25 regions of Peru. A total of 62,870 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) were included. IPV was defined as any report of violence (physical, psychological or sexual) committed by the last partner of the women. Categorical variables were described using absolute frequencies and weighted proportions. We used generalized linear models with Poisson family and log link function to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) for the associated factors with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The overall IPV was 38.7%. The prevalence of sexual, psychological and physical IPV was 6.9%, 26.8%, and 31.2%, respectively. The frequency of any IPV was lower in younger women, those living with their intimate partners or married, and those living in a coastal region different from Lima. IPV was more frequent among women with a low educational level, or with a partner with low educational level, with children, with a partner with alcohol habit, in women with a history of violence by the father against the mother and living in the highlands or the jungle. CONCLUSIONS In Peru, IPV affects nearly four in ten women (physical and psychological types were the most frequent). The factors associated with IPV can be useful markers to identify the most vulnerable groups for implementing interventions intended to decrease the prevalence of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guido Bendezu-Quispe
- Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica en Salud Global, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carlos J. Toro-Huamanchumo
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
- Clínica Avendaño, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Lima, Peru
| | - Vicente A. Benites-Zapata
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
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Violence against women and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA): A review of the main drugs. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 74:102020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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