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Aitken RJ. Population decline: where demography, social science, and biology intersect. Reproduction 2024; 168:e240070. [PMID: 38579804 PMCID: PMC11227040 DOI: 10.1530/rep-24-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In brief Over the past half century, the world has witnessed an unprecedented decline in human fertility rates. This analysis reviews the various socioeconomic, cultural, and biological factors involved in driving this change and considers whether low fertility rates are a temporary or permanent feature of our future demographic profile. Abstract Since the early 1960s, the world has witnessed the spectacular collapse of human fertility. As a result of this phenomenon, several countries are already seeing their population numbers fall and more will follow in the coming decades. The causes of this fertility decline involve a complex interplay of socio-economic, environmental, and biological factors that have converged to constrain fertility in posterity's wake. Since large numbers of offspring are no longer needed to compensate for high infant mortality in contemporary society, couples have opted to have small families in a quality-over-quantity investment in their progeny's future. Simultaneously, increases in female education, the enhanced participation of women in the paid workforce, and a resultant delay in childbearing has placed limits on achievable family size. Progressive urbanization, the improved availability of contraceptives, and the socio-economic pressures experienced by young adults in ageing societies are also contributing to fertility's demise. These factors, together with the individualism that pervades modern society and the increasing social acceptability of voluntary childlessness, have firmly established a low fertility ethos in most post-transition countries. Since none of these forces are about to relent, it looks as if extremely low fertility might be with us for some time to come. This may have long-term consequences. The lack of selection pressure on high fertility genotypes, the ability of ART to retain poor fertility genotypes within the population, and sustained exposure to reproductive toxicants in modern industrialized environments may all contrive to leave a permanent mark on the fecundity of our species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Charkhabi M, Firoozabadi A, Seidel L, Habibi Asgarabad M, De Paola F, Dutheil F. Work addiction risk, stress and well-being at work: testing the mediating role of sleep quality. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1352646. [PMID: 38966702 PMCID: PMC11222407 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1352646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention to work addiction risk is growing; however, more studies are needed to explore the possible impact of work addiction risk on various aspects of employees' work and life domains. Although several studies have considered the antecedents or consequences of work addiction risk, this study particularly focuses on sleep quality as a potential explanatory underlying mechanism in the relation between work addition risk and three outcome variables including stress at home, stress at work and well-being. Method The data was collected using an online platform and participants consisted of 188 French employees who were selected using simple random sampling method. Participants responded to the survey including the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART), stress at work, well-being, and sleep quality. The data was analyzed using JASP and SPSS-26 programs. Results The results revealed that there are significant positive relationships between work addiction risk and both stress at home and at work and negative relationships between work addiction risk and both sleep quality and well-being. In addition, the analyses of the mediation paths suggest the significant mediation role of sleep quality for the link between work addition risk and stress at work as well as the link between work addiction risk and well-being. Discussion Given the verified mediating role of sleep quality in the relationship between work addiction, stress and wellbeing, it is recommended that organizations and companies pay particular attention to their employees' sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Firoozabadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Laura Seidel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Frederic Dutheil
- Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, UMR CNRS 6024 LaPSCo, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Wittyfit, Paris, France
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Kenyhercz V, Mervó B, Lehel N, Demetrovics Z, Kun B. Work addiction and social functioning: A systematic review and five meta-analyses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303563. [PMID: 38833505 PMCID: PMC11149883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
As theoretical models suggest, work addiction has several adverse correlates and consequences, such as unfavorable personality traits, physical and psychological symptoms, and social conflicts. Both early and recent concepts emphasize that individuals with work addiction have more problematic social life due to obsessive overwork. This includes negative impacts on family, workplace, and other relationships. The present study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze all the empirical studies that examined the association between work addiction and any dimension of social life, as such an analysis has never been conducted before. Studies published from 1995 to 2022 were identified through a systematic search. 102 eligible studies were included in the review, with 75 studies contributing to five different meta-analyses. The results indicated significant associations between work addiction and: (1) lower work-life balance, (2) reduced social functioning, and increased difficulties in (3) family relationships, (4) intimate relationships, and (5) relationships with the community, friends, and colleagues. The associations were found to be independent of gender and age. The meta-analytic study highlights research gaps in the field and suggests future directions, including exploring attachment styles and early social relationships in work addiction, investigating the association between social and emotional competencies and work addiction, examining the role of escape motivation, and exploring the characteristics of the partners (spouses) of workaholics. Since the quality of social relationships and social support are crucial factors in physical and mental health, the prevention and intervention of work addiction should be prioritized in organizational and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Kenyhercz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Mervó
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Lehel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bernadette Kun
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Dong Y, Li Y. Leader workaholism and subordinates' psychological distress: The moderating role of justice climate. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104288. [PMID: 38678832 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Leader workaholism, characterized by an excessive drive to work long hours, is prevalent among organizational leaders. Its impact on subordinates' mental health warrants examination. This study investigated the direct relationship between leader workaholism and subordinates' psychological distress. Drawing on substitutes for leadership theory, it also assessed the buffering effects of procedural, interactional, and distributive justice climates in this relationship. Data from an online survey of 40 leaders and 200 subordinate employees revealed a positive correlation between leader workaholism and subordinates' psychological distress. However, the procedural and interactional justice climates negatively moderated this relationship, whereas the distributive justice climate did not. This disparity may result from the strong link between distributive justice climate and specific, objective outcomes. The study enhances understanding of the adverse effects of leader workaholism on employee psychological health and suggests organizational strategies, such as fostering procedural and interactional justice climates, to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Dong
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yingwu Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
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Nordstrand AE, Bøe HJ, Hjemdal O, Huffman AH, Noll LK, Reichelt JG, Bakker LP, Anyan F. Differences in resilience profiles between military veterans and the general population: An exploratory latent profile analysis using the HUNT-4 survey. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3343. [PMID: 37929999 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Using latent profile analyses, the current work investigated levels of adverse childhood experiences, symptoms of anxiety and depression and 3 dimensions of relational promotive factors) to identify resilience profiles in a large general population sample (N = 161,622, mean age = 53.02; SD = 17.80; 56.1% females). We then used the same method to identify the resilience profiles of military veterans (N = 386, mean age = 43.47; SD = 10.08; 9.8% females), all of whom had served in Afghanistan. A four-profile-solution was the best fitting for the general population (High resilient 30%, Moderate resilient 13%, Low resilient 53%, Work/social-based resilience 4%), while a three-profile-solution had the best fit in the veteran cohort (Family-based resilience 28%, Work/social-based resilience 62%, Hardy loners 10%). To ground the identified profiles in occupational function, we also checked how they predicted reports of sleep difficulties, job demand and job control. Despite both samples inhabiting a geographic region known for high socioeconomic similarity among residents, we found marked differences in profile-solutions between the military veterans and the general population. Our findings suggests that resilience profiles are highly influenced by cohort characteristics and the specific resources needed to manage a given stressor load. Accordingly, the generalisability of specific protective factors may be low across distinct cohorts, and reliable findings need to be obtained in specific populations as defined by stressor context, sample characteristics, and relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand
- Norwegian Armed Forces, Joint Medical Services, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Hans Jakob Bøe
- Norwegian Armed Forces, Joint Medical Services, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann Hergatt Huffman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Laura Katherine Noll
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Frederick Anyan
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Sharma I, Marwale AV, Sidana R, Gupta ID. Lifestyle modification for mental health and well-being. Indian J Psychiatry 2024; 66:219-234. [PMID: 39100126 PMCID: PMC11293293 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_39_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Unhealthy life-style leads to mental ill-health and poor quality of life and is the major determinant of a wide range of lifestyle disorders. The aim was to 1) review the work relating to life style modification for promoting mental health and 2) Present recommendations on life-style modification for mental health and wellbeing. Material and Methods The work on life style changes for promotion of mental health was retrieved from the scientific literature and critically reviewed. Conclusions Recommendations on 'Life-style modification for mental health and wellbeing' are presented. 20 specific components of healthy life style included are: Routine, time management, prayer, basic activities, reading newspaper, study/work, exercise, recreation/ relaxation/ talent promotion, education, cognitive activities, social networking, guidelines for behavior, peer group, social group, marriage/family, life skills, physical health, health education, mobile use, and digital media. The lifestyle modification package is comprehensive and geared to promote mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Sharma
- Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry (NAMS) and Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun V. Marwale
- Department of Psychiatry, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Roop Sidana
- Tekchand Sidana Memorial Mental Psychiatric Hospital and De-Addiction Centre, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ishwar D. Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Kusik D, Tokarz A, Kłosowska J. Antecedents of Workaholism and Work Engagement: A Motivational Perspective in Research on Heavy Work Involvement. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241231718. [PMID: 38339814 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241231718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we propose encompassing the motivational perspective to enrich future studies on two forms of heavy work involvement (HWI): workaholism and work engagement. Based on the holistic definition of motivation, we build a theoretical instrumentation that includes four motivational categories that are presented and characterized by relevant key terms: I. Activation and energy of action; II. Action orientation and action realization; III. Competencies and cognitive processes; IV. Work environment and the context of action. We use these categories in an analysis of the latest contemporary research which has investigated the motivational determinants of both workaholism and work engagement. Our analysis shows that studies in this perspective are in the initial stages; we propose examples of theories and models as well as important precise questions embedded in each I-IV motivation category that can stimulate future research directions. The concluding comments include three main recommendations for future research on HWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kusik
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Krishnan C, Singh S, Baba MM. Effect of work from home and employee mental health through mediating role of workaholism and work-family balance. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:144-156. [PMID: 37712681 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231196741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current global outbreak caused by COVID-19 has produced a unique situation with severe health and financial consequences. The fast and quick global impact called for an immediate response. A key public health action was the decision to amend the law to allow employees to work from home (WFH) whenever it was possible. In response to public health restrictions to stop the spread of COVID-19, organizations quickly switched to WFH without fully comprehending the effects of continued WFH on mental and physical health. Working from anywhere and at any time has made the separation between business and personal life more difficult. These modifications may cause employees' workdays to be longer and to experience greater work-life conflict. Overwork and work addiction provide a greater risk to the public's health and can harm various facets of mental and physical health, such as depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties. There hasn't been much research on the underlying processes that link workaholism to poor mental health, especially among Indian academics. PURPOSE There is a rise in the number of people who are worried about their mental health in academic settings. The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether academicians in India can potentially have a healthy work-family balance, which may mitigate the negative impacts of workaholism and poor mental health especially due to the Work from Home system. METHODOLOGY A population-based study was conducted on academicians (n = 456) at private and public universities in Delhi NCR, India. Workaholism, work-family balance, and mental health difficulties were all measured using self-reported scales in the study. By using path analysis, the proposed mediation model was evaluated. The survey responses had an accuracy rate of 80%. Based on the conceptual research framework, PLS-SEM path modeling is used to find the causal connection between the indicators and latent components. FINDINGS The findings indicated that workaholism has been associated with mental health in two different ways: directly and through work-family balance. The path analysis found a statistically significant relationship between work from home and mental health through workaholism and work-family balance. Increased levels of anxiety, depression, stress, headaches, exhaustion, and reduced job satisfaction were some of the mental health consequences of Work from Home. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION This study provides real-world guidance to human resource managers on how to prioritize composite-level interventions at all levels of the university to create highly satisfied employees, provide a good working environment, and improve employees' mental health. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Many researches have been done on the relationship between work-from-home and employee mental health, but relatively few have looked at how work-life balance and workaholism play a role in how work-from-home affects employees' mental health. This study fills a need in the academic and practitioner literature by investigating the relationship between work-from-home from home and employee mental health as well as the mediating function of work-family balance and workaholism with regard to Indian higher education institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Krishnan
- Symbiosis Center for Management Studies, Noida; Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Shailender Singh
- Symbiosis Center for Management Studies, Noida; Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, India
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Rachubińska K, Cybulska AM, Kupcewicz E, Panczyk M, Grochans S, Walaszek I, Grochans E. Personality traits and the degree of work addiction among Polish women: the mediating role of depressiveness. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1305734. [PMID: 38179568 PMCID: PMC10765541 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1305734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Workaholism is an addiction, however the obsessive-compulsive components alone may prove insufficient in determining its nature. The aim of the following study was to determine the mediating role of depressiveness in the relationships between workaholism and personality traits according to the five-factor model among Polish women. Methods The research study was carried out among 556 women residing in the West Pomerania Voivodeship in Poland. The research was based on a survey performed using a questionnaire technique. The following research instruments adapted to Polish conditions were employed to assess the incidence of work addiction among female adults: The NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), The Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) Questionnaire, and The Beck Depression Inventory-BDI I-II. Results A positive correlation between the intensity of neuroticism and the work addiction risk was revealed (β = 0.204, p < 0.001). A partial mediation (35%) with the severity of depression symptoms as a mediating factor was observed (β = 0.110, p < 0.001). Respondents characterized by high neuroticism showed a greater severity of the symptoms of depression (β = 0.482, p < 0.001), which is a factor increasing the work addiction risk (β = 0.228, p < 0.001). No effect of extraversion intensity on the work addiction risk was found (β = 0.068, p = 0.081). Respondents characterized by a high level of extraversion displayed lower severity of the symptoms of depression (β = -0.274, p < 0.001). A negative correlation between the intensity of agreeableness and the work addiction risk was revealed (β = -0.147, p < 0.001). A partial mediation (27.8%) was observed. A positive correlation between the intensity of conscientiousness and the work addiction risk was revealed (β = 0.082, p = 0.047). Respondents characterized by a high level of conscientiousness showed a lower severity of depression symptoms (β = -0.211, p < 0.001). Conclusion Depressiveness plays the role of a mediator between neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness as well as conscientiousness, and work addiction. Depressiveness is a factor which increases the risk of work addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rachubińska
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kupcewicz
- Department of Nursing, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Panczyk
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Grochans
- Department of Pediatric and Oncological, Urology and Hand Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Walaszek
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Maisonneuve F, Groulx P, Chênevert D, Grady C, Coderre-Ball A. Effects of ethical climate in association with tenure on work addiction, quality of care and staff retention: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Qual Saf 2023; 33:24-32. [PMID: 37193593 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2022-015824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Work addiction is not contingent on personality alone; it is also impacted by social contextual factors. Work addiction influences the perceived quality of care and intention to remain in healthcare sector. The current study seeks to understand the role of ethical climate as a potential organisational lever to reduce such addiction, especially among newcomers. DESIGN We contacted a sample of Canadian healthcare organisations to collect quantitative data using an online questionnaire from November 2021 to February 2022. All constructs (ethical climate, work addiction, perceived quality of care, intention to quit the profession) were measured using validated psychometric scales. 860 respondents provided complete questionnaires. We analysed the data using structural equation modelling and regression analysis. RESULTS Work addiction mediated the indirect relationship between ethical climate and the intention to quit the profession (β=-0.053; 95% CI (-0.083 to -0.029); p<0.001) and with quality of care (β=0.049; 95% CI (0.028, 0.077); p<0.001). For each increase of 1 SD of ethical climate, the total effects regarding the variations in the outcomes were more important at low rather than high levels of tenure for work addiction (-11%, -2%), perceived quality of care (23%, 11%) and intention to quit the profession (-30%, -23%), respectively. CONCLUSION Ethical climate in healthcare organisations has a significant and beneficial relationship with healthcare workers' (HCWs) work addiction behaviours. In turn, this relationship is related to greater perceived quality of care and higher intention to remain, especially for HCWs with lower tenure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Chênevert
- Human Resource Management, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colleen Grady
- Family Medecine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Hrairi A, Dhouib F, Kotti N, Sellami I, Jmal Hammami K, Masmoudi ML, Hajjaji M. Workaholism in engineers: Prevalence and associated factors. L'ENCEPHALE 2023; 49:544-548. [PMID: 36244836 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Workaholism is an emerging form of behavioural addiction encountered in the workplace. The present study aims to assess the prevalence and the associated factors of this phenomenon in engineers. METHODS A cross sectional survey was conducted for two months by means of an online questionnaire of engineers practising in Tunisia. The evaluation of workaholism was based on the WART questionnaire (Work Addiction Risk Test). RESULTS A total of 107 engineers have answered the questionnaire. The mean age of participants was 29.2±4.4 years. Computer engineers represented 32.7% of our sample. Most of engineers worked more than 8hours per day (45.8%) and less than 6 days per week (63.6%). A high risk of workaholism was noted in 42.1% of cases. Statistical analysis showed that workaholism was not associated with socio-demographic characteristics. However, it was associated with smoking cigarettes, psychotropic drug consumption and poly-addiction and inversely associated with the presence of a leisure activity. With regard to occupational factors, workaholism was associated with agronomic engineering, working more than 8hours per day, working the whole week and a job satisfaction score under 5/10. CONCLUSION Workaholism interested a significant proportion of this sample, and several professional factors could increase the likelihood of adopting this behaviour. The intervention of occupational doctors seems important in order to raise awareness about this form of addiction and to identify its early signs among employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hrairi
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - F Dhouib
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - N Kotti
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - I Sellami
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - K Jmal Hammami
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M L Masmoudi
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Hajjaji
- University of Sfax, Occupational department and health disease, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
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Andersen FB, Djugum MET, Sjåstad VS, Pallesen S. The prevalence of workaholism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1252373. [PMID: 38023019 PMCID: PMC10643257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study represents the first meta-analysis and systematic review on the prevalence of workaholism. It also investigated if sample size, representativeness, and instrument moderated the prevalence estimates. The analysis was pre-registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023395794). We searched Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsychInfo. BASE, MedNar, NYAM, OPENGREY, OpenMD and included the first 200 searches on Google scholar as gray literature [search string: "(workaholi* OR "work addict*") AND (prevalence* OR incident* OR frequen* OR cut-off OR epidem*)]. The search yielded 42 studies to be included, in addition to 11 studies identified using other methods. Two independent raters went through the searches, extracted information and evaluated risk of bias, resulting in agreement ratings of 92.4%, 84.9%, and 87.0%, respectively. The inclusion criteria were studies reporting original data on the prevalence of workaholism written in any European language. Criteria which led to exclusion were conference abstracts, usage of secondary data, purposive sampling of workaholics, qualitative research and pre-determined cut-off based on distribution. Risk of bias of the included articles was evaluated through a checklist. Most of the included studies had a moderate risk of bias. Of the 663 records identified, a total of 53 studies were included, 10 of these being nationally representative with all studies in total amounting to 71,625 participants from 23 countries. The pooled workaholism prevalence was 15.2% (95% CI = 12.4-18.5), which was adjusted to 14.1% (95% CI = 11.2-17.6) following a trim-and-fill adjustment for publication bias. The meta-regression revealed that studies with representative samples reported lower prevalences than those based on non-representative samples, and that studies based on the Dutch Work Addiction Scale yielded higher prevalences than studies employing the Bergen Work Addiction Scale. The regression model explained 29% of the variance implying that a vast amount was still unexplained, and that future research would benefit from the inclusion of other moderators.
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Contu F, Ellenberg M, Kruglanski AW, Pierro A. Means substitutability in personal significance restoration. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193336. [PMID: 37583600 PMCID: PMC10423828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drawing on Significance Quest Theory, we hypothesized that when people experience a loss of significance related to a specific life domain, they will aim to restore their significance by acting in an extreme manner in a different life domain. To test this hypothesis, we ran two cross-sectional studies using samples of employed people in romantic relationships. Study 1 tested if people experiencing a loss of significance in the romantic relationship domain were more prone to extremism at work. Study 2 tested whether people experiencing work-related significance loss were more prone to engage in obsessive relational intrusion (ORI) toward their romantic partner. Results from both studies confirmed our hypothesis, suggesting that both amorous relationships and careers are perceived as fruitful in maintaining or restoring ones' sense of personal significance, even if the original loss of significance is derived from an unrelated domain. Notably, this research represents one of the first tests of the key assumption of Significance Quest Theory entailing the substitutability of means through which one can attain or renew their sense of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Contu
- “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- UniSR-Social.Lab, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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14
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Sun R, Lam LW, Wu AMS. Work addiction in Chinese white-collar workers: the psychometric properties of its measure and its comorbidity with general anxiety in network analysis. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:214. [PMID: 37491337 PMCID: PMC10369739 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work addiction (WA) threatens occupation-related health in many countries including China. This research aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS), the most common measure of WA, to facilitate relevant studies in Chinese workers. A network analysis was further conducted to identify central and bridge symptoms within the WA-anxiety network to improve intervention practices. METHODS A total of 694 Chinese white-collar workers completed an online questionnaire survey in March of 2022, and the responses to BWAS from a subsample of 50 participants one month after this survey were also collected. RESULTS The unidimensionality of BWAS was supported by results of exploratory factor analysis, exploratory graph analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis and we found satisfactory internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability. Multiple-group factor analyses confirmed the measurement invariance of BWAS across genders, districts (i.e., central China, eastern China, western China, and northeastern China), and age groups (i.e., young and middle-aged adults) while the convergent validity of BWAS was demonstrated by its significant correlations with Dutch Work Addiction Scale (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and its criterion validity was indicated by its significant correlations with general anxiety, weekly work hours, and health status (r = -0.16 to 0.31, p < 0.001-0.01). Network analysis further revealed two central symptoms (WA-tolerance and WA-problems) and three bridge symptoms (WA-problems, WA-mood modification, and mouth dryness of general anxiety) maintaining the WA-anxiety comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BWAS is a valid measure of WA in Chinese workers and interventions should put special attention to the identified central and bridge symptoms underlying the WA-anxiety network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Sun
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Long W Lam
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
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15
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Negura L, Plante N, Namian D. The social construction of workaholism as a representational naturalization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17447. [PMID: 37408917 PMCID: PMC10319195 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Workaholism, a term borrowed from the language around alcoholism, first appeared in academic writing in the late 1960s. This article addresses the following questions: How has the concept of workaholism evolved in scientific literature and in society? How do people who identify as workaholics represent and communicate work addiction, and how do they identify it as their lived reality? Drawing on the concept of naturalization as a process of social representation, we argue that workaholism has been constituted as a naturalized object, and we consider the ways in which it is reproduced in everyday life through communication and experience. We situated the definition of workaholism within the scholarly literature. We then conducted semi-structured interviews with eleven individuals who self-identify or have been diagnosed as work addicts. Our research shows that representational naturalization began when workaholism first became a recognizable reality as a result of changes in the world of work. Naturalization was then achieved by eliminating contradictions through the process of decoupling the positive features of workaholism from the overall concept. Our results demonstrate how this naturalized representation of workaholism is reproduced through the communication and lived experience of "workaholics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Negura
- University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Plante
- Université du Québec à Montréal, École de travail social, 455, Boulevard René-Lévesque Est, Montréal, Québec, H2L 4Y2, Canada
| | - Dahlia Namian
- University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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16
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Rizzato M, Antonelli M, Sam C, Di Dio C, Lazzeroni D, Donelli D. Happiness and Socio-Demographic Factors in an Italian Sample: A Propensity-Matched Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111557. [PMID: 37297697 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Happiness is receiving more and more interest both as a determinant of health and a measure of outcome in biomedical and psychological sciences. The main objective of this study was to assess how the levels of happiness vary in a large sample of Italian adults and to identify the socio-demographic conditions which impair happiness domains the most. The participants of this survey consisted of 1695 Italian adults (85.9% women; 14.1% men) who completed the Measure of Happiness (MH) questionnaire online. In this study, the differences between groups in total and single domain (life perspective, psychophysical status, socio-relational sphere, relational private sphere, and financial status) happiness levels were examined through a propensity score matching analysis with respect to socio-demographic conditions, including gender, age, annual income, relationship status, having children, and education level. The results show that low income has a negative impact on happiness levels, whereas being in a relationship has a positive effect. Having children appears to have a negative impact on male happiness. Males appear to be happier than females, especially with regard to the psychophysics status. This evidence emphasizes the urgency for Italian policymakers to take actions on removing obstacles to people's happiness, especially with regard to financial distress, parenthood, and gender gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Antonelli
- Department of Public Health, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Di Dio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lazzeroni
- Prevention and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Donelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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17
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Morkevičiūtė M, Endriulaitienė A. The Role of an Individual and a Situation in Explaining Work Addiction: Disclosing Complex Relations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4560. [PMID: 36901570 PMCID: PMC10001560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to test the relationships between perfectionism, type A personality, and work addiction via mediator of extrinsic work motivation and moderators of both parent work addiction and demanding organization profiles. A cross-sectional study was carried out using an online self-report questionnaire. A sample consisted of 621 employees working in different Lithuanian organizations that were selected on the basis of the convenience principle. Prior to testing the hypotheses, latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted in order to identify the subgroups of participants based on situational variables. Two profiles (i.e., 'less addicted parents' and 'more addicted parents') for parent work addiction and tree profiles (i.e., 'slightly demanding organization', 'moderately demanding organization', 'highly demanding organization') for a demanding organization emerged from LPA. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Main results revealed that direct relationships between perfectionism, type A personality, and work addiction were positive and stronger for those working in highly demanding organizations. Indirect relationships between perfectionism, type A personality, and work addiction (via extrinsic motivation) were positive and stronger for employees who have parents with higher levels of work addiction. Future researchers and those who implement preventive practices should be aware that personal factors can be the first impetus for work addiction, and the second one (comprised of situational factors in a family and organization) can enhance the expression of these personal factors and stimulate the development of work addiction.
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18
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Schaefer J, Strob J. Wenn das Studieren außer Kontrolle gerät. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, eine deutschsprachige Adaptation der Bergen Study Addiction Scale (BStAS), einer Skala zur Erfassung von exzessivem Studierverhalten, zu entwickeln und zu validieren. Methode: Die Daten von 615 Studierenden wurden analysiert. Die Dimensionalität der BStAS wurde mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse überprüft. Außerdem wurden Korrelations- und hierarchische Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt, um Zusammenhänge von exzessivem Studierverhalten mit Persönlichkeit und Gesundheit zu untersuchen. Ergebnisse: Der Vergleich mit Dynamic Fit Index Cutoffs deutete auf eine moderate Missspezifikation des einfaktoriellen Modells hin. Wie erwartet war exzessives Studierverhalten positiv mit wöchentlichen Lernstunden, Neurotizismus, wahrgenommenem Stress, psychosomatischen Beschwerden und Schlafproblemen assoziiert und hing negativ mit Lebenszufriedenheit zusammen. Schlussfolgerung: Es ist fraglich, ob alle Items der BStAS Aspekte einer Verhaltenssucht erfassen. Die Ergebnisse legen dennoch nahe, dass die BStAS ein Studierverhalten misst, das in Bezug auf physische und psychische Gesundheit von Relevanz ist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schaefer
- Fachgebiet Forschungsmethodik, Diagnostik und Evaluation, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Deutschland
| | - Jacqueline Strob
- Fachgebiet Forschungsmethodik, Diagnostik und Evaluation, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Deutschland
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DeMott B, Aziz S, Wuensch K, Dolbier C. Labor of love, or love of labor? Psychological capital's mitigating role in the relationship between workaholism and work stress. Work 2023; 74:341-352. [PMID: 36214008 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workaholism is conceptualized as a compulsive need to work incessantly, and it is related to numerous detrimental organizational and individual consequences. For that reason, it is imperative that researchers uncover possible variables that can alleviate its potentially harmful effects. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the relationship between workaholism, psychological capital (PsyCap), physical health, and work stress. The potential mitigating role that PsyCap could play between workaholism and physical health, as well as work stress, was also examined. METHODS Data on workaholism, PsyCap, physical health, and work stress were collected from 343 full-time faculty and staff from a large Southeastern university. RESULTS Results showed workaholism negatively related to physical health and positively related to work stress. Additionally, PsyCap had a positive relationship with physical health and a negative relationship with work stress. Moreover, PsyCap moderated the relationship between workaholism and work stress, such that as PsyCap increased, the relationship between workaholism and work stress weakened. CONCLUSIONS PsyCap may be a fairly simple and cost-effective intervention for organizations to implement, as it can be learned through short training sessions. By incorporating PsyCap, organizations may be able to help mitigate levels of stress in their employees, specifically among those who suffer from workaholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice DeMott
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Shahnaz Aziz
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Karl Wuensch
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Christyn Dolbier
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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20
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Liu Y, Tian H, Chen X, Jia F, Li R, Sun Y, Chen L, Zhu J, Jiang D, Zhuo C. Validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1029846. [PMID: 37205064 PMCID: PMC10185827 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Work addiction (WA), which can impair personal relationships, engagement in recreational activities, and/or health, is a behavioral addiction. A tool for the early detection of WA in China is needed. Objective The aim of this study was to develop and determine the validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (C-BWAS). Methods Two hundred social workers who provided post-discharge services for adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) were enrolled in this study. The construct validity of the C-BWAS was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Criterion validity was assessed by conducting Pearson correlation analyses of C-CWAS scores with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) scores. Cronbach's α and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the reliability of the C-BWAS. Results CFA confirmed a one-dimensional structure of the C-BWAS with good construct validity indices [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.964, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.951, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079, and minimum discrepancy Ĉ/degrees of freedom (Cmin/DF) = 0.362]. The standardized regression weights ranged from 0.523 to 0.753. All C-BWAS items loaded on one major factor (loading weights, 0.646-0.943). Coefficients of correlation between C-BWAS scores and HAM-D and HAM-A scores were 0.889 and 0.933, respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficient and ICC for the instrument was 0.837 and 0.905, respectively. Conclusion The presently developed C-BWAS showed very good reliability and acceptably validity. It can be employed as a useful tool for assessing WA severity in social workers who provide post-discharge services for adolescents with NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Yuanyuan Liu,
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Hongjun Tian,
| | - Xinying Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Langlang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Deguo Jiang,
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
- Chuanjun Zhuo,
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21
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Xie LL, Jiang W, Niyomsilp E, Jing J, Feng L, Wen Y, Wang L, Zheng R. Effect of role overload on missed nursing care in China: The role of work addiction and leader-member exchange. Nurs Open 2022; 10:3153-3163. [PMID: 36564925 PMCID: PMC10077371 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to examine the effect of role overload, work addiction and leader-member exchange on missed nursing care. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS Chinese registered nurses from five Sichuan province public hospitals were studied from March 2022-May 2022. The measurements were derived from a questionnaire on role overload, work addiction, missed nursing care, leader-member exchange and a sociodemographic datasheet. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were conducted (N = 403). RESULTS Role overload was associated with missed nursing care, and work addiction played a mediation role. Leader-member exchange negatively predicted work addiction and played a moderating role between role overload and work addiction. The effect of role overload on work addiction was attenuated when the level of leader-member exchange was higher. Promoting leader-member exchange could mitigate how role overload undermines missed nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Li Xie
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenchun Jiang
- Department of Nursing, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Eksiri Niyomsilp
- School of Management, Shinawatra University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Jie Jing
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nursing, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,School of Management, Shinawatra University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Lu Feng
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Wen
- Shehong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shehong, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Second People's Hospital of Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
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22
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Kızıloğlu M, Kircaburun K, Özsoy E, Griffiths MD. Work Addiction and Its Relation with Dark Personality Traits: A Cross-sectional Study with Private Sector Employees. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPersonality traits have been extensively studied to understand different behavioral addictions. However, less is known about the relationship of employees’ dark personality traits and work addiction. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations between the Big Five personality traits (i.e., extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness) and dark personality traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, sadism, and spitefulness) with work addiction. A total of 514 private sector employees completed a survey that included psychometric assessment tools for the aforementioned variables. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that lower extroversion, lower openness to experience, higher narcissism, and higher spitefulness were positively associated with work addiction among private sector employees. The findings of the present study suggest that dark personality traits should also be taken into account in order to better understand work addiction among employees.
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23
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Rogowska AM, Zmaczyńska-Witek B, Olejniczak P. Depression and workaholism in undergraduates: Examining gender as a moderator. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:2445-2453. [PMID: 33465021 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1865976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to examine the association between depression and workaholism among university students. Methods: Participants were 182 undergraduates at a large university in the South of Poland, aged between 20-28 years old (M = 22.17, SD = 1.39), including 102 women (56%). The cross-sectional study used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART). Results: This study shows that depression and workaholism levels are significantly lower in Physical Education students than other faculties' students. Gender moderates the relationship between workaholism and depression. Women demonstrate a stronger association between depression and workaholism than men. Conclusions: Both physical activity and gender appear to play an essential role in mental health prevention. The result of this study should be considered in therapy and prevention programs at university campuses.
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24
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Makhdoom IF, Malik NI, Atta M, Malik N, Qureshi MG, Shahid M, Tang K. When workaholism is negatively associated with burnout: A moderated mediation. Front Public Health 2022; 10:968837. [PMID: 36388273 PMCID: PMC9641097 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.968837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Previous theory and research postulate that workaholism is one of the important factors that contribute to burnout. The present study aimed to analyze the role of psychological capital as a mediator between the two. Moreover, the study examined the moderating role in the stated mediated relationship. Methods The researchers approached a sample of university teachers (N = 1,008) including both male (n = 531) and female (n = 477) university teachers by using a multi-stage random sampling technique. For this purpose, DUWAS-10 Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Challenging Job Demands Scale, and Anila PsyCap Scale were applied to measure workaholism, burnout, challenging job demands, and PsyCap, respectively. The data obtained from the sample was subjected to analysis by using Model 14 of Process Macro by Hayes. Results The results confirmed the mediating role of PsyCap and moderating role of time pressure and cognitive demands in the relationship of the two variables. The results concluded that workaholism is not directly related to burnout rather the negative relationship existed through psychological capital, and the mediated relationship was stronger for the university employees who were to face a higher level of challenging job demands including cognitive demands and time pressure. Conclusion Burnout is an occupational health problem that causes devastating effects on both the employees as well as to the organizational economy. Improving personal resources might help the negative relationship between workaholism and burnout in higher education institutions in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Atta
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Nudra Malik
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Gohar Qureshi
- Department of Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- School of Insurance and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China,Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Muhammad Shahid
| | - Kun Tang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kun Tang
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25
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Loneliness and the Degree of Addiction to Shopping and Work among Polish Women: The Mediating Role of Depression. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216288. [PMID: 36362516 PMCID: PMC9654372 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The aim of the research was to try to define the mediating role of depression in the relationship between addiction to shopping and work and loneliness, understood in terms of general loneliness among Polish women. (2) The study was conducted among 556 women. The research was carried out with the use of the diagnostic survey method, using the questionnaire technique: the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Purchasing Behavior Scale, the Work Addiction Risk Test, Beck Depression Inventory, and our own questionnaire. (3) Depression is a mediator in the relationship between the feeling of loneliness and the degree of addiction to shopping (β = −0.0246, z = −2.03, p = 0.043) and in the relationship between the feeling of loneliness and the degree of addiction to work (β = −0.0722, z = −4.002, p < 0.001). The direct impact of the feeling of loneliness on the degree of addiction to shopping (p = 0.237) and work (p = 0.576) is statistically insignificant. (4) Depression plays the role of a mediator between the feeling of loneliness and the degree of addiction to shopping and work. An increase in the level of depression increases the degree of addiction to shopping and work. The mediator’s participation lowers the loneliness feeling level.
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Sawma T, Akel M, Obeid S, Brytek-Matera A, Hallit S. Work Addiction and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: the Mediating Role of Food Addiction Among Lebanese Young Adult Workers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 22:1-21. [PMID: 36119945 PMCID: PMC9466337 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Work addiction is considered a public health concern, as it can lead to negative and harmful health outcomes. However, patterns leading from work addiction to mental health concerns remain so far largely unknown and under-studied. We aimed to verify whether the relationship between work addiction and psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) is mediated by food addiction among young adult workers in the context of Lebanese culture. The second objective was to validate the Arabic version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS). The online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1268 Lebanese young adult workers (65.1% females, mean age 26.18 years) using the Bergen Work Addiction Scale, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. The PROCESS SPSS Macro version 3.4, model four, was used to compute the mediation analysis. Findings revealed that 175 (13.8%) were presented as work-addicted individuals, and 226 (17.8%) exhibited addictive-like eating behaviors. Bivariate analyses showed that higher degree of work addiction and food addiction was significantly associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The results of the mediation analysis showed that the association between work addiction and depression, anxiety, and stress was mediated by food addiction. In light of our findings, we cautiously suggest that the link of work addiction to psychological distress via food addiction implies that strategies targeting food addiction might mitigate the harmful effects of work addiction on workers' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of psychiatry “Ibn Omrane”, Razi Hospital, 2010 Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Toni Sawma
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478 Saudi Arabia
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
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Morkevičiūtė M, Endriulaitienė A. Understanding Work Addiction in Adult Children: The Effect of Addicted Parents and Work Motivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11279. [PMID: 36141552 PMCID: PMC9517023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the mediating role that work motivation plays in the relationship between perceived work addiction of parents and their adult child's work addiction. The sample was comprised of 537 participants working in different Lithuanian organizations that were selected on the basis of the convenience principle. Data were collected by means of online self-administered questionnaires. To test a mediation model, a structural equation modeling was performed. It was found that perceived work addiction of both mother and father was related to higher levels of work addiction of their adult child. The results also indicated that perceived work addiction of the father was related to increased work addiction in an adult child through higher levels of extrinsic motivation as a partial mediator. The indirect effect of perceived work addiction of the mother (via extrinsic motivation) was not significant. As was expected, the indirect relationship between work addiction in parents and their adult child via intrinsic motivation was not significant. This study demonstrates that integrating both family-related and motivational variables may provide relevant insights into the nature of and mechanisms underlying work addiction and that studies in this field deserve to be further developed in future research.
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Molino M, Kovalchuk LS, Ghislieri C, Spagnoli P. Work Addiction Among Employees and Self-Employed Workers: An Investigation Based on the Italian Version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 18:279-292. [PMID: 36348817 PMCID: PMC9632556 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in work addiction is connected to recent changes in the work culture and work habits. Despite this interest, knowledge pertaining to this phenomenon and measures to assess it are still limited. This study aims to contribute by examining the psychometric features of the Italian version of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale, a unidimensional scale based on the perspective of addiction. The research method consisted in two steps: in the first cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 1,035 workers filled in a self-report questionnaire; the second step was a two-wave longitudinal study that involved a convenience sample of 292 workers. Results confirmed the psychometric properties of the scale across employees and self-employed groups. Moreover, results showed a significantly higher level of work addiction among self-employed workers than employees. This study provides support for the evaluation of workaholism in the Italian context among different kind of professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Molino
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Spagnoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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Compulsive Study Behaviors Are Associated with Eating Disorders and Have Independent Negative Effects on Well-Being: A Structural Equation Model Study among Young Musicians. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Compulsive overworking and eating disorders (EDs) show considerable similarities in terms of risk factors (e.g., rigid perfectionism), clinical manifestation (e.g., excessive controlling behaviors), and consequences (e.g., physical exhaustion and depression). This study aimed to examine the hypotheses that compulsive study behaviors (conceptualized as study addiction) are related to EDs and that they have independent negative effects on well-being among young musicians, who constitute a highly vulnerable population for these types of problematic behaviors. The relatively high prevalence of study addiction and its pronounced negative relationship with psychosocial functioning make it a pending challenge for sustainable education. A total of 255 students from various music academies in Poland took part in the study. The Bergen Study Addiction Scale, assessing compulsive studying (conceptualized as addictive behavior), the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), the Perceived Stress Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the quality-of-life measure were used. A structural equation model was investigated. Study addiction was positively related to the general factor of EDs and the social pressure component. Both problematic behaviors showed negative and independent effects on the well-being of young musicians. EDs may be 8 to 16 times more prevalent among the students of music academies who are addicted to studying than among the general population. About 80% of those students showing all seven symptoms of study addiction exhibited at least mild depression, while more than half had clinically significant levels of depression. Almost 90% had clinically significant levels of anxiety. Without addressing co-occurring study addiction and eating disorders, including their commonalities and idiosyncrasies, their prevention and treatment cannot be effective and it will substantially affect the sustainability of education and work.
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Godzwon JM, Wielewska MK, Atroszko PA. The Relationship of Study Addiction with Social Support and Satisfaction with Intimate Relationships. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Mindfulness buffers the deleterious effects of workaholism for work-family conflict. Soc Sci Med 2022; 306:115118. [PMID: 35696778 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Workaholism logically corresponds to the experience of work-family conflict (WFC) which is associated with a wide variety of negative employee outcomes. Finding ways to mitigate the occurrence of workaholism and/or lessen its deleterious effects on the work-family interface is practically important. Mindfulness research may hold some promise in this regard. OBJECTIVE We explore the potential that mindfulness - through its association with accuracy and salience of present moment experience and disengagement from automatic thoughts and debilitating behavior - may buffer the effects of workaholic tendencies on the experience of WFC. METHODS We use a two-study design (total n = 1022) to examine the role of dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness practice on the workaholism-WFC relationship. RESULTS Results suggest that (1) trait mindfulness buffers the workaholism-WFC relationship (Study 1; n = 307), and that (2) mindfulness practice and mindfulness training similarly buffer this relationship (Study 2; n = 715). CONCLUSION Mindfulness effectively serves as a buffer in the relationship between workaholism and WFC.
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Zeng Q, Liu X. How Workaholic Leadership Affects Employee Self-Presentation: The Role of Workplace Anxiety and Segmentation Supplies. Front Psychol 2022; 13:889270. [PMID: 35645932 PMCID: PMC9135021 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.889270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly competitive and performance-oriented society, workaholic leadership is becoming increasingly common and is even embraced and supported by many organizations. However, previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to the impact of workaholic leadership on employee psychology and behavior. This study, based on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, explores the effect of workaholic leadership on employee self-presentation. Through an empirical analysis of 256 employees' questionnaires, we found a significant positive impact between workaholic leaders and employee self-presentation. This process was achieved through the partly mediating mechanisms of employee workplace anxiety. Concurrently, segmentation supplies negatively moderated the relationship between workplace anxiety and self-presentation and the overall mediating mechanism. These findings provide important insights into the underlying mechanisms of workaholic leadership and employee behavior, which can be utilized to improve employee wellbeing and provide positive organizational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Modeling the influence of workaholism on career success: a PLS–SEM approach. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2022.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Organizations characterized by a climate and culture of competition and overwork facilitate the emergence of the workaholism phenomenon, as they provide favorable conditions for employees to spend more time in the workplace. Many of these employees are successful in their careers both in financial terms and in job satisfaction. This article aims to study the influence of workaholism on the perception of career success. The sample consists of 234 Portuguese individuals who were working in a professional context. The results reveal that pleasure at work influences career success perception in both objective and subjective dimensions and that work involvement influences only the subjective dimension of the career success perception. The findings of this study will contribute to the increase of knowledge in the workaholism and career success areas in light of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic so that companies are able to adopt strategies in order to optimize their resources and increase their productivity.
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Workaholism and the Enactment of Bullying Behavior at Work: A Prospective Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042399. [PMID: 35206587 PMCID: PMC8872117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that workaholism and workplace aggressive behavior share many correlates, such as neuroticism, hostility, and negative affectivity, little is known about their relationship, with most evidence on both phenomena coming from cross-sectional studies. In the present study, we contributed to a better understanding of the antecedents of enacted workplace bullying behavior (i.e., perpetration of bullying), and the potential interpersonal implications of workaholism, by investigating their cross-lagged relationship. Data from a two-wave one-year panel study conducted with 235 employees in a national healthcare service organization showed substantial cross-sectional and cross-lagged positive relationships between workaholism and enacted workplace bullying. Whereas Time 1 workaholism was a significant predictor of Time 2 enacted workplace bullying, reversed causation was not supported. To shed light on the role of a potential mechanism explaining the link between workaholism and enactment of bullying, we examined whether job-related negative affect (e.g., anger) mediated their longitudinal relationship. However, whereas increased negative affect from T1 to T2 was positively associated with T2 enacted workplace bullying, the relationship between T1 workaholism and increased job-related negative affect was not significant, contrary to the hypothesized mediation. Taken together, our findings suggest that workaholism may be an important antecedent of enacted workplace bullying. Study limitations and future perspectives are discussed.
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“No Days Off”: Using Self-Determination Theory to Better Understand Workaholism in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Coaches. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2021-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Workaholism (i.e., working excessively and compulsively) is associated with negative physical, psychological, and social consequences. Researchers have previously examined antecedents of workaholism, but the experiences of sport coaches have not yet been investigated. This study explored (a) differences in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I coaches’ workaholism, as well as need satisfaction and frustration based on gender, coaching role, gender of athletes coached, age, and years of coaching experience; and (b) how coaches’ perceptions of their three basic psychological needs are associated with tendencies to work excessively and compulsively. A total of 873 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I coaches participated in the research. Data analyses revealed significant differences in participants’ workaholism as well as need satisfaction and frustration. Structural equation modeling indicated a significant relationship between reported levels of workaholism and perceptions of the three needs. Findings illustrate the importance of basic psychological needs in preventing coaches’ workaholism and maintain optimal functioning.
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Kim N, Choi J, Park Y, Sohn YW. The Multidimensional Workaholism Scale in a Korean Population: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/10690727211039957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide a reliable and valid measure of workaholism for Korean workers. We translated the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) into Korean and validated it with a sample of 1020 full-time Korean employees. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor solution (Study 1; N = 524), and a confirmatory analysis further demonstrated good model fit of the four-factor structure (Study 2; N = 496). The scale’s concurrent and construct validity was supported by positive correlations with other existing measures of workaholism, emotional exhaustion, and work–family conflict (WFC) and by a negative correlation with psychological detachment. Moreover, the MWS demonstrated a moderate association with work engagement, but no significant association with job satisfaction. It further showed significant incremental validity in predicting emotional exhaustion and WFC. The findings support the Korean MWS version’s reliability and validity for measuring workaholism among Korean employees. Theoretical implications for the workaholism literature and practical implications for corporate counselors and human resource practitioners are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhee Kim
- Psychology Department, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Choi
- Psychology Department, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonguk Park
- Psychology Department, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Sohn
- Psychology Department, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
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Morkevičiūtė M, Endriulaitienė A, Poškus MS. Understanding the etiology of workaholism: The results of the systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2021.1968882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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The Complexity of Heavy Work Investment (HWI): A Conceptual Integration and Review of Antecedents, Dimensions, and Outcomes. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to bring conceptual clarity to the heavy work investment (HWI) construct while building a model based on a review of extant empirical and theoretical research and to encourage further discussion and investigations regarding the nature of HWI, specifically its individual level antecedents, dimensions, and outcomes for both the employee and the organization. The proposed theoretical framework builds upon the Job Demands–Resources model and conceptualizes HWI on a continuum of workaholism and work engagement. Specific propositions for the antecedents and outcomes of the HWI continuum are developed. The paper ends with a discussion of future research directions.
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Cossin T, Thaon I, Lalanne L. Workaholism Prevention in Occupational Medicine: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7109. [PMID: 34281048 PMCID: PMC8297306 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the extent of workaholism identified in the literature, it seems essential to consider effective preventive measures. The purpose of this article is to summarize literature data on possible collective and individual preventive measures against workaholism, especially in occupational medicine. METHOD We conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS 155 articles were retrieved in March 2019, but only 15 well-designed studies providing concrete measures to prevent workaholism were included. The various measures were classified using the traditional distinction between three levels of prevention. At the first level of prevention, workaholism can be avoided by implementing a protective organizational culture. The second level of prevention rather focuses on individual training and counselling to address the negative consequences of workaholism. Finally, the third level of prevention combines cognitive and behavioral interventions that enable professional and social reintegration of workaholics. DISCUSSION This literature review confirms the multifactorial origin of workaholism and the involvement of organizational factors, supporting the necessary contribution of companies in its prevention. This review also reinforces the growing perception of workaholism as a behavioral addiction. Occupational physicians play a key role in this preventive approach as they can influence both working conditions and individual care. The highlighted preventive measures seem to be not only favorable to workaholics, but also to companies. CONCLUSION This review provides field tools that can be used at the various levels of workaholism prevention. Nevertheless, intervention studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of the measures presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cossin
- CHRU de Nancy, Centre de Consultations de Pathologies Professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Isabelle Thaon
- CHRU de Nancy, Centre de Consultations de Pathologies Professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Medical School of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
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To detach or not to detach? The role of psychological detachment on the relationship between heavy work investment and well-being: A latent profile analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study focuses on two types of heavy work investment, namely workaholism and work engagement, and on psychological detachment from work. Both workaholism and work engagement refer to an intense work effort, yet with a different impact on work and personal life. Building on Stressor–Detachment Model (SDM), we examine how different levels of workaholism, work engagement, and psychological detachment influence different outcomes related to employees’ well-being (i.e., perceived health, negative affectivity, positive affectivity). Data were collected from 342 employees via online survey and analyzed by mean of latent profile analysis. Five employee profiles were identified: High-Detachment and Engaged, Heavy Work Investors, Mild-Detachment and Disengaged, Mild-Detachment and Engaged, and Pure Workaholics. The profiles showed different patterns of the outcomes under investigation. Our findings also indicate that psychological detachment is an important factor that alleviates the detrimental effects of heavy work investment on employees’ well-being and that work engagement can play an immediate protecting role for employees’ well-being even in absence of significant levels of psychological detachment.
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Pannier M, Fauth-Bühler M. Suchtartiges Arbeiten: Persönlichkeitsfaktoren und berufliche Rahmenbedingungen. SUCHT 2021. [DOI: 10.1024/0939-5911/a000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Suchtartiges Arbeiten stellt ein ernst zu nehmendes Problem in unserer Gesellschaft dar. In dieser Studie wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle berufliche Rahmenbedingungen (Entgrenzung der Arbeit) und Persönlichkeitsfaktoren (Big Five) bei suchtartigem Arbeiten spielen. Methode: 111 Erwerbstätige im Alter von 19 bis 66 Jahren beantworteten online den Persönlichkeitstest Big Five Inventory-SOEP, den Fragebogen zur Erfassung zentraler Merkmale der Arbeit 4.0 und die Skala zur Erfassung von Arbeitssucht. Die statistischen Auswertungen (Korrelationsanalysen, moderierte Regressionsanalyse) erfolgten mittels „R“ und „PSPP“. Ergebnisse: Suchtartiges Arbeiten korreliert signifikant mit Entgrenzung (r = .208), Neurotizismus (r = .356) und dem Alter der Probanden (r = -.321). Alle drei Prädiktoren zusammen erklären insgesamt 29 Prozent der Varianz von suchtartigem Arbeiten. Es konnte kein moderierender Effekt der Variablen Entgrenzung der Arbeit auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Neurotizismus und suchtartigem Arbeiten gefunden werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Neben dem Persönlichkeitsfaktor Neurotizismus und dem Alter spielen bei der Vorhersage suchtartigen Arbeitens auch das Ausmaß der Entgrenzung der Arbeit eine relevante Rolle. Die Ergebnisse sind vor dem Hintergrund der Covid-19-Pandemie relevant, da bei Mitarbeitern im Homeoffice die Grenzen von Arbeit und Privatleben besonders stark verwischen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Pannier
- Institut für Wirtschaftspsychologie (iwp), FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, Hochschulzentrum Stuttgart
| | - Mira Fauth-Bühler
- Institut für Wirtschaftspsychologie (iwp), FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, Hochschulzentrum Stuttgart
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Sharma MK, Anand N, Tadpatrikar A, Thennarasu K, Rao GN, Benegal V, Singh RL, Thomas D, Gupta HK. Work Addiction in the Community: A Trend for India. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:338-339. [PMID: 34321760 PMCID: PMC8281834 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_390_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SHUT Clinic (Service for Healthy Use of Technology), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitin Anand
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Tadpatrikar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SHUT Clinic (Service or Healthy Use of Technology), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Thennarasu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Girish N Rao
- Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajkumar Lenin Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Divya Thomas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, SHUT Clinic (Service for Healthy Use of Technology), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hemant K Gupta
- Advanced Centre for Ayurveda, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Çimşir E, Ülker Tümlü G. The roles of latent perfectionism classes in academicians' tendencies toward workaholism, useless superiority effort and narcissism. The Journal of General Psychology 2021; 149:524-549. [PMID: 33960262 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2021.1922342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research has identified that perfectionism is associated with both narcissism and workaholism, research into the specific roles of potential perfectionism classes in these personality dynamics is currently unavailable. Furthermore, no study has investigated if the "useless superiority effort" dimension of inferiority feelings, which indicates an increased need for superiority over others potentially to overcome self-perceived inferiorities, is related to other important personality dynamics. This study was therefore conducted to identify if potential perfectionism classes that exist among academicians (N = 317) can simultaneously explain significant differences in their tendencies toward workaholism, narcissism, and useless superiority effort, after controlling for potential social desirability effect. A latent class analysis of two dimensions of perfectionism (discrepancy and high standards) revealed four distinct classes of academicians; non-perfectionists (NONPs; 20%), maladaptive perfectionists (MPs; 17%), normal perfectionists (NPs; 44%) and adaptive perfectionists (APs; 19%). Further analysis (MANCOVA) showed that while MPs have the highest tendencies toward workaholism and useless superiority effort, NONPs have the lowest tendencies toward these. Moreover, APs reported significantly lower useless superiority than NPs, despite scoring similarly on both narcissism and workaholism. Additionally, based on workaholism being related to narcissism, high standards and discrepancy dimensions of perfectionism, as well as useless superiority effort, while weekly work hours are not, it can be suggested that workaholism is qualitatively different from working long hours.
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Borges E, Sequeira C, Martins T, Queirós C, Mosteiro-Díaz MP. Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Dutch Work Addiction Scale. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2021; 55:e03765. [PMID: 33909873 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2020029603765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale in a sample of Portuguese nurses. METHOD A methodological study was conducted with 1,030 Portuguese nurses. A sociodemographic/professional questionnaire and the Dutch Work Addiction Scale applied between October and December 2019. RESULTS The Confirmatory Factorial Analyses confirmed the factorial structure of two dimensions, namely Working Excessively (α = .730) and Working Compulsively (α = .752), grounded on the theoretical model of workaholism; the reliability values were considered adequate. Nurses presented a moderate level of workaholism, with a higher mean value for Working Excessively. CONCLUSION The results raised the issue of workaholism and highlighted the need for further study. The Portuguese version of the DUWAS presented good psychometric characteristics and can be considered a valid and useful instrument to identify this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Borges
- Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (Cintesis), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Sequeira
- Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (Cintesis), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Martins
- Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (Cintesis), Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Queirós
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências, Educação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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The majority of professionally active women diagnosed with eating disorders may be at risk of work addiction: an overlooked comorbidity. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2021. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2020.98734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Balducci C, Spagnoli P, Avanzi L, Clark M. A daily diary investigation on the job-related affective experiences fueled by work addiction. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:967-977. [PMID: 33399545 PMCID: PMC8969717 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We studied the quality of the job-related emotional experiences associated with work addiction. We hypothesized that work addiction would fuel both a higher level of daily job-related negative affect and a lower level of daily job-related positive affect and that such affective experiences would mediate the relationship between work addiction and emotional exhaustion reported at the end of the working day. Additionally, in light of typical behaviors and cognitions associated with work addiction, we also hypothesized that work addiction would modify the relationships between day workload and same day emotional strain reactions (i.e., job-related negative affect and job-related positive affect). METHODS Participants were 213 workers (42.5% female), most of whom holding a high-profile job position, who were followed for 10 consecutive working days in the context of a daily diary study. RESULTS Multilevel analyses controlling for neuroticism revealed that work addiction was uniquely and positively related to daily job-related negative affect and that the latter mediated the relationship between work addiction and daily emotional exhaustion. On the other hand, work addiction was not negatively related to daily job-related positive affect; this relationship emerged only when removing neuroticism from the model. Additionally, work addiction strengthened the relationship between day workload and day job-related negative affect. DISCUSSION Results indicate that work addicted are characterized by the experience of a negatively connotated affect during work, and that this kind of affect may be a mechanism explaining the work addiction-burnout relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Balducci
- Department of Psychology; University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, 40127Bologna, Italy,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Paola Spagnoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100Caserta, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avanzi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 31, 38068Rovereto, Trentino, Italy
| | - Malissa Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, 30602, Athens, GA, USA
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Kun B, Takacs ZK, Richman MJ, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Work addiction and personality: A meta-analytic study. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:945-966. [PMID: 33361486 PMCID: PMC8969726 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past three decades, research interest in work addiction has increased significantly. Most definitions concerning work addiction have specifically contained personality-related elements. However, the results of empirical studies concerning personality and work addiction are both few and mixed. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of personality in the background of work addiction. METHODS The present study systematically reviewed and empirically carried out a meta-analysis on all the published studies examining the association between personality variables and work addiction (n = 28). RESULTS The results of the meta-analysis indicated that perfectionism, global and performance-based self-esteem, and negative affect had the strongest and most robust associations as personality risk factors of work addiction. Among the Big Five traits, extraversion, conscientiousness, and intellect/imaginations showed positive relationships with work addiction. However, these associations were weak. CONCLUSIONS Based on the meta-analysis, personality appears to explain only a small amount of the variance of work addiction and further studies are needed to assess the interaction between individual and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Kun
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author.
| | - Zsofia K. Takacs
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd Universtity, Institute of Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mara J. Richman
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary,Endeavor Psychology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
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Kang S. Workaholism in Korea: Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Differences. Front Psychol 2020; 11:569744. [PMID: 33424681 PMCID: PMC7786266 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study has two objectives – to provide a Korean form of the workaholism analysis questionnaire, and to analyze workaholic tendencies in South Korea by using a nationally representative data. Using 4,242 samples (2,497 men and 1,745 women), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to develop a Korean form (K-WAQ). The four-factor structure of K-WAQ in this study seemed to adequately represent the underlying dimensions of work addiction in Korea. The study also analyzed the prevalence of workaholism among Koreans and its differences according to socio-demographic variables. Both mean difference analyses and logistic regressions were conducted. The overall result indicated that the prevalence of workaholism in Korea can be estimated to be 39.7% of the employees. The workaholic tendencies in Korea differ significantly according to gender, age, work hours, and voluntariness of choosing employment type. Practical as well as theoretical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudol Kang
- College of Global Business, Korea University, Sejong-City, South Korea
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