Pomegranate Fruit Extract Modulates UV-B–mediated Phosphorylation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases and Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes¶

An updated overview of cyanidins for chemoprevention and cancer therapy

Anthocyanins are colored polyphenolic compounds that belong to the flavonoids family and are largely present in many vegetables and fruits. They have been used in traditional medicine in many cultures for a long time. The most common and abundant anthocyanins are those presenting an O-glycosylation at C-3 (C ring) of the flavonoid skeleton to form -O-β-glucoside derivatives. The present comprehensive review summarized recent data on the anticancer properties of cyanidings along with natural sources, phytochemical data, traditional medical applications, molecular mechanisms and recent nanostrategies to increase the bioavailability and anticancer effects of cyanidins. For this analysis, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies published up to the year 2022 were sourced from scientific databases and search engines such as PubMed/Medline, Google scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley and TRIP database. Cyanidins' antitumor properties are exerted during different stages of carcinogenesis and are based on a wide variety of biological activities. The data gathered and discussed in this review allows for affirming that cyanidins have relevant anticancer activity in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Future research should focus on studies that bring new data on improving the bioavailability of anthocyanins and on conducting detailed translational pharmacological studies to accurately establish the effective anticancer dose in humans as well as the correct route of administration.

Punicalin attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and MAPK/NF-κB signaling in mice

Background

Acute lung injury (ALI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Novel therapies interfering with the inflammatory response has been an area of focus for infectious disease treatment. Punicalin has shown strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties; however, its effect in ALI has not been previously explored.

Purpose

To investigate the effects of punicalin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

LPS (10 mg/kg) was administered intratracheally to create the ALI model in mice. Punicalin (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally shortly after LPS to investigate survival rate, lung tissue pathological injury, oxidative stress, levels of inflammatory cytokines in BALF and lung tissue, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and its effects on NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the inflammatory cytokine release and NET formation in LPS-induced (1 μg/ml) and punicalin-treated mouse neutrophils derived from the bone marrow.

Results

In vivo, punicalin reduced mortality, lung injury score, lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio, protein concentrations in BALF and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lung tissues, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in lung tissues of LPS-induced ALI mice. Increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the BALF and the lungs of ALI mice was reversed by punicalin, whereas IL-10 was upregulated. Neutrophil recruitment and NET formation were also decreased by punicalin. Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways was observed in punicalin-treated ALI mice. In vitro co-incubation with punicalin (50 μg/ml) inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines and NET formation in LPS-treated neutrophils derived from mouse bone marrow.

Conclusion

Punicalin reduces inflammatory cytokine production, prevents neutrophil recruitment and NET formation, and inhibits the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced ALI.

Photoprotective Effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Polysaccharides against UVB-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in HaCaT Cells

Acute ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation is the major external factor causing photodamage. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. polysaccharides (DNPs) on photodamage in HaCaT keratinocytes after UVB irradiation and the underlying mechanisms. We found that DNPs significantly attenuated the decline in the viability and proliferation of HaCaT cells after UVB irradiation. Moreover, DNPs scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS), improved the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, while partially attenuating cell cycle arrest, suggesting their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was found to be important for the attenuation of UVB-induced photodamage in the HaCaT cells. Furthermore, DNPs exerted cytoprotective effects by downregulating UVB-induced ROS-mediated phosphorylation of MAPKs, including p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and by inhibiting p53 expression as well as the apoptotic cascade response. Therefore, DNPs ameliorated UVB-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in HaCaT cells via the regulation of MAPKs. Our findings thus highlight the Dendrobium nobile Lindl polysaccharides as promising therapeutic candidates for UVB-induced photodamage.

Melanoma Cellular Signaling Transduction Pathways Targeted by Polyphenols Action Mechanisms

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Although different anti-melanoma treatments are available, their efficacy is still improvable, and the number of deaths continues to increase worldwide. A promising source of antitumor agents could be presented by polyphenols-natural plant-based compounds. Over the past decades, many studies have described multiple anticancer effects of polyphenols in melanoma, presenting their potential interactions with targeted molecules from different signaling pathways. However, to our knowledge, there is no comprehensive review on polyphenols-regulated mechanisms in melanoma cells available in the literature. To fulfill this gap, this article aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of action regulated by polyphenols involved in melanoma initiation and progression. Here, we focus on in vitro and in vivo effects of polyphenol treatments on tumor-essential cellular pathways, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Moreover, emerging studies regarding the well-marked role of polyphenols in the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), highlighting their contribution to melanoma development, are also epitomized. Finally, we hope this review will provide a firm basis for developing polyphenol-based therapeutic agents in melanoma treatment.

The Therapeutic Alliance between Pomegranate and Health Emphasizing on Anticancer Properties

Pomegranate is a fruit bearing-plant that is well known for its medicinal properties. Pomegranate is a good source of phenolic acids, tannins, and flavonoids. Pomegranate juice and by-products have attracted the scientific interest due to their potential health benefits. Currently, the medical community has showed great interest in exploiting pomegranate potential as a protective agent against several human diseases including cancer. This is demonstrated by the fact that there are more than 800 reports in the literature reporting pomegranate's anticancer properties. This review is an update on the research outcomes of pomegranate's potential against different types of human diseases, emphasizing on cancer. In addition, perspectives of potential applications of pomegranate, as a natural additive aiming to improve the quality of animal products, are discussed.

The effects of fresh foods on performance: A review

In recent years, it is gradually becoming important for athletes to show sufficient performance at competitions. To improve performance, athletes use ergogenic aids such as protein powders, creatine, and glutamine. However, recent research has also been conducted into the possible ergogenic effects of several fresh foods on exercise. Nutrients show the ergogenic effect by having macro and micronutrients, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive components. These potential ergogenic effects include muscle recovery, prevention of oxidative stress caused by exercise, improved performance, and inhibition of muscle damage. The purpose of this review was to examine the nutritional content and the effects of fresh foods such as beets, cherries, watermelon, tomatoes, grapes, and pomegranate.

In Vitro Determination of the Skin Anti-Aging Potential of Four-Component Plant-Based Ingredient

The beauty industry is actively searching for solutions to prevent skin aging. Some of the crucial elements protecting cells from the aging process are telomere shortening, telomerase expression, cell senescence, and homeostasis of the redox system. Modification of these factors using natural antioxidants is an appealing way to support healthy skin aging. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the antiaging efficacy of a specific combination of four botanical extracts (pomegranate, sweet orange, Cistanche and Centella asiatica) with proven antioxidant properties. To this end, normal human dermal fibroblasts were used as a cell model and the following studies were performed: cell proliferation was established by means of the MTT assay and the intracellular ROS levels in stress-induced premature senescence fibroblasts; telomere length measurement was performed under standard cell culture conditions using qPCR and under oxidative stress conditions using a variation of the Q-FISH technique; telomerase activity was examined by means of Q-TRAP; and AGE quantification was completed by means of ELISA assay in UV-irradiated fibroblasts. As a result, the botanical blend significantly reversed the H2O2-induced decrease in cell viability and reduced H2O2-induced ROS. Additionally, the presence of the botanical ingredient reduced the telomere shortening rate in both stressed and non-stressed replicating fibroblasts, and under oxidative stress conditions, the fibroblasts presented a higher median and 20th percentile telomere length, as well as a lower percentage of short telomeres (<3 Kbp) compared with untreated fibroblasts. Furthermore, the ingredient transiently increased relative telomerase activity after 24 h and prevented the accumulation of UVR-induced glycated species. The results support the potential use of this four-component plant-based ingredient as an antiaging agent.

Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Exert a Radioprotective Effect on the Testes and Intestines Through Antioxidant Effects and Inhibition of MAPK Signal Pathways

The testes and intestines are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Low-dose radiation can cause infertility and enteritis. However, there is a lack of safe and efficient radioprotective agents. This study aims to investigate the radioprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on testicular and intestinal damage induced by ionizing radiation. In vitro, GSPs reduced the apoptosis and proliferation inhibition of mouse testicular stromal cells TM3 and human small intestinal crypt epithelial cells HIEC induced by ionizing radiation, and alleviated DNA double-strand breaks. In vivo, GSPs ameliorated the pathological damage of the testes and intestines induced by ionizing radiation, and protected the endocrine function of the testes and the barrier function of the intestines. In addition, we preliminarily proved that the radioprotective effect of GSPs is related to its antioxidant effect and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathways. Our results indicate that GSPs are expected to be a safe and effective radioprotective drug.

Eisenia bicyclis Extract Repairs UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging In Vitro and In Vivo: Photoprotective Effects

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) is a major cause of skin aging. The aim of the present study was to determine the photoprotective effect of a 30% ethanol extract of Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell (EEB) against UVB-induced skin aging. By treating human dermal fibroblasts (Hs68) with EEB after UVB irradiation, we found that EEB had a cytoprotective effect. EEB treatment significantly decreased UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production by suppressing the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling and enhancing the protein expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). EEB was also found to recover the UVB-induced degradation of pro-collagen by upregulating Smad signaling. Moreover, EEB increased the mRNA expression of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricrin in UVB-irradiated human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT). EEB decreased UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by upregulating glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression via nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation in Hs68 cells. In a UVB-induced HR-1 hairless mouse model, the oral administration of EEB mitigated photoaging lesions including wrinkle formation, skin thickness, and skin dryness by downregulating MMP-1 production and upregulating the expression of pro-collagen type I alpha 1 chain (pro-COL1A1). Collectively, our findings revealed that EEB prevents UVB-induced skin damage by regulating MMP-1 and pro-collagen type I production through MAPK/AP-1 and Smad pathways.

Skin Aging, Cellular Senescence and Natural Polyphenols

The skin, being the barrier organ of the body, is constitutively exposed to various stimuli impacting its morphology and function. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate with age and may contribute to age-related skin changes and pathologies. Natural polyphenols exert many health benefits, including ameliorative effects on skin aging. By affecting molecular pathways of senescence, polyphenols are able to prevent or delay the senescence formation and, consequently, avoid or ameliorate aging and age-associated pathologies of the skin. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in skin aging and cellular senescence, and to summarize the recent in vitro studies related to the anti-senescent mechanisms of natural polyphenols carried out on keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Aged skin in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic will be also discussed.

Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) by-Products Valorization: Viscera Oil ω-3 Enrichment by Short-Path Distillation and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation

This study shows a pilot scale protocol aimed to obtain an omega 3-enriched oil after the processing of farmed gilthead sea bream viscera (SBV); this was oil was tested in vitro for bioactivity, attesting to the possibility to turn waste into profit The quality of the oil, in terms of requirements for animal and human consumption, was assessed by determining some chemical parameters, such as peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ρ-anisidine (ρ-AV) content, total oxidation value (TOTOX), and phospholipids and free fatty acid (%), both in crude viscera oil (CVO) and refined viscera oil (RVO). Among the extraction conditions, the higher CVO yields were obtained at 60 °C for 10 min (57.89%) and at 80 °C for 10 min (67.5%), and the resulting oxidation levels were low when utilizing both extraction conditions. RVO, obtained from CVO extracted at 60 °C, showed the highest quality on the basis of the assessed parameters. The ethyl esters of the total fatty acid (TFA) contents extracted from RVO were enriched in the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid fraction (PUFAE) up to almost 56% via short path distillation (SPD). Antioxidant activities and adipogenic properties were tested in vitro. PUFAE protected 3T3 L1 cells from oxidative stress and exerted an anti-adipogenic effect in Dicentrarchus labrax pre-adipocytes, attesting to the beneficial properties for both farmed fish and human health. These results could stimulate the adoption of solutions aimed to recover and utilize aquaculture by-products at a higher scale, turning "waste into profit" and indicating a strategy to reach more sustainable business models in aquaculture resource utilization according to the principles of the circular economy.

Nanoencapsulation of Pomegranate Extract to Increase Stability and Potential Dermatological Protection

Pomegranate extract (PG-E) has been reported to exert a protective effect on the skin due to its antioxidant activity. Ingredients rich in phenolic compounds are unstable in extract solutions, and, therefore, the use of a suitable nanosystem to encapsulate this type of extract could be necessary in different biotechnological applications. Thus, we investigated the capacity of Brassica oleracea L. (cauliflower) inflorescence vesicles (CI-vesicles) to encapsulate PG-E and determined the stability and the antioxidant capacity of the system over time. In addition, the protective effect against UV radiation and heavy metals in HaCaT cells was also tested. The CI-vesicles had an entrapment efficiency of around 50%, and accelerated stability tests did not show significant changes in the parameters tested. The results for the HaCaT cells showed the non-cytotoxicity of the CI-vesicles containing PG-E and their protection against heavy metals (lead acetate and mercuric chloride) and UV-B radiation through a reduction of oxidative stress. The reduction of the percentage of deleted mtDNA (mtDNA4977, "common deletion") in UV-treated HaCaT cells due to the presence of CI-vesicles containing PG-E indicated the mechanism of protection. Therefore, the effects of CI-vesicles loaded with PG-E against oxidative stress support their utilization as natural cosmeceuticals to protect skin health against external damage from environmental pollution and UV radiation.

An Update on the Role of Dietary Phytochemicals in Human Skin Cancer: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms

Human skin is continuously subjected to environmental stresses, as well as extrinsic and intrinsic noxious agents. Although skin adopts various molecular mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, excessive and repeated stresses can overwhelm these systems, leading to serious cutaneous damage, including both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Phytochemicals present in the diet possess the desirable effects of protecting the skin from damaging free radicals as well as other benefits. Dietary phytochemicals appear to be effective in preventing skin cancer and are inexpensive, widely available, and well tolerated. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic characteristics of dietary phytochemicals against skin malignancy. Moreover, dietary phytochemicals affect multiple important cellular processes including cell cycle, angiogenesis, and metastasis to control skin cancer progression. Herein, we discuss the advantages of key dietary phytochemicals in whole fruits and vegetables, their bioavailability, and underlying molecular mechanisms for preventing skin cancer. Current challenges and future prospects for research are also reviewed. To date, most of the chemoprevention investigations have been conducted preclinically, and additional clinical trials are required to conform and validate the preclinical results in humans.

Rosa multiflora Thunb Flower Extract Attenuates Ultraviolet-Induced Photoaging in Skin Cells and Hairless Mice

Ethanol extract (RET) of Rosa multiflora Thunb flowers and its subfractions in ethylacetate (REA) or n-butanol subfractions (RBT) were reported to have potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated if those Rosa multiflora flower (RMF) extracts prevent ultraviolet (UV)-induced biochemical damages leading to photoaging. In keratinocyte or dermal fibroblasts, RET, REA, and RBT treatments with UV irradiation significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 levels through suppression of nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases. In the animal experiment, mice were orally supplemented with RET (RET group) or REA and RBT mixture (RM group) for 10 weeks, concomitantly with UV exposure. Tumor necrosis factor alpha production and MMP-13 expression were reduced in the mouse skin of RET and RM groups compared with those in the UV control (UVC) group. UV-induced IL-6 production and epidermal thickening were reduced in RM group compared with those in UVC group. Eight phenolic compounds, including quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), were identified in RMF extracts. Quercitrin treatment to dermal fibroblasts significantly attenuated an increase of MMP-1 expression and a decrease of type I procollagen expression caused by UV. Collectively, RMF extracts showed protective effects from UV-induced photoaging in the skin through suppression of ROS generation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and MMP expression. Quercitrin is suggested to be one of the effective compounds.

Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the in vivo protective effects observed. This article directly addresses the scientific evidences supporting that ACNs could be useful to protect human population against several NCDs not only acting as antioxidant but through their capability to modulate cell redox-dependent signaling. In particular, ACNs interact with the NF-κB and AP-1 signal transduction pathways, which respond to oxidative signals and mediate a proinflammatory effect, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway and its regulated cytoprotective proteins (GST, NQO, HO-1, etc.), involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of toxic compounds, so countering the alterations caused by conditions of chemical/oxidative stress. In addition, supposed crosstalks could contribute to explain the protective effects of ACNs in different pathological conditions characterized by an altered balance among these pathways. Thus, this review underlines the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of ACNs against various diseases.

Herbal Remedies as Potential in Cartilage Tissue Engineering: An Overview of New Therapeutic Approaches and Strategies

It is estimated that by 2023, approximately 20% of the population of Western Europe and North America will suffer from a degenerative joint disease commonly known as osteoarthritis (OA). During the development of OA, pro-inflammatory cytokines are one of the major causes that drive the production of inflammatory mediators and thus of matrix-degrading enzymes. OA is a challenging disease for doctors due to the limitation of the joint cartilage's capacity to repair itself. Though new treatment approaches, in particular with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that integrate the tissue engineering (TE) of cartilage tissue, are promising, they are not only expensive but more often do not lead to the regeneration of joint cartilage. Therefore, there is an increasing need for novel, safe, and more effective alternatives to promote cartilage joint regeneration and TE. Indeed, naturally occurring phytochemical compounds (herbal remedies) have a great anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anabolic potential, and they have received much attention for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including the prevention of age-related OA and cartilage TE. This paper summarizes recent research on herbal remedies and their chondroinductive and chondroprotective effects on cartilage and progenitor cells, and it also emphasizes the possibilities that exist in this research area, especially with regard to the nutritional support of cartilage regeneration and TE, which may not benefit from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

A Review of the Potential Benefits of Plants Producing Berries in Skin Disorders

During the last 30 years, berries have gained great attention as functional food against several risk factors in chronic diseases. The number of related publications on Pubmed rose from 1000 items in 1990 to more than 11,000 in 2019. Despite the fact that a common and clear definition of "berries" is not shared among different scientific areas, the phytochemical pattern of these fruits is mainly characterized by anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, and tannins, which showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in humans. Skin insults, like wounds, UV rays, and excessive inflammatory responses, may lead to chronic dermatological disorders, conditions often characterized by long-term treatments. The application of berries for skin protection is sustained by long traditional use, but many observations still require a clear pharmacological validation. This review summarizes the scientific evidence, published on EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scholar, to identify extraction methods, way of administration, dose, and mechanism of action of berries for potential dermatological treatments. Promising in vitro and in vivo evidence of Punica granatum L. and Vitis vinifera L. supports wound healing and photoprotection, while Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and Vaccinium spp. showed clear immunomodulatory effects. Oral or topical administrations of these berries justify the evaluation of new translational studies to validate their efficacy in humans.

Effects of natural polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice on the acute and delayed response of Homocysteine and steroidal hormones following weightlifting exercises: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Maximal strength-speed exercise is a powerful stimulus to acutely increase concentrations of circulating steroid hormones and homocysteine [Hcy]. There is some evidence that antioxidant beverages rich in polyphenols can attenuate [Hcy] levels and modulate endocrine responses in favor of an anabolic environment. Polyphenols-rich pomegranate (POM) have been reported to possess one of the highest antioxidant capacities compared to other purported nutraceuticals and other food stuffs. Studies focused on proving the beneficial effect of POM consumption during maximal strength exercises have only measured physical performance, muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, while POM effects on [Hcy] and hormonal adaptations are lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of consuming natural polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice (POMj) on the acute and delayed [Hcy] and steroidal hormonal responses to a weightlifting exercises session.

METHODS

Nine elite weightlifters (21.0 ± 1 years) performed two Olympic-weightlifting sessions after ingesting either the placebo (PLA) or POMj supplements. Venous blood samples were collected at rest and 3 min and 48 h after each session.

RESULTS

Compared to baseline values, circulating cortisol [C] decreased (p < 0.01) and testosterone/cortisol [T/C] ratio increased immediately following the training session in both PLA and POMj conditions (p = 0.003 for PLA and p = 0.02 for POM). During the 48 h recovery period, all tested parameters were shown to recover to baseline values in both conditions with significant increases in [C] and decreases in [T/C] (p < 0.01 for PLA and p < 0.05 for POMj) from 3 min to 48 h post-exercises. Compared to PLA, a lower level of plasma testosterone [T] was registered 3 min post exercise using POMj supplementation (p = 0.012) and a significant decrease (p = 0.04, %change = - 14%) in plasma [Hcy] was registered during the 48 h recovery period only using POMj. A moderate correlation was observed between [Hcy] and [T] responses (p = 0.002, r = - 0.50).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, supplementation with POMj has the potential to attenuate the acute plasma [T] response, but did not effect 48 h recovery kinetics of [Hcy] following weightlifting exercise. Further studies investigating androgen levels in both plasma and muscular tissue are needed to resolve the functional consequences of the observed acute POMj effect on plasma [T].

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical Trials.gov, ID: NCT02697903. Registered 03 March 2016.

Punicalagin inhibits the viability, migration, invasion, and EMT by regulating GOLPH3 in breast cancer cells

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Punicalagin (PN), which is a type of polyphenol, has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PN on cellular process in BC and its molecular mechanism. The effects of various doses of PN on cell viability, migration, and invasion capacities of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were detected by CCK-8, wound-healing, and Transwell assays. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) was then transfected into the cells with or without PN treatment, and GPLPH3 expression level was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, and expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), E-Cadherin, and N-Cadherin were measured by Western blot. High dose of PN treatment (50 μM or higher) significantly inhibited viability, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while overexpressed GOLPH3 promoted cell viability, migration, and invasion, and partially reversed the effects of PN treatment on the BC cells. PN inhibited the expressions of GOLPH3, MMP-2, MMP-9, and N-Cadherin, and promoted E-Cadherin expression, while overexpression of GOLPH3 partly reversed above effects attributing to PN. Thus, PN suppresses cell viability and metastasis via regulating GOLPH3 in BC, which provides a possible therapeutic direction to the treatment of BC.

Prdx6 is required to protect human corneal epithelial cells against ultraviolet B injury

BACKGROUND

The protective role of Prdx6 on rat corneal tissue against ultraviolet B injury in vivo has been confirmed previously. We further investigated the function and molecular mechanism of Prdx6 in human corneal epithelial cells under ultraviolet B radiation.

METHODS

The experimental groups were designed as follows: (1) Prdx6 RNAi, (2) Prdx6 RNAi + ultraviolet B radiation, (3) normal human corneal epithelial cells, (4) normal human corneal epithelial cells + ultraviolet B radiation, (5) wild-type Prdx6 overexpression, (6) wild-type Prdx6 overexpression + ultraviolet B radiation, (7) mutant-type Prdx6 overexpression, and (8) mutant-type Prdx6 overexpression + ultraviolet B radiation. The cell survival rate was detected by a Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide assay. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde were detected with a commercial kit. Gene expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

We found the following results. (1) Compared to normal cells, the survival rates were 32%, 87%, and 58% under ultraviolet B radiation in the Prdx6 interference, wild-type overexpression, and mutant-type overexpression groups, respectively. The survival rates were decreased to 50% at 24 h and 31% at 48 h when the phospholipase A2 activity of Prdx6 was inhibited after ultraviolet B radiation. (2) Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species content, and malondialdehyde levels were increased when Prdx6 was downregulated. This phenomenon became more severe under ultraviolet B radiation. (3) The expression levels of apoptosis-related and antioxidant genes all changed along with the changes in expression of Prdx6.

CONCLUSION

(1) Both peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities of Prdx6 are crucial for its protective role in corneal tissue. (2) Downregulated expression of Prdx6 resulted in high endoplasmic reticulum stress. (3) Apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells with downregulated Prdx6 coupled with ultraviolet B radiation was related to the pathways of DNA damage and the death receptor. (4) Low levels of antioxidants are sufficient for maintaining homeostasis in human corneal epithelial cells without external stimuli. Under the condition that Prdx6 was downregulated, human corneal epithelial cells were more sensitive to ultraviolet B radiation.

Whole Fruit Phytochemicals Combating Skin Damage and Carcinogenesis

Skin is arguably the largest organ of the body and is continuously subjected to intrinsic, extrinsic, and environmental stresses. Therefore, skin developed elaborate mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and DNA damage repair capabilities. However, repeated and excessive stresses can overwhelm these systems, causing serious cutaneous damages, including skin carcinogenesis. Phytonutrients present in the diet possess a myriad of health-promoting effects by protecting skin from damaging free radicals as well as by other mechanisms. Although many chemoprotective phytonutrients have been shown to be efficacious individually, a combination of multiple agents could have synergistic response in curtailing or preventing cutaneous damages. Here, we discuss the benefits of natural amalgamation of phytonutrients in select fruits against skin damage including carcinogenesis. However, a majority of these studies have been done in preclinical models. Therefore, clinical studies are needed to determine the human relevance of the available preclinical data, especially in the human population who are at higher risk for skin cancers (e.g., organ transplant patients). In addition, detailed well-structured preclinical animal studies in the models of high-risk skin carcinogenesis could also be useful toward informing the design for human trials.

Effect of pomegranate fruit supplementation on performance and various markers in athletes and active subjects: A systematic review

The aim of the study was to review recent findings on the use of POM supplements in athletes of various disciplines and physically active participants. Eleven articles published between 2010 and 2018 were included, where the total number of investigated subjects was 176. Male participants constituted the majority of the group (n = 155), as compared to females (n = 21). 45% of research described was conducted on athletes, whereas the remaining studies were based on highly active participants. Randomised, crossover, double-blind study designs constituted the majority of the experimental designs used. POM supplementation varied in terms of form (pills/juice), dosage (50 ml-500 ml) and time of intervention (7 days-2 months) between studies. Among the reviewed articles, POM supplementation had an effect on the improvement of the following: whole body strength; feeling of vitality; acute and delayed muscle fatigue and soreness; increase in vessel diameter; blood flow and serum level of TAC; reduction in the rate of increase for HR, SBP, CK and LDH; support in the recovery of post-training CK, LDH, CRP and ASAT to their baseline levels; reduction of MMP2, MMP9, hsCRP and MDA; and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). In the majority of reviewed articles POM supplementation had a positive effect on a variety of parameters studied and the authors recommended it as a supplement for athletes and physically active bodies.

Neural stem cells and the secreted proteins TIMPs ameliorate UVB-induced skin photodamage

UV-induced skin damage is involved in ROS overproduction and the overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are inhibited by TIMPs (tissue inhibitor of neural stem cells (NSCs)). These proteins may be associated with skin regeneration through the activation of TIMP proteins, but there have been no reports of treatment of skin photodamage using NSCs and their secreted proteins TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Here we investigated the photoprotective role of NSCs and their TIMP proteins for the inhibition of UVB-irradiation damage in fibroblasts in SKH-1 mice. SKH-1 hairless mice were divided into three groups (n = 4 per group): normal, treatment, and control groups. The latter two groups were dorsally exposed to UVB irradiation for 12 weeks. After UVB irradiation, treatments with NSC-CM and its secreted factors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, markedly ameliorated the photodamage triggered by the increase in MMP expression and activity through ROS production, and the subsequent activation of the NF-κB pathway in UVB-irradiated fibroblasts and the treatment mouse group. In addition, the topical application of NSC-CM to mice in the treatment group after irradiation clearly inhibited the expression of γ-H2AX, a DNA damage marker, through the activation of the DNA repair enzyme Rad50. These results demonstrate that NSC-CM or TIMPs proteins can ameliorate skin photodamage induced by UVB-irradiation in in vitro and in vivo systems.

Use of Vegetable Oils to Improve the Sun Protection Factor of Sunscreen Formulations

Some vegetable oils have many biological properties, including UV-absorbing capacity. Therefore, their use has been suggested to reduce the content of organic UV-filters in sunscreen products. In this work, we investigated the feasibility of developing oil-based vehicles with a high sun protection factor (SPF) using pomegranate oil (PMG) and shea oil (BPO) in association with different percentages of organic UV-filters (octyl– methoxycinnamate, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, and bemotrizinol). We characterized the spreadability, occlusion factor, pH, and required hydrophilic lipophilic balance of the resulting formulations, and did not observe relevant differences due to the incorporation of vegetable oils. The in vitro spectrophotometric determinations of SPF values highlighted that the addition of BPO (1% (w/w)) and PMG (1% (w/w)) resulted in an increase in SPF in comparison with the same formulations that contained only organic UV-filters. The SPF increase was more significant for the formulations that contained lower amounts of organic UV-filters. The results of this study supported the hypothesis that including suitable vegetable oils in sunscreen formulations could be a promising strategy to design products with a lower content of organic UV-filters.

Red Raspberry Extract Protects the Skin against UVB-Induced Damage with Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Properties

Extensive exposure to UVB (280–320 nm) is the major risk responsible for various skin injuries. Numerous reports have shown that natural products could demonstrate photochemopreventive efficacy against UVB damage. We investigated the preventive effects and associated molecular mechanisms of red raspberry extract upon UVB-caused damage in human epidermal keratinocytes and a nude mouse model. The protein profiles and immunohistological study on a nude mouse skin indicated that red raspberry extract could prevent UVB-caused cell death and protect the skin against UVB-exposed injury manifested by wrinkling, scaling, tanning, and water loss as well as epidermal thickening. In addition, red raspberry extract application effectively abolished oxidative damage in DNA and attenuated the carbonylation level of proteins, which attributed to the activation of SOD, Nrf2 and its target genes, and HO-1. Red raspberry extract also altered the cells' apoptotic signaling pathways including caspase-3 as well as the inflammatory cascade such as c-jun and attenuated UVB-induced activation of NF-κB and COX-2. Red raspberry extract could alleviate direct photodamage to the skin caused by UVB exposure through the ROS scavenger and protection against inflammatory responses, which may allow the development of novel strategies in protecting the skin subjected to UVB radiation.

Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review

The functional significance of pomegranate (POM) supplementation on physiological responses during and following exercise is currently unclear. This systematic review aimed (i) to evaluate the existing literature assessing the effects of POM supplementation on exercise performance and recovery; exercise-induced muscle damage, oxidative stress, inflammation; and cardiovascular function in healthy adults and (ii) to outline the experimental conditions in which POM supplementation is more or less likely to benefit exercise performance and/or recovery. Multiple electronic databases were used to search for studies examining the effects of POM intake on physiological responses during and/or following exercise in healthy adult. Articles were included in the review if they investigated the effects of an acute or chronic POM supplementation on exercise performance, recovery and/or physiological responses during or following exercise. The existing evidence suggests that POM supplementation has the potential to confer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects during and following exercise, to improve cardiovascular responses during exercise, and to enhance endurance and strength performance and post-exercise recovery. However, the beneficial effects of POM supplementation appeared to be less likely when (i) unilateral eccentric exercise was employed, (ii) the POM administered was not rich in polyphenols (<1·69 g/l) and (iii) insufficient time was provided between POM-ingestion and the assessment of physiological responses/performance (≤1 h). The review indicates that POM has the potential to enhance exercise performance and to expedite recovery from intensive exercise. The findings and recommendations from this review may help to optimise POM-supplementation practice in athletes and coaches to potentially improve exercise-performance and post-exercise recovery.

Agro-Industrial By-Products and Their Bioactive Compounds—An Ally against Oxidative Stress and Skin Aging

The increased consumer awareness towards hazards related with sun exposure has given a boost in the cosmetics industry and particularly the sun care market. Human skin is continually being threatened by the UV irradiation present in sunlight and acute UV exposure leads to skin photoaging. Cosmetic and/or dermatological applications include several bioactive compounds that contribute to the regulation of epidermal homeostasis by providing protection against solar radiation and improving the antioxidant activity of epidermis. Plant extracts are sources of active ingredients with intense therapeutic properties, and the topical application or oral intake of these compounds could ameliorate skin condition. Nowadays, there is a growing demand for the application of the bioactive agents contained in agro-industrial byproducts in sun care products, since many of them have shown promising properties as skin photoprotectants. However, well-conducted clinical studies are required to prove their safety and efficacy before they could be regularly used. Environmentally friendly extraction and sustainable techniques are therefore under examination for recovering such compounds from agro-industrial byproducts and converting them into innovative high-value natural ingredients used in cosmetic formulations.

Anti-aging Effects of Select Botanicals: Scientific Evidence and Current Trends

As skin ages, there is a decline in physiologic function. These changes are induced by both intrinsic (chronologic) and extrinsic (predominately UV-induced) factors. Botanicals offer potential benefits to combat some of the signs of aging. Here, we review select botanicals and the scientific evidence behind their anti-aging claims. Botanicals may offer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, moisturizing, UV-protective, and other effects. A multitude of botanicals are listed as ingredients in popular cosmetics and cosmeceuticals, but only a select few are discussed here. These were chosen based on the availability of scientific data, personal interest of the authors, and perceived “popularity” of current cosmetic and cosmeceutical products. The botanicals reviewed here include argan oil, coconut oil, crocin, feverfew, green tea, marigold, pomegranate, and soy.

Molecular docking of selected phytoconstituents with signaling molecules of Ultraviolet-B induced oxidative damage

Abstract

The signaling molecules TNF-α, AP-1, and NF-κB act to integrate multiple stress signals into a series of diverse antiproliferative responses. Disruption of these processes can promote tumor progression and chemoresistance. Naturally occurring plant derived compounds are considered as attractive candidates for cancer treatment and prevention. Phytoconstituents can control and modify various biological activities by interacting with molecules involved in concerned signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to find binding conformations between phytoconstituents and these signaling molecules responsible for multiple stress signals of UVB induced photodamage. Induced fit docking was carried out for understanding the binding interactions of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5); 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (gallic acid); madecassic acid and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (palmitic acid) with TNF-α, AP-1, and NF-κB. Favorable binding conformations between these signaling molecules and the four phytoconstituents were observed. A number of poses were generated to evaluate the binding conformations and common interacting residues between the ligands and proteins. Among them, the best ligands against TNF-α, AP-1, and NF-κB are reported. The present investigation strongly suggests the probable use of these flavonoids for the amelioration of UVB induced photodamage.

Graphical abstract

Consumption of ellagic acid and dihydromyricetin synergistically protects against UV-B induced photoaging, possibly by activating both TGF-β1 and wnt signaling pathways

Ellagic acid (EGA) and dihydromyricetin (DHM) are both found in fruits and vegetables are used for anti-aging treatment for the skin. The anti-photoaging efficacy of EGA and DHM was investigated in UV-B irradiated skin in vivo and the involvement of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and wnt signaling pathways were examined in vitro. HaCaT cells were treated with either 50μM EGA, 50μM DHM or 25μM EGA+25μM DHM before 100mJ/cm² UV-B exposure, and then oxidative stress and inflammation was measured. The involvement of TGF-β1 and wnt signaling was measured using their inhibitors, respectively, in HaCaT cells. Mice were fed a high fat diet with either 0.7% cellulose, 0.7% EGA, 0.7% DHM or 0.35% EGA+0.35% DHM for 3weeks and the dorsal skin of the mice had UV-B irradiation. 3% cellulose, 3% EGA, 3% DHM or 1.5% EGA+1.5% DHM in 1,3-buthylene glycol was applied onto the dorsal skin at 30min before 1 MED UV-B exposure. In 100mJ/cm² UVB irradiation, EGA and DHM mainly decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively in HaCaT cells. Their activities were blocked by the TGF-β1 inhibitor, indicating their actions were mediated by TGF-β1 signaling (TGF-β1➔pSmad3➔Smad7). DHM enhanced wnt signaling by increasing β-catenin and decreasing Dickkopf-related protein-1. In mice, 1 MED UV-B exposure induced sunburn, redness, and blistering. EGA, DHM and especially EGA+DHM lessened their severity. UV-B increased epidermal thickness and damaged epidermal nucleus and cell structures. DHM and especially EGA+DHM prevented damage to the nucleus and cell structures. Expressions of circulating and dorsal skin IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA were lower in descending order of: control, EGA, DHM, EGA+DHM and normal-control. In conclusion, the consumption of EGA+DHM had a synergistically protective action against UV-B damage in the skin tissues of mice and HaCaT cells, and it may be associated with activating of both TGF-β1 and wnt signaling.

Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits

Anthocyanins are colored water-soluble pigments belonging to the phenolic group. The pigments are in glycosylated forms. Anthocyanins responsible for the colors, red, purple, and blue, are in fruits and vegetables. Berries, currants, grapes, and some tropical fruits have high anthocyanins content. Red to purplish blue-colored leafy vegetables, grains, roots, and tubers are the edible vegetables that contain a high level of anthocyanins. Among the anthocyanin pigments, cyanidin-3-glucoside is the major anthocyanin found in most of the plants. The colored anthocyanin pigments have been traditionally used as a natural food colorant. The color and stability of these pigments are influenced by pH, light, temperature, and structure. In acidic condition, anthocyanins appear as red but turn blue when the pH increases. Chromatography has been largely applied in extraction, separation, and quantification of anthocyanins. Besides the use of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins as natural dyes, these colored pigments are potential pharmaceutical ingredients that give various beneficial health effects. Scientific studies, such as cell culture studies, animal models, and human clinical trials, show that anthocyanidins and anthocyanins possess antioxidative and antimicrobial activities, improve visual and neurological health, and protect against various non-communicable diseases. These studies confer the health effects of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, which are due to their potent antioxidant properties. Different mechanisms and pathways are involved in the protective effects, including free-radical scavenging pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and inflammatory cytokines signaling. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins as natural food colorants and their nutraceutical properties for health. Abbreviations: CVD: Cardiovascular disease VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

Ethnopharmacological survey of home remedies used for treatment of hair and scalp and their methods of preparation in the West Bank-Palestine

Background

Natural products have many uses and purposes, including those linked to pharmaceutics and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of natural remedies for the treatment of hair and scalp disorders in the West Bank, Palestine.

Methods

An ethnopharmacological survey of herbal remedies and other natural products used in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals was carried out in the West Bank, Palestine. A questionnaire was distributed to 267 herbalists, traditional healers, hairdressers and rural dwellers. Collected information included: the names of plants and other natural products, the parts used, hair conditions, diseases and problems for which these products were used and also their methods of preparation. To identify the most important species used, the factor of informant’s consensus (F_ic), fidelity level (Fl) and the use-value (UV) were calculated.

Results

Collected data showed that 41 plants are utilized for the treatment of hair and scalp disorders, belonging to 27 families; among them Lamiaceae and Rosaceae, which were the most commonly used. Plant oils and their fruits are the most commonly used parts. Hair loss, dandruff, split hair endings and lice treatment, are reported as the most treated disorders. The number of plant species used consisted of 19, 14, 13, and again 13 with a factor of informant’s consensus (Fic) for these disorders corresponding to 0.93, 0.94, 0.95 and 0.92, respectively. Fl was 100% for many plants; the highest UV value (0.84) was registered for Lawsonia inermis, which belongs to the Lythraceae family.

Conclusions

This study showed that many natural remedies are still used in Palestine for the treatment of scalp and hair disorders as well as for cosmeceutical purposes. This study is of great importance as it allows us to have a greater perspective on our folkloric use of these natural products. A combined scientific effort between informants and the scientific community, working in this field, may help in the discovery of new cosmetics, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical products.

Molecular signaling cascades involved in nonmelanoma skin carcinogenesis

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer worldwide and the incidence continues to rise, in part due to increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and those taking photosensitizing medications. The most significant risk factor for NMSC is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight, specifically UVB, which is the leading cause of DNA damage, photoaging, and malignant transformation in the skin. Activation of apoptosis following UVR exposure allows the elimination of irreversibly damaged cells that may harbor oncogenic mutations. However, UVR also activates signaling cascades that promote the survival of these potentially cancerous cells, resulting in tumor initiation. Thus, the UVR-induced stress response in the skin is multifaceted and requires coordinated activation of numerous pathways controlling DNA damage repair, inflammation, and kinase-mediated signal transduction that lead to either cell survival or cell death. This review focuses on the central signaling mechanisms that respond to UVR and the subsequent cellular changes. Given the prevalence of NMSC and the resulting health care burden, many of these pathways provide promising targets for continued study aimed at both chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

Anthocyanin suppresses CoCrMo particle-induced osteolysis by inhibiting IKKα/β mediated NF-κB signaling in a mouse calvarial model

Wear particle-induced osteolysis and bone resorption have been identified as critical factors of implant failure and total joint revision, in which nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and chronic inflammation have been shown to play key roles. Although anthocyanin is known to have anti-inflammatory function via blocking NF-κB pathway, it is still unclear whether anthocyanin has a protective effect on particle-induced osteolysis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the detailed effects and the underlying mechanism of anthocyanin on CoCrMo particle-induced osteolysis in a mouse calvavial model. One hundred and twelve male BALB/c mice were divided randomly into four groups: sham group (sham operation and injection with PBS), vehicle group (CoCrMo particle treatment and injection with PBS), low-dose anthocyanin group (CoCrMo particle treatment and injecting anthocyanin with 0.1mg/g/day), and high-dose anthocyanin group (CoCrMo particle treatment and injecting anthocyanin with 0.4mg/g/day). Mice were sacrificed after two weeks, harvesting the calvariae tissue for in depth analysis by micro-CT, histomorphometry, immunohistochemical and molecular biology analysis. As expected, anthocyanin markedly inhibited CoCrMo particle-induced inflammatory infiltration and decreased bone loss in vivo. Anthocyanin also reversed the increase in the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoproteger (OPG) and suppressed osteoclast formation in CoCrMo particle-stimulated calvaria. Additionally, anthocyanin significantly reduced the expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the calvaria of CoCrMo-stimulated mice. Furthermore, we confirmed that anthocyanin attenuated osteolysis by blocking NF-κB pathway via inhibiting inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase α/β (IKKα/β) phosphorylation. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that anthocyanin can protect against CoCrMo particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis via inhibiting the IKKα/β-NF-κB pathway, and have a potential therapeutic effect on the treatment of wear particle-induced osteolysis.

Pomegranate for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer: An Update

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and those who survive cancer may experience lasting difficulties, including treatment side effects, as well as physical, cognitive, and psychosocial struggles. Naturally-occurring agents from dietary fruits and vegetables have received considerable attention for the prevention and treatment of cancers. These natural agents are safe and cost efficient in contrast to expensive chemotherapeutic agents, which may induce significant side effects. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit has been used for the prevention and treatment of a multitude of diseases and ailments for centuries in ancient cultures. Pomegranate exhibits strong antioxidant activity and is a rich source of anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and hydrolysable tannins. Studies have shown that the pomegranate fruit as well as its juice, extract, and oil exert anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumorigenic properties by modulating multiple signaling pathways, which suggest its use as a promising chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the role of pomegranate in prevention and treatment of skin, breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers.

Pomegranate Supplementation Accelerates Recovery of Muscle Damage and Soreness and Inflammatory Markers after a Weightlifting Training Session

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of natural Pomegranate juice supplementation on performance and acute and delayed responses of muscle soreness and biomarkers of muscle damage after a weightlifting training session.

Methods

Nine elite weightlifters (21±0.5 years) performed two Olympic-Weightlifting-sessions after either placebo (PLA) or natural pomegranate juice (POMj) supplementations. Heart rate, blood pressure and blood samples (hematological parameters, muscle damage and C-reactive protein (CRP)) were collected at rest, 3min and 48h after each session. Weightlifting performance, RPE, and DOMS were also assessed after each training session.

Results

T-test showed higher performance (+8.30%) and lower RPE values (-4.37%) using POMj supplementation (p<0.05) in comparison with PLA. For the DOMS values, a significant improvement (13.4%) was shown only for the knee extensors (p<0.01) using the POMj. Compared to PLA condition, POMj attenuated the acute (i.e., 3min) increase of systolic blood pressure (SBP), HR, CK and LDH (p<0.05; -4.46%, -1.81%, -8.75%, -1.64%, respectively) and blunted the significant increase of ASAT, PAL and CRP (p>0.05). Additionally, during the 48h following the training session, POMj improved the recovery kinetic of SBP (p<0.01, 7.97%), CK (p<0.001, 11.34%), LDH (p<0.05, 7.30%) and ASAT (p<0.05, 6.77%). Indeed, the present study showed that 48h of recovery associated to natural POMj supplementation was sufficient to reach the resting values of the selected muscle damage markers after intensive training session.

Conclusion

Natural POMj seems to ameliorate the capacity to adhere to an intensive training program. Therefore, elite weightlifters are advised to use natural POMj during intensive training program and competition to accelerate muscle recovery.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02697903

Solanum tuberosum L. cv Hongyoung extract inhibits 2,4‑dinitrochlorobenzene‑induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice

Solanum tuberosum L. cv Hongyoung (SH) is a widely consumed anthocyanin-rich food and medicinal plant, which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. The present study aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of SH extract on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by the topical application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in NC/Nga mice. SH extract was orally administered to the DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice. The anti-AD effects of SH extract were examined by measuring symptom severity; ear thickness; scratching behavior; serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)E; T-helper (Th)1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine levels in the spleen; mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; and tissue infiltration of inflammatory cells. The results demonstrated that SH extract inhibited the development of AD-like lesions, and reduced IgE levels and the production of cytokines. Furthermore, SH extract significantly suppressed the expression of AD-associated mRNAs in lesional skin. Histological alterations in the AD-like lesions were visualized using hematoxylin and eosin, and toluidine blue staining in the DNCB-treated group; the alterations were attenuated following SH treatment. In addition, thickening of the epidermis and accumulation of inflammatory cells in the DNCB-treated mice were suppressed by SH treatment. These results suggested that SH extract may suppress the development of AD symptoms through modulation of the Th1 and Th2 responses.

The role of Prdx6 in the protection of cells of the crystalline lens from oxidative stress induced by UV exposure

PURPOSE

The immediate aim of this study was to investigate alterations in peroxiredoxin (Prdx) 6 at posttranslational levels, and the levels of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens epithelial cells (LECs) after exposure to severe oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet-B (UV-B). Our ultimate aim was to provide new information on antioxidant defenses in the lens and their regulation, thereby broadening existing knowledge of the role of Prdx6 in lens physiology and pathophysiology.

METHODS

The expression of the hyperoxidized form of Prdx6 and oxidation of protein were analyzed by western blotting and the OxyBlot assay in human LECs (hLECs). ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA dye, and cell viability was quantified by the MTS and TUNEL assays. To evaluate the protective effect of Prdx6, we cultured lenses with or without the TAT transduction domain (TAT-HA-Prdx6) and observed (and photographed) the cultures at specified time-points after the exposure to UV-B for the development of opacity.

RESULTS

Prdx6 in hLECs was hyperoxidized after exposure to high amounts of UV-B. UV-B treatment of hLECs increased the levels of cell death, protein oxidation, and ROS. hLECs exposed to UV-B showed higher levels of ROS, which could be reduced by the application of extrinsic TAT-HA-Prdx6, attenuating UV-B-induced lens opacity and apoptotic cell death.

CONCLUSION

Excessive oxidative stress induces the hyperoxidation of Prdx6 and may reduce the ability of Prdx6 to protect LECs against ROS or stresses. Because extrinsic Prdx6 could attenuate UV-B-induced abuse, this molecule may have a potential in preventing cataractogenesis.

Plum polyphenols inhibit colorectal aberrant crypt foci formation in rats: potential role of the miR-143/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin axis

The nutritional prevention of aberrant crypt foci by polyphenols may be a crucial step to dietary cancer prevention. The objective of this study was to determine the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic properties of plum (Prunus salicina L.) polyphenols, including chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid, in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats. The hypothesis was that plum polyphenolics suppress AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci formation through alterations in the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and relative micro-RNA expressions. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10/group) received plum beverage (1346mg gallic acid equivalents/L) or a control beverage ad libitum for 10 weeks with subcutaneous injections of AOM (15mg/kg) at weeks 2 and 3. Results show that the consumption of the plum beverage decreased the number of dysplastic aberrant crypt foci by 48% (P<.05) and lowered proliferation of mucosal cells by 24% (P<.05). The plum beverage decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in mucosal scrapings, as well as the superoxide dismutase activity in serum. The results were accompanied by a down-regulation of proinflammatory enzymes nuclear factor κB, nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 messenger RNA. Plum inhibited the expression of AKT and mTOR messenger RNA, phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein levels, and the ratio of the phosphorylated/total protein expression of mTOR. Also, the plum beverage increased the expression of miR-143, which is involved in the regulation of AKT. These results suggest that plum polyphenols may exhibit a chemopreventive potential against colon carcinogenesis by impacting the AKT/mTOR pathway and miR-143.

Antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of Punica granatum peel aqueous extract in a murine model of echinococcosis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, and the immunomodulatory properties of PGE.

METHODS

Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with viable protoscoleces. Then, PGE was orally administered daily during cystic echinococcosis development. Cyst development and hepatic damage were macroscopically and histologically analyzed. The production of nitric oxide and TNF-α was assessed in plasma and the hepatic expression of iNOS, TNF-α, NF-κB and CD68 was examined. Moreover, protoscoleces were cultured and treated with different concentrations of PGE.

RESULTS

It was observed that in vitro treatment of protoscoleces caused a significant decrease in viability in a PGE-dose-dependent manner. In vivo, after treatment of cystic echinococcosis infected mice with PGE, a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels (P < 0.0001) and TNF-α levels (P < 0.001) was observed. This decline was strongly related to the inhibition of cyst development (rate of hydatid cyst growth inhibition = 63.08%) and a decrease in CD68 expression in both the pericystic layer of hepatic hydatid cysts and liver tissue (P < 0.0001). A significant diminution of iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB expression was also observed in liver tissue of treated mice (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate an antihydatic scolicidal effect and immunomodulatory properties of PGE, suggesting its potential therapeutic role against Echinococcus granulosus infection.

A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation

Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.

Pomegranate extract inhibits EMT in clear cell renal cell carcinoma in a NF-κB and JNK dependent manner

Objective

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and is characterized by biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. One effect of VHL inactivation is hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIFα)-independent constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Both NF-κB and JNK drive ccRCC growth and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The purpose of this study was to determine the biochemical effects of pomegranate juice extracts (PE) on RCC cell lines.

Methods

The pre-clinical effects of PE on NF-κB, JNK, and the EMT phenotype were assayed, including its effect on proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and invasion of pVHL-deficient RCCs.

Results

PE inhibits the NF-κB and JNK pathways and consequently inhibits the EMT phenotype of pVHL-deficient ccRCCs. The effects of PE are concentration-dependent and affect not only biochemical markers of EMT (i.e., cadherin expression) but also functional manifestations of EMT, such as invasion. These effects are manifested within days of exposure to PE when diluted 2000-fold. Highly dilute concentrations of PE (10⁶ dilution), which do not impact these pathways in the short term, were found to have NF-κB and JNK inhibitory effects and ability to reverse the EMT phenotype following prolonged exposure.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that PE may mediate inhibition growth of pVHL-deficient ccRCCs and raises the possibility of its use as a dietary adjunct to managing patients with active surveillance for small, localized, incidentally identified renal tumors so as to avoid more invasive procedures such as nephrectomy.