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Fang J, Zhou G, Zhao H, Xie D, Zhang J, Kües U, Xiao Y, Fang Z, Liu J. An apoptosis-inducing factor controls programmed cell death and laccase expression during fungal interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:135. [PMID: 38229306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Apoptotic-like programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the main strategies for fungi to resist environmental stresses and maintain homeostasis. The apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has been shown in different fungi to trigger PCD through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study identified a mitochondrial localized AIF homolog, CcAIF1, from Coprinopsis cinerea monokaryon Okayama 7. Heterologous overexpression of CcAIF1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused apoptotic-like PCD of the yeast cells. Ccaif1 was increased in transcription when C. cinerea interacted with Gongronella sp. w5, accompanied by typical apoptotic-like PCD in C. cinerea, including phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation. Decreased mycelial ROS levels were observed in Ccaif1 silenced C. cinerea transformants during cocultivation, as well as reduction of the apoptotic levels, mycelial growth, and asexual sporulation. By comparison, Ccaif1 overexpression led to the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, the transcription and expression levels of laccase Lcc9 decreased by Ccaif1 silencing but increased firmly in Ccaif1 overexpression C. cinerea transformants in coculture. Thus, in conjunction with our previous report that intracellular ROS act as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses, we conclude that CcAIF1 is a regulator of ROS to promote apoptotic-like PCD and laccase expression in fungal-fungal interactions. In an axenic culture of C. cinerea, CcAIF1 overexpression and H2O2 stimulation together increased laccase secretion with multiplied production yield. The expression of two other normally silent isozymes, Lcc8 and Lcc13, was unexpectedly triggered along with Lcc9. KEY POINTS: • Mitochondrial CcAIF1 induces PCD during fungal-fungal interactions • CcAIF1 is a regulator of ROS to trigger the expression of Lcc9 for defense • CcAIF1 overexpression and H2O2 stimulation dramatically increase laccase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Dengdeng Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingna Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen‑Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Silva MFS, Silva LMA, Quintela AL, Silva FAN, De Oliveira FDCE, Dos S Luciano MC, Rodrigues THS, Filho EGA, Brito ES, Canuto KM, Pessoa C, Zocolo GJ. Bioguided Fractionation of Phyllanthus spp.: Unveiling Anticancer Potential through Metabolomic Correlation and ADMETox Insights. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400670. [PMID: 38747034 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global health concern, with mortality rates steadily rising and prompting an urgent search for effective treatments. This study focuses on the medicinal properties of plants from the Phyllanthus genus, specifically Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus niruri, which have shown promise in traditional medicine. Through bioguided fractionation using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), bioactive compounds were isolated and identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MSE) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Chemometric analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) aided in understanding metabolite distribution. Biological assays demonstrated cytotoxic activities of specific fractions against cancer cell lines, notably the PhyN 4n fraction from P. niruri, which induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HL60 cells. These findings underscore the anticancer potential of Phyllanthus species and lay the groundwork for future drug development efforts. The study's integration of advanced analytical techniques, chemometrics, and biological assays provides valuable insights for harnessing natural products in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francilene S Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lorena Mara A Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Quintela
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Aliny N Silva
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima de Cássia E De Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Dos S Luciano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tigressa Helena S Rodrigues
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Elenilson Godoy A Filho
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Edy S Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kirley M Canuto
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Doutora Sara Mesquita, 2270 - Pici, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Mello 1127, CEP 60431-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme J Zocolo
- Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, Acesso Orlando Amaral, s/no, Caixa Postal 4006, CEP 86085-981, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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3
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Shand EL, Sweeney K, Sundling KE, McClean MN, Brow DA. Live-cell analysis of IMPDH protein levels during yeast colony growth provides insights into the regulation of GTP synthesis. mBio 2024:e0102124. [PMID: 38940616 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01021-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The purine nucleotides ATP and GTP are made from the common precursor inosine monophosphate (IMP). Maintaining the correct balance of these nucleotides for optimal cell growth is controlled in part by the enzyme IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which catalyzes the first dedicated step of GTP biosynthesis. The regulation of IMPDH mRNA and protein levels in the yeast S. cerevisiae grown in liquid culture has been studied in some detail, but regulation of IMPDH protein under conditions of cellular crowding on a solid substrate has not been examined. Here, we report real-time, live-cell analysis of the accumulation of the Imd2 isoform of IMPDH in yeast cells forming a monolayer colony in a microfluidic device over a 50-hour time course. We observe two distinct phases of increased Imd2 accumulation: a guanine-insensitive phase early in outgrowth and a guanine-sensitive phase later, when cells become crowded. We show that the IMPDH inhibitor mycophenolic acid enhances both phases of increase. Deletion of a transcription attenuator upstream of the mRNA start site that decreases Imd2 mRNA synthesis in the presence of high GTP increases the baseline level of Imd2 protein 10-fold and abolishes guanine-sensitive but not guanine-insensitive induction. Our results suggest that at least two mechanisms of yeast Imd2 regulation exist, the known GTP-dependent attenuation of RNA polymerase II elongation and a GTP concentration-independent pathway that may be controlled by cell growth state. Live-cell analysis of IMPDH protein levels in a growing yeast colony confirms a known mechanism of regulation and provides evidence for an additional mode of regulation. IMPORTANCE This study used live-cell microscopy to track changes in the level of a key enzyme in GTP nucleotide biosynthesis, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), during growth of a brewers yeast colony over 2 days in a microfluidic device. The results show that feedback regulation via transcription attenuation allows cells to adapt to nutrient limitation in the crowded environs of a yeast colony. They also identify a novel mode of regulation of IMPDH level that is not driven by guanine nucleotide availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Shand
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kieran Sweeney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Sundling
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan N McClean
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Brow
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Wong Z, Ong EBB. Unravelling bacterial virulence factors in yeast: From identification to the elucidation of their mechanisms of action. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:303. [PMID: 38878203 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria employ virulence factors (VF) to establish infection and cause disease in their host. Yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pombe, are useful model organisms to study the functions of bacterial VFs and their interaction with targeted cellular processes because yeast processes and organelle structures are highly conserved and similar to higher eukaryotes. In this review, we describe the principles and applications of the yeast model for the identification and functional characterisation of bacterial VFs to investigate bacterial pathogenesis. The growth inhibition phenotype caused by the heterologous expression of bacterial VFs in yeast is commonly used to identify candidate VFs. Then, subcellular localisation patterns of bacterial VFs can provide further clues about their target molecules and functions during infection. Yeast knockout and overexpression libraries are also used to investigate VF interactions with conserved eukaryotic cell structures (e.g., cytoskeleton and plasma membrane), and cellular processes (e.g., vesicle trafficking, signalling pathways, and programmed cell death). In addition, the yeast growth inhibition phenotype is also useful for screening new drug leads that target and inhibit bacterial VFs. This review provides an updated overview of new tools, principles and applications to study bacterial VFs in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenPei Wong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia
| | - Eugene Boon Beng Ong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia.
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5
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Čekuolytė K, Šapaitė D, Žemgulytė E, Gudiukaitė R, Lastauskienė E. Induction of Apoptosis with Silver Nanoparticles Obtained Using Thermophilic Bacteria. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:142. [PMID: 38921516 PMCID: PMC11205018 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeasts resistant to antifungals have become an increasing risk to human health. One of the best antimicrobial properties is reported to be present in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); however, little is known about the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs produced using thermophilic bacteria. How AgNPs cause cell death is different depending on the type of the cell, and the mode of death induced is cell-type specific. Apoptosis, one of the types of regulated cell death, can be extremely useful in the fight against infection because surrounding cells that have phagocytic activity can efficiently absorb the apoptotic bodies formed during apoptosis. In the course of this work, for the first time, comprehensive antifungal studies of AgNPs were performed using thermophilic Geobacillus spp. bacteria against Candida guilliermondii, also with the addition of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The determined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 10 μg/mL against C. guilliermondii and 50 μg/mL against S. cerevisiae for Geobacillus sp. strain 25 AgNPs, and for Geobacillus sp. 612 the MICs were 5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively. It was shown for the first time that the exposure of the yeast cells leads to caspase activation in both S. cerevisiae and C. guilliermondii after exposure to Geobacillus spp. AgNPs. Also, a statistically significant change in the number of cells with permeable membranes was detected. Moreover, it was shown that the antimicrobial effect of the AgNPs is related to ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in C. guilliermondii yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eglė Lastauskienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.Č.)
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6
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Flynn MJ, Harper NW, Li R, Zhu LJ, Lee MJ, Benanti JA. Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585797. [PMID: 38562881 PMCID: PMC10983906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental stress requires coordination between stress-defense programs and cell cycle progression. The immediate response to many stressors has been well characterized, but how cells survive in challenging environments long-term is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in adaptation to chronic CaCl2 stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that prolonged exposure to CaCl2 impairs mitochondrial function and demonstrate that cells respond to this stressor using two CN-dependent mechanisms - one that requires the downstream transcription factor Crz1 and another that is Crz1-independent. Our data indicate that CN maintains cellular fitness by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing CaCl2-induced cell death. When Crz1 is present, transient CN activation suppresses cell death and promotes adaptation despite high levels of mitochondrial loss. However, in the absence of Crz1, prolonged activation of CN prevents mitochondrial loss and further cell death by upregulating glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes thereby mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species. These findings illustrate how cells maintain long-term fitness during chronic stress and suggest that CN promotes adaptation in challenging environments by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Flynn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Michael J Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jennifer A Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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Mota MN, Matos M, Bahri N, Sá-Correia I. Shared and more specific genetic determinants and pathways underlying yeast tolerance to acetic, butyric, and octanoic acids. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:71. [PMID: 38419072 PMCID: PMC10903034 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improvement of yeast tolerance to acetic, butyric, and octanoic acids is an important step for the implementation of economically and technologically sustainable bioprocesses for the bioconversion of renewable biomass resources and wastes. To guide genome engineering of promising yeast cell factories toward highly robust superior strains, it is instrumental to identify molecular targets and understand the mechanisms underlying tolerance to those monocarboxylic fatty acids. A chemogenomic analysis was performed, complemented with physiological studies, to unveil genetic tolerance determinants in the model yeast and cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to equivalent moderate inhibitory concentrations of acetic, butyric, or octanoic acids. RESULTS Results indicate the existence of multiple shared genetic determinants and pathways underlying tolerance to these short- and medium-chain fatty acids, such as vacuolar acidification, intracellular trafficking, autophagy, and protein synthesis. The number of tolerance genes identified increased with the linear chain length and the datasets for butyric and octanoic acids include the highest number of genes in common suggesting the existence of more similar toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. Results of this analysis, at the systems level, point to a more marked deleterious effect of an equivalent inhibitory concentration of the more lipophilic octanoic acid, followed by butyric acid, on the cell envelope and on cellular membranes function and lipid remodeling. The importance of mitochondrial genome maintenance and functional mitochondria to obtain ATP for energy-dependent detoxification processes also emerged from this chemogenomic analysis, especially for octanoic acid. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new biological knowledge of interest to gain further mechanistic insights into toxicity and tolerance to linear-chain monocarboxylic acids of increasing liposolubility and reports the first lists of tolerance genes, at the genome scale, for butyric and octanoic acids. These genes and biological functions are potential targets for synthetic biology approaches applied to promising yeast cell factories, toward more robust superior strains, a highly desirable phenotype to increase the economic viability of bioprocesses based on mixtures of volatiles/medium-chain fatty acids derived from low-cost biodegradable substrates or lignocellulose hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Mota
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Matos
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nada Bahri
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Bienvenu AL, Ballut L, Picot S. Specifically Targeting Metacaspases of Candida: A New Therapeutic Opportunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:90. [PMID: 38392762 PMCID: PMC10889698 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently published a list of fungal priority pathogens, including Candida albicans and C. auris. The increased level of resistance of Candida is raising concern, considering the availability of only four classes of medicine. The WHO is seeking novel agent classes with different targets and mechanisms of action. Targeting Candida metacaspases to control intrinsic cell death could provide new therapeutic opportunities for invasive candidiasis. In this review, we provide the available evidence for Candida cell death, describe Candida metacaspases, and discuss the potential of Candida metacaspases to offer a new specific target. Targeting Candida cell death has good scientific rationale given that the fungicidal activity of many marketed antifungals is mediated, among others, by cell death triggering. But none of the available antifungals are specifically activating Candida metacaspases, making this target a new therapeutic opportunity for non-susceptible isolates. It is expected that antifungals based on the activation of fungi metacaspases will have a broad spectrum of action, as metacaspases have been described in many fungi, including filamentous fungi. Considering this original mechanism of action, it could be of great interest to combine these new antifungal candidates with existing antifungals. This approach would help to avoid the development of antifungal resistance, which is especially increasing in Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- Malaria Research Unit, University Lyon, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Ballut
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS-Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, University Lyon, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
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Xiao Q, Wang Y, Fan J, Yi Z, Hong H, Xie X, Huang QA, Fu J, Ouyang J, Zhao X, Wang Z, Zhu Z. A computer vision and residual neural network (ResNet) combined method for automated and accurate yeast replicative aging analysis of high-throughput microfluidic single-cell images. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 244:115807. [PMID: 37948914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of microfluidic platforms in high-throughput single-cell culturing, laborious operation to manipulate massive budding yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in replicative aging studies has been greatly simplified and automated. As a result, large datasets of microscopy images bring challenges to fast and accurately determine yeast replicative lifespan (RLS), which is the most important parameter to study cell aging. Based on our microfluidic diploid yeast long-term culturing (DYLC) chip that features 1100 traps to immobilize single cells and record their proliferation and aging via time-lapse imaging, herein, a dedicated algorithm combined with computer vision and residual neural network (ResNet) was presented to efficiently process tremendous micrographs in a high-throughput and automated manner. The image-processing algorithm includes following pivotal steps: (i) segmenting multi-trap micrographs into time-lapse single-trap sub-images, (ii) labeling 8 yeast budding features and training the 18-layer ResNet, (iii) converting the ResNet predictions in analog values into digital signals, (iv) recognizing cell dynamic events, and (v) determining yeast RLS and budding time interval (BTI) ultimately. The ResNet algorithm achieved high F1 scores (over 92%) demonstrating the effectiveness and accuracy in the recognition of yeast budding events, such as bud appearance, daughter dissection and cell death. Therefore, the results conduct that similar deep learning algorithms could be tailored to analyze high-throughput microscopy images and extract multiple cell behaviors in microfluidic single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiao
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Juncheng Fan
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yi
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hua Hong
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiao Xie
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qing-An Huang
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jiaming Fu
- Nanjing Forestry University, College of Chemical Engineering, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- Nanjing Forestry University, College of Chemical Engineering, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- Southeast University, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Waihuan Dong Road 132, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Southeast University, School of Integrated Circuits, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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10
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Eisele-Bürger AM, Eisele F, Malmgren Hill S, Hao X, Schneider KL, Imamoglu R, Balchin D, Liu B, Hartl FU, Bozhkov PV, Nyström T. Calmodulin regulates protease versus co-chaperone activity of a metacaspase. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113372. [PMID: 37938971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metacaspases are ancestral homologs of caspases that can either promote cell death or confer cytoprotection. Furthermore, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) metacaspase Mca1 possesses dual biochemical activity: proteolytic activity causing cell death and cytoprotective, co-chaperone-like activity retarding replicative aging. The molecular mechanism favoring one activity of Mca1 over another remains elusive. Here, we show that this mechanism involves calmodulin binding to the N-terminal pro-domain of Mca1, which prevents its proteolytic activation and promotes co-chaperone-like activity, thus switching from pro-cell death to anti-aging function. The longevity-promoting effect of Mca1 requires the Hsp40 co-chaperone Sis1, which is necessary for Mca1 recruitment to protein aggregates and their clearance. In contrast, proteolytically active Mca1 cleaves Sis1 both in vitro and in vivo, further clarifying molecular mechanism behind a dual role of Mca1 as a cell-death protease versus gerontogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Eisele-Bürger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Eisele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Malmgren Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kara L Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rahmi Imamoglu
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David Balchin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Silao FGS, Jiang T, Bereczky-Veress B, Kühbacher A, Ryman K, Uwamohoro N, Jenull S, Nogueira F, Ward M, Lion T, Urban CF, Rupp S, Kuchler K, Chen C, Peuckert C, Ljungdahl PO. Proline catabolism is a key factor facilitating Candida albicans pathogenicity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011677. [PMID: 37917600 PMCID: PMC10621835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, the primary etiology of human mycoses, is well-adapted to catabolize proline to obtain energy to initiate morphological switching (yeast to hyphal) and for growth. We report that put1-/- and put2-/- strains, carrying defective Proline UTilization genes, display remarkable proline sensitivity with put2-/- mutants being hypersensitive due to the accumulation of the toxic intermediate pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), which inhibits mitochondrial respiration. The put1-/- and put2-/- mutations attenuate virulence in Drosophila and murine candidemia models and decrease survival in human neutrophils and whole blood. Using intravital 2-photon microscopy and label-free non-linear imaging, we visualized the initial stages of C. albicans cells infecting a kidney in real-time, directly deep in the tissue of a living mouse, and observed morphological switching of wildtype but not of put2-/- cells. Multiple members of the Candida species complex, including C. auris, are capable of using proline as a sole energy source. Our results indicate that a tailored proline metabolic network tuned to the mammalian host environment is a key feature of opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitz Gerald S. Silao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Biborka Bereczky-Veress
- Intravital Microscopy Facility, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kühbacher
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kicki Ryman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Uwamohoro
- Clinical Microbiology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Jenull
- Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories GmbH, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Filomena Nogueira
- Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories GmbH, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meliza Ward
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lion
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constantin F. Urban
- Clinical Microbiology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories GmbH, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Changbin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christiane Peuckert
- Intravital Microscopy Facility, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per O. Ljungdahl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
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12
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Ivessa AS, Singh S. The increase in cell death rates in caloric restricted cells of the yeast helicase mutant rrm3 is Sir complex dependent. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17832. [PMID: 37857740 PMCID: PMC10587150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), which is a reduction in calorie intake without malnutrition, usually extends lifespan and improves tissue integrity. This report focuses on the relationship between nuclear genomic instability and dietary-restriction and its effect on cell survival. We demonstrate that the cell survival rates of the genomic instability yeast mutant rrm3 change under metabolic restricted conditions. Rrm3 is a DNA helicase, chromosomal replication slows (and potentially stalls) in its absence with increased rates at over 1400 natural pause sites including sites within ribosomal DNA and tRNA genes. Whereas rrm3 mutant cells have lower cell death rates compared to wild type (WT) in growth medium containing normal glucose levels (i.e., 2%), under CR growth conditions cell death rates increase in the rrm3 mutant to levels, which are higher than WT. The silent-information-regulatory (Sir) protein complex and mitochondrial oxidative stress are required for the increase in cell death rates in the rrm3 mutant when cells are transferred from growth medium containing 2% glucose to CR-medium. The Rad53 checkpoint protein is highly phosphorylated in the rrm3 mutant in response to genomic instability in growth medium containing 2% glucose. Under CR, Rad53 phosphorylation is largely reduced in the rrm3 mutant in a Sir-complex dependent manner. Since CR is an adjuvant treatment during chemotherapy, which may target genomic instability in cancer cells, our studies may gain further insight into how these therapy strategies can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Ivessa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07101-1709, USA.
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Flow Cytometry and Immunology Core Laboratory, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07101-1709, USA
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13
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Brauns F, Iñigo de la Cruz L, Daalman WKG, de Bruin I, Halatek J, Laan L, Frey E. Redundancy and the role of protein copy numbers in the cell polarization machinery of budding yeast. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6504. [PMID: 37845215 PMCID: PMC10579396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How can a self-organized cellular function evolve, adapt to perturbations, and acquire new sub-functions? To make progress in answering these basic questions of evolutionary cell biology, we analyze, as a concrete example, the cell polarity machinery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This cellular module exhibits an intriguing resilience: it remains operational under genetic perturbations and recovers quickly and reproducibly from the deletion of one of its key components. Using a combination of modeling, conceptual theory, and experiments, we propose that multiple, redundant self-organization mechanisms coexist within the protein network underlying cell polarization and are responsible for the module's resilience and adaptability. Based on our mechanistic understanding of polarity establishment, we hypothesize that scaffold proteins, by introducing new connections in the existing network, can increase the redundancy of mechanisms and thus increase the evolvability of other network components. Moreover, our work gives a perspective on how a complex, redundant cellular module might have evolved from a more rudimental ancestral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridtjof Brauns
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Leila Iñigo de la Cruz
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Werner K-G Daalman
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Bruin
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Halatek
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Hofgartenstraße 8, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Davis J, Meyer T, Smolnig M, Smethurst DG, Neuhaus L, Heyden J, Broeskamp F, Edrich ES, Knittelfelder O, Kolb D, Haar TVD, Gourlay CW, Rockenfeller P. A dynamic actin cytoskeleton is required to prevent constitutive VDAC-dependent MAPK signalling and aberrant lipid homeostasis. iScience 2023; 26:107539. [PMID: 37636069 PMCID: PMC10450525 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton is required to coordinate many cellular processes, and a loss of its plasticity has been linked to accelerated cell aging and attenuation of adaptive response mechanisms. Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that controls actin dynamics and has been linked to mitochondrial signaling pathways that control drug resistance and cell death. Here we show that cofilin-driven chronic depolarization of the actin cytoskeleton activates cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling and disrupts lipid homeostasis in a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-dependent manner. Expression of the cof1-5 mutation, which reduces the dynamic nature of actin, triggers loss of cell wall integrity, vacuole fragmentation, disruption of lipid homeostasis, lipid droplet (LD) accumulation, and the promotion of cell death. The integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is therefore essential to maintain the fidelity of MAPK signaling, lipid homeostasis, and cell health in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Davis
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Thorsten Meyer
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Martin Smolnig
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Neuhaus
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jonas Heyden
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Medical University of Graz, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias von der Haar
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
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15
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Caraba B, Stirpe M, Palermo V, Vaccher U, Bianchi MM, Falcone C, Mazzoni C. Yeast Lsm Pro-Apoptotic Mutants Show Defects in Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13708. [PMID: 37762007 PMCID: PMC10530990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
LSM4 is an essential yeast gene encoding a component of different LSM complexes involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing, stability, and translation. In previous papers, we reported that the expression in S. cerevisiae of the K. lactis LSM4 gene lacking the C-terminal Q/N-rich domain in an Lsm4 null strain S. cerevisiae (Sclsm4Δ1) restored cell viability. Nevertheless, in this transformed strain, we observed some phenotypes that are typical markers of regulated cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidated RNA accumulation. In this paper, we report that a similar truncation operated in the S. cerevisiae LSM4 gene confers on cells the same phenotypes observed with the K. lactis lsm4Δ1 gene. Up until now, there was no evidence of the direct involvement of LSM4 in autophagy. Here we found that the Sclsm4Δ1 mutant showed a block in the autophagic process and was very sensitive to nitrogen starvation or treatment with low doses of rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy. Moreover, both during nitrogen starvation and aging, the Sclsm4Δ1 mutant accumulated cytoplasmic autophagy-related structures, suggesting a role of Lsm4 in a later step of the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (B.C.); (M.S.); (V.P.); (U.V.); (M.M.B.); (C.F.)
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16
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Mentel M, Illová M, Krajčovičová V, Kroupová G, Mannová Z, Chovančíková P, Polčic P. Yeast Bax Inhibitor (Bxi1p/Ybh3p) Is Not Required for the Action of Bcl-2 Family Proteins on Cell Viability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12011. [PMID: 37569387 PMCID: PMC10419234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Permeabilization of mitochondrial membrane by proteins of the BCL-2 family is a key decisive event in the induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Although yeast does not have homologs of the BCL-2 family, when these are expressed in yeast, they modulate the survival of cells in a way that corresponds to their activity in mammalian cells. The yeast gene, alternatively referred to as BXI1 or YBH3, encodes for membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that was, contradictorily, shown to either inhibit Bax or to be required for Bax activity. We have tested the effect of the deletion of this gene on the pro-apoptotic activity of Bax and Bak and the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, as well on survival after treatment with inducers of regulated cell death in yeast, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. While deletion resulted in increased sensitivity to acetic acid, it did not affect the sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide nor to BCL-2 family members. Thus, our results do not support any model in which the activity of BCL-2 family members is directly affected by BXI1 but rather indicate that it may participate in modulating survival in response to some specific forms of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina CH1, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
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17
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Schulze A, Zimmermann A, Kainz K, Egger NB, Bauer MA, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Assessing chronological aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 181:87-108. [PMID: 38302246 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Chronological age represents the time that passes between birth and a given date. To understand the complex network of factors contributing to chronological lifespan, a variety of model organisms have been implemented. One of the best studied organisms is the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has greatly contributed toward identifying conserved biological mechanisms that act on longevity. Here, we discuss high- und low-throughput protocols to monitor and characterize chronological lifespan and chronological aging-associated cell death in S. cerevisiae. Included are propidium iodide staining with the possibility to quantitatively assess aging-associated cell death via flow cytometry or qualitative assessments via microscopy, cell viability assessment through plating and cell counting and cell death characterization via propidium iodide/AnnexinV staining and subsequent flow cytometric analysis or microscopy. Importantly, all of these methods combined give a clear picture of the chronological lifespan under different conditions or genetic backgrounds and represent a starting point for pharmacological or genetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Schulze
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine B Egger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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18
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Wang X, Wei Z, Hu P, Xia W, Liao Z, Assani I, Yang G, Pan Y. Optimization of Neferine Purification Based on Response Surface Methodology and Its Anti-Metastasis Mechanism on HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:5086. [PMID: 37446748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer continues to be a focus of scientific research due to its low five-year survival rate. One of its main core issues is the high metastasis of cells, for which there is no effective treatment. Neferine was originally isolated from Plumula nelumbinis and demonstrated to have a good antitumor effect. In order to extract high-purity Neferine in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the isolation and purification procedures in this study. The extract conditions of a 7:3 ratio for the eluent of dichloromethane: methanol, 1:60 for the mass ratio of the extract amount: silica gel, and 3 mL/min of the elution flow rate were shown to be the optimal conditions. These conditions resulted in the highest yield of 6.13 mg per 66.60 mg of starting material, with productivity of 8.76% and purity of 87.04%. Compared with the previous methods, this method can prepare Neferine in large quantities more quickly. We subsequently evaluated the antitumor activity of the purified Neferine against HepG2 hepatic cancer cells. The purified Neferine was found to inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells through the CCK-8 assay, with an IC50 of 33.80 μM in 24 h, 29.47 μM in 48 h, 24.35 μM in 72 h and 2.78 μM in 96 h of treatment. Neferine at a concentration of 3 μM could significantly inhibit the migration and invasion abilities of the HepG2 cells in vitro. We also explored the mechanism of action of Neferine via Western blot. We showed that Neferine could reduce RhoA expression by effectively inhibiting the phosphorylation of MYPT1, thereby effectively exerting anti-metastasis activity against HepG2 cells. Thus, we have optimized the isolation procedures for highly pure Neferine by response surface methodology (RSM) in this study, and purified Neferine is shown to play an essential role in the anti-metastasis process of liver cancer cells. The Neferine purification procedure may make a wide contribution to the follow-up development of other anti-metastasis lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenhuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Po Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weibo Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhixin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Israa Assani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Guangming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Durand PM, Ramsey G. The concepts and origins of cell mortality. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 45:23. [PMID: 37289372 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organismal death is foundational to the evolution of life, and many biological concepts such as natural selection and life history strategy are so fashioned only because individuals are mortal. Organisms, irrespective of their organization, are composed of basic functional units-cells-and it is our understanding of cell death that lies at the heart of most general explanatory frameworks for organismal mortality. Cell death can be exogenous, arising from transmissible diseases, predation, or other misfortunes, but there are also endogenous forms of death that are sometimes the result of adaptive evolution. These endogenous forms of death-often labeled programmed cell death, PCD-originated in the earliest cells and are maintained across the tree of life. Here, we consider two problematic issues related to PCD (and cell mortality generally). First, we trace the original discoveries of cell death from the nineteenth century and place current conceptions of PCD in their historical context. Revisions of our understanding of PCD demand a reassessment of its origin. Our second aim is thus to structure the proposed origin explanations of PCD into coherent arguments. In our analysis we argue for the evolutionary concept of PCD and the viral defense-immunity hypothesis for the origin of PCD. We suggest that this framework offers a plausible account of PCD early in the history of life, and also provides an epistemic basis for the future development of a general evolutionary account of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Durand
- Department of Philosophy, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Grant Ramsey
- Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Valenti M, Molina M, Cid VJ. Human gasdermin D and MLKL disrupt mitochondria, endocytic traffic and TORC1 signalling in budding yeast. Open Biol 2023; 13:220366. [PMID: 37220793 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are the pore-forming effectors of pyroptosis and necroptosis, respectively, with the capacity to disturb plasma membrane selective permeability and induce regulated cell death. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has long been used as a simple eukaryotic model for the study of proteins associated with human diseases by heterologous expression. In this work, we expressed in yeast both GSDMD and its N-terminal domain (GSDMD(NT)) to characterize their cellular effects and compare them to those of MLKL. GSDMD(NT) and MLKL inhibited yeast growth, formed cytoplasmic aggregates and fragmented mitochondria. Loss-of-function point mutants of GSDMD(NT) showed affinity for this organelle. Besides, GSDMD(NT) and MLKL caused an irreversible cell cycle arrest through TORC1 inhibition and disrupted endosomal and autophagic vesicular traffic. Our results provide a basis for a humanized yeast platform to study GSDMD and MLKL, a useful tool for structure-function assays and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenti
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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21
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Aft1 Nuclear Localization and Transcriptional Response to Iron Starvation Rely upon TORC2/Ypk1 Signaling and Sphingolipid Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032438. [PMID: 36768760 PMCID: PMC9916926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron scarcity provokes a cellular response consisting of the strong expression of high-affinity systems to optimize iron uptake and mobilization. Aft1 is a primary transcription factor involved in iron homeostasis and controls the expression of high-affinity iron uptake genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aft1 responds to iron deprivation by translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that the AGC kinase Ypk1, as well as its upstream regulator TOR Complex 2 (TORC2), are required for proper Aft1 nuclear localization following iron deprivation. We exclude a role for TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) and its downstream effector Sch9, suggesting this response is specific for the TORC2 arm of the TOR pathway. Remarkably, we demonstrate that Aft1 nuclear localization and a robust transcriptional response to iron starvation also require biosynthesis of sphingolipids, including complex sphingolipids such as inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) and upstream precursors, e.g., long-chain bases (LCBs) and ceramides. Furthermore, we observe the deficiency of Aft1 nuclear localization and impaired transcriptional response in the absence of iron when TORC2-Ypk1 is impaired is partially suppressed by exogenous addition of the LCB dihydrosphingosine (DHS). This latter result is consistent with prior studies linking sphingolipid biosynthesis to TORC2-Ypk1 signaling. Taken together, these results reveal a novel role for sphingolipids, controlled by TORC2-Ypk1, for proper localization and activity of Aft1 in response to iron scarcity.
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22
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Lam DK, Sherlock G. Yca1 metacaspase: diverse functions determine how yeast live and let die. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:foad022. [PMID: 37002543 PMCID: PMC10094001 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yca1 metacaspase was discovered due to its role in the regulation of apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the mechanisms that drive apoptosis in yeast remain poorly understood. Additionally, Yca1 and other metacaspase proteins have recently been recognized for their involvement in other cellular processes, including cellular proteostasis and cell cycle regulation. In this minireview, we outline recent findings on Yca1 that will enable the further study of metacaspase multifunctionality and novel apoptosis pathways in yeast and other nonmetazoans. In addition, we discuss advancements in high-throughput screening technologies that can be applied to answer complex questions surrounding the apoptotic and nonapoptotic functions of metacaspase proteins across a diverse range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren K Lam
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, United States
| | - Gavin Sherlock
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, United States
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23
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Bonomelli B, Busti S, Martegani E, Colombo S. Active Ras2 in mitochondria promotes regulated cell death in a cAMP/PKA pathway-dependent manner in budding yeast. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:298-308. [PMID: 36527174 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that an aberrant accumulation of activated Ras in mitochondria correlates with an increase in apoptosis. In this article, we show that lack of trehalose-6P-synthase, known to trigger apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induces localization of active Ras proteins in mitochondria, confirming the above-mentioned correlation. Next, by characterizing the ras1Δ and ras2Δ mutants, we show that active Ras2 proteins, which accumulate in the mitochondria following addition of acetic acid (a pro-apoptotic stimulus), are likely the GTPases involved in regulated cell death, while active Ras1 proteins, constitutively localized in mitochondria, might be involved in a pro-survival molecular machinery. Finally, by characterizing the gpa2Δ and cyr1Δ mutants, in which the cAMP/PKA pathway is compromised, we show that active mitochondrial Ras proteins promote apoptosis through the cAMP/PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonomelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Busti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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24
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Aguilera A, Distéfano A, Jauzein C, Correa-Aragunde N, Martinez D, Martin MV, Sueldo DJ. Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7219-7242. [PMID: 36179088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as 'survival' or 'death' signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either 'survival' or 'death' molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO-Pelagos, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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25
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Hofer SJ, Simon AK, Bergmann M, Eisenberg T, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Mechanisms of spermidine-induced autophagy and geroprotection. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1112-1129. [PMID: 37118547 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging involves the systemic deterioration of all known cell types in most eukaryotes. Several recently discovered compounds that extend the healthspan and lifespan of model organisms decelerate pathways that govern the aging process. Among these geroprotectors, spermidine, a natural polyamine ubiquitously found in organisms from all kingdoms, prolongs the lifespan of fungi, nematodes, insects and rodents. In mice, it also postpones the manifestation of various age-associated disorders such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. The specific features of spermidine, including its presence in common food items, make it an interesting candidate for translational aging research. Here, we review novel insights into the geroprotective mode of action of spermidine at the molecular level, as we discuss strategies for elucidating its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Bergmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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26
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Shinde A, Deore G, Navsariwala KP, Tabassum H, Wani M. We are all aging, and here's why. Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:211-231. [PMID: 36247337 PMCID: PMC9549314 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, through this review, we aim to serve this purpose by first discussing the statistics and aging demographics, including the life expectancy of the world and India, along with the gender life expectancy gap observed throughout the world, followed by explaining the hallmarks and integral causes of aging, along with the role played by senescent cells in controlling inflammation and the effect of senescence associated secretory phenotype on longevity. A few of the molecular pathways which are crucial in modulating the process of aging, such as the nutrient‐sensing mTOR pathway, insulin signaling, Nrf2, FOXO, PI3‐Akt, Sirtuins, and AMPK, and their effects are also covered in paramount detail. A diverse number of ingenious research methodologies are used in the modern era of longevity exploration. We have attempted to cover these methods under the umbrella of three broad categories: in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. The drugs developed to attenuate the aging process, such as rapamycin, metformin, resveratrol, etc. and their interactions with the above‐mentioned molecular pathways along with their toxicity have also been reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva Shinde
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Gargi Deore
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Kedar P. Navsariwala
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
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27
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Wolf P, Schoeniger A, Edlich F. Pro-apoptotic complexes of BAX and BAK on the outer mitochondrial membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119317. [PMID: 35752202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms the regulated cell death apoptosis is critically important for both ontogeny and homeostasis. Mitochondria are indispensable for stress-induced apoptosis. The BCL-2 protein family controls mitochondrial apoptosis and initiates cell death through the pro-apoptotic activities of BAX and BAK at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Cellular survival is ensured by the retrotranslocation of mitochondrial BAX and BAK into the cytosol by anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. BAX/BAK-dependent OMM permeabilization releases the mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), which initiates activation of caspase-9. The caspase cascade leads to cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body formation. Although it is clear that ultimately complexes of active BAX and BAK commit the cell to apoptosis, the nature of these complexes is still enigmatic. Excessive research has described a range of complexes, varying from a few molecules to several 10,000, in different systems. BAX/BAK complexes potentially form ring-like structures that could expose the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has been suggested that these pores allow the efflux of small proteins and even mitochondrial DNA. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge for mitochondrial BAX/BAK complexes and the interactions between these proteins and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schoeniger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Gebreegziabher Amare M, Westrick NM, Keller NP, Kabbage M. The conservation of IAP-like proteins in fungi, and their potential role in fungal programmed cell death. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 162:103730. [PMID: 35998750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a tightly regulated process which is required for survival and proper development of all cellular life. Despite this ubiquity, the precise molecular underpinnings of PCD have been primarily characterized in animals. Attempts to expand our understanding of this process in fungi have proven difficult as core regulators of animal PCD are apparently absent in fungal genomes, with the notable exception of a class of proteins referred to as inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). These proteins are characterized by the conservation of a distinct Baculovirus IAP Repeat (BIR) domain and animal IAPs are known to regulate a number of processes, including cellular death, development, organogenesis, immune system maturation, host-pathogen interactions and more. IAP homologs are broadly conserved throughout the fungal kingdom, but our understanding of both their mechanism and role in fungal development/virulence is still unclear. In this review, we provide a broad and comparative overview of IAP function across taxa, with a particular focus on fungal processes regulated by IAPs. Furthermore, their putative modes of action in the absence of canonical interactors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel M Westrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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29
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Rego A, Ribeiro A, Côrte-Real M, Chaves SR. Monitoring yeast regulated cell death: trespassing the point of no return to loss of plasma membrane integrity. Apoptosis 2022; 27:778-786. [PMID: 35796799 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are the most common stimuli to induce apoptosis in yeast. The initial phase of this cell death process is characterized by the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity in cells that had already lost their viability. As loss of plasma membrane integrity is typically assessed by staining with propidium iodide (PI) after exposure of cells to a stimulus and cell viability is determined 48 h after plating, the percentage of cells with compromised plasma membrane integrity and c.f.u. counts often do not correlate. Herein, we developed a simple method to explore at what point after an apoptotic stimulus and plating cells do non-viable cells die as result of plasma membrane disruption, i.e., when cells surpass the point-of-no-return and undergo a secondary necrosis. The method consisted in washing cells and re-suspending them in stimulus-free medium after acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide treatments, to mimic transfer to plating, and then assessing plasma membrane integrity through PI staining. We show that, after the stimuli are removed, cells that had lost proliferative capacity but still maintained plasma membrane integrity continue the cell death process and later lose plasma membrane integrity when progressing to secondary necrosis. After exposure to hydrogen peroxide, cells undergo secondary necrosis preceded by Nhp6Ap-GFP cytosolic localization, in contrast to acetic acid exposure, where Nhp6Ap-GFP cytosolic localization mainly occurs simultaneously with an earlier emergence of secondary necrosis. In conclusion, the developed method allows monitoring the irreversible loss of plasma membrane integrity of dying apoptotic cells after the point-of-no-return is trespassed, and better characterize the process of secondary necrosis after apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Rego
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Susana Rodrigues Chaves
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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30
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Horikiri S, Harada M, Asada R, J Sakamoto J, Furuta M, Tsuchido T. Low Temperature Heating-Induced Death and Vacuole Injury in Cladosporium sphaerospermum Conidia. Biocontrol Sci 2022; 27:107-115. [PMID: 35753793 DOI: 10.4265/bio.27.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of thermal death of mold conidia has not been understood in detail. The purpose of this study is to analyze the death kinetics of heated conidia of Cladosporium sphaerospermum and to ascertain the expectant cell injury responsible for the death. The death of the dormant (resting) conidia of Cladosporium sphaerospermum was examined at temperatures of between 43 and 54℃ with the conventional colony count method. The death reaction apparently followed the first order kinetics, but the Arrhenius plot of the death rate constant demonstrated seemingly a break. The linearity at temperatures higher than that at the break was lost at lower temperatures, suggesting the involvement of an unusual mechanism in the latter temperatures. In the cell morphology, we observed with quinacrine staining the vacuole rupture at a lower temperature but not at a high temperature. Interestingly, the vacuole rupture by low-temperature heating was found to correlate with the viability loss. Furthermore, active protease originally locating in vacuoles was detected in the cytoplasm of the conidia after heated at a low temperature. The results obtained suggest the involvement of potent autophagic cell death induced by low temperature heating of C. sphaerospermum conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Horikiri
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University.,Panasonic Ecology Systems Co., Ltd
| | - Mami Harada
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Ryoko Asada
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University.,Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion
| | - Jin J Sakamoto
- Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion.,Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University.,Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion
| | - Tetsuaki Tsuchido
- Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion
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31
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Costanza A, Guaragnella N, Bobba A, Manzari C, L'Abbate A, Giudice CL, Picardi E, D'Erchia AM, Pesole G, Giannattasio S. Yeast as a Model to Unravel New BRCA2 Functions in Cell Metabolism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:908442. [PMID: 35734584 PMCID: PMC9207209 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.908442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in BRCA2 gene increase the risk for breast cancer and for other cancer types, including pancreatic and prostate cancer. Since its first identification as an oncosupressor in 1995, the best-characterized function of BRCA2 is in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination. BRCA2 directly interacts with both RAD51 and single-stranded DNA, mediating loading of RAD51 recombinase to sites of single-stranded DNA. In the absence of an efficient homologous recombination pathway, DSBs accumulate resulting in genome instability, thus supporting tumorigenesis. Yet the precise mechanism by which BRCA2 exerts its tumor suppressor function remains unclear. BRCA2 has also been involved in other biological functions including protection of telomere integrity and stalled replication forks, cell cycle progression, transcriptional control and mitophagy. Recently, we and others have reported a role of BRCA2 in modulating cell death programs through a molecular mechanism conserved in yeast and mammals. Here we hypothesize that BRCA2 is a multifunctional protein which exerts specific functions depending on cell stress response pathway. Based on a differential RNA sequencing analysis carried out on yeast cells either growing or undergoing a regulated cell death process, either in the absence or in the presence of BRCA2, we suggest that BRCA2 causes central carbon metabolism reprogramming in response to death stimuli and encourage further investigation on the role of metabolic reprogramming in BRCA2 oncosuppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Costanza
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto L'Abbate
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Lo Giudice
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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32
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Gaspar ML, Pawlowska TE. Innate immunity in fungi: Is regulated cell death involved? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010460. [PMID: 35587923 PMCID: PMC9119436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Gaspar
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Teresa E. Pawlowska
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Silva LJ, Silva CR, Sá LG, Barroso FD, Cândido TM, Queiroz HA, Almeida Moreira LE, Baccallini OV, Cavalcanti BC, Silva J, Marinho ES, Moraes MO, Neto JB, Júnior HV. Antifungal activity of dexamethasone against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and its activity against biofilms. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:607-620. [PMID: 35411812 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigated the antifungal action of dexamethasone disodium phosphate (Dex). Methodology: Susceptibility testing was performed using the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute protocol; M27-A3, checkerboard test and biofilm were evaluated with two isolates of Candida albicans, hyphal production test, molecular docking analysis and flow cytometry analysis. Result: Dex and fluconazole (FLC) together had a synergistic effect. Mature biofilm was reduced when treated with Dex alone or in combination. Dex and FLC promoted a decrease in the production of hyphae and changes in the level of mitochondrial depolarization, increased generation of reactive oxygen species, loss of membrane integrity, increased phosphatidylserine externalization and molecular docking; there was interaction with ALS3 and SAP5 targets. Conclusion: Dex showed antifungal activity against FLC-resistant C. albicans strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra J Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cecília R Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gav Sá
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Group for Theoretical Chemistry & Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fatima Dd Barroso
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cândido
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Helaine A Queiroz
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lara E Almeida Moreira
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Octavio V Baccallini
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Jacilene Silva
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel O Moraes
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - João Ba Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Group for Theoretical Chemistry & Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vn Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Guedes JP, Baptista V, Santos-Pereira C, Sousa MJ, Manon S, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Acetic acid triggers cytochrome c release in yeast heterologously expressing human Bax. Apoptosis 2022; 27:368-381. [PMID: 35362903 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 protein family, including pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, are critical for mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis regulation. Since yeast lacks obvious orthologs of Bcl-2 family members, heterologous expression of these proteins has been used to investigate their molecular and functional aspects. Active Bax is involved in the formation of mitochondrial outer membrane pores, through which cytochrome c (cyt c) is released, triggering a cascade of downstream apoptotic events. However, when in its inactive form, Bax is largely cytosolic or weakly bound to mitochondria. Given the central role of Bax in apoptosis, studies aiming to understand its regulation are of paramount importance towards its exploitation as a therapeutic target. So far, studies taking advantage of heterologous expression of human Bax in yeast to unveil regulation of Bax activation have relied on the use of artificial mutated or mitochondrial tagged Bax for its activation, rather than the wild type Bax (Bax α). Here, we found that cell death could be triggered in yeast cells heterologoulsy expressing Bax α with concentrations of acetic acid that are not lethal to wild type cells. This was associated with Bax mitochondrial translocation and cyt c release, closely resembling the natural Bax function in the cellular context. This regulated cell death process was reverted by co-expression with Bcl-xL, but not with Bcl-xLΔC, and in the absence of Rim11p, the yeast ortholog of mammalian GSK3β. This novel system mimics human Bax α regulation by GSK3β and can therefore be used as a platform to uncover novel Bax regulators and explore its therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Guedes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centro de Investigacíon Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vitória Baptista
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Susana R Chaves
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Odoh CK, Guo X, Arnone JT, Wang X, Zhao ZK. The role of NAD and NAD precursors on longevity and lifespan modulation in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biogerontology 2022; 23:169-199. [PMID: 35260986 PMCID: PMC8904166 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular causes of aging and longevity interventions have witnessed an upsurge in the last decade. The resurgent interests in the application of small molecules as potential geroprotectors and/or pharmacogenomics point to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its precursors, nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide, and nicotinic acid as potentially intriguing molecules. Upon supplementation, these compounds have shown to ameliorate aging related conditions and possibly prevent death in model organisms. Besides being a molecule essential in all living cells, our understanding of the mechanism of NAD metabolism and its regulation remain incomplete owing to its omnipresent nature. Here we discuss recent advances and techniques in the study of chronological lifespan (CLS) and replicative lifespan (RLS) in the model unicellular organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We then follow with the mechanism and biology of NAD precursors and their roles in aging and longevity. Finally, we review potential biotechnological applications through engineering of microbial lifespan, and laid perspective on the promising candidature of alternative redox compounds for extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuks Kenneth Odoh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - James T Arnone
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | - Xueying Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Whole and Purified Aqueous Extracts of Nigella sativa L. Seeds Attenuate Apoptosis and the Overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species Triggered by p53 Over-Expression in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050869. [PMID: 35269491 PMCID: PMC8909299 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are an important source of pharmacologically active compounds. In the present work, we characterize the impact of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) aqueous extracts on a yeast model of p53-dependent apoptosis. To this end, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant strain over-expressing p53 was used. The over-expression of p53 triggers the expression of apoptotic markers: the externalization of phosphatidylserine, mitochondrial defect associated with cytochrome-c release and the induction of DNA strand breaks. These different effects were attenuated by Nigella sativa L. aqueous extracts, whereas these extracts have no effect on the level of p53 expression. Thus, we focus on the anti-apoptotic molecules present in the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa L. These extracts were purified and characterized by complementary chromatographic methods. Specific fluorescent probes were used to determine the effect of the extracts on yeast apoptosis. Yeast cells over-expressing p53 decrease in relative size and have lower mitochondrial content. The decrease in cell size was proportional to the decrease in mitochondrial content and of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). These effects were prevented by the purified aqueous fraction obtained by fractionation with different columns, named C4 fraction. Yeast cell death was also characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. In the presence of the C4 fraction, ROS overproduction was strongly reduced. We also noted that the C4 fraction promotes the cell growth of control yeast cells, which do not express p53, supporting the fact that this purified extract acts on cellular mediators activating cell proliferation independently of p53. Altogether, our data obtained on yeast cells over-expressing p53 demonstrate that anti-apoptotic molecules targeting p53-induced apoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS overproduction are present in the aqueous extracts of Nigella seeds and in the purified aqueous C4 fraction.
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de Obeso Fernandez del Valle A, Scheckhuber CQ. Superoxide Dismutases in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: Four Case Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020188. [PMID: 35204070 PMCID: PMC8868140 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various components in the cell are responsible for maintaining physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several different enzymes exist that can convert or degrade ROS; among them are the superoxide dismutases (SODs). If left unchecked, ROS can cause damage that leads to pathology, can contribute to aging, and may, ultimately, cause death. SODs are responsible for converting superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide by dismutation. Here we review the role of different SODs on the development and pathogenicity of various eukaryotic microorganisms relevant to human health. These include the fungal aging model, Podospora anserina; various members of the genus Aspergillus that can potentially cause aspergillosis; the agents of diseases such as Chagas and sleeping disease, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively; and, finally, pathogenic amoebae, such as Acanthamoeba spp. In these organisms, SODs fulfill essential and often regulatory functions that come into play during processes such as the development, host infection, propagation, and control of gene expression. We explore the contribution of SODs and their related factors in these microorganisms, which have an established role in health and disease.
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38
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Álvarez-Abril B, Bloy N, Galassi C, Sato A, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Klapp V, Aretz A, Guilbaud E, Buqué A, Galluzzi L, Yamazaki T. Cytofluorometric assessment of acute cell death responses driven by radiation therapy. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 172:17-36. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Single-Cell Time-Lapse Observation Reveals Cell Shrinkage upon Cell Death in Batch Culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mBio 2021; 12:e0309421. [PMID: 34933452 PMCID: PMC8689514 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism for aging and longevity studies. In a clonal population of S. cerevisiae, the timing of cell death in the stationary phase is not synchronized, indicating that heterogeneity exists in survival at a single-cell level. Heterogeneity also exists in the cell size, and its correlation with the death rate has been discussed in past studies. However, the direct cause of the heterogeneity in survival remains unknown. In this report, we revisited this question and asked whether the death rate has any correlation with cell size. Past studies did not exclude a possibility that cells change their size upon or after death. If such a change exists, the size dependence of cell death could be misinterpreted. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation between the death rate and cell size before death by time-lapse imaging. It turned out that the size dependence of the death rate varied from one strain to another, suggesting that general principles between cell size and death do not exist. Instead, cells shrink upon cell death, resulting in the accumulation of small dead cells. The degree of cell shrinkage was proportional to the cell size, and the ratio was constant in two strains, which is between 25 and 28%, suggesting the presence of general principles and mechanisms behind the shrinkage event upon cell death. Further investigation of the cause and mechanism of the shrinkage will help us to understand the process of cell death and the origin of the heterogeneity in survival.
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Extending the Proteomic Characterization of Candida albicans Exposed to Stress and Apoptotic Inducers through Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. mSystems 2021; 6:e0094621. [PMID: 34609160 PMCID: PMC8547427 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00946-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that causes systemic infections in immunosuppressed patients. In order to deal with the changing environment during commensalism or infection, C. albicans must reprogram its proteome. Characterizing the stress-induced changes in the proteome that C. albicans uses to survive should be very useful in the development of new antifungal drugs. We studied the C. albicans global proteome after exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and acetic acid (AA), using a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) strategy. More than 2,000 C. albicans proteins were quantified using an ion library previously constructed using data-dependent acquisition mass spectrometry (DDA-MS). C. albicans responded to treatment with H2O2 with an increase in the abundance of many proteins involved in the oxidative stress response, protein folding, and proteasome-dependent catabolism, which led to increased proteasome activity. The data revealed a previously unknown key role for Prn1, a protein similar to pirins, in the oxidative stress response. Treatment with AA resulted in a general decrease in the abundance of proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, protein folding, and rRNA processing. Almost all proteasome proteins declined, as did proteasome activity. Apoptosis was observed after treatment with H2O2 but not AA. A targeted proteomic study of 32 proteins related to apoptosis in yeast supported the results obtained by DIA-MS and allowed the creation of an efficient method to quantify relevant proteins after treatment with stressors (H2O2, AA, and amphotericin B). This approach also uncovered a main role for Oye32, an oxidoreductase, suggesting this protein as a possible apoptotic marker common to many stressors. IMPORTANCE Fungal infections are a worldwide health problem, especially in immunocompromised patients and patients with chronic disorders. Invasive candidiasis, caused mainly by C. albicans, is among the most common fungal diseases. Despite the existence of treatments to combat candidiasis, the spectrum of drugs available is limited. For the discovery of new drug targets, it is essential to know the pathogen response to different stress conditions. Our study provides a global vision of proteomic remodeling in C. albicans after exposure to different agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and amphotericin B, that can cause apoptotic cell death. These results revealed the significance of many proteins related to oxidative stress response and proteasome activity, among others. Of note, the discovery of Prn1 as a key protein in the defense against oxidative stress as well the increase in the abundance of Oye32 protein when apoptotic process occurred point them out as possible drug targets.
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Grosfeld EV, Bidiuk VA, Mitkevich OV, Ghazy ESMO, Kushnirov VV, Alexandrov AI. A Systematic Survey of Characteristic Features of Yeast Cell Death Triggered by External Factors. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:886. [PMID: 34829175 PMCID: PMC8626022 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death in response to distinct stimuli can manifest different morphological traits. It also depends on various cell death signaling pathways, extensively characterized in higher eukaryotes but less so in microorganisms. The study of cell death in yeast, and specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can potentially be productive for understanding cell death, since numerous killing stimuli have been characterized for this organism. Here, we systematized the literature on external treatments that kill yeast, and which contains at least minimal data on cell death mechanisms. Data from 707 papers from the 7000 obtained using keyword searches were used to create a reference table for filtering types of cell death according to commonly assayed parameters. This table provides a resource for orientation within the literature; however, it also highlights that the common view of similarity between non-necrotic death in yeast and apoptosis in mammals has not provided sufficient progress to create a clear classification of cell death types. Differences in experimental setups also prevent direct comparison between different stimuli. Thus, side-by-side comparisons of various cell death-inducing stimuli under comparable conditions using existing and novel markers that can differentiate between types of cell death seem like a promising direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika V. Grosfeld
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Russia;
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Victoria A. Bidiuk
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Olga V. Mitkevich
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Eslam S. M. O. Ghazy
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Vitaliy V. Kushnirov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexander I. Alexandrov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the RAS, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (O.V.M.); (E.S.M.O.G.); (V.V.K.)
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Cdk8 Kinase Module: A Mediator of Life and Death Decisions in Times of Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102152. [PMID: 34683473 PMCID: PMC8540245 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) of the multi-subunit mediator complex plays an essential role in cell fate decisions in response to different environmental cues. In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, the CKM consists of four conserved subunits (cyclin C and its cognate cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8, Med13, and Med12) and predominantly negatively regulates a subset of stress responsive genes (SRG’s). Derepression of these SRG’s is accomplished by disassociating the CKM from the mediator, thus allowing RNA polymerase II-directed transcription. In response to cell death stimuli, cyclin C translocates to the mitochondria where it induces mitochondrial hyper-fission and promotes regulated cell death (RCD). The nuclear release of cyclin C requires Med13 destruction by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In contrast, to protect the cell from RCD following SRG induction induced by nutrient deprivation, cyclin C is rapidly destroyed by the UPS before it reaches the cytoplasm. This enables a survival response by two mechanisms: increased ATP production by retaining reticular mitochondrial morphology and relieving CKM-mediated repression on autophagy genes. Intriguingly, nitrogen starvation also stimulates Med13 destruction but through a different mechanism. Rather than destruction via the UPS, Med13 proteolysis occurs in the vacuole (yeast lysosome) via a newly identified Snx4-assisted autophagy pathway. Taken together, these findings reveal that the CKM regulates cell fate decisions by both transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, placing it at a convergence point between cell death and cell survival pathways.
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Staniszewska M, Kuryk Ł, Gryciuk A, Kawalec J, Rogalska M, Baran J, Kowalkowska A. The Antifungal Action Mode of N-Phenacyldibromobenzimidazoles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185463. [PMID: 34576932 PMCID: PMC8465355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to characterise the action mode of N-phenacyldibromobenzimidazoles against C. albicans and C. neoformans. Firstly, we selected the non-cytotoxic most active benzimidazoles based on the structure–activity relationships showing that the group of 5,6-dibromobenzimidazole derivatives are less active against C. albicans vs. 4,6-dibromobenzimidazole analogues (5e–f and 5h). The substitution of chlorine atoms to the benzene ring of the N-phenacyl substituent extended the anti-C. albicans action (5e with 2,4-Cl2 or 5f with 3,4-Cl2). The excellent results for N-phenacyldibromobenzimidazole 5h against the C. albicans reference and clinical isolate showed IC50 = 8 µg/mL and %I = 100 ± 3, respectively. Compound 5h was fungicidal against the C. neoformans isolate. Compound 5h at 160–4 µg/mL caused irreversible damage of the fungal cell membrane and accidental cell death (ACD). We reported on chitinolytic activity of 5h, in accordance with the patterns observed for the following substrates: 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-N,N′,N″-triacetylchitothiose. Derivative 5h at 16 µg/mL: (1) it affected cell wall by inducing β-d-glucanase, (2) it caused morphological distortions and (3) osmotic instability in the C. albicans biofilm-treated. Compound 5h exerted Candida-dependent inhibition of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Łukasz Kuryk
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland;
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Lars Sonckin Kaari 14, Espoo Stella Luna Business Park, 02600 Espoo, Finland
| | - Aleksander Gryciuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Joanna Kawalec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marta Rogalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Joanna Baran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Anna Kowalkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (A.K.)
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Kavilasha V, Sasidharan S. Antiaging activity of polyphenol rich Calophyllum inophyllum L. fruit extract in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY611 yeast cells. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Valenti M, Molina M, Cid VJ. Heterologous Expression and Auto-Activation of Human Pro-Inflammatory Caspase-1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Comparison to Caspase-8. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668602. [PMID: 34335569 PMCID: PMC8317575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that play an essential role in inflammation, apoptosis, cell death, and development. Here we delve into the effects caused by heterologous expression of human caspase-1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and compare them to those of caspase-8. Overexpression of both caspases in the heterologous model led to their activation and caused mitochondrial hyperpolarization, damage to different organelles, and cell death. All these effects were dependent on their protease activity, and caspase-8 was more aggressive than caspase-1. Growth arrest could be at least partially explained by dysfunction of the actin cytoskeleton as a consequence of the processing of the yeast Bni1 formin, which we identify here as a likely direct substrate of both caspases. Through the modulation of the GAL1 promoter by using different galactose:glucose ratios in the culture medium, we have established a scenario in which caspase-1 is sufficiently expressed to become activated while yeast growth is not impaired. Finally, we used the yeast model to explore the role of death-fold domains (DD) of both caspases in their activity. Peculiarly, the DDs of either caspase showed an opposite involvement in its intrinsic activity, as the deletion of the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of caspase-1 enhanced its activity, whereas the deletion of the death effector domain (DED) of caspase-8 diminished it. We show that caspase-1 is able to efficiently process its target gasdermin D (GSDMD) when co-expressed in yeast. In sum, we propose that S. cerevisiae provides a manageable tool to explore caspase-1 activity and structure–function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenti
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Meza E, Muñoz-Arellano AJ, Johansson M, Chen X, Petranovic D. Development of a method for heat shock stress assessment in yeast based on transcription of specific genes. Yeast 2021; 38:549-565. [PMID: 34182606 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All living cells, including yeast cells, are challenged by different types of stresses in their environments and must cope with challenges such as heat, chemical stress, or oxidative damage. By reversibly adjusting the physiology while maintaining structural and genetic integrity, cells can achieve a competitive advantage and adapt environmental fluctuations. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively used as a model for study of stress responses due to the strong conservation of many essential cellular processes between yeast and human cells. We focused here on developing a tool to detect and quantify early responses using specific transcriptional responses. We analyzed the published transcriptional data on S. cerevisiae DBY strain responses to 10 different stresses in different time points. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the Pearson analysis were used to assess the stress response genes that are highly expressed in each individual stress condition. Except for these stress response genes, we also identified the reference genes in each stress condition, which would not be induced under stress condition and show stable transcriptional expression over time. We then tested our candidates experimentally in the CEN.PK strain. After data analysis, we identified two stress response genes (UBI4 and RRP) and two reference genes (MEX67 and SSY1) under heat shock (HS) condition. These genes were further verified by real-time PCR at mild (42°C), severe (46°C), to lethal temperature (50°C), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Meza
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana Joyce Muñoz-Arellano
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johansson
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chaves SR, Rego A, Martins VM, Santos-Pereira C, Sousa MJ, Côrte-Real M. Regulation of Cell Death Induced by Acetic Acid in Yeasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642375. [PMID: 34249904 PMCID: PMC8264433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid has long been considered a molecule of great interest in the yeast research field. It is mostly recognized as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation or as a product of the metabolism of acetic and lactic acid bacteria, as well as of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. High acetic acid levels are commonly associated with arrested fermentations or with utilization as vinegar in the food industry. Due to its obvious interest to industrial processes, research on the mechanisms underlying the impact of acetic acid in yeast cells has been increasing. In the past twenty years, a plethora of studies have addressed the intricate cascade of molecular events involved in cell death induced by acetic acid, which is now considered a model in the yeast regulated cell death field. As such, understanding how acetic acid modulates cellular functions brought about important knowledge on modulable targets not only in biotechnology but also in biomedicine. Here, we performed a comprehensive literature review to compile information from published studies performed with lethal concentrations of acetic acid, which shed light on regulated cell death mechanisms. We present an historical retrospective of research on this topic, first providing an overview of the cell death process induced by acetic acid, including functional and structural alterations, followed by an in-depth description of its pharmacological and genetic regulation. As the mechanistic understanding of regulated cell death is crucial both to design improved biomedical strategies and to develop more robust and resilient yeast strains for industrial applications, acetic acid-induced cell death remains a fruitful and open field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Chaves
- Centre of Biological and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António Rego
- Centre of Biological and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Martins
- Centre of Biological and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Biological and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Biological and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Biological and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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48
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Guaragnella N, Bettiga M. Acetic acid stress in budding yeast: From molecular mechanisms to applications. Yeast 2021; 38:391-400. [PMID: 34000094 PMCID: PMC8361955 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid stress represents a frequent challenge to counteract for yeast cells under several environmental conditions and industrial bioprocesses. The molecular mechanisms underlying its response have been mostly elucidated in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where acetic acid can be either a physiological substrate or a stressor. This review will focus on acetic acid stress and its response in the context of cellular transport, pH homeostasis, metabolism and stress‐signalling pathways. This information has been integrated with the results obtained by multi‐omics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches aimed to identify major cellular players involved in acetic acid tolerance. In the production of biofuels and renewable chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, the improvement of acetic acid tolerance is a key factor. In this view, how this knowledge could be used to contribute to the development and competitiveness of yeast cell factories for sustainable applications will be also discussed. Acetic acid stress is a frequent challenge for budding yeast. Signalling pathways dissection and system‐wide approaches reveal a complex picture. Cell fitness and adaptation under acid stress conditions is environment dependent. Tolerance to acetic acid is a key factor in yeast‐based industrial biotechnology. There is no ‘magic bullet’: An integrated approach is advantageous to develop performing yeast cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari A.Moro, Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bettiga
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Bioeconomy Division, EviKrets Biobased Processes Consultants, Landvetter, Sweden
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Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
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Boulton C. Provocation: all yeast cells are born equal, but some grow to be more equal than others. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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