1
|
Rivera-Hernandez T, Carnathan DG, Richter J, Marchant P, Cork AJ, Elangovan G, Henningham A, Cole JN, Choudhury B, Moyle PM, Toth I, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Agarwal P, Kapoor N, Nizet V, Silvestri G, Walker MJ. Efficacy of Alum-Adjuvanted Peptide and Carbohydrate Conjugate Vaccine Candidates against Group A Streptococcus Pharyngeal Infection in a Non-Human Primate Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:382. [PMID: 38675764 PMCID: PMC11054769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development against group A Streptococcus (GAS) has gained traction in the last decade, fuelled by recognition of the significant worldwide burden of the disease. Several vaccine candidates are currently being evaluated in preclinical and early clinical studies. Here, we investigate two conjugate vaccine candidates that have shown promise in mouse models of infection. Two antigens, the J8 peptide from the conserved C-terminal end of the M protein, and the group A carbohydrate lacking N-acetylglucosamine side chain (ΔGAC) were each conjugated to arginine deiminase (ADI), an anchorless surface protein from GAS. Both conjugate vaccine candidates combined with alum adjuvant were tested in a non-human primate (NHP) model of pharyngeal infection. High antibody titres were detected against J8 and ADI antigens, while high background antibody titres in NHP sera hindered accurate quantification of ΔGAC-specific antibodies. The severity of pharyngitis and tonsillitis signs, as well as the level of GAS colonisation, showed no significant differences in NHPs immunised with either conjugate vaccine candidate compared to NHPs in the negative control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (D.G.C.)
| | - Johanna Richter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.R.); (G.E.)
| | | | - Amanda J. Cork
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.R.); (G.E.)
| | - Gayathiri Elangovan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.R.); (G.E.)
| | - Anna Henningham
- Division of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, Vc-Health Sciences-Schools, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.H.); (B.C.)
| | - Jason N. Cole
- Division of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, Vc-Health Sciences-Schools, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.H.); (B.C.)
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Division of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, Vc-Health Sciences-Schools, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.H.); (B.C.)
| | - Peter M. Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael R. Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (M.R.B.)
| | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (M.R.B.)
| | | | - Neeraj Kapoor
- Vaxcyte Inc., San Carlos, CA 94070, USA (P.A.); (N.K.)
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, Vc-Health Sciences-Schools, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.H.); (B.C.)
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (D.G.C.)
| | - Mark J. Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.R.); (G.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Urbano-Munoz F, Orne CE, Burtnick MN, Brett PJ. Use of Reductive Amination to Produce Capsular Polysaccharide-Based Glycoconjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:139-148. [PMID: 38315364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Reductive amination is a relatively simple and convenient strategy for coupling purified polysaccharides to carrier proteins. Following their synthesis, glycoconjugates can be used to assess the protective capacity of specific microbial polysaccharides in animal models of infection and/or to produce polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies for a variety of immune assays. Here, we describe a reproducible method for chemically activating the 6-deoxyheptan capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from Burkholderia pseudomallei and covalently linking it to recombinant CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant (CRM197) to produce the glycoconjugate, CPS-CRM197. Similar approaches can also be used to couple other types of polysaccharides to CRM197 with little to no modification of the protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Urbano-Munoz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Orne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moeller T, Shah SB, Lai K, Lopez-Barbosa N, Desai P, Wang W, Zhong Z, Redmond D, Singh A, DeLisa MP. Profiling Germinal Center-like B Cell Responses to Conjugate Vaccines Using Synthetic Immune Organoids. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:787-804. [PMID: 37122450 PMCID: PMC10141597 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineered bacteria have emerged as a cost-effective platform for rapid and controllable biosynthesis of designer conjugate vaccines. However, little is known about the engagement of such conjugates with naïve B cells to induce the formation of germinal centers (GC), a subanatomical microenvironment that converts naïve B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Using a three-dimensional biomaterials-based B-cell follicular organoid system, we demonstrate that conjugates triggered robust expression of hallmark GC markers, B cell receptor clustering, intracellular signaling, and somatic hypermutation. These responses depended on the relative immunogenicity of the conjugate and correlated with the humoral response in vivo. The occurrence of these mechanisms was exploited for the discovery of high-affinity antibodies against components of the conjugate on a time scale that was significantly shorter than for typical animal immunization-based workflows. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of synthetic organoids for rapidly predicting conjugate vaccine efficacy as well as expediting antigen-specific antibody discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
D. Moeller
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shivem B. Shah
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kristine Lai
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Natalia Lopez-Barbosa
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry,
Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhe Zhong
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David Redmond
- Institute
for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ankur Singh
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Biochemistry,
Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell
Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soleymani S, Tavassoli A, Housaindokht MR. An overview of progress from empirical to rational design in modern vaccine development, with an emphasis on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches. Comput Biol Med 2022; 140:105057. [PMID: 34839187 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Numerous conventional vaccines, especially live attenuated, inactivated (killed) microorganisms and subunit vaccines, lead to an effective induction of protective immune responses, mainly antibody-mediated responses against pathogens. However, it has become known that a wide range of highly dangerous pathogens are uncontrollable via conventional vaccination strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, genetics, biochemistry, and bioinformatics have provided new prospects for vaccine development. As a result of these advances, several new strategies for vaccine design, development, and production have appeared. These strategies show advantages over conventional vaccines. In this review, we discuss some of the major novel approaches, including recombinant protein vaccines, live recombinant viral and bacterial vectors, DNA and RNA vaccines, reverse vaccinology and reverse genetics approaches. Moreover, we have described the recent progresses on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches for identifying, designing, and developing new candidate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Soleymani
- Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Tavassoli
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Housaindokht
- Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seeberger PH. Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3598-3626. [PMID: 33794090 PMCID: PMC8154330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx, a thick layer of carbohydrates, surrounds the cell wall of most bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Recognition of these unique glycans by the human immune system results in destruction of the invaders. To elicit a protective immune response, polysaccharides either isolated from the bacterial cell surface or conjugated with a carrier protein, for T-cell help, are administered. Conjugate vaccines based on isolated carbohydrates currently protect millions of people against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitides infections. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly discovered by medicinal chemistry and synthetic in origin, rather than isolated from natural sources. Converting vaccines from biologicals to pharmaceuticals requires a fundamental understanding of how the human immune system recognizes carbohydrates and could now be realized. To illustrate the chemistry-based approach to vaccine discovery, I summarize efforts focusing on synthetic glycan-based medicinal chemistry to understand the mammalian antiglycan immune response and define glycan epitopes for novel synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other bacteria. The chemical tools described here help us gain fundamental insights into how the human system recognizes carbohydrates and drive the discovery of carbohydrate vaccines.
Collapse
|
6
|
Disruption of the cpsE and endA Genes Attenuates Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence: Towards the Development of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020187. [PMID: 32326482 PMCID: PMC7349068 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of deaths due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are in developing countries. Although polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines are available, newer types of vaccines are needed to increase vaccine affordability, particularly in developing countries, and to provide broader protection across all pneumococcal serotypes. To attenuate pneumococcal virulence with the aim of engineering candidate live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), we constructed knockouts in S. pneumoniae D39 of one of the capsular biosynthetic genes, cpsE that encodes glycosyltransferase, and the endonuclease gene, endA, that had been implicated in the uptake of DNA from the environment as well as bacterial escape from neutrophil-mediated killing. The cpsE gene knockout significantly lowered peak bacterial density, BALB/c mice nasopharyngeal (NP) colonisation but increased biofilm formation when compared to the wild-type D39 strain as well as the endA gene knockout mutant. All constructed mutant strains were able to induce significantly high serum and mucosal antibody response in BALB/c mice. However, the cpsE-endA double mutant strain, designated SPEC, was able to protect mice from high dose mucosal challenge of the D39 wild-type. Furthermore, SPEC showed 23-fold attenuation of virulence compared to the wild-type. Thus, the cpsE-endA double-mutant strain could be a promising candidate for further development of a LAV for S. pneumoniae.
Collapse
|
7
|
Reuven EM, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Yu H, Duchi R, Perota A, Conchon S, Bachar Abramovitch S, Soulillou JP, Galli C, Chen X, Padler-Karavani V. Biomimetic Glyconanoparticle Vaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2936-2947. [PMID: 30840433 PMCID: PMC6756924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to harness the immune system to combat malignant processes. Transformed cells harbor diverse modifications that lead to formation of neoantigens, including aberrantly expressed cell surface carbohydrates. Targeting tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) hold great potential for cancer immunotherapy. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is a dietary non-human immunogenic carbohydrate that accumulates on human cancer cells, thereby generating neoantigens. In mice, passive immunotherapy with anti-Neu5Gc antibodies inhibits growth of Neu5Gc-positive tumors. Here, we designed an active cancer vaccine immunotherapy strategy to target Neu5Gc-positive tumors. We generated biomimetic glyconanoparticles using engineered αGal knockout porcine red blood cells to form nanoghosts (NGs) that either express (NGpos) or lack expression (NGneg) of Neu5Gc-glycoconjugates in their natural context. We demonstrated that optimized immunization of "human-like" Neu5Gc-deficient Cmah-/- mice with NGpos glyconanoparticles induce a strong, diverse and persistent anti-Neu5Gc IgG immune response. The resulting anti-Neu5Gc IgG antibodies were also detected within Neu5Gc-positive tumors and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Using detailed glycan microarray analysis, we further demonstrate that the kinetics and quality of the immune responses influence the efficacy of the vaccine. These findings reinforce the potential of TACA neoantigens and the dietary non-human sialic acid Neu5Gc, in particular, as immunotherapy targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliran Moshe Reuven
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roberto Duchi
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Perota
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Institut de Transplantation–Urologie–Néphrologie, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre Hospitalo Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Institut de Transplantation–Urologie–Néphrologie, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre Hospitalo Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Via Porcellasco 7/F, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- FondazioneAvantea Cremona, Italy
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Corresponding Author: Department of Cell Research & Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel. Tel: +972-3-640-6737. Fax: +972-3-642-2046.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cameron JC. Public policy for meningococcal vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1216-1217. [PMID: 29194013 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1403701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On an individual basis, meningococcal disease is consistently shown to be one of the most feared potential childhood infections. On a population level, any clustering of cases or increase in disease requires proactive health protection management, while epidemics can be devastating. It is therefore no surprise that developing protective meningococcal vaccines and effective strategies for their implementation has been a continuing public health priority for some decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Cameron
- a Health Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland , Glasgow , Scotland , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Development of Subunit Vaccines That Provide High-Level Protection and Sterilizing Immunity against Acute Inhalational Melioidosis. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00724-17. [PMID: 29109172 PMCID: PMC5736816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00724-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, causes severe disease in humans and animals. Diagnosis and treatment of melioidosis can be challenging, and no licensed vaccines currently exist. Several studies have shown that this pathogen expresses a variety of structurally conserved protective antigens that include cell surface polysaccharides and cell-associated and cell-secreted proteins. Based on those findings, such antigens have become important components of the subunit vaccine candidates that we are currently developing. In the present study, the 6-deoxyheptan capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from B. pseudomallei was purified, chemically activated, and covalently linked to recombinant CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant (CRM197) to produce CPS-CRM197. Additionally, tandem nickel-cobalt affinity chromatography was used to prepare highly purified recombinant B. pseudomallei Hcp1 and TssM proteins. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with CPS-CRM197 produced high-titer IgG and opsonizing antibody responses against the CPS component of the glycoconjugate, while immunization with Hcp1 and TssM produced high-titer IgG and robust gamma interferon-secreting T cell responses against the proteins. Extending upon these studies, we found that when mice were vaccinated with a combination of CPS-CRM197 and Hcp1, 100% of the mice survived a lethal inhalational challenge with B. pseudomallei. Remarkably, 70% of the survivors had no culturable bacteria in their lungs, livers, or spleens, indicating that the vaccine formulation had generated sterilizing immune responses. Collectively, these studies help to better establish surrogates of antigen-induced immunity against B. pseudomallei as well as provide valuable insights toward the development of a safe, affordable, and effective melioidosis vaccine.
Collapse
|
10
|
PBMC transcriptome profiles identifies potential candidate genes and functional networks controlling the innate and the adaptive immune response to PRRSV vaccine in Pietrain pig. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171828. [PMID: 28278192 PMCID: PMC5344314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating viral disease affecting swine production, health and welfare throughout the world. A synergistic action of the innate and the adaptive immune system of the host is essential for mounting a durable protective immunity through vaccination. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to characterize the innate and the adaptive immune response to PRRS Virus (PRRSV) vaccination in Pietrain pigs. The Affymetrix gene chip porcine gene 1.0 ST array was used for the transcriptome profiling of PBMCs collected at immediately before (D0), at one (D1) and 28 days (D28) post PRRSV vaccination with three biological replications. With FDR <0.05 and log2 fold change ±1.5 as cutoff criteria, 295 and 115 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in PBMCs during the stage of innate and adaptive response, respectively. The microarray expression results were technically validated by qRT-PCR. The gene ontology terms such as viral life cycle, regulation of lymphocyte activation, cytokine activity and inflammatory response were enriched during the innate immunity; cytolysis, T cell mediated cytotoxicity, immunoglobulin production were enriched during adaptive immunity to PRRSV vaccination. Significant enrichment of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, signaling by interleukins, signaling by the B cell receptor (BCR), viral mRNA translation, IFN-gamma pathway and AP-1 transcription factor network pathways were indicating the involvement of altered genes in the antiviral defense. Network analysis revealed that four network modules were functionally involved with the transcriptional network of innate immunity, and five modules were linked to adaptive immunity in PBMCs. The innate immune transcriptional network was found to be regulated by LCK, STAT3, ATP5B, UBB and RSP17. While TGFß1, IL7R, RAD21, SP1 and GZMB are likely to be predictive for the adaptive immune transcriptional response to PRRSV vaccine in PBMCs. Results of the current immunogenomics study advances our understanding of PRRS in term of host-vaccine interaction, and thereby contribute to design a rationale for disease control strategy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen L, Valentine JL, Huang CJ, Endicott CE, Moeller TD, Rasmussen JA, Fletcher JR, Boll JM, Rosenthal JA, Dobruchowska J, Wang Z, Heiss C, Azadi P, Putnam D, Trent MS, Jones BD, DeLisa MP. Outer membrane vesicles displaying engineered glycotopes elicit protective antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3609-18. [PMID: 27274048 PMCID: PMC4932928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518311113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS) component of lipopolysaccharides on the surface of gram-negative bacteria is both a virulence factor and a B-cell antigen. Antibodies elicited by O-PS often confer protection against infection; therefore, O-PS glycoconjugate vaccines have proven useful against a number of different pathogenic bacteria. However, conventional methods for natural extraction or chemical synthesis of O-PS are technically demanding, inefficient, and expensive. Here, we describe an alternative methodology for producing glycoconjugate vaccines whereby recombinant O-PS biosynthesis is coordinated with vesiculation in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli to yield glycosylated outer membrane vesicles (glycOMVs) decorated with pathogen-mimetic glycotopes. Using this approach, glycOMVs corresponding to eight different pathogenic bacteria were generated. For example, expression of a 17-kb O-PS gene cluster from the highly virulent Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strain Schu S4 in hypervesiculating E. coli cells yielded glycOMVs that displayed F. tularensis O-PS. Immunization of BALB/c mice with glycOMVs elicited significant titers of O-PS-specific serum IgG antibodies as well as vaginal and bronchoalveolar IgA antibodies. Importantly, glycOMVs significantly prolonged survival upon subsequent challenge with F. tularensis Schu S4 and provided complete protection against challenge with two different F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) live vaccine strains, thereby demonstrating the vaccine potential of glycOMVs. Given the ease with which recombinant glycotopes can be expressed on OMVs, the strategy described here could be readily adapted for developing vaccines against many other bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Chen
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jenny L Valentine
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Chung-Jr Huang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Christine E Endicott
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Tyler D Moeller
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jed A Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Joseph M Boll
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Joseph A Rosenthal
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Justyna Dobruchowska
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - David Putnam
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Genetics Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Traditional vaccination with whole pathogens or pathogen-derived subunits has completely eliminated diseases like smallpox, and has greatly limited the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with many other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, a large burden of infectious disease remains that may be preventable through vaccination. For many of these, more focused and innovative approaches may be essential for the development of effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Oscherwitz
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ihssen J, Haas J, Kowarik M, Wiesli L, Wacker M, Schwede T, Thöny-Meyer L. Increased efficiency of Campylobacter jejuni N-oligosaccharyltransferase PglB by structure-guided engineering. Open Biol 2016; 5:140227. [PMID: 25833378 PMCID: PMC4422122 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugate vaccines belong to the most efficient preventive measures against life-threatening bacterial infections. Functional expression of N-oligosaccharyltransferase (N-OST) PglB of Campylobacter jejuni in Escherichia coli enables a simplified production of glycoconjugate vaccines in prokaryotic cells. Polysaccharide antigens of pathogenic bacteria can be covalently coupled to immunogenic acceptor proteins bearing engineered glycosylation sites. Transfer efficiency of PglBCj is low for certain heterologous polysaccharide substrates. In this study, we increased glycosylation rates for Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium LT2 O antigen (which lacks N-acetyl sugars) and Staphylococcus aureus CP5 polysaccharides by structure-guided engineering of PglB. A three-dimensional homology model of membrane-associated PglBCj, docked to the natural C. jejuni N-glycan attached to the acceptor peptide, was used to identify potential sugar-interacting residues as targets for mutagenesis. Saturation mutagenesis of an active site residue yielded the enhancing mutation N311V, which facilitated fivefold to 11-fold increased in vivo glycosylation rates as determined by glycoprotein-specific ELISA. Further rounds of in vitro evolution led to a triple mutant S80R-Q287P-N311V enabling a yield improvement of S. enterica LT2 glycoconjugates by a factor of 16. Our results demonstrate that bacterial N-OST can be tailored to specific polysaccharide substrates by structure-guided protein engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ihssen
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel 4056, Switzerland SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Luzia Wiesli
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | | | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel 4056, Switzerland SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Linda Thöny-Meyer
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma Z, Zhang H, Shang W, Zhu F, Han W, Zhao X, Han D, Wang PG, Chen M. Glycoconjugate vaccine containing Escherichia coli O157:H7 O-antigen linked with maltose-binding protein elicits humoral and cellular responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105215. [PMID: 25137044 PMCID: PMC4138118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate is one of the most efficacious and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Previous studies of glycoconjugates against pathogen E. coli O157:H7 focused more on the humoral responses they elicited. However, little was known about their cellular responses. In this study, we exploited a novel approach based on bacterial protein N-linked glycosylation system to produce glycoconjugate containing Escherichia coli O157:H7 O-antigen linked with maltose-binding protein and examined its humoral and cellular responses in BALB/c mice. The transfer of E. coli O157:H7 O-antigen to MBP was confirmed by western blot and MALDI-TOF MS. Mice injected with glycoconjugate O-Ag-MBP elicited serum bactericidal antibodies including anti-E. coli O157:H7 O-antigen IgG and IgM. Interestingly, O-Ag-MBP also stimulated the secretion of anti-E. coli O157:H7 O-antigen IgA in intestine. In addition, O-Ag-MBP stimulated cellular responses by recruiting Th1-biased CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, O-Ag-MBP induced the upregulation of Th1-related IFN-γ and downregulation of Th2-related IL-4, and the upregulation of IFN-γ was stimulated by MBP in a dose-dependent manner. MBP showed TLR4 agonist-like properties to activate Th1 cells as carrier protein of O-Ag-MBP. Thus, glycoconjugate vaccine E. coli O157:H7-specific O-Ag-MBP produced by bacterial protein N-linked glycosylation system was able to elicit both humoral and Th1-biased cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Ma
- School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, Shandong, China
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiqing Han
- College of Pharmacy and the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueer Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Donglei Han
- School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garcia-Quintanilla F, Iwashkiw JA, Price NL, Stratilo C, Feldman MF. Production of a recombinant vaccine candidate against Burkholderia pseudomallei exploiting the bacterial N-glycosylation machinery. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:381. [PMID: 25120536 PMCID: PMC4114197 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines developing immune responses toward surface carbohydrates conjugated to proteins are effective in preventing infection and death by bacterial pathogens. Traditional production of these vaccines utilizes complex synthetic chemistry to acquire and conjugate the glycan to a protein. However, glycoproteins produced by bacterial protein glycosylation systems are significantly easier to produce, and could possible be used as vaccine candidates. In this work, we functionally expressed the Burkholderia pseudomallei O polysaccharide (OPS II), the Campylobacter jejuni oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase), and a suitable glycoprotein (AcrA) in a designer E. coli strain with a higher efficiency for production of glycoconjugates. We were able to produce and purify the OPS II-AcrA glycoconjugate, and MS analysis confirmed correct glycan was produced and attached. We observed the attachment of the O-acetylated deoxyhexose directly to the acceptor protein, which expands the range of substrates utilized by the OTase PglB. Injection of the glycoprotein into mice generated an IgG immune response against B. pseudomallei, and this response was partially protective against an intranasal challenge. Our experiments show that bacterial engineered glycoconjugates can be utilized as vaccine candidates against B. pseudomallei. Additionally, our new E. coli strain SDB1 is more efficient in glycoprotein production, and could have additional applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy A. Iwashkiw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nancy L. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chad Stratilo
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield Research CentreMedicine Hat, AB, Canada
| | - Mario F. Feldman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Burkholderia pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide conjugates provide protection against acute melioidosis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3206-13. [PMID: 24866807 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01847-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a CDC tier 1 select agent that causes severe disease in both humans and animals. Diagnosis and treatment of melioidosis can be challenging, and in the absence of optimal chemotherapeutic intervention, acute disease is frequently fatal. Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease for which there are currently no licensed vaccines. Due to the potential malicious use of B. pseudomallei as well as its impact on public health in regions where the disease is endemic, there is significant interest in developing vaccines for immunization against this disease. In the present study, type A O-polysaccharide (OPS) and manno-heptose capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens were isolated from nonpathogenic, select-agent-excluded strains of B. pseudomallei and covalently linked to carrier proteins. By using these conjugates (OPS2B1 and CPS2B1, respectively), it was shown that although high-titer IgG responses against the OPS or CPS component of the glycoconjugates could be raised in BALB/c mice, only those animals immunized with CPS2B1 were protected against intraperitoneal challenge with B. pseudomallei. Extending upon these studies, it was also demonstrated that when the mice were immunized with a combination of CPS2B1 and recombinant B. pseudomallei LolC, rather than with CPS2B1 or LolC individually, they exhibited higher survival rates when challenged with a lethal dose of B. pseudomallei. Collectively, these results suggest that CPS-based glycoconjugates are promising candidates for the development of subunit vaccines for immunization against melioidosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Protection against experimental melioidosis following immunisation with a lipopolysaccharide-protein conjugate. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:392170. [PMID: 24892035 PMCID: PMC4033506 DOI: 10.1155/2014/392170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is refractory to antibiotic treatment and there is currently no licensed vaccine. In this report we detail the construction and protective efficacy of a polysaccharide-protein conjugate composed of B. pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide and the Hc fragment of tetanus toxin. Immunisation of mice with the lipopolysaccharide-conjugate led to significantly reduced bacterial burdens in the spleen 48 hours after challenge and afforded significant protection against a lethal challenge with B. pseudomallei. The conjugate generated significantly higher levels of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a than in lipopolysaccharide-immunised mice. Immunisation with the conjugate also demonstrated a bias towards Th1 type responses, evidenced by high levels of IgG2a. In contrast, immunisation with unconjugated lipopolysaccharide evoked almost no IgG2a demonstrating a bias towards Th2 type responses. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach in the development of an efficacious and protective vaccine against melioidosis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nothaft H, Szymanski CM. Bacterial protein N-glycosylation: new perspectives and applications. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6912-20. [PMID: 23329827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.417857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is widespread throughout all three domains of life. Bacterial protein N-glycosylation and its application to engineering recombinant glycoproteins continue to be actively studied. Here, we focus on advances made in the last 2 years, including the characterization of novel bacterial N-glycosylation pathways, examination of pathway enzymes and evolution, biological roles of protein modification in the native host, and exploitation of the N-glycosylation pathways to create novel vaccines and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Nothaft
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Burtnick MN, Heiss C, Schuler AM, Azadi P, Brett PJ. Development of novel O-polysaccharide based glycoconjugates for immunization against glanders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23205347 PMCID: PMC3506924 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei the etiologic agent of glanders, causes severe disease in humans and animals and is a potential agent of biological warfare and terrorism. Diagnosis and treatment of glanders can be challenging, and in the absence of chemotherapeutic intervention, acute human disease is invariably fatal. At present, there are no human or veterinary vaccines available for immunization against disease. One of the goals of our research, therefore, is to identify and characterize protective antigens expressed by B. mallei and use them to develop efficacious glanders vaccine candidates. Previous studies have demonstrated that the O-polysaccharide (OPS) expressed by B. mallei is both a virulence factor and a protective antigen. Recently, we demonstrated that Burkholderia thailandensis, a closely related but non-pathogenic species, can be genetically manipulated to express OPS antigens that are recognized by B. mallei OPS-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). As a result, these antigens have become important components of the various OPS-based subunit vaccines that we are currently developing in our laboratory. In this study, we describe a method for isolating B. mallei-like OPS antigens from B. thailandensis oacA mutants. Utilizing these purified OPS antigens, we also describe a simple procedure for coupling the polysaccharides to protein carriers such as cationized bovine serum albumin, diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 and cholera toxin B subunit. Additionally, we demonstrate that high titer IgG responses against purified B. mallei LPS can be generated by immunizing mice with the resulting constructs. Collectively, these approaches provide a rational starting point for the development of novel OPS-based glycoconjugates for immunization against glanders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ihssen J, Kowarik M, Wiesli L, Reiss R, Wacker M, Thöny-Meyer L. Structural insights from random mutagenesis of Campylobacter jejuni oligosaccharyltransferase PglB. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:67. [PMID: 23006740 PMCID: PMC3527161 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein glycosylation is of fundamental importance in many biological systems. The discovery of N-glycosylation in bacteria and the functional expression of the N-oligosaccharyltransferase PglB of Campylobacter jejuni in Escherichia coli enabled the production of engineered glycoproteins and the study of the underlying molecular mechanisms. A particularly promising application for protein glycosylation in recombinant bacteria is the production of potent conjugate vaccines where polysaccharide antigens of pathogenic bacteria are covalently bound to immunogenic carrier proteins. Results In this study capsular polysaccharides of the clinically relevant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 (CP5) were expressed in Escherichia coli and linked in vivo to a detoxified version of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (EPA). We investigated which amino acids of the periplasmic domain of PglB are crucial for the glycosylation reaction using a newly established 96-well screening system enabling the relative quantification of glycoproteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A random mutant library was generated by error-prone PCR and screened for inactivating amino acid substitutions. In addition to 15 inactive variants with amino acid changes within the previously known, strictly conserved WWDYG motif of N-oligosaccharyltransferases, 8 inactivating mutations mapped to a flexible loop in close vicinity of the amide nitrogen atom of the acceptor asparagine as revealed in the crystal structure of the homologous enzyme C. lari PglB. The importance of the conserved loop residue H479 for glycosylation was confirmed by site directed mutagenesis, while a change to alanine of the adjacent, non-conserved L480 had no effect. In addition, we investigated functional requirements in the so-called MIV motif of bacterial N-oligosaccharyltransferases. Amino acid residues I571 and V575, which had been postulated to interact with the acceptor peptide, were subjected to cassette saturation mutagenesis. With the exception of I571C only hydrophobic residues were found in active variants. Variant I571V performed equally well as the wild type, cysteine at the same position reduced glycoprotein yield slightly, while a change to phenylalanine reduced activity by a factor of three. Conclusions This study provides novel structure-function relationships for the periplasmic domain of the Campylobacter jejuni N-oligosaccharyltransferase PglB and describes procedures for generating and screening oligosaccharyltransferase mutant libraries in an engineered E. coli system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ihssen
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomaterials, CH-9014, St, Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Burtnick MN, Heiss C, Roberts RA, Schweizer HP, Azadi P, Brett PJ. Development of capsular polysaccharide-based glycoconjugates for immunization against melioidosis and glanders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:108. [PMID: 22912938 PMCID: PMC3419357 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, cause severe disease in humans and animals and are considered potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism. Diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by these pathogens can be challenging and, in the absence of chemotherapeutic intervention, acute disease is frequently fatal. At present, there are no human or veterinary vaccines available for immunization against these emerging/re-emerging infectious diseases. One of the long term objectives of our research, therefore, is to identify and characterize protective antigens expressed by B. pseudomallei and B. mallei and use them to develop efficacious vaccine candidates. Previous studies have demonstrated that the 6-deoxy-heptan capsular polysaccharide (CPS) expressed by these bacterial pathogens is both a virulence determinant and a protective antigen. Consequently, this carbohydrate moiety has become an important component of the various subunit vaccines that we are currently developing in our laboratory. In the present study, we describe a reliable method for isolating CPS antigens from O-polysaccharide (OPS) deficient strains of B. pseudomallei; including a derivative of the select agent excluded strain Bp82. Utilizing these purified CPS samples, we also describe a simple procedure for covalently linking these T-cell independent antigens to carrier proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that high titer IgG responses can be raised against the CPS component of such constructs. Collectively, these approaches provide a tangible starting point for the development of novel CPS-based glycoconjugates for immunization against melioidosis and glanders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McCullers JA, Huber VC. Correlates of vaccine protection from influenza and its complications. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:34-44. [PMID: 22252001 DOI: 10.4161/hv.8.1.18214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite use of influenza vaccines for more than 65 y, influenza and its complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most deaths during influenza virus infections are due to underlying co-morbidities or secondary bacterial pneumonia. The measures of immune response currently used for licensure of influenza vaccines are relevant mainly for protection from viral infection in healthy adults. Development of new or improved influenza vaccines will require a definition of novel, and specific correlates of protection. These correlates should associate immune responses with outcomes that are relevant to specific risk groups, such as asthma exacerbation, hospitalization or disruptions to care or daily activities. Assessment of vaccine effectiveness for both viral and bacterial vaccines should include measures of impact on secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prevention of pneumococcal disease through vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 29 Suppl 3:C15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
Ihssen J, Kowarik M, Dilettoso S, Tanner C, Wacker M, Thöny-Meyer L. Production of glycoprotein vaccines in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:61. [PMID: 20701771 PMCID: PMC2927510 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugate vaccines in which polysaccharide antigens are covalently linked to carrier proteins belong to the most effective and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. State-of-the art production of conjugate vaccines using chemical methods is a laborious, multi-step process. In vivo enzymatic coupling using the general glycosylation pathway of Campylobacter jejuni in recombinant Escherichia coli has been suggested as a simpler method for producing conjugate vaccines. In this study we describe the in vivo biosynthesis of two novel conjugate vaccine candidates against Shigella dysenteriae type 1, an important bacterial pathogen causing severe gastro-intestinal disease states mainly in developing countries. RESULTS Two different periplasmic carrier proteins, AcrA from C. jejuni and a toxoid form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin were glycosylated with Shigella O antigens in E. coli. Starting from shake flask cultivation in standard complex medium a lab-scale fed-batch process was developed for glycoconjugate production. It was found that efficiency of glycosylation but not carrier protein expression was highly susceptible to the physiological state at induction. After induction glycoconjugates generally appeared later than unglycosylated carrier protein, suggesting that glycosylation was the rate-limiting step for synthesis of conjugate vaccines in E. coli. Glycoconjugate synthesis, in particular expression of oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, strongly inhibited growth of E. coli cells after induction, making it necessary to separate biomass growth and recombinant protein expression phases. With a simple pulse and linear feed strategy and the use of semi-defined glycerol medium, volumetric glycoconjugate yield was increased 30 to 50-fold. CONCLUSIONS The presented data demonstrate that glycosylated proteins can be produced in recombinant E. coli at a larger scale. The described methodologies constitute an important step towards cost-effective in vivo production of conjugate vaccines, which in future may be used for combating severe infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ihssen
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jones HE, Taylor PR, McGreal E, Zamze S, Wong SY. The contribution of naturally occurring IgM antibodies, IgM cross-reactivity and complement dependency in murine humoral responses to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. Vaccine 2009; 27:5806-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Automated carbohydrate synthesis as platform to address fundamental aspects of glycobiology—current status and future challenges. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1889-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
29
|
Phalipon A, Mulard LA, Sansonetti PJ. Vaccination against shigellosis: is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path? Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1057-62. [PMID: 18672087 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Following several decades of research, there is not yet a convincing vaccine against shigellosis. It is still difficult, in spite of the breadth of strategies (i.e. live attenuated oral, killed oral, subunit parenteral) to select an optimal option. Two approaches are clearly emerging: (i) live attenuated deletion mutants based on rational selection of genes that are key in the pathogenic process, and (ii) conjugated detoxified polysaccharide parenteral vaccines, or more recently conjugated synthetic carbohydrates. Some of these approaches have already undergone phase I and II clinical trials with promising results, but important issues have also emerged, particularly the discrepancy between colonization and immunogenic potential of live attenuated vaccine candidates depending upon the population concerned (i.e. non endemic vs. endemic areas). Efforts are needed to definitely establish the proof of concept of these approaches, and thus the need for clinical trials which should also soon explore the possibility to associate different serotypes, in response to serotype specific protection against shigellosis. More basic research is also required to improve what we can still consider as first-generation vaccines, and to explore possible new paradigms including the search for cross-protective antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Phalipon
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Lemercinier X, Jones C. Full assignment of the 1H and 13C spectra and revision of the O-acetylation site of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 33F, a component of the current pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:68-74. [PMID: 16297895 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 33F was originally determined by a combination of chemical methods and limited use of NMR spectroscopy [Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.1984, 62, 666-677]. We report full 1H and 13C assignments and confirm the structure of the saccharide repeat unit, but find that the site of O-acetylation is O-2 of the -->5)-beta-D-Galf, rather than the -->3)-beta-D-Galf residue. We find that a slightly higher percentage of the repeat units are O-acetylated: [carbohydrate: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lemercinier
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baraldo K, Mori E, Bartoloni A, Norelli F, Grandi G, Rappuoli R, Finco O, Del Giudice G. Combined conjugate vaccines: enhanced immunogenicity with the N19 polyepitope as a carrier protein. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5835-41. [PMID: 16113302 PMCID: PMC1231108 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5835-5841.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The N19 polyepitope, consisting of a sequential string of universal human CD4(+)-T-cell epitopes, was tested as a carrier protein in a formulation of combined glycoconjugate vaccines containing the capsular polysaccharides (PSs) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. Good antibody responses to all four polysaccharides were induced by one single immunization of mice with N19-based conjugates. Two immunizations with N19 conjugates elicited anti-MenACWY antibody titers comparable to those induced after three doses of glycoconjugates containing CRM197 as carrier protein. Compared to cross-reacting material (CRM)-based constructs, lower amounts of N19-MenACWY conjugates still induced high bactericidal titers to all four PSs. Moreover, N19-MenACWY-conjugated constructs induced faster and higher antibody avidity maturation against meningococcal C PS than CRM-based conjugates. Very importantly, N19-specific antibodies did not cross-react with the parent protein from which N19 epitopes were derived, e.g., tetanus toxoid and influenza virus hemagglutinin. Finally, T helper epitopes of the N19 carrier protein were effectively generated both in vivo (after immunization with the N19 itself) and in vitro (after restimulation of epitope-specific spleen cells). Taken together, these data show that the N19 polyepitope represents a strong and valid option for the generation of improved or new combined glycoconjugate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Baraldo
- Research Center, Chiron Vaccines, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kumar V, Ganguly NK, Joshi K, Mittal R, Harjai K, Chhibber S, Sharma S. Protective efficacy and immunogenicity of Escherichia coli K13 diphtheria toxoid conjugate against experimental ascending pyelonephritis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005; 194:211-7. [PMID: 15909203 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-005-0241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, protective efficacy of Escherichia coli capsular antigen, K13, was evaluated in a mouse model of pyelonephritis. Unconjugated capsular polysaccharide failed to provide any protection. However, coupling of K13 to diphtheria toxoid (DT) enhanced its immunogenicity and led to significant production of anticapsular antibodies in mice. Immunization of animals with K13-DT conjugate also caused significant improvement in cell-mediated immune response as indicated by an increase in lymphoblastogenic response and in the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio of splenic lymphocytes. Significant decrease in bacterial load and renal severity scores were observed in K13-DT immunized animals. Suitability of K13-DT conjugate as an effective vaccine candidate against urinary tract infections caused by E. coli has been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|