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Serhan M, Psihogios A, Kabir N, Bota AB, Mithani SS, Smith DP, Zhu DT, Greyson D, Wilson S, Fell D, Top KA, Bettinger JA, Wilson K. A scoping review of active, participant centred, digital adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance of WHO approved COVID-19 vaccines: A Canadian immunization Research Network study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2293550. [PMID: 38374618 PMCID: PMC10880498 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2293550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review examines the role of digital solutions in active, participant-centered surveillance of adverse events following initial release of COVID-19 vaccines. The goals of this paper were to examine the existing literature surrounding digital solutions and technology used for active, participant centered, AEFI surveillance of novel COVID-19 vaccines approved by WHO. This paper also aimed to identify gaps in literature surrounding digital, active, participant centered AEFI surveillance systems and to identify and describe the core components of active, participant centered, digital surveillance systems being used for post-market AEFI surveillance of WHO approved COVID-19 vaccines, with a focus on the digital solutions and technology being used, the type of AEFI detected, and the populations under surveillance. The findings highlight the need for customized surveillance systems based on local contexts and the lessons learned to improve future vaccine monitoring and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Serhan
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Athanasios Psihogios
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nooh Kabir
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A. Brianne Bota
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Salima S. Mithani
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David P. Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David T. Zhu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Devon Greyson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Populations & Public Health Research Program, ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deshayne Fell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karina A. Top
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie A. Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kumanan Wilson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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ShamaeiZadeh PA, Jaimes CV, Knoll MD, Espié E, Chandler RE. Landscape review of active vaccine safety surveillance activities for COVID-19 vaccines globally. Vaccine X 2024; 18:100485. [PMID: 38655548 PMCID: PMC11035105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence of COVID-19 vaccine safety relied upon the global vaccine monitoring infrastructure due to shortened clinical development timelines and emergency use licensure. Differences in AVSS capacity between high-income countries (HICs) versus low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were known prior to the pandemic. Objective To assess the global landscape of COVID-19 vaccine AVSS activities to identify gaps in safety evidence generation across vaccine products and populations with a focus on LMICs. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2022 on AVSS activities evaluating adverse events following immunization (AEFI). Data collected included country, targeted population, COVID-19 vaccine product(s), design of surveillance/monitoring activities or study, and AEFIs to be monitored.To supplement these findings, we conducted a literature review of COVID-19 vaccine safety activities published in PubMed through January 2023. Observational activities assessing AEFI, specifically adverse events of special interest (AESI), following routine use of COVID-19 vaccines in medical practice were included; systematic reviews, benefit/risk assessments, clinical trials, and case reports/series were excluded. Results The survey, completed by 34 respondents and compiled with reviews of 7 publicly available Risk Management Plans from five vaccine manufacturers, identified 79 monitoring activities in HICs, 24 in LMICs, and 9 in multiple regions. Most activities in LMICs were planned cohort event monitoring (CEM) studies (n = 18); two multi-national hospital-based sentinel surveillance studies for AESI were ongoing. Activities in LMICs evaluated multiple COVID-19 vaccine products simultaneously and were sponsored by health authorities. The literature review identified 1245 unique citations, of which 379 met inclusion criteria. The majority evaluated vaccines primarily used in high-income countries: Pfizer BioNTech (Comirnaty; n = 303), Moderna (mRNA-1273; n = 164), AstraZeneca (AZD1222; n = 126), and Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S); n = 62); 14 citations assessed vaccines used exclusively in LMICs: Sinovac (CoronaVac), Beijing CNBG (BBIBP-Corv), Bharat (Covaxin), SII (Covashield), and Gamaleya (Gam-Covid-Vac) vaccines. Conclusions Robust safety evidence for input into benefit/risk assessments is likely unavailable for most COVID-19 vaccines used primarily in LMICs due to emphasis on cohort event monitoring methods. Goals for equitable vaccine access should be coupled with investment and support for building infrastructure and capacity for safety evidence generation to inform policy and regulatory decisions at local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa A. ShamaeiZadeh
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Carmen Villamizar Jaimes
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Espié
- Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, London, UK
- Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca E. Chandler
- Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, London, UK
- Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
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Chandler RE, Balakrishnan MR, Brasseur D, Bryan P, Espie E, Hartmann K, Jouquelet-Royer C, Milligan J, Nesbitt L, Pal S, Precioso A, Takey P, Chen RT. Collaboration within the global vaccine safety surveillance ecosystem during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learnt and key recommendations from the COVAX Vaccine Safety Working Group. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e014544. [PMID: 38453518 PMCID: PMC10921508 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This analysis describes the successes, challenges and opportunities to improve global vaccine safety surveillance as observed by the Vaccine Safety Working Group from its role as a platform of exchange for stakeholders responsible for monitoring the safety of vaccines distributed through the COVAX mechanism. Three key elements considered to be essential for ongoing and future pandemic preparedness for vaccine developers in their interaction with other members of the vaccine safety ecosystem are (1) the availability of infrastructure and capacity for active vaccine safety surveillance in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), including the advancement of concepts of safety surveillance and risk management to vaccine developers and manufacturers from LMICs; (2) more comprehensive mechanisms to ensure timely exchange of vaccine safety data and/or knowledge gaps between public health authorities and vaccine developers and manufacturers; and (3) further implementation of the concept of regulatory reliance in pharmacovigilance. These aims would both conserve valuable resources and allow for more equitable access to vaccine safety information and for benefit/risk decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip Bryan
- P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Nesbitt
- Biovac Institute, Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Robert T Chen
- The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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4
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Hu W, Jia N, Meng W, Zhou T, Wang R, Xiong Y, Luan C, Zhang S. Safety analysis of a live attenuated mumps vaccine in healthy adolescents in China: A phase 4, observational, open-label trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291730. [PMID: 37733724 PMCID: PMC10513284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps is an acute infectious disease, which was well controlled in the past, but recently it has resurged in some areas. This study aimed to evaluate the safety profile of the live attenuated mumps vaccine after large-scale vaccination. We conducted an observational, open-label phase 4 trial in Shaanxi, China from October 2020 to March 2021. Eligible participants were freshmen of junior high school who were not above 14 years old. Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) monitoring was carried out by active and passive surveillance. Safety follow-ups were conducted during the study participation. Overall, 10057 subjects were enrolled in the active surveillance analysis. A total of 214 subjects reported adverse reactions with an incidence of 2.13% (214/10057). Most adverse reactions were grade 1, and the incidence of grade 1 adverse reactions was 1.44% (145/10057); 0.60% for grade 2 (60/10057); and 0.09% for grade 3 (9/10057). The majority of adverse reactions were solicited (1.73%, 174/10057). Injection-site pain was the most frequently reported local adverse reaction (0.71%, 71/10057), followed by redness (0.29%, 29/10057). The most common systemic adverse reactions were nausea (0.19%, 19/10057) and fever (0.16%, 16/10057). For passive AEFI surveillance, 57 AEFI cases were reported, with an incidence of 19.28/100000 (57/287608). And most AEFI cases were common adverse reactions (66.67%, 38/57). In total, the live attenuated mumps vaccine evaluated in this trial has a favorable safety profile and can be used for large-scale inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Hu
- Immunization Programme Institute, Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Center, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
| | - Ningning Jia
- Clinical Research and Development Center, Sinovac Biotech Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tiantian Zhou
- Immunization Programme Institute, Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Center, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruize Wang
- Immunization Programme Institute, Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Center, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Chunfang Luan
- Research and Development Center, Sinovac (Dalian) Vaccine Technology Co., LTD, Dalian, China
| | - Shaobai Zhang
- Immunization Programme Institute, Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Center, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
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5
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Amdany H, Koech B. Best practice implementation on reporting of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine adverse events following immunization in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. JBI Evid Implement 2023; 21:146-155. [PMID: 36545897 DOI: 10.1097/xeb.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This project's aim was to implement vaccine safety surveillance best practices to improve reporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination roll out in Uasin Gishu County. INTRODUCTION Weak vaccine safety surveillance systems in developing countries has contributed to underreporting of AEFIs undermining public confidence in immunization efforts, contributing to low uptake of vaccines critical in the fight against communicable diseases. METHODS The JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System (JBI PACES) and Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) audit tool for promoting change in healthcare practice was utilized. Preimplementation and postimplementation audit cycles carried out utilized six best practice recommendations. Context-specific strategies and resources were used to address the gaps identified. RESULTS Less than half of the AEFIs reported were in accordance with the local policy recommendation, and most of the AEFIs reported were submitted in a timely manner in the baseline and follow-up cycle. Slight improvement was recorded in the number of health facilities with AEFIs reporting forms. An improvement of 33.7% was recorded in the number of health workers providing COVID-19 vaccination services who had received education and practical training on vaccine pharmacovigilance. CONCLUSION Underreporting and delayed submission of COVID-19 vaccine AEFI was evident among the healthcare providers offering COVID-19 vaccination services, the majority of healthcare providers had received training on vaccine pharmacovigilance, and AEFI hard copy reporting forms were not adequate in the health facilities. Public education on vaccine safety before administration of vaccine needs emphasis in order to improve reporting of AEFI.
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Beccia F, Regazzi L, Marziali E, Beccia V, Pascucci D, Mores N, Vetrugno G, Laurenti P. BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Safety among Healthcare Workers of a Tertiary Hospital in Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020477. [PMID: 36851354 PMCID: PMC9964542 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people have died because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The vaccination campaign helped tackle the pandemic and saved millions of lives. In a retrospective pharmacovigilance study, we explored the safety of the BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) vaccine among healthcare workers (HCWs) in a large Italian teaching hospital, and 2428 Adverse Events Reports (AERs) filed by HCWs after the administration of the first dose of vaccine were collected and analyzed, reporting the results quantitively and comparing them to the vaccine Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). Spearman's correlation coefficients were computed to investigate the correlation among reported adverse effects, and recurrent clusters of symptoms were investigated through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and k-means Cluster Analysis. The BNT162b2 vaccine's safety profile was favorable, with predominant reports of early onset, mild, non-serious and short-term resolved symptoms. We observed higher than the expected frequency for various non-serious undesirable effects, especially among those listed and classified as less common in the SPC. Furthermore, we identified three clusters of adverse effects that were frequently reported together, defined by the presence/absence of fatigue, malaise, localized pain, chills, pyrexia, insomnia, nausea and injection site pain. Post-marketing pharmacovigilance activities, together with targeted public health interventions, can be valuable tools to promote vaccination and improve the control of the spread of the pandemic, especially in sensitive settings and populations such as hospitals and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Beccia
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Regazzi
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Marziali
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Viria Beccia
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Pascucci
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Mores
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vetrugno
- Risk Management Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Laurenti
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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7
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Bellavite P, Ferraresi A, Isidoro C. Immune Response and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Adverse Effects of Spike Proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and mRNA Vaccines. Biomedicines 2023; 11:451. [PMID: 36830987 PMCID: PMC9953067 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 disease) uses the Spike proteins of its envelope for infecting target cells expressing on the membrane the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enzyme that acts as a receptor. To control the pandemic, genetically engineered vaccines have been designed for inducing neutralizing antibodies against the Spike proteins. These vaccines do not act like traditional protein-based vaccines, as they deliver the message in the form of mRNA or DNA to host cells that then produce and expose the Spike protein on the membrane (from which it can be shed in soluble form) to alert the immune system. Mass vaccination has brought to light various adverse effects associated with these genetically based vaccines, mainly affecting the circulatory and cardiovascular system. ACE2 is present as membrane-bound on several cell types, including the mucosa of the upper respiratory and of the gastrointestinal tracts, the endothelium, the platelets, and in soluble form in the plasma. The ACE2 enzyme converts the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II into peptides with vasodilator properties. Here we review the pathways for immunization and the molecular mechanisms through which the Spike protein, either from SARS-CoV-2 or encoded by the mRNA-based vaccines, interferes with the Renin-Angiotensin-System governed by ACE2, thus altering the homeostasis of the circulation and of the cardiovascular system. Understanding the molecular interactions of the Spike protein with ACE2 and the consequent impact on cardiovascular system homeostasis will direct the diagnosis and therapy of the vaccine-related adverse effects and provide information for development of a personalized vaccination that considers pathophysiological conditions predisposing to such adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Khademi Habibabadi S, Palmer C, Dimaguila GL, Javed M, Clothier HJ, Buttery J. Australasian Institute of Digital Health Summit 2022-Automated Social Media Surveillance for Detection of Vaccine Safety Signals: A Validation Study. Appl Clin Inform 2023; 14:1-10. [PMID: 36351547 PMCID: PMC9812583 DOI: 10.1055/a-1975-4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media platforms have emerged as a valuable data source for public health research and surveillance. Monitoring of social media and user-generated data on the Web enables timely and inexpensive collection of information, overcoming time lag and cost of traditional health reporting systems. OBJECTIVES This article identifies personally experienced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine reactions expressed on Twitter and validate the findings against an established vaccine reactions reporting system. METHODS We collected around 3 million tweets from 1.4 million users between February 1, 2021, to January 31, 2022, using COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine reactions keyword lists. We performed topic modeling on a sample of the data and applied a modified F1 scoring technique to identify a topic that best differentiated vaccine-related personal health mentions. We then manually annotated 4,000 of the records from this topic, which were used to train a transformer-based classifier to identify likely personally experienced vaccine reactions. Applying the trained classifier to the entire data set allowed us to select records we could use to quantify potential vaccine side effects. Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) referred to in these records were compared with those reported to the state of Victoria's spontaneous vaccine safety surveillance system, SAEFVIC (Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination In the Community). RESULTS The most frequently mentioned potential vaccine reactions generally aligned with SAEFVIC data. Notable exceptions were increased Twitter reporting of bleeding-related AEFI and allergic reactions, and more frequent SAEFVIC reporting of cardiac AEFI. CONCLUSION Social media conversations are a potentially valuable supplementary data source for detecting vaccine adverse event mentions. Monitoring of online observations about new vaccine-related personal health experiences has the capacity to provide early warnings about emerging vaccine safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Khademi Habibabadi
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Health Informatics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher Palmer
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Health Informatics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerardo L. Dimaguila
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Australia
| | - Muhammad Javed
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Health Informatics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hazel J. Clothier
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases Group, SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Health Analytics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases Group, SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Piché‐Renaud P, Morris SK, Top KA. A narrative review of vaccine pharmacovigilance during mass vaccination campaigns: Focus on myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 89:967-981. [PMID: 36480113 PMCID: PMC9878271 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have had a tremendous impact on reducing the burden of infectious diseases; however, they have the potential to cause adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). Prelicensure clinical trials are limited in their ability to detect rare AEFIs that may occur in less than one per thousand individuals. While postmarketing surveillance systems have shown COVID-19 mRNA vaccines to be safe, they led to the identification of rare cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination that were not initially detected in clinical trials. In this narrative review, we highlight concepts of vaccine pharmacovigilance during mass vaccination campaigns and compare the approaches used in the context of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination to historical examples. We describe mechanisms of passive and active surveillance, their strengths and limitations, and how they interacted to identify and characterize the safety signal of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Articles were synthesized from a PubMed search using relevant keywords for articles published on vaccine surveillance systems and myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination, as well as the authors' collections of relevant publications and grey literature reports. The global experience around the identification and monitoring of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination has provided important lessons for vaccine safety surveillance and highlighted its importance in maintaining public trust in mass vaccination programmes in a pandemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun K. Morris
- Division of Infectious DiseasesThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada,Centre for Global Child HealthThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada,Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada,Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Karina A. Top
- Department of PediatricsDalhousie University and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health CentreHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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10
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Buttery JP, Clothier H. Information systems for vaccine safety surveillance. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2100173. [PMID: 36162040 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization implementation in the community relies upon post-licensure vaccine safety surveillance to maintain safe vaccination programs and to detect rare AEFI not observed in clinical trials. The increasing availability of electronic health-care related data and correspondence from both health-related providers and internet-based media has revolutionized health-care information. Many and varied forms of health information related to adverse event following immunization (AEFI) are potentially suitable for vaccine safety surveillance. The utilization of these media ranges from more efficient use of electronic spontaneous reporting, automated solicited surveillance methods, screening various electronic health record types, and the utilization of natural language processing techniques to scan enormous amounts of internet-based data for AEFI mentions. Each of these surveillance types have advantages and disadvantages and are often complementary to each other. Most are "hypothesis generating," detecting potential safety signals, where some, such as vaccine safety datalinking, may also serve as "hypothesis testing" to help verify and investigate those potential signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim P Buttery
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Health Analytics, Melbourne, Australia.,Health Informatics Group and SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hazel Clothier
- Centre for Health Analytics, Melbourne, Australia.,Health Informatics Group and SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Laemmle-Ruff I, Lewis G, Clothier HJ, Dimaguila GL, Wolthuizen M, Buttery J, Crawford NW. Vaccine safety in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned on the frontline. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1053637. [PMID: 36408022 PMCID: PMC9672672 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1053637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination in the Community (SAEFVIC), Victoria's vaccine safety service for reporting adverse events following immunisation (AEFI), has provided integrated spontaneous surveillance and clinical services for individuals affected by AEFI since 2007. We describe SAEFVIC's response to the COVID-19 vaccine program, and reflect on lessons learned for vaccine safety. The massive scale of the Australian COVID-19 vaccine program required rapid adaptations across all aspects of SAEFVIC's vaccine safety services. Collection of AEFI reports was streamlined and expanded, incorporating both spontaneous and active surveillance data. Dramatically increased report volumes were managed with additional staffing, and innovations to automate, filter, and triage reports for priority follow up. There were two major adverse events of special interest (AESI): thrombosis with thrombocytopaenia syndrome and myocarditis, with multiple other AESI also investigated. Rapid escalation mechanisms to respond to AESI were established, along with AESI-specific databases for enhanced monitoring. Vaccine education and training resources were developed and public-facing vaccine safety reports updated weekly. Frequent communication with local and national government and regulatory bodies, and consultation with specialist groups was essential. The COVID-19 vaccine program has highlighted the importance of vaccine safety in supporting public confidence in vaccines and informing evidence-based immunisation policy. Supporting the COVID-19 vaccine program has required flexibility in adapting to policy changes and evolving vaccine safety signals, careful triage and prioritisation, informatics innovation, and enhanced engagement with the public regarding vaccine safety. Long-term investment to continue strengthening vaccine safety systems, building on lessons learned, will be essential for the ongoing success of Australian vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Laemmle-Ruff
- SAEFVIC, Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Ingrid Laemmle-Ruff
| | - Georgina Lewis
- SAEFVIC, Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hazel J. Clothier
- SAEFVIC, Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Centre for Health Analytics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerardo Luis Dimaguila
- SAEFVIC, Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Centre for Health Analytics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Wolthuizen
- Vaccine Safety & Evaluation, COVID-19 Response, Department of Health, Victorian Government, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- SAEFVIC, Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Centre for Health Analytics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Immunisation Service and General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel W. Crawford
- SAEFVIC, Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Immunisation Service and General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Psihogios A, Brianne Bota A, Mithani SS, Greyson D, Zhu DT, Fung SG, Wilson SE, Fell DB, Top KA, Bettinger JA, Wilson K. A scoping review of active, participant-centred, digital adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance: A Canadian immunization research network study. Vaccine 2022; 40:4065-4080. [PMID: 35680501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-licensure adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance is conducted to monitor vaccine safety, such as identifying batch/brand issues and rare reactions, which consequently improves community confidence. The integration of technology has been proposed to improve AEFI surveillance, however, there is an absence of description regarding which digital solutions are successfully being used and their unique characteristics. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this scoping review were to 1) map the research landscape on digital systems used for active, participant-centred, AEFI surveillance and 2) describe their core components. METHODS We conducted a scoping review informed by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRSIMA-ScR) guideline. OVID-Medline, Embase Classic + Embase, and Medrxiv were searched by a medical librarian from January 1, 2000 to January 28th, 2021. Two independent reviewers determined which studies met inclusion based on pre-specified eligibility criteria. Data extraction was conducted using pre-made tables with specific variables by one investigator and verified by a second. RESULTS Twenty-seven publications met inclusion, the majority of which came from Australia (n = 15) and Canada (n = 6). The most studied active, participant-centred, digital AEFI surveillance systems were SmartVax (n = 8) (Australia), Vaxtracker (n = 7) (Australia), and Canadian National Vaccine Safety (CANVAS) Network (Canada) (n = 6). The two most common methods of communicating with vaccinees reported were short-message-service (SMS) (n = 15) and e-mail (n = 14), with online questionnaires being the primary method of data collection (n = 20). CONCLUSION Active, participant-centred, digital AEFI surveillance is an area actively being researched as depicted by the literature landscape mapped by this scoping reviewWe hypothesize that the AEFI surveillance approach herein described could become a primary method of collecting self-reported subjective symptoms and reactogenicity from vaccinees, complementing existing systems. Future evaluation of identified digital solutions is necessary to bring about improvements to current vaccine surveillance systems to meet contemporary and future public health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Psihogios
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Brianne Bota
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Salima S Mithani
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Devon Greyson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David T Zhu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephen G Fung
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah E Wilson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deshayne B Fell
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karina A Top
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie A Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kumanan Wilson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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13
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Lv H, Pan X, Wang Y, Liang H, Yu H. Barriers to healthcare workers reporting adverse events following immunization in Zhejiang province, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2083865. [PMID: 35820038 PMCID: PMC9621061 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2083865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare workers (HCWs) to assess their knowledge, attitude, and reporting behavior in adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance as well as to identify barriers. Methods A simple random sample of 170 vaccination clinics was selected and one HCW was informed to participate in this survey in each selected vaccination clinic. The survey was developed using a secure online platform and consisted of a structured online questionnaire. The distributions of the respondents’ characteristics were presented. Training status, knowledge, attitude, and reporting behavior were compared between sub-groups of HCWs. Barriers and suggestions on AEFI reporting were also summarized. Results Of the 170 surveyed HCWs, 61.76% received the training on AEFI surveillance while 15.88% had no AEFI training at all. The higher level of knowledge and the more positive attitude and reporting behavior on AEFI surveillance were observed among HCWs with the longer working duration on AEFI surveillance, or among HCWs who received the training. The most critical barrier to reporting an AEFI was ‘not being sure if the AEFI is related to the vaccine’ (122, 71.76%). Other barriers were: ‘I do not want to raise unnecessary public alarm about a vaccine’ (105, 61.76%); ‘reporting form or other method being too complicated’ (65, 38.23%). Conclusion The study findings highlighted the need to prioritize training on AEFI surveillance for HCWs. It is recommended that the development of the targeted interventions to strengthen AEFI surveillance system be required based on the barriers found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakun Lv
- Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Pan
- Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Yu
- Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Yadav AK, Kumar D. A LAG-based framework to overcome the challenges of the sustainable vaccine supply chain: an integrated BWM–MARCOS approach. JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/jhlscm-09-2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeEach individual needs to be vaccinated to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the shortest possible time. However, the vaccine distribution with an already strained supply chain in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will not be effective enough to vaccinate all the population in stipulated time. The purpose of this paper is to show that there is a need to revolutionize the vaccine supply chain (VSC) by overcoming the challenges of sustainable vaccine distribution.Design/methodology/approachAn integrated lean, agile and green (LAG) framework is proposed to overcome the challenges of the sustainable vaccine supply chain (SVSC). A hybrid best worst method (BWM)–Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking According to COmpromise Solution (MARCOS) methodology is designed to analyze the challenges and solutions.FindingsThe analysis shows that vaccine wastage is the most critical challenge for SVSC, and the coordination among stakeholders is the most significant solution followed by effective management support.Social implicationsThe result of the analysis can help the health care organizations (HCOs) to manage the VSC. The effective vaccination in stipulated time will help control the further spread of the virus, which will result in the normalcy of business and availability of livelihood for millions of people.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study to explore sustainability in VSC by considering the environmental and social impact of vaccination. The LAG-based framework is also a new approach in VSC to find the solution for existing challenges.
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15
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Nie X, Xu L, Bai Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Farrington P, Zhan S. Self-controlled case series design in vaccine safety: a systematic review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:313-324. [PMID: 34937500 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : An increasing number of vaccine safety studies using the self-controlled case-series (SCCS) design have been conducted in the last decade. However, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the methodology and reporting quality of these observational studies. The purpose of this paper is to document the methodological features of studies that focused on vaccine safety using the SCCS design, and to evaluate the reporting quality of these studies to suggest future improvements on appropriate design and transparent reporting. METHODS : Databases including Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Chinese databases were searched from inception to May 31, 2021. All observational studies regarding vaccine safety using a SCCS design were selected. Information regarding methodological elements were extracted. In addition, reporting quality was assessed using the REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely collected health Data statement for PharmacoEpidemiology (RECORD-PE). RESULTS : Of the 105 studies identified, administrative databases were the main data source for vaccination records and adverse events following immunization (AEFI). 28 articles (27%) used multiple designs to verify the association, and the results obtained with the SCCS design were robust. The top three AEFI studied were intussusception, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and convulsions. Only 21 studies (20%) reported the approach for case validation by chart review. The healthy vaccinee effect was considered by 51studies (49%), with 16 of them (31%) using extended SCCS models to alleviate this effect. Overall, the reporting quality of included studies could be improved. CONCLUSIONS : This study systematically reviewed the methodology of studies regarding vaccine safety using a SCCS design and critically assessed their respective reporting quality. Case validation, the validity of assumptions for standard SCCS, and quality of reporting should be given more importance in future research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zuoxiang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Paddy Farrington
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Li N, Zhao H, Ma R, Fang T, Yang T, Xu G, Liu Z, Zhan S. No association between enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccination and risk of febrile seizures: a population-based near real-time surveillance study. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:125-134. [PMID: 34860622 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2011228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2016, vaccines against enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection have been approved for use in China. Reports to the national passive surveillance system raised concerns about febrile seizures (FS) after EV71 vaccination. Rapid safety assessment of this novel vaccine is a public health priority. The objective was to assess risks of FS following EV71 vaccination in China. METHODS We used data from a Regional Health Information Platform in Ningbo. The exposed population was children aged 6-71 months who received any dose of EV71 vaccine from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019. We implemented a multilayered approach to actively monitor FS following EV71 vaccination that included near real-time surveillance using two complementary sequential designs and further signal evaluation performing self-controlled risk interval (SCRI) analyses. RESULTS A total of 330,668 EV71 doses were administered to the study population. During 157 weeks of sequential analyses, no statistically increased risks were detected, when compared with the self-matched control interval or the background risk. Further SCRI analyses confirmed no associations between EV71 vaccination and FS (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.75 to 1.43). CONCLUSIONS Our results reassured the safety of FS after EV71 vaccination using postlicensure data for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Health Big Data, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Health Big Data, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Houyu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute of Health Big Data, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Institute of Health Big Data, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Tianchi Yang
- Institute of Health Big Data, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Guozhang Xu
- Institute of Health Big Data, Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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17
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Betancourt-Cravioto M, Cervantes-Powell P, Tapia-Conyer R, Ledlie S, Gandhi-Banga S. Improved post-marketing safety surveillance of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in Mexico using a computerized, SMS-based follow-up system. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:1935170. [PMID: 34406896 PMCID: PMC8920169 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1935170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIVs) are designed to prevent influenza disease caused by two influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) and both influenza B lineages. Risk-monitoring of QIVs to identify adverse events (AEs) is necessary as influenza vaccines are reformulated each year. We developed a new active surveillance system (Sistema de Control de Vacunación; SICOVA) to improve pharmacovigilance in Mexico. Participants (N = 2013) aged 0 − 96 years from nine sites across three influenza seasons (n = 1166 in 2015 − 2016; n = 633 in 2016 − 2017; and n = 214 in 2017 − 2018) agreed to receive text messages 1, 7, 28, and 42 days post-vaccination to know if they had experienced any AEs. The study was completed electronically by 1763 (87.6%) participants; manual follow-up was conducted for 250 participants whose reporting was incomplete. The overall AE rate was 9.09%. At least one AE was reported by 183 participants, of whom 131 (71.58%) did not require a medical visit and 52 (28.42%) needed medical attention, with none requiring hospitalization. Most AEs requiring medical attention occurred in children aged 0 − 5 years (n = 22, 42.31%) and adults aged 31 − 35 years (n = 5, 9.62%). These results are consistent with the established safety profile of Fluzone® Quadrivalent, and show that SICOVA can facilitate surveillance and increase AE reporting in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Tapia-Conyer
- Family Medicine, School of Medicine. National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Shaleesa Ledlie
- Epidemiology and Benefit-Risk Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Gandhi-Banga
- Epidemiology and Benefit-Risk Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Liu Z, Meng R, Yang Y, Li K, Yin Z, Ren J, Shen C, Feng Z, Zhan S. Progress of Active Surveillance for Vaccine Safety in China. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:581-583. [PMID: 34594940 PMCID: PMC8392961 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Ruogu Meng
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Keli Li
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtian Ren
- Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
- Center for Drug Reevaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyong Shen
- Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
- Center for Drug Reevaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Joint Center for Vaccine Safety of Peking University Health Science Center-Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
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Lo Re V, Klungel OH, Chan KA, Panozzo CA, Zhou W, Winterstein AG. Global covid-19 vaccine rollout and safety surveillance-how to keep pace. BMJ 2021; 373:n1416. [PMID: 34144957 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lo Re
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - K Arnold Chan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Catherine A Panozzo
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Merck & Co, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Almut G Winterstein
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Liu Z, Meng R, Yang Y, Li K, Yin Z, Ren J, Shen C, Feng Z, Zhan S. Active Vaccine Safety Surveillance: Global Trends and Challenges in China. HEALTH DATA SCIENCE 2021; 2021:9851067. [PMID: 38487501 PMCID: PMC10880162 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9851067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Importance. The great success in vaccine-preventable diseases has been accompanied by vaccine safety concerns. This has caused vaccine hesitancy to be the top 10 in threats to global health. The comprehensive understanding of adverse events following immunization should be entirely based on clinical trials and postapproval surveillance. It has increasingly been recognized worldwide that the active surveillance of vaccine safety should be an essential part of immunization programs due to its complementary advantages to passive surveillance and clinical trials.Highlights. In the present study, the framework of vaccine safety surveillance was summarized to illustrate the importance of active surveillance and address vaccine hesitancy or safety concerns. Then, the global progress of active surveillance systems was reviewed, mainly focusing on population-based or hospital-based active surveillance. With these successful paradigms, the practical and reliable ways to create robust and similar systems in China were discussed and presented from the perspective of available databases, methodology challenges, policy supports, and ethical considerations.Conclusion. In the inevitable trend of the global vaccine safety ecosystem, the establishment of an active surveillance system for vaccine safety in China is urgent and feasible. This process can be accelerated with the consensus and cooperation of regulatory departments, research institutions, and data owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ruogu Meng
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Keli Li
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtian Ren
- Center for Drug Reevaluation, National Medical Products Administration, BeijingChina
| | - Chuanyong Shen
- Center for Drug Reevaluation, National Medical Products Administration, BeijingChina
| | - Zijian Feng
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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21
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Phillips A, Glover C, Leeb A, Cashman P, Fathima P, Crawford N, Snelling TL, Durrheim D, Macartney K. Safety of live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine in Australian adults 70-79 years of age: an observational study using active surveillance. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043880. [PMID: 33766842 PMCID: PMC7996657 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the safety of live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine live (ZVL) through cumulative analysis of near real-time, participant-based active surveillance from Australia's AusVaxSafety system. DESIGN AND SETTING ZVL was funded in Australia for adults aged 70 years from November 2016, with a time-limited catch up programme for those up to 79 years. This cohort study monitored safety in the first two programme years through active surveillance at 246 sentinel surveillance immunisation sites. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 70-79 years vaccinated with ZVL who responded to an opt-out survey sent via automated short message service (SMS) 3 days following vaccination (n=17 458) or contributed supplementary data through a separate, opt-in online survey at 16 and 24 days following vaccination (n=346). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Rates of overall and prespecified adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) by sex, concomitant vaccination and underlying medical condition. Signal detection methods (fast initial response cumulative summation and Bayesian updating analyses) were applied to reports of medical attendance. RESULTS The median age of participants was 72 years; 53% were female. The response rate following automated SMS was high (73% within 7 days of vaccination). Females were more likely than males to report any adverse event within 7 days of vaccination (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.86 to 2.31); injection site reaction was the most commonly reported (2.3%, n=377). Concomitant vaccination was not associated with higher adverse event rates (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.18). Rates of medical attendance were low (0.3%) with no safety signals identified. Supplementary opt-in survey data on later onset adverse events did not identify any difference in AEFI rates between those with and without underlying medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS ZVL has a very good safety profile in the first week after vaccination in older adults. Active, participant-based surveillance in this primary care cohort is an effective method to monitor vaccine safety among older adults and will be used as a key component of COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Phillips
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Glover
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Leeb
- SmartVax, c/o Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, Western Australia, Australia
- Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick Cashman
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel Crawford
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immunisation Service, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Durrheim
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Stefanizzi P, De Nitto S, Patano F, Bianchi FP, Ferorelli D, Stella P, Ancona D, Bavaro V, Tafuri S. Post-marketing surveillance of adverse events following measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine: retrospecive study in apulia region (ITALY), 2009-2017. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1875-1883. [PMID: 32040350 PMCID: PMC7482746 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1704124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, some Italian Regions introduced the active offer of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine for all newborns during the second years of life. In 2011, Italian Drug Authority (AIFA) recommended the discontinuation of the MMRV use for an increased risk of febrile seizures following vaccination; furthermore, some Regions (such as Apulia, that introduced MMRV offer in 2009) chose to continue the use of MMRV and Ministry of Health recommended to guarantee supplemental monitoring of safety of the vaccine. In Italy, the surveillance of Adverse Events following immunization (AEFIs) is currently carried out by AIFA and Regional Health Authorities; this paper aims to summarize the results of MMRV-vaccine surveillance of AEFIs program carried out in Apulia. From the AIFA database, we selected MMRV AEFIs that occurred in Apulia (about 4,000,000 inhabitants) from 2009 to 2017. For serious AEFIs, we applied the WHO causality assessment algorithm, using for cases hospitalized information from individual medical records. In the 8 years of observation, 155 MMRV-AEFIs (reporting rate: 37.9×100,000 doses) occurred of which 26 were classified as serious (6.3×100,000 doses) and 22 led to hospitalization. Performing causality assessment, for 10 the classification was "consistent causal association to immunization" (reporting rate: 2.4×100000 doses), for 2 indeterminate, for 13 "inconsistent causal association to immunization" and for 1 not-classifiable. No case of febrile seizure resulted consistent to vaccination. All consistent serious AEFIs were completely resolved at subsequent follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sara De Nitto
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Patano
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Bianchi
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Ferorelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito Bavaro
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Liu Z, Zhang L, Yang Y, Meng R, Fang T, Dong Y, Li N, Xu G, Zhan S. Active Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Feasibility Pilot Study Based on the Regional Health Care Information Platform in the City of Ningbo, China. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17446. [PMID: 32234696 PMCID: PMC7296408 DOI: 10.2196/17446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive safety data for vaccines from post-licensure surveillance, especially active surveillance, could guide administrations and individuals to make reasonable decisions on vaccination. Therefore, we designed a pilot study to assess the capability of a regional health care information platform to actively monitor the safety of a newly licensed vaccine. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct active surveillance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine safety based on this information platform. METHODS In 2017, one of China's most mature information platforms with superior data linkage was selected. A structured questionnaire and open-ended interview guidelines were developed to investigate the feasibility of active surveillance following HPV vaccination using the regional health care information platform in Ningbo. The questionnaire was sent to participants via email, and a face-to-face interview was conducted to confirm details or resolve discrepancies. RESULTS Five databases that could be considered essential to active surveillance of vaccine safety were integrated into the platform starting in 2015. Except for residents' health records, which had a coverage rate of 87%, the data sources covered more than 95% of the records that were documented in Ningbo. All the data could be inherently linked using the national identity card. There were 19,328 women who received the HPV vaccine, and 37,988 doses were administered in 2017 and 2018. Women aged 30-40 years accounted for the largest proportion. Quadrivalent vaccination accounted for 73.1% of total vaccination, a much higher proportion than that of bivalent vaccination. Of the first doses, 60 (60/19,328, 0.31%) occurred outside Ningbo. There were no missing data for vaccination-relevant variables, such as identity card, vaccine name, vaccination doses, vaccination date, and manufacturer. ICD-10 coding could be used to identify 9,180 cases using a predefined list of the outcomes of interest, and 1.88% of these cases were missing the identity card. During the 90 days following HPV vaccination, 4 incident cases were found through the linked vaccination history and electronic medical records. The combined incident rate of rheumatoid arthritis, optic neuritis, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura was 8.84/100,000 doses of bivalent HPV, and the incidence rate of rheumatoid arthritis was 3.75/100,000 doses of quadrivalent HPV. CONCLUSIONS This study presents an available approach to initiate an active surveillance system for adverse events following HPV vaccination, based on a regional health care information platform in China. An extended observation period or the inclusion of additional functional sites is warranted to conduct future hypothesis-generating and hypothesis-confirming studies for vaccine safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu Yang
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruogu Meng
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Ning Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Guozhang Xu
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Pillsbury AJ, Fathima P, Quinn HE, Cashman P, Blyth CC, Leeb A, Macartney KK. Comparative Postmarket Safety Profile of Adjuvanted and High-Dose Influenza Vaccines in Individuals 65 Years or Older. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e204079. [PMID: 32369177 PMCID: PMC7201308 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Every year, influenza vaccines are administered to millions of people worldwide to reduce morbidity and mortality from influenza. As new vaccine formulations are increasingly used, monitoring and comparing safety, in addition to vaccine effectiveness, in target populations are essential. OBJECTIVE To assess the postmarketing safety profile of 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccines, particularly 2 new enhanced trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines: an adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV3) and high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV3), among Australian individuals 65 years or older. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used solicited short message service-based self-reported survey data on adverse events occurring within 3 to 5 days after receipt of an influenza vaccination. Participants included individuals 65 years or older who received routinely recommended influenza vaccines at 1 of 265 sentinel immunization sites, including primary care, hospital, and community-based clinics, participating in Australia's AusVaxSafety active vaccine safety surveillance system from April 1 to August 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019. EXPOSURE Any licensed 2018 influenza vaccine administered in clinical practice. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates (overall, by brand, and by concomitant vaccine receipt) of adverse events, including medical attendance as a proxy for serious adverse events. RESULTS Of 72 013 individuals 65 years or older who received an influenza vaccine in 2018, 50 134 individuals (69.6%) responded to the initial survey regarding adverse events experienced after vaccination (median [interquartile range] age, 71 [68-76] years; 27 056 [54.0%] women). Most individuals received an enhanced trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, including 28 003 individuals (55.9%) who received aIIV3 and 19 306 individuals (38.5%) who received HD-IIV3; 2208 individuals (4.4%) received a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Individuals who received HD-IIV3 reported significantly higher rates of any adverse event compared with individuals who received aIIV3 (1716 individuals [8.9%] vs 1796 individuals [6.4%]; P < .001) as well as specific adverse events, including fever (195 individuals [1.1%] vs 164 individuals [0.6%]; P < .001), injection site pain (383 individuals [2.1%] vs 350 individuals [1.3%]; P < .001), and injection site swelling or redness (256 individuals [1.4%] vs 248 individuals [0.9%]; P < .001). Adverse event rates reported by those receiving any quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine were similar to rates reported by those receiving aIIV3. Rates of medical care seeking for adverse events associated with aIIV3 and HD-IIV3 were low and comparable (80 individuals [0.3%] vs 56 individuals [0.3%]; P = .91). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this large-scale participant-based postmarketing assessment of the safety of 2 new enhanced influenza vaccines used in individuals 65 years or older provide reassuring near-real-time and cumulative data to inform and support confidence in ongoing vaccine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Pillsbury
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen E. Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Christopher C. Blyth
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan Leeb
- SmartVax, Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, Australia
| | - Kristine K. Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Jacoby P, Glover C, Damon C, Fathima P, Pillsbury A, Durrheim D, Gold MS, Leeb A, Snelling T. Timeliness of signal detection for adverse events following influenza vaccination in young children: a simulation case study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e031851. [PMID: 32122906 PMCID: PMC7050305 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how soon after commencement of the seasonal influenza vaccination programme, the AusVaxSafety active vaccine safety surveillance system, currently in use across Australia, would have detected a safety signal had it been operating in 2010 when there was an unprecedented number of febrile seizures in young children associated with one specific influenza vaccine brand, Fluvax (CSL Biotherapies). DESIGN Simulation study. SETTING Western Australian vaccine influenza coverage and adverse event surveillance data. OUTCOME MEASURES Simulated solicited responses from caregivers who would have received an SMS survey about adverse events experienced following seasonal influenza vaccination of their children aged 6 months to <5 years. PARTICIPANTS None. RESULTS We estimated a >90% probability of a safety signal being detected by AusVaxSafety based on solicited reports for either fever or medical attendance at or before the week ending 28 March 2010, 3 weeks after the start of vaccine distribution. Suspension of the national paediatric influenza vaccination programme as a result of the passive adverse events surveillance operating at the time did not occur until 23 April 2010. CONCLUSIONS Active vaccine safety surveillance leading to rapid detection of a safety signal would likely have resulted in earlier suspension of Fluvax from the vaccination programme, prevention of many febrile convulsions and maintenance of public confidence in influenza vaccination for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jacoby
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Glover
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chloe Damon
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexis Pillsbury
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Durrheim
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael S Gold
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alan Leeb
- SmartVax, c/o Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, Western Australia, Australia
- Illawarra Medical Centre, Ballajura, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tom Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Clothier HJ, Lawrie J, Russell MA, Kelly H, Buttery JP. Early signal detection of adverse events following influenza vaccination using proportional reporting ratio, Victoria, Australia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224702. [PMID: 31675362 PMCID: PMC6824574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Timely adverse event following immunisation (AEFI) signal event detection is essential to minimise further vaccinees receiving unsafe vaccines. We explored the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) ability to detect two known signal events with influenza vaccines with the aim of providing a model for prospective routine signal detection and improving vaccine safety surveillance in Australia. METHODS Passive AEFI surveillance reports from 2008-2017 relating to influenza vaccines were accessed from the Australian SAEFVIC (Victoria) database. Proportional reporting ratios were calculated for two vaccine-event categories; fever and allergic AEFI. Signal detection sensitivity for two known signal events were determined using weekly data; cumulative data by individual year and; cumulative for all previous years. Signal event thresholds of PRR ≥2 and Chi-square ≥4 were applied. RESULTS PRR provided sensitive signal detection when calculated cumulatively by individual year or by all previous years. Known signal events were detected 15 and 11 days earlier than traditional methods used at the time of the actual events. CONCLUSION Utilising a single jurisdiction's data, PRR improved vaccine pharmacovigilance and showed the potential to detect important safety signals much earlier than previously. It has potential to maximise immunisation safety in Australia. This study progresses the necessary work to establish national cohesion for passive surveillance signal detection and strengthen routine Australian vaccine pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel J. Clothier
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population & Global Health, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jock Lawrie
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Russell
- School of Population & Global Health, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heath Kelly
- School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jim P. Buttery
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Immunisation, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Stefanizzi P, Stella P, Ancona D, Malcangi KN, Bianchi FP, De Nitto S, Ferorelli D, Germinario CA, Tafuri S. Adverse Events Following Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccination and the Case of Seizures: A Post Marketing Active Surveillance in Puglia Italian Region, 2017-2018. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040140. [PMID: 31591347 PMCID: PMC6963278 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, the Italian Ministry of Health has recommended to improve the surveillance of adverse events following the measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) tetravalent vaccine that was provided in the official immunization schedule of some Italian regions for children during the second year of life. This recommendation was based on data from some surveys that showed an additional risk of seizure following the administration of this vaccine. Responding to the Ministry commitment, the Puglia Region launched, from May 2017 to November 2018, a post-marketing active surveillance program of adverse events following MMRV immunization (AEFIs). Immunized children (second year of life) were enrolled on a voluntary basis, AEFIs diaries were used, and their parents were interviewed 25 days after the immunization. There were 2540 children enrolled; 2149/2540 (84.6%) completed the post-vaccination follow-up. Of these, 992 AEFIs were registered with a reporting rate of 46.2 × 100 doses: 883/992 (89.0%) AEFIs were not serious, while 109/992 (11.0%) were serious. For serious AEFIs, the evaluation of causality assessment was performed using the algorithm proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO): 82/109 consistent causal associations to MMRV immunization were detected (reporting rate of consistent AEFIs: 3.8 × 100 follow-up). All serious AEFIs consistently associated with immunization resulted completely resolved at the follow-up. The reporting rate of seizure consistently associated with immunization was 0.05 × 100, lower than data previous published in the literature that did not report the causality assessment. Because no emerging signals were detected, our data from the active surveillance program confirmed the safety profile of the MMRV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.N.M.); (F.P.B.); (S.D.N.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Paolo Stella
- Apulian Regional Health Department, The Strategic Regional Agency for Health and Social Affair of Puglia (AReSS Puglia), 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (D.A.)
| | - Domenica Ancona
- Apulian Regional Health Department, The Strategic Regional Agency for Health and Social Affair of Puglia (AReSS Puglia), 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (D.A.)
| | - Katia Nicoletta Malcangi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.N.M.); (F.P.B.); (S.D.N.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.N.M.); (F.P.B.); (S.D.N.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Sara De Nitto
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.N.M.); (F.P.B.); (S.D.N.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Davide Ferorelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Annatea Germinario
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.N.M.); (F.P.B.); (S.D.N.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (K.N.M.); (F.P.B.); (S.D.N.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (S.T.)
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28
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Spila Alegiani S, Alfonsi V, Appelgren EC, Ferrara L, Gallo T, Alicino C, Pascucci MG, Aquilani S, Spadea A, Tafuri S, Rizzo C. Active surveillance for safety monitoring of seasonal influenza vaccines in Italy, 2015/2016 season. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1401. [PMID: 30577729 PMCID: PMC6303938 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance for adverse events following immunization is an important component of any national immunization programme because it is critical to assessing the safety of vaccines and to detecting potentially rare and severe adverse events and responding in a timely manner. We conducted an enhanced active surveillance aimed at assessing the safety of flu vaccines in the 2015-2016 season in Italy. The study was targeted to the population groups for which the seasonal vaccine is recommended in Italy. METHODS During the study period, a total of 3213 individuals receiving seasonal influenza vaccination were registered on the web-based platform. Any adverse events experienced after 7 days from vaccination by individuals aged six months or more were collected through a telephone interview or by a web-based self-administered questionnaire. All individuals experiencing at least one event during the 7 days of follow-up were contacted for follow-up to 60 days. RESULTS Overall, 854 events were reported: 845 events (26%) after administration of the first dose and 9 (12%) after the second dose. The majority of adverse events reported after 7 days from the first dose were of little clinical importance, and most involved local symptoms. CONCLUSION Our data, even though the number of vaccinated individuals was smaller than expected, is consistent with the safety of influenza vaccines in Italy during the 2015-2016 season regarding the most common adverse events. Further efforts are needed to obtain sufficient power to study rarer adverse events. Active monitoring and systematic studies to test generated signals and hypotheses are crucial to intensify awareness among the public and professionals with regard to the safety of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Alfonsi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Charlotte Appelgren
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Ferrara
- SeREMI, Local Health Unit of Alessandria-Piedmont Region, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Tolinda Gallo
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 4 Medio Friuli, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Pascucci
- Directorate General for Health and Social Policy - Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Unit of Innovation and Clinical Pathways, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
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29
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Clothier HJ, Crawford N, Russell MA, Buttery JP. Allergic adverse events following 2015 seasonal influenza vaccine, Victoria, Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:30535. [PMID: 28552101 PMCID: PMC5479975 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.20.30535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Australia was alerted to a possible increase in allergy-related adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) with 2015 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIV) by the Victorian state vaccine safety service, SAEFVIC. We describe SAEFVIC’s initial investigation and upon conclusion of the 2015 influenza vaccination programme, to define the signal event and implications for vaccine programmes. Allergy-related AEFI were defined as anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria or generalised allergic reaction. Investigations compared 2015 TIV AEFI reports to previous years as proportions and reporting risk (RR) per 100,000, stratified by influenza vaccine brand. The initial investigation showed an increased proportion of allergy-related AEFI compared with 2014 (25% vs 12%), predominantly in adults, with insufficient clinical severity to alter the programme risk-benefit. While overall TIV AEFI RR in 2015 was similar to previous years (RR: 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88–1.29), we identified a near-doubling RR for allergy-related AEFI in 2015 (RR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.14– 2.80) from 2011 to 2014 with no difference by vaccine brand or severity increase identified. This increase in generalised allergy-related AEFI, across all used vaccine brands, supports evidence of variable reactogenicity arising from influenza vaccine strain variations. This investigation underlines the importance of effective seasonal influenza vaccine pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel J Clothier
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Crawford
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa A Russell
- School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jim P Buttery
- SAEFVIC, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital & Monash Immunisation, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Cashman P, Macartney K, Khandaker G, King C, Gold M, Durrheim DN. Participant-centred active surveillance of adverse events following immunisation: a narrative review. Int Health 2017; 9:164-176. [PMID: 28582563 PMCID: PMC5881255 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of active, participant-centred monitoring of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) is increasingly recognised as a valuable adjunct to traditional passive AEFI surveillance. The databases OVID Medline and OVID Embase were searched to identify all published articles referring to AEFI. Only studies which sought participant response after vaccination were included. A total of 6060 articles published since the year 2000 were identified. After the application of screening inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 articles describing 23 post-marketing AEFI systems were identified. Most countries had a single system: Ghana, Japan, China, Korea, Netherlands, Singapore, Brazil, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Cameroon except the USA (2), Canada (4) and Australia (6). Data were collected from participants with and without AEFI in all studies reviewed with denominator data enabling AEFI rate calculations. All studies considered either a single vaccine or specified vaccines or were time limited except one Australian system, which provides continuous automated participant-centred active surveillance of all vaccines. Post-marketing surveillance systems using solicited patient feedback are emerging as a novel AEFI monitoring tool. A number of exploratory systems utilising e-technology have been developed and their potential for scaling up and application in low and middle income countries deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cashman
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, Australia.,University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Gulam Khandaker
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), University of Sydney, Australia.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Catherine King
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Gold
- University of Adelaide, Discipline pf Paediatrics, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David N Durrheim
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Karami M, Ameri P, Bathaei J, Berangi Z, Pashaei T, Zahiri A, Zahraei SM, Erfani H, Ponnet K. Adverse events following immunization with pentavalent vaccine: experiences of newly introduced vaccine in Iran. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28835207 PMCID: PMC5569531 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most important factors that affect the incidence of vaccine-related complications are the constituent biological components of the vaccine, injection site reactions, age and sex. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence rate of adverse events following immunization with pentavalent vaccine (DTPw-Hep B-Hib (PRP-T) vaccine (pentavac) (adsorbed) is manufactured by Serum Institute of India ltd), which was introduced in Iran in November 2014. It is important to monitor vaccine-related adverse events because of the role of vaccine safety in immunization program success. METHODS This study was a mixed cohort study that included 1119 children less than 1 year of age. In 2015, the children were referred to Hamadan health centers to receive pentavalent vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. The data were collected from the parents of the children using a questionnaire that was administered either face-to-face or by telephone. The cumulative incidence of side effects and risk ratio was reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Chi-squared tests and logistic regressions were used to investigate the association between the variables. RESULTS The cumulative incidence rate of pentavalent-related adverse events during 48 h following immunization was estimated to be 15.8% for swelling, 10.9% for redness, 44.2% for pain, 12.6% for mild fever, 0.1% for high fever, 20.0% for drowsiness, 15.0% for loss of appetite, 32.9% for irritability, 4.6% for vomiting and 5.5% for persistent crying. There is no evidence for the occurrence of convulsion and encephalopathy among children who receive pentavalent vaccines. CONCLUSION Further large studies with long time follow up are required to address rare events include convulsions, encephalopathy or persistent crying. However, Findings urge immunization programs to use pentavalent vaccinations and to continue implementing the current immunization program in children under 1 year of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Karami
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Pegah Ameri
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalal Bathaei
- Deputy for Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Berangi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Pashaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Zahiri
- Deputy for Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Hussein Erfani
- Deputy for Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Department of Communication Studies, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Clothier HJ, Crawford NW, Russell M, Kelly H, Buttery JP. Evaluation of ‘SAEFVIC’, A Pharmacovigilance Surveillance Scheme for the Spontaneous Reporting of Adverse Events Following Immunisation in Victoria, Australia. Drug Saf 2017; 40:483-495. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-017-0520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Di Pasquale A, Bonanni P, Garçon N, Stanberry LR, El-Hodhod M, Tavares Da Silva F. Vaccine safety evaluation: Practical aspects in assessing benefits and risks. Vaccine 2016; 34:6672-6680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Crawford NW, Hodgson K, Gold M, Buttery J, Wood N. Adverse events following HPV immunization in Australia: Establishment of a clinical network. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2662-2665. [PMID: 27295585 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1192737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To formalise a collaborative national Adverse Events Following Immunisation Clinical Assessment Network (AEFI-CAN) following the expansion of the Australian Human Papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation program to boys in 2013. METHODS AEFI-CAN linked state-based vaccine safety clinics and the Department of Health including the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Monthly teleconferences held to discuss HPV related cases. AEFI conditions of interest recorded in a centralised database. RESULTS Between 1st January 2013 - 31st October 2014, 118 HPV AEFI were documented, 56% in males. The median age was 13 y (range 12-16 years). The majority of AEFI reports were after dose 1 (59%). 76 of 118 (64%) AEFI were seen in a vaccine safety clinic: 62% in Victoria, NSW (16%), South Australia (9%) and Western Australia (8%). Eight TeleHealth consultations were undertaken. AEFI were categorised as: rash 24% of reports (n = 28), urticaria/angioedema 23% (n = 27), anaphylaxis 3% (n = 4). Syncope was also reported (n = 12, 10%) and other neurological events (n = 22, 19%). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the advantages of a national network, providing a collaborative approach to AEFI review and management. The vaccine safety network has applicability to any vaccination program, and has potential to collaborate more broadly with regional pharmacovigilance partners such as New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel W Crawford
- a Department of General Medicine , Royal Children's Hospital (RCH) , Melbourne , Australia.,b SAEFVIC, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute (MCRI) , Melbourne , Australia.,c Department of Paediatrics , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Kate Hodgson
- a Department of General Medicine , Royal Children's Hospital (RCH) , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Mike Gold
- d Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- b SAEFVIC, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute (MCRI) , Melbourne , Australia.,e Monash Health & Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assure the highest safety of immunization programs, detect adverse events following immunization (AEFIs), eliminate concerns, and reduce the risk of low vaccination coverage, authorities in industrialized countries have collected years of reports of suspected AEFIs and have systematically assessed their clinical importance. AREAS COVERED In this paper, the methods used to assess vaccine safety and the results obtained by the analysis of reports, studies, and meta-analyses are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Severe AEFIs are rare, and all evaluations of safety of vaccines recommended for both children and adults have demonstrated that the advantages of vaccines are always significantly higher than the problems that they cause, and there is no need to modify recommendations. However, the definition of AEFI is dependent on the vaccines themselves, complicating the definition of an AEFI and explaining why doubts and concerns have been raised. Presently, disease epidemiology data collected in healthy people and in subjects with underlying disease, general vaccine coverage, and the vaccination status of subjects with AEFIs are managed by many independent institutions. Only strict co-operation between these institutions will lead to the successful identification of AEFIs and to a reduction of the weight of anti-vaccine arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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Leite A, Andrews NJ, Thomas SL. Near real-time vaccine safety surveillance using electronic health records-a systematic review of the application of statistical methods. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:225-37. [PMID: 26817940 PMCID: PMC5021108 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pre-licensure studies have limited ability to detect rare adverse events (AEs) to vaccines, requiring timely post-licensure studies. With the increasing availability of electronic health records (EHR) near real-time vaccine safety surveillance using these data has emerged as an option. We reviewed methods currently used to inform development of similar systems for countries considering their introduction. METHODS Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched, with additional searches of conference abstract books. Questionnaires were sent to organizations worldwide to ascertain unpublished studies. Eligible studies used EHR and regularly assessed pre-specified AE to vaccine(s). Key features of studies were compared descriptively. RESULTS From 2779 studies, 31 were included from the USA (23), UK (6), and Taiwan and New Zealand (1 each). These were published/conducted between May 2005 and April 2015. Thirty-eight different vaccines were studied, focusing mainly on influenza (47.4%), especially 2009 H1N1 vaccines. Forty-six analytic approaches were used, reflecting frequency of EHR updates and the AE studied. Poisson-based maximized sequential probability ratio test was the most common (43.5%), followed by its binomial (23.9%) and conditional versions (10.9%). Thirty-seven of 49 analyses (75.5%) mentioned control for confounding, using an adjusted expected rate (51.4% of those adjusting), stratification (16.2%) or a combination of a self-controlled design and stratification (13.5%). Guillain-Barré syndrome (11.9%), meningitis/encephalitis/myelitis (11.9%) and seizures (10.8%) were studied most often. CONCLUSIONS Near real-time vaccine safety surveillance using EHR has developed over the past decade but is not yet widely used. As more countries have access to EHR, it will be important that appropriate methods are selected, considering the data available and AE of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Leite
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nick J Andrews
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Sara L Thomas
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Clothier HJ, Selvaraj G, Easton ML, Lewis G, Crawford NW, Buttery JP. Consumer reporting of adverse events following immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3726-30. [PMID: 25483686 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) is an essential component of vaccine safety monitoring. The most commonly utilized passive surveillance systems rely predominantly on reporting by health care providers (HCP). We reviewed adverse event reports received in Victoria, Australia since surveillance commencement in July 2007, to June 2013 (6 years) to ascertain the contribution of consumer (vaccinee or their parent/guardian) reporting to vaccine safety monitoring and to inform future surveillance system development directions. Categorical data included were: reporter type; serious and non-serious AEFI category; and, vaccinee age group. Chi-square test and 2-sample test of proportions were used to compare categories; trend changes were assessed using linear regression. Consumer reporting increased over the 6 years, reaching 21% of reports received in 2013 (P<0.001), most commonly for children aged less than 7 years. Consumer reports were 5% more likely to describe serious AEFI than HCP (P=0.018) and 10% more likely to result in specialist clinic attendance (P<0.001). Although online reporting increased to 32% of all report since its introduction in 2010, 85% of consumers continued to report by phone. Consumer reporting of AEFI is a valuable component of vaccine safety surveillance in addition to HCP reporting. Changes are required to AEFI reporting systems to implement efficient consumer AEFI reporting, but may be justified for their potential impact on signal detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel J Clothier
- SAEFVIC; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne; School of Population & Global Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Littlejohn ES, Clothier HJ, Perrett KP, Danchin M. Surveillance of adverse events following the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants, and comparison with adverse events following 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in Victoria, Australia. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1828-35. [PMID: 26075435 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1048937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) replaced the 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) on the Australian National Immunization Program (NIP) in 2011. Post-marketing surveillance of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) is crucial for detecting potential safety signals and maintaining confidence in the NIP. This study describes all AEFI reported to Surveillance of Adverse Events following Vaccination in the Community (SAEFVIC), Melbourne, Australia, following both the primary series of PCV13 (children <7 months) and the catch-up dose (12 months-35 months) in its first year of inclusion on the NIP. AEFI reporting rates per 100,000 doses of vaccine administered were compared for the PCV13 primary series and PCV7 primary series in the previous year. SAEFVIC received 229 reports describing 406 AEFI following PCV13 vaccine in the 12 months post introduction. There was no difference in the total number of AEFI cases reported between the vaccines but 7 AEFI categories were reported at a significantly higher rate following PCV13 compared with PCV7. No difference in reporting rate was observed for serious AEFI (p = 0.25). Post-hoc analysis of a further 12 months of PCV13 data revealed that all 7 AEFI categories that were initially reported at a significantly higher rate following PCV13 compared to PCV7 in the first 12 months post introduction, were no longer significantly increased in the 13-24 month period. The initial high reporting rate for several common AEFI post PCV13 compared to PCV7 may be explained by heightened awareness of the new vaccine. There were no safety signals detected for rare or serious AEFI that would require further investigation at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Littlejohn
- a Department of General Medicine ; Royal Children's Hospital ; Melbourne , Australia
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Liyanage H, de Lusignan S, Liaw ST, Kuziemsky CE, Mold F, Krause P, Fleming D, Jones S. Big Data Usage Patterns in the Health Care Domain: A Use Case Driven Approach Applied to the Assessment of Vaccination Benefits and Risks. Contribution of the IMIA Primary Healthcare Working Group. Yearb Med Inform 2014; 9:27-35. [PMID: 25123718 PMCID: PMC4287086 DOI: 10.15265/iy-2014-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally benefits and risks of vaccines can be determined from studies carried out as part of regulatory compliance, followed by surveillance of routine data; however there are some rarer and more long term events that require new methods. Big data generated by increasingly affordable personalised computing, and from pervasive computing devices is rapidly growing and low cost, high volume, cloud computing makes the processing of these data inexpensive. OBJECTIVE To describe how big data and related analytical methods might be applied to assess the benefits and risks of vaccines. METHOD We reviewed the literature on the use of big data to improve health, applied to generic vaccine use cases, that illustrate benefits and risks of vaccination. We defined a use case as the interaction between a user and an information system to achieve a goal. We used flu vaccination and pre-school childhood immunisation as exemplars. RESULTS We reviewed three big data use cases relevant to assessing vaccine benefits and risks: (i) Big data processing using crowdsourcing, distributed big data processing, and predictive analytics, (ii) Data integration from heterogeneous big data sources, e.g. the increasing range of devices in the "internet of things", and (iii) Real-time monitoring for the direct monitoring of epidemics as well as vaccine effects via social media and other data sources. CONCLUSIONS Big data raises new ethical dilemmas, though its analysis methods can bring complementary real-time capabilities for monitoring epidemics and assessing vaccine benefit-risk balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S de Lusignan
- Simon de Lusignan, Clinical Informatics & Health Outcomes research group, Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Surrey, GUILDFORD, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK, E-mail:
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