1
|
Holay M, Krishnan N, Zhou J, Duan Y, Guo Z, Gao W, Fang RH, Zhang L. Single Low-Dose Nanovaccine for Long-Term Protection against Anthrax Toxins. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9672-9678. [PMID: 36448694 PMCID: PMC9970955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax infections caused by Bacillus anthracis are an ongoing bioterrorism and livestock threat worldwide. Current approaches for management, including extended passive antibody transfusion, antibiotics, and prophylactic vaccination, are often cumbersome and associated with low patient compliance. Here, we report on the development of an adjuvanted nanotoxoid vaccine based on macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles bound with anthrax toxins. This design leverages the natural binding interaction of protective antigen, a key anthrax toxin, with macrophages. In a murine model, a single low-dose vaccination with the nanotoxoids generates long-lasting immunity that protects against subsequent challenge with anthrax toxins. Overall, this work provides a new approach to address the ongoing threat of anthrax outbreaks and bioterrorism by taking advantage of an emerging biomimetic nanotechnology.
Collapse
|
2
|
Alharbi KS, Javed Shaikh MA, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Hassan almalki W, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Alzarea SI, Babu MR, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Gupta G. Oligonucleotides: A novel area of interest for drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
3
|
Rao VV, Godin CS, Lacy MJ, Inglefield JR, Park S, Blauth B, Reece JJ, Ionin B, Savransky V. Evaluation of the AV7909 Anthrax Vaccine Toxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats Following Three Intramuscular Administrations. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:442-452. [PMID: 34281421 PMCID: PMC8532110 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211031239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AV7909 is a next-generation anthrax vaccine under development for post-exposure prophylaxis following suspected or confirmed Bacillus anthracis exposure, when administered in conjunction with the recommended antibacterial regimen. AV7909 consists of the FDA-approved BioThrax® vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed) and an immunostimulatory Toll-like receptor 9 agonist oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant, CPG 7909. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential systemic and local toxicity of AV7909 when administered via repeat intramuscular injection to the right thigh muscle (biceps femoris) to male and female Sprague Dawley rats. The vaccine was administered on Days 1, 15, and 29 and the animals were assessed for treatment-related effects followed by a 2-week recovery period to evaluate the persistence or reversibility of any toxic effects. The AV7909 vaccine produced no apparent systemic toxicity based on evaluation of clinical observations, body weights, body temperature, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology. Necrosis and inflammation were observed at the injection sites as well as in regional lymph nodes and adjacent tissues and were consistent with immune stimulation. Antibodies against B. anthracis protective antigen (PA) were detected in rats treated with the AV7909 vaccine, confirming relevance of this animal model for the assessment of systemic toxicity of AV7909. In contrast, sera of rats that received saline or soluble CPG 7909 alone were negative for anti-PA antibodies. Overall, 3 intramuscular immunizations of Sprague Dawley rats with AV7909 were well tolerated, did not induce mortality or any systemic adverse effects, and did not result in any delayed toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jon R. Inglefield
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (current affiliation; JRI was affiliated with the Emergent BioSolutions Inc, Gaithersburg, MD at the time of the work)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shearer JD, Henning L, Sanford DC, Li N, Skiadopoulos MH, Reece JJ, Ionin B, Savransky V. Efficacy of the AV7909 anthrax vaccine candidate in guinea pigs and nonhuman primates following two immunizations two weeks apart. Vaccine 2020; 39:1-5. [PMID: 33199078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anthrax vaccine candidate AV7909 is being developed as a next-generation vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against inhalational anthrax. In clinical studies, two vaccinations with AV7909 administered either two or four weeks apart induced an enhanced immune response compared to BioThrax® (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) (AVA). Anthrax toxin-neutralizing antibody (TNA) levels on Day 70 following initial vaccination that were associated with protection of animals exposed to inhalational anthrax were previously reported for the 0, 4-week AV7909 vaccination regimen. The current study shows that a 0, 2-week AV7909 vaccination regimen protected guinea pigs (GPs) and nonhuman primates (NHPs) against a lethal inhalational anthrax challenge on Days 28 and 70 after the first immunization. An earlier induction of protective TNA levels using a 0, 2-week AV7909 vaccination regimen may provide benefit over the currently approved AVA PEP 0, 2, and 4-week vaccination regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry D Shearer
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Lisa Henning
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | | | - Na Li
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | | | - Joshua J Reece
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Boris Ionin
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Vladimir Savransky
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsai MH, Chuang CC, Chen CC, Yen HJ, Cheng KM, Chen XA, Shyu HF, Lee CY, Young JJ, Kau JH. Nanoparticles assembled from fucoidan and trimethylchitosan as anthrax vaccine adjuvant: In vitro and in vivo efficacy in comparison to CpG. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116041. [PMID: 32172855 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan/trimethylchitosan nanoparticles (FUC-TMC-NPs) have the potential to improve the immunostimulating efficiency of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA). FUC-TMC-NPs with positive (+) or negative (-) surface charges were prepared via polyelectrolyte complexation, both charged NP types permitted high viability and presented no cytotoxicity on L929, A549 and JAWS II dendritic cells. Flow cytometry measurements indicated lower (+)-FUC-TMC-NPs internalization levels than (-)-FUC-TMC-NPs, yet produced high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL12p40, and IL-4. Moreover, fluorescence microscope images proved that both charged NP could deliver drugs into the nucleus. In vivo studies on A/J mice showed that (+)-FUC-TMC-NPs carrying AVA triggered an efficient response with a higher IgG anti-PA antibody titer than AVA with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, and yielded 100 % protection when challenged with the anthracis spores. Furthermore, PA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a analysis confirmed that (+)-FUC-TMC-NPs strongly stimulated humoral immunity. In conclusion, (+)-FUC-TMC-NP is promising anthrax vaccine adjuvant as an alternative to CpG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan-Chang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Cheung Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Ju Yen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xin-An Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Fen Shyu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jenn-Jong Young
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jyh-Hwa Kau
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Correlation between anthrax lethal toxin neutralizing antibody levels and survival in guinea pigs and nonhuman primates vaccinated with the AV7909 anthrax vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2017; 35:4952-4959. [PMID: 28774566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The anthrax vaccine candidate AV7909 is being developed as a next generation vaccine for a post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) indication against anthrax. AV7909 consists of the Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA, BioThrax®) bulk drug substance adjuvanted with the immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) compound, CPG 7909. The addition of CPG 7909 to AVA enhances both the magnitude and the kinetics of antibody responses in animals and human subjects, making AV7909 a suitable next-generation vaccine for use in a PEP setting. The studies described here provide initial information on AV7909-induced toxin-neutralizing antibody (TNA) levels associated with the protection of animals from lethal Bacillus anthracis challenge. Guinea pigs or nonhuman primates (NHPs) were immunized on Days 0 and 28 with various dilutions of AV7909, AVA or a saline or Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 control. Animals were challenged via the inhalational route with a lethal dose of aerosolized B. anthracis (Ames strain) spores and observed for clinical signs of disease and mortality. The relationship between pre-challenge serum TNA levels and survival following challenge was determined in order to calculate a threshold TNA level associated with protection. Immunisation with AV7909 induced a rapid, highly protective TNA response in guinea pigs and NHPs. Surprisingly, the TNA threshold associated with a 70% probability of survival for AV7909 immunized animals was substantially lower than the threshold which has been established for the licensed AVA vaccine. The results of this study suggest that the TNA threshold of protection against anthrax could be modified by the addition of an immune stimulant such as CPG 7909 and that the TNA levels associated with protection may be vaccine-specific.
Collapse
|
7
|
Adamo R. Glycan surface antigens fromBacillus anthracisas vaccine targets: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:895-907. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.924404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
8
|
Tournier JN, Ulrich RG, Quesnel-Hellmann A, Mohamadzadeh M, Stiles BG. Anthrax, toxins and vaccines: a 125-year journey targetingBacillus anthracis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:219-36. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.7.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Giri PK, Khuller GK. Is intranasal vaccination a feasible solution for tuberculosis? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1341-56. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Rynkiewicz D, Rathkopf M, Sim I, Waytes AT, Hopkins RJ, Giri L, DeMuria D, Ransom J, Quinn J, Nabors GS, Nielsen CJ. Marked enhancement of the immune response to BioThrax® (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) by the TLR9 agonist CPG 7909 in healthy volunteers. Vaccine 2011; 29:6313-20. [PMID: 21624418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with BioThrax(®) (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) is a safe and effective means of preventing anthrax. Animal studies have demonstrated that the addition of CpG DNA adjuvants to BioThrax can markedly increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine, increasing both serum anti-protective antigen (PA) antibody and anthrax toxin-neutralizing antibody (TNA) concentrations. The immune response to CpG-adjuvanted BioThrax in animals was not only stronger, but was also more rapid and led to higher levels of protection in spore challenge models. The B-class CpG DNA adjuvant CPG 7909, a 24-base synthetic, single-strand oligodeoxynucleotide, was evaluated for its safety profile and adjuvant properties in a Phase 1 clinical trial. A double-blind study was performed in which 69 healthy subjects, age 18-45 years, were randomized to receive three doses of either: (1) BioThrax alone, (2) 1 mg of CPG 7909 alone or (3) BioThrax plus 1 mg of CPG 7909, all given intramuscularly on study days 0, 14 and 28. Subjects were monitored for IgG to PA by ELISA and for TNA titers through study day 56 and for safety through month 6. CPG 7909 increased the antibody response by 6-8-fold at peak, and accelerated the response by 3 weeks compared to the response seen in subjects vaccinated with BioThrax alone. No serious adverse events related to study agents were reported, and the combination was considered to be reasonably well tolerated. The marked acceleration and enhancement of the immune response seen by combining BioThrax and CPG 7909 offers the potential to shorten the course of immunization and reduce the time to protection, and may be particularly useful in the setting of post-exposure prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianna Rynkiewicz
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center and Veterans' Administration Hospital, San Antonio, TX, UsA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Velasquez LS, Hjelm BE, Arntzen CJ, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. An intranasally delivered Toll-like receptor 7 agonist elicits robust systemic and mucosal responses to Norwalk virus-like particles. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1850-8. [PMID: 20962211 PMCID: PMC3008198 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Norwalk virus (NV) is an enteric pathogen from the genus Norovirus and a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. NV virus-like particles (VLPs) are known to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses when delivered nasally; however, the correlates of immune protection are unknown, and codelivery with a safe and immunogenic mucosal adjuvant may enhance protective anti-NV immune responses. Resiquimod (R848), an imidazoquinoline-based Toll-like receptor 7 and/or 8 (TLR7/8) agonist, is being evaluated as an adjuvant in FDA-approved clinical vaccine trials. As such, we evaluated the adjuvant activity of two imidazoquinoline-based TLR7 and TLR7/8 agonists when codelivered intranasally with plant-derived NV VLPs. We also compared the activity of these agonists to the gold standard mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT). Our results indicate that codelivery with the TLR7 agonist, gardiquimod (GARD), induces NV VLP-specific serum IgG and IgG isotype responses and mucosal IgA responses in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts that are superior to those induced by R848 and comparable to those induced by the mucosal adjuvant CT. This study supports the continued investigation of GARD as a mucosal adjuvant for NV VLPs and possible use for other VLP-based vaccines for which immune responses at distal mucosal sites (e.g., respiratory and reproductive tracts) are desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lissette S. Velasquez
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Brooke E. Hjelm
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Charles J. Arntzen
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang X, Yang Y. Targeting the TLR9-MyD88 pathway in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:787-96. [PMID: 20560798 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.501333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors critical in the innate immune defense against invading pathogens. Recent advances also reveal a crucial role for TLRs in shaping adaptive immune responses, conferring a potential therapeutic value to their modulation in the treatment of diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this review is to discuss TLR9, the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway and its role in regulation of adaptive immune responses, as well as potential therapeutic implications by targeting this pathway. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review shows that the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway plays a critical role in promoting adaptive immune responses and that modulation of this pathway may have enormous therapeutic potential in enhancing vaccine potency, controlling autoimmunity, as well as improving the outcome of viral-vector-mediated gene therapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although TLR9 agonists have been used as adjuvants for enhancing vaccine potency, further exploitation of the TLR9-MyD88 pathway and its dynamic interaction with the immune system in vivo is needed to provide more effective therapeutic inventions in the design of vaccines for infectious diseases, allergies and cancer, in the control of autoimmunity, as well as in the improvement of viral-vector-mediated gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Huang
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma Y, Poisson L, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Pawar S, Qu C, Randolph GJ, Warren WL, Mishkin EM, Higbee RG. Assessing the immunopotency of Toll-like receptor agonists in an in vitro tissue-engineered immunological model. Immunology 2010; 130:374-87. [PMID: 20331478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The in vitro Peripheral Tissue Equivalent (PTE) module is a three-dimensional tissue-engineered endothelial cell/collagen matrix culture system, which has been reported to reproduce in vivo physiological conditions and which generates dendritic cells (DC) autonomously. In the present study, we used the PTE module to investigate the immunopotency of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, including polyinosine-polycytidylic acid, Gardiquimod, CpG 2006 and lipopolysaccharide. Application of TLR agonists in the PTE module induced a wide range of cytokines, including interleukins 1alpha/beta, 6, 8 and 10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Compared with traditional peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures, the PTE module produced twofold to 100-fold higher levels of cytokine secretion, indicating that it can be a highly sensitive assay system. This increased sensitivity is the result of the natural synergy between the leucocytes and the endothelium. Furthermore, the application of TLR agonists, such as lipopolysaccharide and Gardiquimod, to the PTE module enhanced DC differentiation and promoted DC maturation, as indicated by up-regulated expression of CD83, CD86 and CCR7(CD197). In addition, functional assays indicated PTE-derived DC treated with Gardiquimod, a TLR-7 agonist, significantly augmented anti-tetanus toxoid antibody production. Interestingly, replacing PBMC with purified myeloid cells (CD33(+)) significantly reduced the responsiveness of the PTE module to TLR stimulation. The reduced sensitivity was partly the result of the removal of plasmacytoid DC that participated in the response to TLR stimulation and sensitization of the PTE module. Overall, the in vitro PTE module clearly demonstrated the effects of TLR agonists on DC generation, maturation and antigen-presenting capacity, and may serve as a sensitive and predictive test bed for the evaluation of adjuvant candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- VaxDesign Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mullen GED, Ellis RD, Miura K, Malkin E, Nolan C, Hay M, Fay MP, Saul A, Zhu D, Rausch K, Moretz S, Zhou H, Long CA, Miller LH, Treanor J. Phase 1 trial of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel plus CPG 7909: an asexual blood-stage vaccine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2940. [PMID: 18698359 PMCID: PMC2491586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), a polymorphic merozoite surface protein, is a leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate. This is the first reported use in humans of an investigational vaccine, AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel, with the novel adjuvant CPG 7909. Methods A phase 1 trial was conducted at the University of Rochester with 75 malaria-naive volunteers to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 malaria vaccine. Participants were sequentially enrolled and randomized within dose escalating cohorts to receive three vaccinations on days 0, 28 and 56 of either 20 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel®+564 µg CPG 7909 (n = 15), 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel® (n = 30), or 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+564 µg CPG 7909 (n = 30). Results Local and systemic adverse events were significantly more likely to be of higher severity with the addition of CPG 7909. Anti-AMA1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the immune sera of volunteers that received 20 µg or 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 had up to 14 fold significant increases in anti-AMA1 antibody concentration compared to 80 µg of AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel alone. The addition of CPG 7909 to the AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel vaccine in humans also elicited AMA1 specific immune IgG that significantly and dramatically increased the in vitro growth inhibition of homologous parasites to levels as high as 96% inhibition. Conclusion/Significance The safety profile of the AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel+CPG 7909 malaria vaccine is acceptable, given the significant increase in immunogenicity observed. Further clinical development is ongoing. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00344539
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. D. Mullen
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEDM); (RDE)
| | - Ruth D. Ellis
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEDM); (RDE)
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elissa Malkin
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Nolan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mhorag Hay
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allan Saul
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (NVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Daming Zhu
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly Rausch
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel Moretz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Angel JB, Cooper CL, Clinch J, Young CD, Chenier A, Parato KG, Lautru M, Davis H, Cameron DW. CpG increases vaccine antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity when administered with hepatitis B vaccine in HIV infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2008; 6:4. [PMID: 18700037 PMCID: PMC2526993 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Lack of adequate adjuvancy is a possible explanation for lack of vaccine immunogenecity. Immunostimulatory CpGs are potent vaccine adjuvants and may be an important component of the development vaccines, particularly those for which a cellular immune response is required for protection. We have previously demonstrated that CpG ODN co-administration with hepatitis B vaccine results in earlier, stronger and more sustained antibody responses to hepatitis B surface antigen in HIV infected individuals, and wished to determine if, in this population, helper T-cell responses were also enhanced. Methods We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in hepatitis B susceptible, effectively treated HIV-seropositive individuals. Participants received hepatitis B vaccine, with either placebo or CPG 7909 1.0 mg at week 0, 4 and 8. To determine the impact of CpG on cellular immune responses, lymphoproliferative responses (LPR) were evaluated by [3H]-thymidine incorporation at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48. Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte subsets was also determined at these time points. Results Of 36 patients enrolled, 18 received hepatitis B vaccine alone, and 18 received hepatitis B vaccine with CpG. Inclusion of CPG 7909 was associated with a greater proliferative response to HBsAg at all time points following initial vaccination. This increase was statistically significant at 8 weeks (p = 0.042) and 48 weeks (p = 0.024). Similar results were observed when LPR were evaluated as stimulation indices (SI). No differences in proliferative responses to HIV p24 Ag were observed, nor were there any differences in lymphocyte subsets. Conclusion In addition to enhancing humoral responses to vaccination, we describe for the first time that CPG 7909 enhances cellular immunity to vaccine antigen in a typically hyporesponsive population. This adjuvancy may be important in the development of an effective vaccine for which a cellular immune response is required for protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Angel
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Curtis L Cooper
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jennifer Clinch
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Charlene D Young
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andreane Chenier
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Karl G Parato
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Michael Lautru
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Heather Davis
- Coley Pharmaceuticals, 340 Terry Fox Dr., Suite 200, Ottawa, ON, K2K 3A2, Canada
| | - Donald W Cameron
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
In vivo efficacy of a phosphodiester TLR-9 aptamer and its beneficial effect in a pulmonary anthrax infection model. Cell Immunol 2008; 251:78-85. [PMID: 18495099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (ISS-ODN) used as adjuvants are commonly modified with phosphorothioate (PS). The PS backbone prevents nuclease degradation, but confers undesired side effects, including systemic cytokine release. Previously, R10-60, a phosphodiester (PO) ISS-ODN, was structurally optimized as an intracellular Toll-like receptor-9 agonist. Here intravenous, intradermal and intranasal administration of PO R10-60 elicit local or adaptive immune responses with minimal systemic effects compared to a prototypic PS ISS-ODN in mice. Furthermore, prophylactic intranasal administration of PO R10-60 significantly delayed death in mice exposed to respiratory anthrax comparable to the PS ISS-ODN. The pattern of cytokine release suggested that early IL-1beta production might contribute to this protective effect, which was replicated with recombinant IL-1beta injections during infection. Hence, the transient effects from a PO TLR-9 agonist may be beneficial for protection in a bacterial bioterrorism attack, by delaying the onset of systemic infection without the induction of a cytokine syndrome.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Bao M, Wan M, Wei H, Wang L, Yu H, Zhang X, Yu Y, Wang L. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide acts as a potent adjuvant for inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 26:1893-901. [PMID: 18321616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop a CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN)-enhanced rabies vaccine for stimulating an earlier production of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNAb) with high titers, we designed a CpG ODN (BW006) and evaluated its adjuvant activities in enhancing the immune response to rabies vaccine with or without aluminum in mice. It was found that BW006 could facilitate the rabies vaccine to induce an earlier and more vigorous RVNAb response, resulting in more effective protection of mice from rabies virus challenge. In addition, three shots of rabies vaccine with BW006 induced compatible RVNAb level with that induced by five shots of aluminum-adjuvanted rabies vaccine. These data reveal that BW006 could be used as a promising adjuvant to replace of or combine with aluminum for developing more effective rabies vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The mammalian immune system senses pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and responds with activation. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that consists of 13 receptors plays a critical role in this process. TLRmediated signaling activates immune cells and leads to an innate immune response with subsequent initiation of an adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to cellular activation and cytokine production influencing the immune response against viruses and bacteria. The stimulation of TLR9 will be exploited for adjuvant therapy and treatment of cancer or allergy. In this review we will discuss TLR9 ligands, TLR9 expression, signaling, and the therapeutic potential of TLR9 ligands in treatment of infectious or allergic diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Institut fur Immunology, Philipps-Universitat marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Higgins D, Marshall JD, Traquina P, Van Nest G, Livingston BD. Immunostimulatory DNA as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:747-59. [PMID: 17931155 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9, resulting in the activation of innate immune responses that subsequently amplify the adaptive-immune response. Advances in the characterization of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling have identified immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) with distinct biological activities. Numerous animal models have demonstrated that synthetic ISS are effective adjuvants that enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses in diverse indications, ranging from infectious disease to cancer and allergy. An added benefit supporting the use of ISS as a vaccine adjuvant is that the specific activation of a pathway critical to the regulation of the immune response results in minimal toxicity. To date, clinical testing has largely affirmed the potency and safety of ISS-adjuvanted vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Higgins
- Preclinical Research, Dynavax Technologies, 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most efficient ways to eradicate some infectious diseases in humans and animals. The material traditionally used as vaccines is attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This approach is sometimes limited by the fact that the material for vaccination is not efficient, not available, or generating deleterious side effects. A possible theoretical alternative is the use of recombinant proteins from the pathogens. This implies that the proteins having the capacity to vaccinate have been identified and that they can be produced in sufficient quantity at a low cost. Genetically modified organisms harboring pathogen genes can fulfil these conditions. Microorganisms, animal cells as well as transgenic plants and animals can be the source of recombinant vaccines. Each of these systems that are all getting improved has advantages and limits. Adjuvants must generally be added to the recombinant proteins to enhance their vaccinating capacity. This implies that the proteins used to vaccinate have been purified to avoid any immunization against the contaminants. The efficiency of a recombinant vaccine is poorly predictable. Multiple proteins and various modes of administration must therefore be empirically evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The structure of the recombinant proteins, the composition of the adjuvants and the mode of administration of the vaccines have a strong and not fully predictable impact on the immune response as well as the protection level against pathogens. Recombinant proteins can theoretically also be used as carriers for epitopes from other pathogens. The increasing knowledge of pathogen genomes and the availability of efficient systems to prepare large amounts of recombinant proteins greatly facilitate the potential use of recombinant proteins as vaccines. The present review is a critical analysis of the state of the art in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soler
- Cell Biology Department, Erasmus MC, dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|