1
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Godarzi B, Chandler F, van der Linden A, Sikkema RS, de Bruin E, Veldhuizen E, van Amerongen A, Gröne A. A species-independent lateral flow microarray immunoassay to detect WNV and USUV NS1-specific antibodies in serum. One Health 2024; 18:100668. [PMID: 38261918 PMCID: PMC10796932 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses such as West Nile Virus (WNV) and Usutu Virus (USUV) are emerging pathogens that circulate between mosquitoes and birds, occasionally spilling over into humans and horses. Current serological screening methods require access to a well-equipped laboratory and are not currently available for on-site analysis. As a proof of concept, we propose here a species-independent lateral flow microarray immunoassay (LMIA) able to quickly detect and distinguish between WNV Non-Structural 1 (NS1) and USUV NS1-specific antibodies. A double antigen approach was used to test sera collected from humans, horses, European jackdaws (Corvus monedula), and common blackbirds (Turdus merula). Optimization of the concentration of capture antigen spotted on the LMIA membrane and the amount of detection antigen conjugated to detector particles indicated that maximizing both parameters increased assay sensitivity. Upon screening of a larger serum panel, the optimized LMIA showed significantly higher spot intensity for a homologous binding event. Using a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve, WNV NS1 LMIA results in humans, horses, and C. monedula showed good correlation when compared to "gold standard" WNV FRNT90. The most optimal derived sensitivity and specificity of the WNV NS1 LMIA relative to corresponding WNV FRNT90-confirmed sera were determined to be 96% and 86%, respectively. While further optimization is required, this study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a species-independent LMIA for on-site analysis of WNV, USUV, and other arboviruses. Such a tool would be useful for the on-site screening and monitoring of relevant species in more remote or low-income regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Godarzi
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
- BioSensing & Diagnostics, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Felicity Chandler
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne van der Linden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Veldhuizen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aart van Amerongen
- BioSensing & Diagnostics, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Koch RT, Erazo D, Folly AJ, Johnson N, Dellicour S, Grubaugh ND, Vogels CBF. Genomic epidemiology of West Nile virus in Europe. One Health 2024; 18:100664. [PMID: 38193029 PMCID: PMC10772404 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus is one of the most widespread mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses, with unique transmission dynamics in various parts of the world. Genomic surveillance has provided important insights in the global patterns of West Nile virus emergence and spread. In Europe, multiple West Nile virus lineages have been isolated, with lineage 1a and 2 being the main lineages responsible for human infections. In contrast to North America, where a single introduction of lineage 1a resulted in the virus establishing itself in a new continent, at least 13 introductions of lineages 1a and 2 have occurred into Europe, which is likely a vast underestimation of the true number of introductions. Historically, lineage 1a was the main lineage circulating in Europe, but since the emergence of lineage 2 in the early 2000s, the latter has become the predominant lineage. This shift in West Nile virus lineage prevalence has been broadly linked to the expansion of the virus into northerly temperate regions, where autochthonous cases in animals and humans have been reported in Germany and The Netherlands. Here, we discuss how genomic analysis has increased our understanding of the epidemiology of West Nile virus in Europe, and we present a global Nextstrain build consisting of publicly available West Nile virus genomes (https://nextstrain.org/community/grubaughlab/WNV-Global). Our results elucidate recent insights in West Nile virus lineage dynamics in Europe, and discuss how expanded programs can fill current genomic surveillance gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tobias Koch
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diana Erazo
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arran J Folly
- Vector-Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector-Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Maccarone MC, Coraci D, Ragazzo L, Munari M, Piccione F, Masiero S. Rehabilitation approaches in West Nile Virus survivors: a systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 60:113-121. [PMID: 38059575 PMCID: PMC10938036 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.23.07880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodic increases in West Nile virus (WNV) infections have been documented. Proper rehabilitative management is essential for these patients, who may experience limitations in daily activities even after the resolution of the acute infection. Since there are currently no globally accepted guidelines, our aim is to conduct a best-evidence synthesis on rehabilitative management for patients with neuroinvasive WNV. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We screened the literature with two independent researchers conducting searches on PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases for WNV-related studies in the field of rehabilitation. Suitable studies were identified and selected through a rigorous process. The review includes original research articles published up to August 15, 2023. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Despite the potential for bias in the studies, the literature suggests that a comprehensive and interdisciplinary rehabilitation program, which includes physical therapy with neuromotor and respiratory interventions, occupational therapy, neurocognitive interventions, and speech therapy for dysphagia and communication issues, can lead to functional improvement in WNV patients. This program should be tailored to address each patient's specific challenges, and the duration of the rehabilitation program may vary depending on the individual patient's needs. CONCLUSIONS Even if additional research with larger cohorts and higher evidence levels is needed for a comprehensive understanding of WNV patient rehabilitation, an early and comprehensive rehabilitation approach addressing respiratory, neuromuscular, and cognitive aspects appears effective for WNV patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Maccarone
- Department of Neuroscience, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy -
| | - Daniele Coraci
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lisa Ragazzo
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Munari
- Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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4
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Sakji F, Khairallah M, Ammari W, Messaoud R. [Chorioretinal involvement in West Nile virus infection]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:e207-e209. [PMID: 37156717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Sakji
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire Tahar Sfar, Mahdia 5100, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine, université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.
| | - M Khairallah
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire Tahar Sfar, Mahdia 5100, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine, université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - W Ammari
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire Tahar Sfar, Mahdia 5100, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine, université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - R Messaoud
- Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital universitaire Tahar Sfar, Mahdia 5100, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine, université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
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5
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Giakountis A, Stylianidou Z, Zaka A, Pappa S, Papa A, Hadjichristodoulou C, Mathiopoulos KD. Development of Toehold Switches as a Novel Ribodiagnostic Method for West Nile Virus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:237. [PMID: 36672977 PMCID: PMC9859090 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic RNA virus and a member of the genus Flavivirus. Naturally, the virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes as vectors and birds that are the principal amplifying virus hosts. In humans, the incubation period for WNV disease ranges from 3 to 14 days, with an estimated 80% of infected persons being asymptomatic, around 19% developing a mild febrile infection and less than 1% developing neuroinvasive disease. Laboratory diagnosis of WNV infection is generally accomplished by cross-reacting serological methods or highly sensitive yet expensive molecular approaches. Therefore, current diagnostic tools hinder widespread surveillance of WNV in birds and mosquitoes that serve as viral reservoirs for infecting secondary hosts, such as humans and equines. We have developed a synthetic biology-based method for sensitive and low-cost detection of WNV. This method relies on toehold riboswitches designed to detect WNV genomic RNA as transcriptional input and process it to GFP fluorescence as translational output. Our methodology offers a non-invasive tool with reduced operating cost and high diagnostic value that can be used for field surveillance of WNV in humans as well as in bird and mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Giakountis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Zoe Stylianidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Anxhela Zaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Styliani Pappa
- Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Kostas D. Mathiopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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6
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Abdalla AA, Fanciullo J, Ateeli H. Delayed Diagnosis of West Nile Meningoencephalitis in a Patient Receiving Rituximab for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus 2022; 14:e30221. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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7
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Danforth ME, Snyder RE, Feiszli T, Bullick T, Messenger S, Hanson C, Padgett K, Coffey LL, Barker CM, Reisen WK, Kramer VL. Epidemiologic and environmental characterization of the Re-emergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in California, 2015-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010664. [PMID: 35939506 PMCID: PMC9387929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is an endemic flavivirus in the western and southeastern United States, including California. From 1938 to 2003, the virus was detected annually in California, but after West Nile virus (WNV) arrived in 2003, SLEV was not detected again until it re-emerged in Riverside County in 2015. The re-emerging virus in California and other areas of the western US is SLEV genotype III, which previously had been detected only in Argentina, suggesting a South American origin. This study describes SLEV activity in California since its re-emergence in 2015 and compares it to WNV activity during the same period. From 2015 to 2020, SLEV was detected in 1,650 mosquito pools and 26 sentinel chickens, whereas WNV was detected concurrently in 18,108 mosquito pools and 1,542 sentinel chickens from the same samples. There were 24 reported human infections of SLEV in 10 California counties, including two fatalities (case fatality rate: 8%), compared to 2,469 reported human infections of WNV from 43 California counties, with 143 fatalities (case fatality rate: 6%). From 2015 through 2020, SLEV was detected in 17 (29%) of California's 58 counties, while WNV was detected in 54 (93%). Although mosquitoes and sentinel chickens have been tested routinely for arboviruses in California for over fifty years, surveillance has not been uniform throughout the state. Of note, since 2005 there has been a steady decline in the use of sentinel chickens among vector control agencies, potentially contributing to gaps in SLEV surveillance. The incidence of SLEV disease in California may have been underestimated because human surveillance for SLEV relied on an environmental detection to trigger SLEV patient screening and mosquito surveillance effort is spatially variable. In addition, human diagnostic testing usually relies on changes in host antibodies and SLEV infection can be indistinguishable from infection with other flaviviruses such as WNV, which is more prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Danforth
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California
| | - Robert E. Snyder
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California
| | - Tina Feiszli
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California
| | - Teal Bullick
- California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, California
| | - Sharon Messenger
- California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, California
| | - Carl Hanson
- California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, California
| | - Kerry Padgett
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Kramer
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California
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8
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The value of West Nile virus RNA detection by real-time RT-PCR in urine samples from patients with neuroinvasive forms. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:238. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Hruškovicová J, Bhide K, Petroušková P, Tkáčová Z, Mochnáčová E, Čurlík J, Bhide M, Kulkarni A. Engineering the Single Domain Antibodies Targeting Receptor Binding Motifs Within the Domain III of West Nile Virus Envelope Glycoprotein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801466. [PMID: 35432292 PMCID: PMC9012491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotrophic flavivirus causing mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis with long-term or permanent neurological disorders. Due to the absence of targeted therapy or vaccines, there is a growing need to develop effective anti-WNV therapy. In this study, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) were developed against the domain III (DIII) of WNV’s envelope glycoprotein to interrupt the interaction between DIII and the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the llama immunized with recombinant DIIIL297–S403 (rDIII) were used to generate a variable heavy chain only (VHH)-Escherichia coli library, and phage display was performed using the M13K07ΔpIII Hyperphages system. Phages displaying sdAbs against rDIII were panned with the synthetic analogs of the DIII receptor binding motifs, DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388, and the VHH gene from the eluted phages was subcloned into E. coli SHuffle. Soluble sdAbs purified from 96 E. coli SHuffle clones were screened to identify 20 candidates strongly binding to the synthetic analogs of DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388 on a dot blot assay. Among them, sdAbA1, sdAbA6, sdAbA9, and sdAbA10 blocked the interaction between rDIII and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) on Western blot and cell ELISA. However, optimum stability during the overexpression was noticed only for sdAbA10 and it also neutralized the WNV–like particles (WNV-VLP) in the Luciferase assay with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.48 nm. Furthermore, the hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of sdAbA10 were assessed by a hemolytic assay and XTT-based hBMEC proliferation assay resulting in 0.1% of hemolytic activity and 82% hBMEC viability, respectively. Therefore, the sdAbA10 targeting DIII-2V371–R388 of the WNV envelope glycoprotein is observed to be suitable for in vivo trials as a specific therapy for WNV–induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hruškovicová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Čurlík
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Amod Kulkarni,
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10
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Ciccone EJ, Markmann AJ, Srinivas ML, Levinson KJ, Miller MB, van Duin D, Gay CL. Encephalitis Caused by Jamestown Canyon Virus in a Liver Transplant Patient, North Carolina, USA, 2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac031. [PMID: 35187195 PMCID: PMC8849263 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We describe the first documented case of Jamestown Canyon Virus (JCV) in North Carolina, which occurred in a liver transplant patient who presented acutely with headache, aphasia, and confusion. This is also the first report of recovery from JCV encephalitis following treatment with intravenous immune globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ciccone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alena J Markmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan L Srinivas
- Broadlawns Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa, USA and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kara J Levinson
- Tennessee Department of Health, Division of Laboratory Services, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melissa B Miller
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David van Duin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Barzon L, Gobbi F, Capelli G, Montarsi F, Martini S, Riccetti S, Sinigaglia A, Pacenti M, Pavan G, Rassu M, Padovan MT, Manfrin V, Zanella F, Russo F, Foglia F, Lazzarini L. Autochthonous dengue outbreak in Italy 2020: clinical, virological and entomological findings. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6354471. [PMID: 34409443 PMCID: PMC8499737 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In August 2020, in the context of COVID-19 pandemics, an autochthonous dengue outbreak was identified for the first time in Italy. METHODS Following the reporting of the index case of autochthonous dengue, epidemiological investigation, vector control and substances of human origin safety measures were immediately activated, according to the national arbovirus surveillance plan. Dengue cases were followed-up with weekly visits and laboratory tests until recovery and clearance of viral RNA from blood. RESULTS The primary dengue case was identified in a young woman, who developed fever after returning from Indonesia to northern Italy, on 27 July 2020. She spent the mandatory quarantine for COVID-19 at home with relatives, six of whom developed dengue within two weeks. Epidemiological investigation identified further five autochthonous dengue cases among people who lived or stayed near the residence of the primary case. The last case of the outbreak developed fever on 29 September 2020. Dengue cases had a mild febrile illness, except one with persistent asthenia and myalgia. DENV-1 RNA was detected in blood and/or urine in all autochthonous cases, up to 35 days after fever onset. All cases developed IgM and IgG antibodies which cross-reacted with West Nile virus (WNV) and other flaviviruses. Sequencing of the full viral genome from blood samples showed over 99% nucleotide identity with DENV-1 strains isolated in China in 2014-2015; phylogenetic analysis classified the virus within Genotype I. Entomological site inspection identified a high density of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which conceivably sustained local DENV-1 transmission. Aedes koreicus mosquitoes were also collected in the site. CONCLUSIONS Areas in Europe with high density of Aedes mosquitoes should be considered at risk for dengue transmission. The presence of endemic flaviviruses, such as WNV, might pose problems in the laboratory diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Department of Infectious/Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Luigi Rizzardi 4, 37024, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Martini
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Entostudio s.r.l., Viale del Lavoro, 66, 35020 Ponte San Nicolò, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Riccetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sinigaglia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomina Pavan
- Department of Microbiology, St. Bortolo Hospital, Viale Ferdinando Rodolfi 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Mario Rassu
- Department of Microbiology, St. Bortolo Hospital, Viale Ferdinando Rodolfi 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Padovan
- Department of Public Health, Azienda AULSS8 Berica, Viale Ferdinando Rodolfi 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Vinicio Manfrin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Bortolo Hospital, Viale Ferdinando Rodolfi 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanella
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Direzione Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare Veterinaria, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Veneto Region Arbovirosis Task Force, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venezia, Italy.,Direzione Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare Veterinaria, Dorsoduro, 3493 - Rio Nuovo - 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Felice Foglia
- Department of Public Health, Azienda AULSS8 Berica, Viale Ferdinando Rodolfi 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Luca Lazzarini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Bortolo Hospital, Viale Ferdinando Rodolfi 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
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12
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Ortiz DI, Piche-Ovares M, Romero-Vega LM, Wagman J, Troyo A. The Impact of Deforestation, Urbanization, and Changing Land Use Patterns on the Ecology of Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America. INSECTS 2021; 13:20. [PMID: 35055864 PMCID: PMC8781098 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central America is a unique geographical region that connects North and South America, enclosed by the Caribbean Sea to the East, and the Pacific Ocean to the West. This region, encompassing Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua, is highly vulnerable to the emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases due to a combination of key ecological and socioeconomic determinants acting together, often in a synergistic fashion. Of particular interest are the effects of land use changes, such as deforestation-driven urbanization and forest degradation, on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, which are not well understood. In recent years, parts of Central America have experienced social and economic improvements; however, the region still faces major challenges in developing effective strategies and significant investments in public health infrastructure to prevent and control these diseases. In this article, we review the current knowledge and potential impacts of deforestation, urbanization, and other land use changes on mosquito-borne and tick-borne disease transmission in Central America and how these anthropogenic drivers could affect the risk for disease emergence and resurgence in the region. These issues are addressed in the context of other interconnected environmental and social challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. Ortiz
- Biology Program, Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA 16172, USA
| | - Marta Piche-Ovares
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Virología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica
| | - Luis M. Romero-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
| | - Joseph Wagman
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, Center for Malaria Control and Elimination, PATH, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Adriana Troyo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
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13
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Berneck BS, Rockstroh A, Barzon L, Sinigaglia A, Vocale C, Landini MP, Rabenau HF, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Ulbert S. Serological differentiation of West Nile virus and Usutu virus induced antibodies by envelope proteins with modified cross-reactive epitopes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2779-2787. [PMID: 34919790 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex within the genus Flavivirus. Due to climate change and the expansion of mosquito vectors, flaviviruses are becoming endemic in increasing numbers of countries. WNV infections are reported with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe neuro invasive disease. Until now, only a few USUV infections have been reported in humans, mostly with mild symptoms. The serological diagnosis and differentiation between flavivirus infections in general and between WNV and USUV in particular are challenging due the high degree of cross-reacting antibodies, especially of those directed against the conserved fusion loop (FL) domain of the envelope (E) protein. We have previously shown that E proteins containing four amino acid mutations in and near the FL strongly reduce the binding of cross-reactive antibodies leading to diagnostic technologies with improved specificities. Here, we expanded the technology to USUV and analyzed the differentiation of USUV and WNV induced antibodies in humans. IgG ELISAs modified by an additional competition step with the heterologous antigen resulted in overall specificities of 93.94% for WNV Equad and 92.75% for USUV Equad. IgM antibodies against WNV could be differentiated from USUV IgM in a direct comparison using both antigens. The data indicate the potential of the system to diagnose antigenically closely related flavivirus infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Sarah Berneck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rockstroh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sinigaglia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Caterina Vocale
- CRREM. Unità Operativa di Microbiologia, IRCCS Policlinico di S. Orsola, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Landini
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies-CRREM, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Holger F Rabenau
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, Frankfurt, 60596, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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14
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Alli A, Ortiz JF, Atoot A, Atoot A, Millhouse PW. Management of West Nile Encephalitis: An Uncommon Complication of West Nile Virus. Cureus 2021; 13:e13183. [PMID: 33717727 PMCID: PMC7939534 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus disease (WNVD) is a mosquito-borne disease that affects the meninges and central nervous system, causing West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, a debilitating, life-threatening condition, especially in the elderly. While there is a lot of research discussing different aspects of the disease, the treatment is mainly unknown. We conducted a literature review to explore the wide variety of treatment options that consolidate the knowledge about the most recent management of WNV encephalitis. We did a combined advanced search and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search on PubMed. Inclusion criteria included papers written in the English language and human subjects research for the past 25 years. We initially gather 110 papers, and after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, we end up with 30 articles for the paper's discussion. This review aims to provide clinicians with an overview of the latest approach in treating and managing hospitalized WNVD patients. It discusses case reports and the outcome of different treatment regimens done in vitro and in vivo. The study discusses all the advancements in treatment and prophylaxis and compares their effectiveness. However, more research is warranted to gain further insight to develop a single guideline for the management of this disease. This review discusses the following treatment modalities: ribavirin, interferon-alpha, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and other less-used drugs. More studies about ribavirin are needed to know if the drug is useful for WNV encephalitis. Interferon-alpha has been shown to have both protective and disease limiting properties. At the moment, there are no guidelines for the treatment of WNV encephalitis, nor is there a single Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug. For the time being, IVIG offers the best results in treating WNV encephalitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Alli
- Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, ESP
| | - Juan Fernando Ortiz
- Neurology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, ECU.,Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Adam Atoot
- Internal Medicine, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, USA
| | - Ali Atoot
- Anesthesiology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, USA
| | - Paul W Millhouse
- General Practice, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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15
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Snyder RE, Feiszli T, Foss L, Messenger S, Fang Y, Barker CM, Reisen WK, Vugia DJ, Padgett KA, Kramer VL. West Nile virus in California, 2003-2018: A persistent threat. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008841. [PMID: 33206634 PMCID: PMC7710070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California's WNV disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Snyder
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Tina Feiszli
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Foss
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon Messenger
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Duc J. Vugia
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Kerry A. Padgett
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Kramer
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
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16
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Leis AA, Grill MF, Goodman BP, Sadiq SB, Sinclair DJ, Vig PJS, Bai F. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Signaling May Contribute to Chronic West Nile Virus Post-infectious Proinflammatory State. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:164. [PMID: 32426358 PMCID: PMC7203783 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: West Nile virus (WNV) causes a spectrum of human disease ranging from a febrile illness (WNV fever) to severe neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis). Since WNV gained entry into North America in 1999, clinicians caring for WNV survivors have observed persistent neurological symptoms occurring long-after the production of neutralizing antibodies and clearance of the virus. Accordingly, alternative pathogeneses other than direct viral invasion have been hypothesized to explain these post-infectious symptoms. The dominant hypothesis is that antiviral inflammatory responses triggered initially to clear WNV may persist to promote a post-infectious proinflammatory state. Methods: In 4 serologically-confirmed WNV patients with persistent post-infectious symptoms (3 WNV fever, 1 neuroinvasive disease), we ordered a comprehensive cytokine panel at weeks 8, 10, 12, and 36 months post-onset of illness, respectively, to better understand the pathophysiology of the protracted symptoms. Results: All patients had abnormally elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a major molecule triggering antiviral cytokines and chronic inflammation in many human autoimmune diseases, but heretofore not reported to be upregulated in human WNV infection. Three patients also had elevations of other proinflammatory proteins. Major symptoms included fatigue, arthralgias, myalgias, generalized or multifocal pain or weakness, imbalance, headaches, cognitive problems, and symptoms of dysautonomia. Conclusion: The findings provide support for an extended post-infectious proinflammatory state that may contribute to chronic inflammation and long-term morbidity in some WNV survivors and further suggest that TNF-α may play a pathogenic role in initiating this inflammatory environment. Clinical trials may be warranted to determine if TNF-α inhibitors or other immunosuppressive agents can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arturo Leis
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Marie F Grill
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Brent P Goodman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Syed B Sadiq
- Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Parminder J S Vig
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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17
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Sinigaglia A, Peta E, Riccetti S, Barzon L. New avenues for therapeutic discovery against West Nile virus. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:333-348. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1714586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elektra Peta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Riccetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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18
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Karaba AH, Blair PW, Martin K, Saheed MO, Carroll KC, Borowitz MJ. The Effects of a Systemwide Diagnostic Stewardship Change on West Nile Virus Disease Ordering Practices. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz488. [PMID: 32128331 PMCID: PMC7047944 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that removing the clinically insensitive West Nile virus CSF nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) from the electronic health record (EHR) test. This diagnostic stewardship intervention decreased costs and may have improved diagnostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Karaba
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul W Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Martin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mustapha O Saheed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Borowitz
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely spread human pathogenic arthropod-borne virus. It can lead to severe, sometimes fatal, neurological disease. Over the last two decades, several vaccine candidates for the protection of humans from WNV have been developed. Some technologies were transferred into clinical testing, but these approaches have not yet led to a licensed product. This review summarizes the current status of a human WNV vaccine and discusses reasons for the lack of clinically advanced product candidates. It also discusses the problem of immunological cross-reactivity between flaviviruses and how it can be addressed during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology , Leipzig , Germany
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20
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Nagy A, Szöllősi T, Takács M, Magyar N, Barabás É. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors in Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:844-850. [PMID: 31184991 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most important viral zoonotic infections in Hungary; however, no transfusion-transmitted WNV infections have been confirmed so far. In 2016, the number of clinical cases of WNV reported was 44, but the seasonal WNV screening of whole-blood donors has not yet been implemented. Our aims were to assess the WNV RNA reactivity and the prevalence of WNV-specific antibodies in the samples of blood donors collected in 2016. Materials and Methods: WNV RNA with Cobas TaqScreen and anti-WNV antibody determination from plasma samples of 2112 donors was performed. Cross-reactivity to tick-borne encephalitis virus was excluded. WNV neutralization test was used for the confirmation of anti-WNV IgG reactive results, and the presence of anti-WNV IgM antibodies was also determined. Results: None of the samples showed WNV RNA reactivity. The total weighted anti-WNV IgG prevalence was 2.34% (95% confidence interval 1.65-3.03), and in addition, three donors were found to be IgM positive. There was a comparable tendency between the data of WNV seroprevalence and cumulative incidence in six out of seven statistical regions in Hungary. Conclusion: Our results show a comparable data with publications that estimated the WNV seroprevalence in some other European endemic areas. As protective measures, both the 30-day deferral of blood donors who spent at least 24 h in WNV-exposed areas and the exclusion of affected Hungarian territories from blood donation are enforced by the Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service. Our study is the first comprehensive serological survey to obtain actual data about WNV seroprevalence in the Hungarian human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nagy
- Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute (NPHI), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Szöllősi
- Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute (NPHI), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Takács
- Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute (NPHI), Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Magyar
- Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute (NPHI), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Barabás
- Confirmatory Laboratory, Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service (HNBTS), Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Rockstroh A, Moges B, Berneck BS, Sattler T, Revilla-Fernández S, Schmoll F, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Nowotny N, Ulbert S. Specific detection and differentiation of tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile virus induced IgG antibodies in humans and horses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1701-1708. [PMID: 30985075 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are important arthropod-borne zoonotic flaviviruses. Due to the emergence of WNV in TBEV-endemic regions co-circulation of both viruses is increasing. Flaviviruses are structurally highly similar, which leads to cross-reacting antibodies upon infection. Currently available serological assays for TBEV and WNV infections are therefore compromised by false-positive results, especially in IgG measurements. In order to discriminate both infections novel diagnostic methods are needed. We describe an ELISA to measure IgG antibodies specific for TBEV and WNV, applicable to human and horse sera. Mutant envelope proteins were generated, that lack conserved parts of the fusion loop domain, a predominant target for cross-reacting antibodies. These were incubated with equine and human sera with known TBEV, WNV or other flavivirus infections. For WNV IgG, specificities and sensitivities were 100% and 87.9%, respectively, for horse sera, and 94.4% and 92.5%, respectively, for human sera. TBEV IgG was detected with specificities and sensitivities of 95% and 96.7%, respectively, in horses, and 98.9% and 100%, respectively, in humans. Specificities increased to 100% by comparing individual samples on both antigens. The antigens could form the basis for serological TBEV- and WNV-assays with improved specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rockstroh
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beyene Moges
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice S Berneck
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tatjana Sattler
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency of Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria.,Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency of Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria
| | - Friedrich Schmoll
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency of Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Niedrig M, Patel P, El Wahed AA, Schädler R, Yactayo S. Find the right sample: A study on the versatility of saliva and urine samples for the diagnosis of emerging viruses. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:707. [PMID: 30594124 PMCID: PMC6311079 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of different viral infections during the last decades like dengue, West Nile, SARS, chikungunya, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Zika and Yellow Fever raised some questions on quickness and reliability of laboratory diagnostic tests for verification of suspected cases. Since sampling of blood requires medically trained personal and comprises some risks for the patient as well as for the health care personal, the sampling by non-invasive methods (e.g. saliva and/ or urine) might be a very valuable alternative for investigating a diseased patient. MAIN BODY To analyse the usefulness of alternative non-invasive samples for the diagnosis of emerging infectious viral diseases, a literature search was performed on PubMed for alternative sampling for these viral infections. In total, 711 papers of potential relevance were found, of which we have included 128 in this review. CONCLUSIONS Considering the experience using non-invasive sampling for the diagnostic of emerging viral diseases, it seems important to perform an investigation using alternative samples for routine diagnostics. Moreover, during an outbreak situation, evaluation of appropriate sampling and further processing for laboratory analysis on various diagnostic platforms are very crucial. This will help to achieve optimal diagnostic results for a good and reliable case identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Sergio Yactayo
- Control of Epidemic Diseases (CED), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Lustig Y, Sofer D, Bucris ED, Mendelson E. Surveillance and Diagnosis of West Nile Virus in the Face of Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2421. [PMID: 30369916 PMCID: PMC6194321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus whose zoonotic cycle includes both mosquitoes and birds as amplifiers and humans and horses as dead-end hosts. In recent years WNV has been spreading globally and is currently endemic in Africa, The Middle East, India, Australia, central and southern Europe, and the Americas. Integrated surveillance schemes and environmental data aim to detect viral circulation and reduce the risk of infection for the human population emphasizing the critical role for One Health principles in public health. Approximately 20% of WNV infected patients develop West Nile Fever while in less than 1%, infection results in West Nile Neurological Disease. Currently, the diagnosis of WNV infection is primarily based on serology, since molecular identification of WNV RNA is unreliable due to the short viremia. The recent emergence of Zika virus epidemic in America and Asia has added another layer of complexity to WNV diagnosis due to significant cross-reactivity between several members of the Flaviviridae family such as Zika, dengue, Usutu, and West Nile viruses. Diagnosis is especially challenging in persons living in regions with flavivirus co-circulation as well as in travelers from WNV endemic countries traveling to Zika or dengue infected areas or vise-versa. Here, we review the recent studies implementing WNV surveillance of mosquitoes and birds within the One Health initiative. Furthermore, we discuss the utility of novel molecular methods, alongside traditional molecular and serological methods, in WNV diagnosis and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Danit Sofer
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Efrat Dahan Bucris
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Barzon L. Ongoing and emerging arbovirus threats in Europe. J Clin Virol 2018; 107:38-47. [PMID: 30176404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, arboviruses that are endemic in Europe have expanded their geographic range and caused an increasing number of human outbreaks. These viruses include West Nile virus, which is expanding its area of circulation in central and southern Europe; Usutu virus, with increasing evidence of a role in human disease; tick-borne encephalitis virus, which is being detected in northern areas and at higher altitudes as a consequence of climate warming; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, which is endemic in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, but has been recently detected in Spain; other viruses, such as California encephalitis virus antigenic group, which circulate in northern and central Europe but whose relevance for human disease in largely unknown. In addition, the rise in global travel and trade has posed Europe to an increased risk of introduction and expansion of exotic arthropod vectors and autochthonous transmission of arboviruses, like dengue and chikungunya viruses, following new introductions from endemic areas. Implementation of integrated arbovirus surveillance programs has been crucial to adopt proper control measures. The identification of emerging outbreaks is however challenging and requires a high degree of awareness and laboratory capacity, especially for the most neglected but potentially threatening pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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25
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Weaver SC. Prediction and prevention of urban arbovirus epidemics: A challenge for the global virology community. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:80-84. [PMID: 29906475 PMCID: PMC6082388 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence and rapid spread of Zika virus in tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere took arbovirologists and public health officials by surprise, and the earlier transfers of West Nile and chikungunya viruses from the Old to the New World were also unexpected. These pandemics underscore the increasing threat of zoonotic arboviruses, especially those that are capable of entering into human-amplified, urban transmission cycles transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and sometimes other Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. mosquitoes. This review serves as an introduction to a World Health Organization-sponsored conference to be held on June 18-19, 2018 in Geneva, titled "From obscurity to urban epidemics: what are the next urban arboviruses?" It is intended to set the stage and fuel discussions of future urban arbovirus threats, how we can predict these risks from known and unknown viruses, and what factors may change these risks over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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26
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Nagy A, Nagy O, Tarcsai K, Farkas Á, Takács M. First detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA in clinical specimens of acutely ill patients in Hungary. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:485-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Specific detection of dengue and Zika virus antibodies using envelope proteins with mutations in the conserved fusion loop. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e99. [PMID: 29116222 PMCID: PMC5717088 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antibodies is widely used for the diagnosis of infections with arthropod-borne flaviviruses including dengue (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Due to the emergence of ZIKV in areas endemic for DENV, massive co-circulation is observed and methods to specifically diagnose these infections and differentiate them from each other are mandatory. However, serological assays for flaviviruses in general, and for DENV and ZIKV in particular, are compromised by the high degree of similarities in their proteins which can lead to cross-reacting antibodies and false-positive test results. Cross-reacting flavivirus antibodies mainly target the highly conserved fusion loop (FL) domain in the viral envelope (E-) protein, and we and others have shown previously that recombinant E-proteins bearing FL-mutations strongly reduce cross-reactivity. Here we investigate whether such mutant E-proteins can be used to specifically detect antibodies against DENV and ZIKV in an ELISA-format. IgM antibodies against DENV and ZIKV virus were detected with 100% and 94.2% specificity and 90.7% and 87.5% sensitivity, respectively. For IgG the mutant E-proteins showed cross-reactivity, which was overcome by pre-incubation of the sera with the heterologous antigen. This resulted in specificities of 97.1% and 97.9% and in sensitivities of 100% and 100% for the DENV and ZIKV antigens, respectively. Our results suggest that E-proteins bearing mutations in the FL-domain have a high potential for the development of serological DENV and ZIKV tests with high specificity.
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28
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Al-Jabi SW. Global research trends in West Nile virus from 1943 to 2016: a bibliometric analysis. Global Health 2017; 13:55. [PMID: 28774315 PMCID: PMC5543434 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-017-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging infectious disease which is most commonly transmitted to humans through mosquito, and is considered a major public-health problem worldwide. The aim of the current study is to bibliometrically analyze the quantity and quality of publications indexed in Scopus from different countries to reveal the characteristics of global research output regarding WNV. METHODS This study is a bibliometric analysis based on the Scopus database. This study focused on identifying WNV publication trends with regard to publication year, publication type, prolific countries, language of publication, as well as, prolific journals, citations, and collaboration patterns. RESULTS A total of 4729 publications were considered in this study, which were published between 1943 and 2016. The annual quantity of literature published before 2000 followed a low rate of research growth; while the quantity of publications after 2000 were published in a stage of rapid development. The country with the greatest number of publications in WNV research field was the USA with 2304 (48.7%) publications, followed by France with 224 (4.7%) publications, and Canada with 222 (4.7%) publications. Contributions from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) were considerably small, that is, (n = 519 publications; 11%). All publications related to WNV achieved h-index of 140 and were cited 124,222 times. The median [interquartile range] number of citations per article thus amounts to 9 [2-28]. The USA had the highest h-index of 131. Emerging Infectious Diseases is the most productive journal with 227 articles, followed by Journal of Virology with 162 publications. The result designated that Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was ranked the first in terms of publication output, followed by National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. CONCLUSIONS There is an obvious trend of WNV research after 2000, and countries with high income have more contributions in WNV research field. The research output is low among LMIC. The USA produced the largest number of publications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention obtained the leading position of the institutions in terms of publication output. In general, this study not only presents a full view of global WNV research, but also can contribute for future further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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29
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Barzon L, Trevisan M, Sinigaglia A, Lavezzo E, Palù G. Zika virus: from pathogenesis to disease control. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw202. [PMID: 27549304 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus discovered in Uganda in 1947. The virus has emerged in recent years and spread in the Pacific Area and the Americas, where it has caused large human outbreaks. The factors involved in the virus's emergence are still unknown, but probably include its introduction in naïve environments characterised by the presence of high densities of competent Aedes spp. mosquitoes and susceptible human hosts in urban areas. Unique features of Zika virus infection are sexual and transplacental transmission and associated neurological morbidities, i.e. Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal microcephaly. Diagnosis relies on the detection of viral nucleic acids in biological samples, while detection of a specific antibody response may be inconclusive because of the broad cross-reactivity of antibodies among flaviviruses. Experimental studies have clarified some mechanisms of Zika virus pathogenesis and have identified potential targets for antiviral drugs. In animal models, the virus can infect and efficiently replicate in the placenta and in the brain, and induce fetal demise or neural damage, recapitulating human diseases. These animal models have been used to evaluate candidate vaccines and promising results have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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30
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Vázquez A, Herrero L, Negredo A, Hernández L, Sánchez-Seco MP, Tenorio A. Real time PCR assay for detection of all known lineages of West Nile virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:266-270. [PMID: 27481597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widespread arbovirus and a large variety of WNV strains and lineages have been described. The molecular methods for the diagnosis of WNV target mainly lineages 1 and 2, which have caused outbreaks in humans, equines and birds. But the last few years new and putative WNV lineages of unknown pathogenicity have been described. Here we describe a new sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of all the WNV lineages described until now. Primers and probe were designed in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the WNV genome and were designed to match all sequenced WNV strains perfectly. The sensitivity of the assay ranged from 1,5 to 15 copies per reaction depending on the WNV lineage tested. The method was validated for WNV diagnosis using different viral strains, human samples (cerebrospinal fluid, biopsies, serum and plasma) and mosquito pools. The assay did not amplify any other phylogenetically or symptomatically related viruses. All of the above make it a very suitable tool for the diagnosis of WNV and for surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vázquez
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Herrero
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Negredo
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tenorio
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Arsuaga M, de la Calle-Prieto F, Negredo Antón A, Vázquez González A. [Emerging viral infections and hepatotropic virus]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:508-15. [PMID: 27156244 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental degradation, population movements and urban agglomerations have broken down the borders for infectious diseases. The expansion of microorganisms has entered an increasing area of transmission vectors. The lack of immunity of the population leads to an increased risk of spreading infectious diseases. Furthermore, the decline in vaccination rates in developed countries and socio-economic difficulties in large regions has meant that diseases in the process of eradication have re-emerged. That is why health care workers must be trained to avoid delaying in diagnosis and to accelerate the implementation of public health measures. A great deal of education and health prevention should fall under the responsibilities of travellers who move around different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arsuaga
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical y Consulta del Viajero. Centro de Referencia Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, España.
| | - Fernando de la Calle-Prieto
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical y Consulta del Viajero. Centro de Referencia Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Ana Negredo Antón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas Importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - Ana Vázquez González
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas Importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
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32
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Detection and sequencing of West Nile virus RNA from human urine and serum samples during the 2014 seasonal period. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1797-806. [PMID: 27038827 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus, a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, is responsible for numerous animal and human infections in Europe, Africa and the Americas. In Hungary, the average number of human infections falls between 10 and 20 cases each year. The severity of clinically manifesting infections varies widely from the milder form of West Nile fever to West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). In routine laboratory diagnosis of human West Nile virus infections, serological methods are mainly applied due to the limited duration of viremia. However, recent studies suggest that detection of West Nile virus RNA in urine samples may be useful as a molecular diagnostic test for these infections. The Hungarian National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses serologically confirmed eleven acute human infections during the 2014 seasonal period. In three patients with neurological symptoms, viral RNA was detected from both urine and serum specimens, albeit for a longer period and in higher copy numbers with urine. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS3 genomic region of three strains and the complete genome of one selected strain demonstrated that all three patients had lineage-2 West Nile virus infections. Our findings reaffirm the utility of viral RNA detection in urine as a molecular diagnostic procedure for diagnosis of West Nile virus infections.
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33
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Barzon L, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Berto A, Trevisan M, Palù G. West Nile virus infection in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1373-86. [PMID: 26325613 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1083859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease in North America, Europe, and neighboring countries. Almost all WNV infections in humans are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Transmission during pregnancy and through breastfeeding has been reported, but the risk seems to be very low. West Nile disease in children is less common (1-5% of all WNV cases) and associated with milder symptoms and better outcome than in elderly individuals, even though severe neuroinvasive disease and death have been reported also among children. However, the incidence of WNV infection and disease in children is probably underestimated and the disease spectrum is not fully understood because of lack of reporting and underdiagnosis in children. Infection is diagnosed by detection of WNV-specific antibodies in serum and WNV RNA in plasma and urine. Since no effective WNV-specific drugs are available, therapy is mainly supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- b 2 Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Berto
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
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