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Li P, Wang W, Zhang X, Pan J, Gong L. Observational retrospective clinical study on clinical features of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in Chinese pediatric cases. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5632. [PMID: 38453960 PMCID: PMC10920782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory findings between children infected with Macrolide-Sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MSMP) and Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP). Additionally, the research sought to identify laboratory markers for rapidly distinguishing refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) from ordinary Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (OMPP). In total, 265 Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) patients were included, with MRMP identified by specific point mutations in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. A retrospective analysis compared the clinical courses and laboratory data, revealing that MRMP patients experienced prolonged febrile days (P = 0.004), elevated CRP levels (P < 0.001), and higher MP DNA loads than MSMP patients (P = 0.037). Based on clinical symptoms, MRMP was divided into RMPP (n = 56) and OMPP (n = 70), with RMPP demonstrating significantly increased IL-18, community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxins in nasopharyngeal aspirate, and serum CRP levels (P < 0.001; P = 0.006; P < 0.001). In conclusion, timely recognition of RMPP is crucial for enhancing prognosis. The identification of MRMP, coupled with proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-18, CARDS toxins, and CRP, emerges as promising markers with the potential to contribute significantly to diagnostic accuracy and prognosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lina Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
- Department of Medical Risk Management, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
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2
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Shen T, Li Y, Liu T, Lian Y, Kong L. Association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, high‑density lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular health (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:39. [PMID: 38357242 PMCID: PMC10865299 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) infection, high-density lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease is an emerging research area. The present review summarizes the basic characteristics of M. pneumoniae infection and its association with high-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular health. M. pneumoniae primarily invades the respiratory tract and damages the cardiovascular system through various mechanisms including adhesion, invasion, secretion of metabolites, production of autoantibodies and stimulation of cytokine production. Additionally, the present review highlights the potential role of high-density lipoprotein for the development of prevention and intervention of M. pneumoniae infection and cardiovascular disease, and provides suggestions for future research directions and clinical practice. It is urgent to explore the specific mechanisms underlying the association between M. pneumoniae infection, high-density lipoprotein metabolism, and cardiovascular disease and analyze the roles of the immune system and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
- Jincheng Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
- Jincheng Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
- Jincheng Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhi Lian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
- Jincheng Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
| | - Luke Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
- Jincheng Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P.R. China
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Leng M, Yang J, Zhou J. The molecular characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1115009. [PMID: 36937963 PMCID: PMC10017863 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review the molecular characteristics, the diagnosis, and treatment of the widespread infection of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae; MRMP) in children, thus providing a better knowledge of this infection and presenting the associated problems. Single point mutations in the V region of the 23S rRNA gene of M. pneumoniae genome are associated with macrolide resistance. P1-1, MLVA4-5-7-2, and ST3 are usually the predominated genetic types in the M. pneumoniae epidemics. The short-term two times serological IgM (or together with IgG) test in the acute stage can be used for confirmation. Combined serological testing and PCR might be a more prudent method to reduce macrolide consumption and antibiotic selective pressure in a clinical setting. Molecular methods for the detection of single-nucleotide mutations in the V region of the 23S rRNA gene can be used for the diagnosis of MRMP. The routine use of macrolide for the treatment of macrolide-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MSMP) infections can get good effect, but the effects are limited for severe MRMP infections. Additional corticosteroids may be required for the treatment of severe MRMP infections in children in China during the era of MRMP.
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4
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Sung M, Roh EJ, Lee ES, Lee JY, Kim H, Ahn Y, Eun BW, Kim JK, Kim HY, Jung S, Kim M, Kang EK, Yang E, Lee SJ, Park Y, Seo J, Lee E, Yang ES, Cho HM, Shin M, Chung HL, Jang YY, Choi BS, Kim H, Jung J, You ST, Lee M, Kim JT, Kim BS, Hwang YH, Shim JY, Yang H, Han MY, Yew HY, Kim DH, Jeong SO, Whang K, Lee E, Jeon YH, Chung EH. Assessment of variables associated with prolonged admission duration in children with
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
pneumonia. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2022; 16:756-767. [PMID: 36205104 PMCID: PMC9629989 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Macrolide‐resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) has become prevalent in children. This study investigated the clinical and laboratory variables of MRMP and macrolide‐sensitive M. pneumoniae (MSMP) and identified factors associated with prolonged hospital admission in children. Methods A prospective multicenter study was conducted in 1063 children <18 years old in July 2018–June 2020. The 454 had a positive M. pneumoniae polymerase chain reaction assay. Results Most subjects had MRMP (78.4%), and all mutated strains had the A2063G transition. We defined MRMP* (n = 285) as MRMP pneumonia requiring admission and MSMP* (n = 72) as MSMP pneumonia requiring admission. Patients with MRMP pneumonia were older, more likely to have segmental/lobar pneumonia, and had more febrile days than those with MSMP pneumonia. C‐reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and percentage neutrophils were more strongly associated with MRMP* than MSMP* groups. Percentage neutrophils, CRP, and alanine aminotransferase significantly changed between admission and follow‐up measurements in patients with MRMP* (P < 0.05). The duration of admission positively correlated with the number of febrile days after initiation of antibiotic medication and laboratory variables (white blood cell count, CRP, and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) (P < 0.05). Random forest analysis indicated that the number of febrile days after initiation of antibiotic medication, AST, and percentage neutrophils at admission was over five. Conclusions This study indicated that children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia with a higher number of febrile days after initiation of antibiotic medication, AST, and percentage neutrophils at admission were more likely to have prolonged admission duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myongsoon Sung
- Department of Pediatrics Soonchunhyang University Hospital Gumi South Korea
| | - Eui Jeong Roh
- Department of Pediatrics Chungnam National University Hospital Daejeon South Korea
| | - Eun Sil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Chungnam National University Hospital Daejeon South Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Hyo‐Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Youngmin Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics Eulji University Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Byung Wook Eun
- Department of Pediatrics Eulji University Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Ja Kyoung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Kangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Hyoung Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine Yangsan South Korea
| | - Sung‐Su Jung
- Department of Pediatrics Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine Yangsan South Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam University Sejeong Hospital Chungnam National University College of Medicine Sejong South Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Kang
- Department of Pediatrics Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang South Korea
| | - Eun‐Ae Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Eulji University Hospital Daejeon South Korea
| | - Yang Park
- Department of Pediatrics Wonkwang University School of Medicine Iksan South Korea
| | - Ju‐Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics Dankook University College of Medicine Cheonan South Korea
| | - Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Chonnam National University Hostpital, Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju South Korea
| | - Eun Seok Yang
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, Chosun University, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea Gwangju South Korea
| | - Hyung Min Cho
- Department of Pediatrics Presbyterian Medical Center Jeonju South Korea
| | - Meeyong Shin
- Department of Pediatrics Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital Bucheon South Korea
| | - Hai Lee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics Daegu Catholic University Medical Center Daegu South Korea
| | - Yoon Young Jang
- Department of Pediatrics Daegu Catholic University Medical Center Daegu South Korea
| | - Bong Seok Choi
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Hyeona Kim
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Jin‐A Jung
- Department of Pediatrics Donga‐A University College of Medicine Busan South Korea
| | - Seung Taek You
- Department of Pediatrics Wonkwang University School of Medicine Iksan South Korea
| | - Mi‐Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Incheon Medical Center Incheon South Korea
| | - Jin Tack Kim
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital Uijeongbu South Korea
| | - Bong Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital Gangneung South Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics Busan ST. Mary's Hospital Busan South Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyeon‐Jong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics Soonchunhyang University Hospital Seoul South Korea
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University School of Medicine Seongnam South Korea
| | - Hae Young Yew
- Department of Pediatrics Kogel Hospital Daejeon South Korea
| | - Dong Hyeok Kim
- Divison of Bacterial Diseases Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) Sejong South Korea
| | - Sang Oun Jeong
- Divison of Bacterial Diseases Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) Sejong South Korea
| | - Kyujam Whang
- Divison of Bacterial Diseases Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) Sejong South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital Busan South Korea
| | - You Hoon Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital Hwasung South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics Chungnam National University College of Medicine Daejeon South Korea
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5
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Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children: Early Recognition and Management. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102824. [PMID: 35628949 PMCID: PMC9144103 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) is a severe state of M. pneumoniae infection that has attracted increasing universal attention in recent years. The pathogenesis of RMPP remains unknown, but the excessive host immune responses as well as macrolide resistance of M. pneumoniae might play important roles in the development of RMPP. To improve the prognosis of RMPP, it is mandatory to recognize RMPP in the early stages, and the detection of macrolide-resistant MP, clinical unresponsiveness to macrolides and elevated proinflammatory cytokines might be clues. Timely and effective anti-mycoplasmal therapy and immunomodulating therapy are the main strategies for RMPP.
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Li J, Fu Y, Jing W, Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Sun S, Yue H, Dai Y. Biomarkers of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children by urine metabolomics based on Q Exactive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9234. [PMID: 34897870 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mycoplasma pneumoniae has become one of the common pathogens causing pediatric respiratory infections. In clinical diagnosis, throat swabs are very difficult to obtain from children, and there is a possibility of false positive results; hence, there are few clinically available diagnostic methods. METHODS In this study, Q Exactive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolites in the urine of healthy children (HC) and M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children (MPPC) patients. A multivariate statistical analysis was performed to screen the differential metabolites. Based on the HMDB and KEGG, the possible metabolic pathways subject to biological alteration were identified. RESULTS Compared with HC, 73 different metabolites in MPPC patients disrupted nine metabolic pathways through different change trends; after integrating various parameters, 20 significantly different metabolites were identified as MPPC potential biomarkers. Through the above two analysis modes, acetylphosphate and 2,5-dioxopentanoate were both screened out and used as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of MPPC for the first time. CONCLUSIONS The characterization of 20 potential biomarkers provides a scientific basis for predicting and diagnosing MPPC. This article further indicates that urine metabolic profiling has great potential in diagnosing MPPC and can effectively prevent the disease from causing further deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yunhua Fu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jialing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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7
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Su X, You X, Luo H, Liang K, Chen L, Tian W, Ye Z, He J. Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome Toxin: Unique Exotoxin for M. pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:766591. [PMID: 34867898 PMCID: PMC8640204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection often causes respiratory diseases in humans, particularly in children and adults with atypical pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and is often exacerbated by co-infection with other lung diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin (CARDS TX) is the only exotoxin produced by M. pneumoniae and has been extensively studied for its ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) activity and cellular vacuolization properties. Additionally, CARDS TX induces inflammatory responses, resulting in cell swelling, nuclear lysis, mucus proliferation, and cell vacuolization. CARDS TX enters host cells by binding to the host receptor and is then reverse transported to the endoplasmic reticulum to exert its pathogenic effects. In this review, we focus on the structural characteristics, functional activity, distribution and receptors, mechanism of cell entry, and inflammatory response of CARDS TX was examined. Overall, the findings of this review provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of the mechanism of M. pneumoniae infection and the development of clinical diagnosis and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Su
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haodang Luo
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Keying Liang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zufeng Ye
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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8
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Jin L, Chen P, Xu Y. Effects of four types of chinese medicines as concomitant drugs with azithromycin for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children in China: a network meta-analysis. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2021; 67:395-399. [PMID: 34468604 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20200808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the use of four concomitant Chinese medicines with azithromycin in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children (MPC) by using network meta-analysis (NMA) and ranking them according to their performances. METHODS There were a total of 130 randomly controlled trials of four different concomitant Chinese medicines with azithromycin for the treatment of MPC in many databases, and an NMA was conducted in them by using Stata (version 13.0) software to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and sequence of the different combinations. The included studies were divided into two groups: control group (azithromycin alone) and observation group (one of four azithromycin combinations). RESULTS A total of 13119 cases were included in this study, and the results showed that the pooled OR and 95% confidence interval (CI) of MPC improvement compared with azithromycin alone were 4.76 (3.18-7.14) for azithromycin and Reduning, 5.66 (4.50-7.12) for azithromycin and Tanreqing, 4.84 (3.35-7.01) for azithromycin and Xiyanping, and 4.58 (3.59-5.83) for azithromycin and Yanhuning, respectively. This study shows the significant efficacy of Chinese concomitant drug. The combination of azithromycin with Tanreqing is the best candidate of concomitant drug in terms of clinical efficacy. Its surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) score was 85.5, while the SUCRA score for the azithromycin and Yanhuning combination was the worst, which is 48.4. CONCLUSIONS The combination of azithromycin with Tanreqing is the most promising group among four combinations for the treatment of MPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lairun Jin
- Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Office of Educational Administration - Wuhu (Anhui), China
| | - Ping Chen
- Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Office of Educational Administration - Wuhu (Anhui), China
| | - Yan Xu
- Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Office of Educational Administration - Wuhu (Anhui), China
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9
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Xu C, Deng H, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Rong Q, Quan Y, Tang H, Zhao D. Mutations in domain V of Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA and clinical characteristics of pediatric M. pneumoniae pneumonia in Nanjing, China. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211016376. [PMID: 34082582 PMCID: PMC8182226 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of mutations in domain V of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the clinical characteristics of pediatric MP pneumonia (MPP) in Nanjing, China. METHODS Domain V of 23S rRNA was sequenced in MP strains collected from children diagnosed with MPP in Nanjing. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained. RESULTS Among the 276 MP strains, 255 (92.39%) harbored mutations, primarily A2063G in domain V of MP 23S rRNA. When children were stratified according to the presence or absence of mutations, no significant differences were found in sex, age, the MP DNA load at enrollment, lymphocyte counts, pulmonary complications, immunomodulator levels, fever duration, the duration of fever after macrolide therapy, and hospital stay. The prevalence of refractory MPP in the two groups was similar. Children with refractory MPP exhibited higher MP DNA loads than those with non-refractory MPP. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high prevalence of the A2063G mutation in domain V of MP 23S rRNA, mutations were not associated with the clinical characteristics of MPP. The MP DNA load significantly differed between refractory and non-refractory MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdi Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiangquan Rong
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Gaochun People's Hospital, Gaochun District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Quan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Gaochun People's Hospital, Gaochun District, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Han HY, Park KC, Yang EA, Lee KY. Macrolide-Resistant and Macrolide-Sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children Treated Using Early Corticosteroids. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061309. [PMID: 33810090 PMCID: PMC8004593 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found that early corticosteroid therapy was effective for reducing morbidity during five Korea-wide epidemics. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory parameters of 56 children who received early corticosteroid treatment for pneumonia that was caused by macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) or macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae between July 2019 and February 2020. All subjects had dual positive results from a PCR assay and serological test, and received corticosteroids within 24–36 h after admission. Point mutation of residues 2063, 2064, and 2067 was identified in domain V of 23S rRNA. The mean age was 6.8 years and the male:female ratio was 1.2:1 (31:25 patients). Most of the subjects had macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (73%), and all mutated strains had the A2063G transition. No significant differences in clinical and laboratory parameters were observed between macrolide-resistant and macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae groups that were treated with early dose-adjusted corticosteroids. Higher-dose steroid treatment may be needed for patients who have fever that persists for >48 h or increased biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase concentration at follow-up despite a usual dose of steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.Y.H.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 64 Daeheung-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34943, Korea
| | - Ki Cheol Park
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943, Korea;
| | - Eun-Ae Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.Y.H.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 64 Daeheung-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34943, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-220-9540; Fax: +82-42-221-2925
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.Y.H.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Junglock Biomedical Institute, 127, Yuchun-ro, Jung-gu, Deajeon 34886, Korea
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11
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Early Confirmation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection by Two Short-Term Serologic IgM Examination. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020353. [PMID: 33672480 PMCID: PMC7923409 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to re-evaluate the clinical application of two-times serologic immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests using microparticle agglutination assay (MAA), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection. A retrospective analysis of 62 children with MP pneumonia during a recent epidemic (2019–2020) was conducted. The MAA and ELISA immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG measurements were conducted twice at admission and around discharge, and MP PCR once at presentation. Diagnostic rates in each test were calculated at presentation and at discharge. The seroconverters were 39% (24/62) of patients tested by MAA and 29% (18/62) by ELISA. At presentation, the diagnostic positive rates of MAA, ELISA, and PCR tests were 61%, 71%, and 52%, respectively. After the second examination, the rates were 100% in both serologic tests. There were positive correlations between the titers of MAA and the IgM values of ELISA. The single serologic IgM or PCR tests had limitations to select patients infected with MP in the early stage. The short-term, paired IgM serologic tests during hospitalization can reduce patient-selection bias in MP infection studies.
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Sun J, Chen J, Wang L, Lu A. The effect of vibrating positive expiratory pressure therapy on refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia prognosis in children. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:315-322. [PMID: 33708517 PMCID: PMC7944183 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well documented that vibration techniques and positive expiratory pressure (PEP) can improve airway clearance, however, few clinical trials have studied the efficacy of vibrating PEP therapy on refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) pneumonia (RMPP) in children. This study aimed to explore using vibrating PEP therapy in children with RMPP. METHODS Sixty participants in the remission stage of RMPP were recruited into this randomized study and divided into two groups. The Acapella group (n=30) used the Acapella® Choice twice daily for 2 months to clear their airways. The control group (n=30) used traditional chest percussion or postural drainage to mediate sputum expectoration. The groups administered their respective treatments at home and were followed up weekly. Participants kept a record of their treatment and condition in a daily log. The primary outcome of this study was the resolution of chest images, and the secondary outcome was the sputum period. RESULTS There was no significant difference in sex or age distribution between the two groups. There were no significant differences at baseline between the groups in the location of their lesions (P=0.11). After 2 months of treatment, there was a better resolution of chest images in the Acapella group (P=0.00) compared with the control group. Additionally, the mean sputum period was significantly shorter for the Acapella group than for the control group (Acapella: 7.97±1.54 days; control: 11.90±1.64 days; P=0.00). CONCLUSIONS Vibrating PEP therapy is an effective therapy for children with RMPP, both in airway clearance and the resolution of lung abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Sun
- Departments of Pneumonology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- Departments of Pneumonology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Departments of Pneumonology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhen Lu
- Departments of Pneumonology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lee KY, Rhim JW, Kang JH. Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and early immunomodulators. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:239-250. [PMID: 32664709 PMCID: PMC7374000 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading globally. Although its etiologic agent is discovered as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are many unsolved issues in COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. The causes of different clinical phenotypes and incubation periods among individuals, species specificity, and cytokine storm with lymphopenia as well as the mechanism of damage to organ cells are unknown. It has been suggested that in viral pneumonia, virus itself is not a direct cause of acute lung injury; rather, aberrant immune reactions of the host to the insults from viral infection are responsible. According to its epidemiological and clinical characteristics, SARS-CoV-2 may be a virus with low virulence in nature that has adapted to the human species. Current immunological concepts have limited ability to explain such unsolved issues, and a presumed immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented under the proteinhomeostasis-system hypothesis. Every disease, including COVID-19, has etiological substances controlled by the host immune system according to size and biochemical properties. Patients with severe pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 show more severe hypercytokinemia with corresponding lymphocytopenia than patients with mild pneumonia; thus, early immunomodulator treatment, including corticosteroids, has been considered. However, current guidelines recommend their use only for patients with advanced pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Since the immunopathogenesis of pneumonia may be the same for all patients regardless of age or severity and the critical immune-mediated lung injury may begin in the early stage of the disease, early immunomodulator treatment, including corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, can help reduce morbidity and possibly mortality rates of older patients with underlying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yil Lee
- The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Junglock Biomedical Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Rhim
- The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yang EA, Lee KY. Are alternative antibiotics needed for antibiotic-nonresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia? Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:44-45. [PMID: 32066227 PMCID: PMC7029668 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ae Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Mi YM, Qi Q, Zhang L, Wang XF, Chen ZM, Hua CZ. Assessment of serum sialic acid correlated with C3 in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23078. [PMID: 31907994 PMCID: PMC7083476 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different from the diagnosis of bacterial infections, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is still lacking of convenient non‐specific laboratory parameters. Method A total of 125 children with MPP were included in the MPP group and 89 children with Mycoplasma‐negative pneumonia were included in the control group, and the sera were collected from the children at both the acute and recovery stages in the two groups. Results The sialic acid and C3 in the MPP group were significantly higher than those in the control group both at the acute and at the recovery stage. On the other hand, the sialic acid and C3 at the acute stage were significantly higher than those at the recovery stage in the MPP group. However, in the control group, the sialic acid and C3 demonstrated IgG exhibited no significant change between the acute stage and the recovery stage. Lastly, positive correlations between sialic acid level and C3 level were identified in the MPP group at both acute and recovery stages. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the serum sialic acid correlated with C3 specifically increased in children with MPP, indicating that it might be the important non‐specific parameters in the diagnosis of MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Mi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Chen
- Division of Respiration, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun-Zhen Hua
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang L, Wang L, Xu S, Li H, Chu C, Liu Q, Zhou J, Zhang W, Huang L. Low-Dose Corticosteroid Treatment in Children With Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:566371. [PMID: 33330269 PMCID: PMC7720903 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.566371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The clinical value of corticosteroid treatment in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) has been controversial. Our study aimed to identify the effects of low-dose corticosteroids on the recovery of children with MPP. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, pediatric inpatients with MPP were included from the Shanghai Children's Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia cohort study between August 2014 and July 2019. The multivariable logistic regression and propensity-score matching were used to investigate the effects of low-dose corticosteroid treatment on fever duration after admission, total fever duration, length of hospital stay, C-reactive protein recovery time, and imaging recovery time with the stratification of severe pneumonia, refractory pneumonia, inflammatory biomarkers, pulmonary images, and timing of corticosteroids. Results: There were 548 patients in the corticosteroid group and 337 in the no-corticosteroid group. The corticosteroid group showed severe clinical parameters such as more severe and refractory cases, higher laboratory values, and more abnormal imaging manifestations. The corticosteroid group also showed longer fever duration after admission [odds ratio (OR) = 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-3.1), P = 0.008], longer total fever duration [OR = 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-2.3), P = 0.011], longer hospital stay [OR = 2.8 (95% CI, 1.9-4.0), P < 0.001], and longer C-reactive protein (CRP) recovery time [OR = 2.1 (95% CI, 1.1-3.9), P = 0.021] in the regression model after the adjustment for severity. Although low-dose corticosteroids were associated with shortened imaging recovery time in patients with high level laboratory values, pulmonary imaging could be completely recovered in both groups. The trend of these results was consistent even after stratifications and a propensity scores matching analysis. Conclusions: Low-dose corticosteroids may not be beneficial in children inpatients with MPP, and further studies on proper treatment modality are needed in the MRMP era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Zhang
- Pediatric Infectious Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Pediatric Infectious Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Pediatric Infectious Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajun Li
- Pediatric Infectious Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiting Chu
- Radiological Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanhua Liu
- Pediatric Respiratory Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lisu Huang
- Pediatric Infectious Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang L, Feng Z, Shuai J, Liu J, Li G. Risk factors of 90-day rehospitalization following discharge of pediatric patients hospitalized with mycoplasma Pneumoniae pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:966. [PMID: 31718584 PMCID: PMC6852903 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among pediatric patients hospitalized for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), the risk factors for 90-day readmission after discharge is undefined. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients <14 years of age who were discharged with a diagnosis of MPP between January 2016 and February 2017. We collected clinical, laboratory and radiographic variables at the time of initial admission. We assessed pneumonia-related readmission within 90-day after discharge. Risk factors independently associated with rehospitalization were identified using multiple logistic regression models. Results Of the 424 MPP hospitalizations, 48 (11.3%) were readmitted within 90 days and were mainly diagnosed with pneumonia. Patients with younger age or coinfection with influenza A were more likely to be readmitted. In addition, compared with children without readmission, the readmission ones showed different clinical and laboratory characteristics at the index hospital admission. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified age (OR 0.815, 95%CI 0.706–0.940) and body temperature (OR 0.659, 95%CI 0.518–0.839) were significantly associated with lower risk of 90-day readmission. Coinfection with influenza was independently associated with a greater likelihood of 90-day readmission (OR 4.746, 95%CI 1.191–18.913). Conclusions Readmission after MPP are common and is related to patients’ age, body temperature and influenza A coinfection during initial hospital stay, indicating potential targets could be noticed to reduce the rehospitalization after pediatric MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhishan Feng
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jinfeng Shuai
- No.2 Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- No.2 Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Guixia Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Jianhua South Street, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei Province, China.
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Early Corticosteroid Therapy for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia Irrespective of Used Antibiotics in Children. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050726. [PMID: 31121867 PMCID: PMC6572103 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics’ effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection still remains controversial. A prospective study of 257 children with MP pneumonia during a recent epidemic (2015–2016) was conducted. All MP pneumonia patients were treated with corticosteroids within 24–36 h after admission. Initially, oral prednisolone (1 mg/kg) or intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP; 1–2 mg/kg) was administered for mild pneumonia patients, and IVMP (5–10 mg/kg/day) for severe pneumonia patients. If patients showed a persistent fever for 36–48 h or disease progression, additive IVMP (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) was given. Thirty-three percent of patients received only a broad-spectrum antibiotic without a macrolide. The mean age and the male-to-female ratio was 5.6 ± 3.1 years and 1:1, respectively. Seventy-four percent of patients showed immediate defervescence within 24 h, and 96% of patients showed defervescence within 72 h with improvements in clinical symptoms. Three percent of patients (8/257) who received additive IVMP also showed clinical improvement within 48 h without adverse reactions. There were no clinical or laboratory differences between patients treated with a macrolide (n = 172) and without (n = 85). Early corticosteroid therapy might reduce disease morbidity and prevent disease progression in MP pneumonia patients without side effects, and antibiotics may have limited effects on MP infection.
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Rhim JW, Kang HM, Yang EA, Lee KY. Epidemiological relationship between Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and recurrent wheezing episode in children: an observational study at a single hospital in Korea. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026461. [PMID: 30975681 PMCID: PMC6500193 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to evaluate epidemiological and clinical relationship between Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection and childhood recurrent wheezing episode (RWE). DESIGN Retrospective case note review. SETTING Paediatric department at a single Korean institution. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive admitted patients with MP pneumonia and RWE (0-15 years of age) between 2003 and 2014. METHODS The retrospective medical records of patients with (MP) pneumonia (n=793 for epidemiological analysis and n=501 for clinical analysis) and those with RWE (n=384) from 2003 to 2014 were analysed. Diagnosis of MP pneumonia was made based on two-times titration of IgM antibody during hospitalisation. An RWE patient was defined as one with expiratory wheezing with at least one or more wheezing episodes based on medical records. RESULTS During three MP pneumonia epidemics, there were no corresponding increases of patients with RWE in the epidemic years. In the 501 MP pneumonia patients, 52 (10.4%) had wheezing at presentation and 15 (3%) had RWE. The MP pneumonia patients with wheezing at presentation (n=52) were younger and were more likely to have an allergic disease history than those without wheezing (n=449). Among wheezing patients at presentation, 10 patients had previously RWE history. In a follow-up study, 13 patients (including 5 RWE) with initial wheezing and 25 patients (including 2 RWE) without wheezing had wheezy episodes after discharge. Among the total 501 patients, it was estimated that at least 31 MP pneumonia patients (6.2%) showed recurrent wheezing after initial MP infection. CONCLUSIONS A small part of children with MP pneumonia showed recurrent wheezing after MP pneumonia, and patients with RWE had a greater likelihood of experiencing wheezing when they had an initial MP infection. However, there were no increased admitted patients with RWE in MP pneumonia epidemic periods because of rarity of MP reinfection in children including patients with RWE or asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Rhim
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicne, The Catholic University of Kora, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Paediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mi Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicne, The Catholic University of Kora, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Paediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ae Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicne, The Catholic University of Kora, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Paediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yil Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicne, The Catholic University of Kora, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Paediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Gao M, Wang K, Yang M, Meng F, Lu R, Zhuang H, Cheng G, Wang X. Transcriptome Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid From Children With Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia Reveals Natural Killer and T Cell-Proliferation Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1403. [PMID: 29967623 PMCID: PMC6015898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is one of the most common community-acquired pneumonia; this study is to explore the immune-pathogenesis of children MPP. Methods Next-generation transcriptome sequencing was performed on the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells from six children with MPP and three children with foreign body aspiration as control. Some of the results had been validated by quantitative real-time PCR in an expanded group of children. Results Results revealed 810 differentially expressed genes in MPP group comparing to control group, of which 412 genes including RLTPR, CARD11 and RASAL3 were upregulated. These upregulated genes were mainly enriched in mononuclear cell proliferation and signaling biological processes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis revealed that hematopoietic cell linage pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway, and T cell receptor signaling pathway were significantly upregulated in MPP children. In addition, significant alternative splicing events were found in GNLY and SLC11A1 genes, which may cause the differential expressions of these genes. Conclusion Our results suggest that NK and CD8+ T cells are over activated and proliferated in MPP children; the upregulated IFNγ, PRF1, GZMB, FASL, and GNLY may play important roles in the pathogenesis of children MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kuo Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fanzheng Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruihua Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huadong Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in nasopharyngeal specimens from Paediatric patients with asthma exacerbations in Baghdad: A Polymerase Chain Reaction – Gene based study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kim HY, Park HJ. Mycoplasma pneumoniaepneumonia in children: Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory pneumonia by age. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.6.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hee Ju Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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Tang CL, Ryu IK, Jung JH, Park JS, Kim HB. Related factors for and changes in clinical manifestations in mycoplasma pneumonia nonresponsive to macrolide treatment. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Lung Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Kyung Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Jujaray D, Juan LZ, Shrestha S, Ballgobin A. Pattern and Significance of Asymptomatic Elevation of Liver Enzymes in Mycoplasma Pneumonia in Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:57-61. [PMID: 28155329 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816688737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infection is on the rise in recent times. It usually infects any system, including liver. This study aims to show the significance of elevated liver enzymes in mycoplasma pneumonia and to have a look at future prospects. This is a single-center retrospective study involving 105 children serologically positive for mycoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies and 50 with community-acquired pneumonia caused by organisms other than mycoplasma and Epstein-Barr virus from June 2015 to June 2016 and all without prior liver disease. The patients were followed after 10 days (7-14 days). The liver enzymes were significantly elevated in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The mean levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were 39.3 and 32.5 IU/L, respectively. There was a seasonal variation during the months of September and February. Liver involvement in mycoplasma pneumonia is mostly a benign condition and asymptomatic. It is insisted that children with continued elevation should be followed conservatively to avoid unnecessary diagnostic procedures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Jujaray
- 1 Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liu Zheng Juan
- 1 Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shraddha Shrestha
- 2 First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ashiana Ballgobin
- 1 Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Abstract
A review of pulmonary infections of all types with diagnostic and morphological features.
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Qiu L, Wang L, Tan L, Li M, Wu C, Li L, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Sun Q, Zhang T. Molecular characterization of genomic DNA in mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from serious mycoplasma pneumonia cases in 2016, Yunnan, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:125-134. [PMID: 29275190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is particularly prevalent in low-immunity school-age children. Few data have been reported on MP prevalence in Yunnan, China. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and characterize genomic DNA of MP in a small outbreak in 2016, Southwest China. RepMP4 and RepMP2/3 genes of MP positive samples were amplified for molecular typing through sequence alignment and PCR-RFLP assay. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA5.0. The results showed that two distinct P1 types (type I and type II) were prevalent in this MP outbreak. Type I was the most prevalent type, and clustered in the same evolutionary branch of C26 (China, 2012). Only 1 MP isolate belonged to type II, and clustered in the branch of KCH405 (Japan, 2016). Fifty-nine nucleotide mutations were observed in P1 genes of type I isolates (51 in RepMP4, 8 in RepMP2/3). Ninety-five nucleotide mutations were observed in P1 genes of the type II isolates (33 in RepMP4, 62 in RepMP2/3). It is noteworthy that 31 mutation sites were clustered in an 84-bp fragment in the RepMP4 gene of type II isolates. One new fragment that appeared in two of the type I strains was not found in NCBI. Nucleotide diversity analyze results showed that RepMP4 was more likely to be genetically diverse than RepMP2/3. Two-tailed Z-test result of RepMP4 suggested positive selection between 6 P1 type I isolates and M29 (China, 2005). According to secondary structure prediction, 36 new possible protein binding sites were found and another 9 sites were lost, 2 helices were missed and 1 new helix appeared in type I isolates. As for type II isolates, 16 protein binding regions were gained and 31 were lost. This study may help to understand the intrinsic geographical relatedness and contributes further to the research of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Qiu
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Li Tan
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Chengqing Wu
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Li Li
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Hongchao Jiang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China.
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, PR China.
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China.
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae: A Cross-sectional Population-based Comparison of Disease Severity in Preschool and School-age Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:930-936. [PMID: 28471864 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes epidemics of upper respiratory disease and pneumonia. It is thought that M. pneumoniae usually causes milder upper respiratory disease in preschool children, with a greater chance of pneumonia in school-age children. In this population-based cross-sectional study, we present evidence that severe M. pneumoniae infection is more common in preschool children than previously thought. METHODS During an M. pneumoniae epidemic in our area, widespread health service and public awareness lead to extensive testing for M. pneumoniae. Medical records of hospital-referred M. pneumoniae-positive children were assessed retrospectively for respiratory disease and chest radiographic results. Severe disease was defined as supplementary oxygen or fluid requirement, mechanical ventilatory support or neurologic disease. Age-specific population figures were used to calculate incidence during the study period. Those who were 0-5-year-olds were considered preschool, whereas 6-17-year-olds were considered school-aged. RESULTS Thirty-seven preschool and 55 school-age children were referred to the hospital and tested positive for M. pneumoniae. Twenty-two (60%) preschool and 23 (42%) school-age children had severe disease [incidence 56 vs. 29 per 100,000; relative risk: 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-3.4; P = 0.03]. Twenty (54%) preschool and 19 (35%) school-age children had severe pneumonia (incidence 51 vs. 24 per 100,000; relative risk: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS During an M. pneumoniae epidemic in Akershus and North Oslo in 2011-2012, preschool children infected with M. pneumoniae had significantly higher risk of severe disease, particularly severe pneumonia, when compared with school-age children. M. pneumoniae should be considered a potential pathogen in younger children with respiratory distress, particularly during an epidemic period.
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Wang J, Cheng W, Wang Z, Xin L, Zhang W. ATF3 inhibits the inflammation induced by Mycoplasma pneumonia in vitro and in vivo. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1163-1170. [PMID: 28440917 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) is a key regulator of inflammatory responses. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ATF3 on the inflammatory cytokines are induced by Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP). STUDY DESIGN RAW264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages were exposed to various time with or without MP infection (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h), and detect the expression of ATF3. Adenovirus-expression of ATF3 (Ad/ATF3) or Ad/βgal was transfected into cells which were exposed to MP for 48 h, RT-PCR and ELISA was used to evaluate the expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18. In addition, intravenous administration Ad/ATF3 or Ad/βgal into the mice, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines were detected using ELISA. ChIP assay was used to determine whether ATF3 can bind to the promoter of Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1). Western blot was used to detect the expression of Egr-1 and Fyn. RESULTS ATF3 was increased at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h and the highest expression levels occurs in 6 h, there is no significant differences at 24 and 48 h compared with 0 h or CON group in RAW 264.7. Similar results were seen in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Overexpression of ATF3 resulted in the reduction of inflammatory cytokines. ChIP assay revealed that ATF3 can bind to the promoter of Egr-1. Overexpression of ATF3 inhibited the protein expression of Egr-1 and Fyn; conversely, ATF3-deficiency promoted the expression of Egr-1 and Fyn. Overexpression of Egr-1 reduced the anti-inflammatory action of ATF3. CONCLUSIONS ATF3 inhibit the expression and release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 induced by MP in vitro and in vivo, which is associated with its negative regulation of Egr-1/Fyn signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Xin
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Yang EA, Lee KY. Additional corticosteroids or alternative antibiotics for the treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:245-247. [PMID: 29042865 PMCID: PMC5638721 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.8.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ae Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
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30
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Shan LS, Liu X, Kang XY, Wang F, Han XH, Shang YX. Effects of methylprednisolone or immunoglobulin when added to standard treatment with intravenous azithromycin for refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. World J Pediatr 2017; 13:321-327. [PMID: 28130749 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-017-0014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia has increased considerably in recent years. To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of azithromycin with intravenous immunoglo-bulin (IVIG) or methylprednisolone in children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP). METHODS Children with RMPP were randomly allocated to group A [intravenous azithromycin (IA)+ methylprednisolone], group B (IA+IVIG) or group C (IA alone). Following a 7-day treatment, group C patients were randomly separated into two sub-groups: group C1 (IA+methylprednisolone) and group C2 (IA+IVIG). Temperature, respiratory symptoms and signs were examined. The average febrile period after treatment (F2), average total febrile period (F3), infiltration absorption, atelectasis resolution, pleural effusion disappearance were determined. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. RESULTS Seven days after enrollment, the average F2 after treatment of group A was the shortest. Compared with the control group C, the combined treatment group A and B showed higher rates of infiltration absorption, atelectasis resolution and pleural effusion disappearance, while lower levels of serum CRP, D-dimer and LDH. Fourteen days after enrollment, all children with combined therapy clinically improved, and presented better laboratory results. Group C1 showed shorter F3 and lower levels of CRP and LDH than those of group C2. Overall, group A showed the shortest F3, also has the lowest CRP and LDH. CONCLUSIONS Azithromycin with IVIG or methylprednisolone was better treatment for children with RMPP than azithromycin alone. IVIG treatment may be beneficial, especially when the efficacy of corticosteroids is insecure, thus could be considered as an alternative of primary therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shen Shan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Heping, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Heping, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | | | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Heping, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Han
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Heping, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Shang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Heping, Shenyang, 110004, China
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Deng H, Rui J, Zhao D, Liu F. Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA A2063G mutation does not influence chest radiography features in children with pneumonia. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:150-157. [PMID: 28760082 PMCID: PMC6011311 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517716312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure the rate of the A2063G mutation in the Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) 23S rRNA domain V in children with pneumonia and to determine the correlation between radiographic findings and the presence of the A2063G mutation. Methods Patients who were hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia were enrolled in this study. M. pneumoniae strains were collected for genotype analysis. Chest radiography was performed on all children prior to and following macrolide treatment. Clinical and imaging data were obtained. Results Of 211 patients, 195 (92.42%) harboured M. pneumoniae with the A2063G mutation. No significant differences were identified in inflammation score, chest radiography inflammation absorption grade before and after macrolide treatment, or pulmonary complications (atelectasis, hydrothorax, or pleuritis) prior to macrolide treatment when children were stratified based on the presence or absence of the A2063G mutation. Conclusions A high proportion of children with pneumonia harboured strains of M. pneumoniae with the A2063G mutation in the 23S rRNA domain V. However, no obvious chest radiographic features of M. pneumoniae pneumonia were associated with the A2063G variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Rui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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32
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Wang L, Feng Z, Zhao M, Yang S, Yan X, Guo W, Shi Z, Li G. A comparison study between GeXP-based multiplex-PCR and serology assay for Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection in children with community acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:518. [PMID: 28743259 PMCID: PMC5527399 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in children has been hampered by difficulty in obtaining convalescent serum and time constraints. In this study, the two diagnostic assays that targeted respectively on Mp-antibody and Mp-DNA were retrospectively investigated. Methods A total of 3146 children were clinically diagnosed to have CAP and were confirmed by chest X-ray during March 2015 to February 2016 in Children’s hospital of Hebei Province (China). Both of the sera and sputum samples were collected in 24 h after their admission. The Mp-antibody was examined by the passive particle agglutination assay and a fourfold or greater increase of antibody titers of paired sera or≧1:160 titer of single serum was set as the serology positive. Mp-DNA in the sputum samples was tested by a multiplex-PCR method named GeXP assay (multiplex PCR combined with automated capillary electrophoresis). In order to eliminate the false positive results caused by the asymptomatic carriage after infected by M. pneumoniae, the inconsistent samples were tested by the real-time isothermal transcription-mediated RNA amplification assay (SAT). Results The inter-rated agreement test was performed in 3146 CAP patients, with a highest kappa value in the school-age children as 0.783. There were 6.29% (198/3146) cases showed inconsistent results determined by GeXP and serology assay. All of the 19 GeXP(+)/Serology (−) samples and a randomly chosen 27 from 179 GeXP(−)/Serology (+) samples were tested by SAT assay, and a 97.8% diagnosis agreement was observed between SAT and GeXP assay, but not with the serology assay. In addition, patients who were detected only by serology or only by multiplex-PCR were significantly younger than those with both methods positive (3.0 and 1.5 years vs. 5.0 years, p < 0.01). The Viral-Mp coinfection accounted for 37.0% (97/262), which was more common in winter and spring (p < 0.05) and in the infantile group (p < 0.01), compared to the pure Mp positive ones. Conclusion In some children CAP cases, the Mp laboratory diagnosis was inconsistent between serology and multiplex-PCR assay. Verified by the SAT assay, the GeXP showed a more sensitive and reliable performance compared with the serology assay. Furthermore, employing the multiplex-PCR could provide more information on the associated pathogens for clinical assessment of CAP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2614-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Zhishan Feng
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Mengchuan Zhao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Xiaotong Yan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China
| | - Zhongren Shi
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China.
| | - Guixia Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 133 Zhonghua South Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050031, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
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Lee KY. Pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Early Immune-Modulator Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020388. [PMID: 28208675 PMCID: PMC5343923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by infectious insults, such as pneumonia from various pathogens or related to other noninfectious events. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics are similar across severely affected patients, suggesting that a common mode of immune reaction may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of ARDS. There may be etiologic substances that have an affinity for respiratory cells and induce lung cell injury in cases of ARDS. These substances originate not only from pathogens, but also from injured host cells. At the molecular level, these substances have various sizes and biochemical characteristics, classifying them as protein substances and non-protein substances. Immune cells and immune proteins may recognize and act on these substances, including pathogenic proteins and peptides, depending upon the size and biochemical properties of the substances (this theory is known as the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis). The severity or chronicity of ARDS depends on the amount of etiologic substances with corresponding immune reactions, the duration of the appearance of specific immune cells, or the repertoire of specific immune cells that control the substances. Therefore, treatment with early systemic immune modulators (corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin) as soon as possible may reduce aberrant immune responses in the potential stage of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943, Korea.
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Kim JH, Kim E, Kwon JH, Seo WH, Yoo Y, Choung JT, Song DJ. Clinical characteristics of respiratory viral coinfection in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniaepneumonia. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2017.5.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Tae Choung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Kim JH, Kim JY, Yoo CH, Seo WH, Yoo Y, Song DJ, Choung JT. Macrolide Resistance and Its Impacts on M. Pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children: Comparison of Two Recent Epidemics in Korea. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:340-346. [PMID: 28497921 PMCID: PMC5446949 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the change in macrolide resistance rate in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and to evaluate the influence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP) on the clinical course of disease, by comparing 2 recent, consecutive epidemics in Korea. METHODS A total of 250 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia admitted to a single tertiary hospital were enrolled in this study. Detection of MRMP was based on specific point mutations in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. The medical records of enrolled patients were reviewed retrospectively, and the clinical courses and laboratory data were compared. RESULTS The macrolide resistance rate of M. pneumoniae was 51.1% (48/94) in the 2011 epidemic, and 87.2% (136/156) in the 2015 epidemic. All MRMP isolates had the A2063G point mutation. In comparison of 2 epidemics, the mean age of patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia was increased, and the total febrile days and febrile days after initiation of macrolides were prolonged in the 2015 epidemic. Overall severity of MRMP or macrolide-susceptible M. pneumoniae (MSMP) pneumonia over 2 epidemics was not significantly changed. However, the proportion of patients who had a fever lasting more than 72 hours after initiation of macrolides and who received corticosteroid treatment were higher in MRMP pneumonia during 2 epidemics. CONCLUSIONS The macrolide resistance rate of M. pneumoniae has risen rapidly over 2 recent, consecutive epidemics, and this has been associated with a prolonged clinical course and increased use of corticosteroids to treat pediatric M. pneumoniae pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Yong Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Won Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji Tae Choung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Kwon JE, Ahn JY, Choi BS. Two patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2017.5.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungbook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Young Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungbook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bong Seok Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungbook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Huang F, Lu L, Jiang W, Yan Y, Ji W, Yang B, Yu S. The epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in neonates. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:374-8. [PMID: 27320858 PMCID: PMC9427572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This retrospective study was aimed to explore the epidemiological and clinical profiles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in neonates. METHODS From 2011 to 2014, 1322 hospitalized neonates with lower respiratory tract infections were screened for Mycoplasma pneumoniae by detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies using Serion ELISA classic Mycoplasma pneumoniae kits. RESULTS Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 89 (6.7%) patients. The age ranged from 1 day to 28 days with a median of 22 days. The male to female ratio was 1.15:1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection peaked in spring (from March through May) and winter (from December through February). Compared with non-Mycoplasma pneumoniae infected neonates, those with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection were older, presented fever more frequently, and had less tachypnea. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasma pneumoniae could be an important etiologic agent for respiratory tract infection in neonates. In neonates Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was usually associated with older age, presence of fever, and less tachypnea. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in neonates tends to be a mild process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lianghua Lu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Neonatology, Suzhou, China
| | - Wujun Jiang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suzhou, China.
| | - Wei Ji
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Clinical Lab, Suzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Yu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Department of Neonatology, Suzhou, China
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Lee SC, Youn YS, Rhim JW, Kang JH, Lee KY. Early Serologic Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia: An Observational Study on Changes in Titers of Specific-IgM Antibodies and Cold Agglutinins. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3605. [PMID: 27175666 PMCID: PMC4902508 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been some limitations on early diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection because of no immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses and variable detection rates of polymerase chain reaction in the early stage of the disease. We wanted to discuss regarding early diagnostic method using short-term paired titration of MP-specific IgM and cold agglutinins (CAs) in the early stage of MP pneumonia.The participants of this study were 418 children with MP pneumonia during 2 recent epidemics (2006-2007 and 2011), and they were diagnosed by an anti-MP IgM antibody test (Serodia Myco II) examined twice during hospitalization at presentation and around discharge (mean of 3.4 ± 1.3 days apart). CA titers were simultaneously examined twice during study period. Anti-MP IgM antibody titer ≥1:40 and CA titer ≥1:4 were considered positive, respectively. The relationships between 2 IgM antibodies in the early stage were evaluated.Regarding MP-specific antibody titers, 148 patients showed a seroconversion, 245 patients exhibited increased titers, and 25 patients had unchanged higher titers (≥1:640) during hospitalization. The median MP-specific antibody titers at each examination time were 1:80 and 1:640, respectively; those of CAs were 1:8 and 1:32, respectively. Illness duration prior to admission showed a trend of association with both titers, and patients with shorter illness duration had a higher rate of negative titers or lower titers at each examination time. CAs and MP-specific antibody titers were correlated in the total patients at presentation and at 2nd examination (P < 0.001, respectively), and the diagnostic corresponding rates of CAs to IgM antibody test were 81% to 96% in patient subgroups.Short-term paired MP specific-IgM determinations in the acute stage may be used as a definitive diagnostic method for MP pneumonia. Paired CA titers showed a correlation with MP-specific antibody titers, suggesting they can be used as an adjuvant diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Churl Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine (S-CL, Y-SY, J-WR, J-HK, K-YL), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; and Department of Pediatrics (Y-SY, J-WR, K-YL), The Catholic University of Korea Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Ko KH, Kim MJ, Baik SH, Yoon YK. Mononuclear syndrome with acute hepatitis diagnosed as Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection without lung involvement. Ann Saudi Med 2016; 36:81-4. [PMID: 26922693 PMCID: PMC6074278 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pneumonia is the hallmark of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, it has been associated with protean manifestations such as extrapulmonary involvement. Herein, a rare case of mononuclear syndrome with acute hepatitis and erythema multiforme revealed as M pneumoniae infection without lung involvement is reported. A 30-year-old man, previously healthy, presented with fever and rash with acute hepatitis: AST 603 IU/L, ALT 747 IU/L, prothrombin time 52%. Peripheral blood smears indicated monocytosis with atypical lymphocyte. Bone marrow biopsy revealed increased plasma cell infiltration. M pneumoniae infection was detected by serology testing. After treatment with macrolide, clinical symptoms and signs and serological tests were fully resolved. Diagnosis of this etiologic association is important when patients present with various clinical syndromes without pneumonia, because only specific antimicrobial therapy is effective against M pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung H Ko
- Young Kyung Yoon, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases,, Department of Internal Medicine,, Korea University Anam Hospital,, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu,, Seoul 136-705, South Korea, T: +82-2-920-5096, F: +82-2-920-5616,
| | | | | | - Young K Yoon
- Young Kyung Yoon, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases,, Department of Internal Medicine,, Korea University Anam Hospital,, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu,, Seoul 136-705, South Korea, T: +82-2-920-5096, F: +82-2-920-5616,
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Kim EK, Youn YS, Rhim JW, Shin MS, Kang JH, Lee KY. Epidemiological comparison of three Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia epidemics in a single hospital over 10 years. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015; 58:172-7. [PMID: 26124847 PMCID: PMC4481037 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.5.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia epidemics have occurred in 3- to 4-year cycles in Korea. We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of MP pneumonia in Daejeon, Korea, from 2003 to 2012. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 779 medical records of children (0-15 years of old) with MP pneumonia admitted to our institution and compared the data from 3 recent epidemics. Results In 779 patients, the mean age and male-to-female ratio were 5.0±2.2 years and 1:1, and most cases were observed in autumn. There were three epidemics during the study period, in 2003, 2006-2007, and 2011. In our comparison of the three epidemics, we found no differences in mean age, the male-to-female ratio, hospital stay, or the rate of seroconverters during hospitalization. All three epidemics began in early summer and peaked in September 2003 and 2011 and in October 2006 and then gradually decreased until the next year's spring season, although the 2006 epidemic extended further into 2007. The peak age groups in the children in 2003 and 2006 were 3-6 year-olds (57.5% and 56%, respectively), but in the 2011 epidemic, the peak group was 1-4 year-olds (46.5%). The proportion of the <2 years of age group was 20%, 15.7% and 28.8%, and >10 years of age group was 5.2%, 13.8%, and 14.8% of total patients, respectively. Conclusion MP pneumonia outbreaks occurred every 3-4 years. The pattern of 3 recent epidemics was similar in demographic characteristics and seasonality with some variations in each outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Sook Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Rhim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung-Seok Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Lee KY. A common immunopathogenesis mechanism for infectious diseases: the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis. Infect Chemother 2015; 47:12-26. [PMID: 25844259 PMCID: PMC4384454 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2015.47.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It was once believed that host cell injury in various infectious diseases is caused solely by pathogens themselves; however, it is now known that host immune reactions to the substances from the infectious agents and/or from the injured host cells by infectious insults are also involved. All biological phenomena in living organisms, including biochemical, physiological and pathological processes, are performed by the proteins that have various sizes and shapes, which in turn are controlled by an interacting network within the living organisms. The author proposes that this network is controlled by the protein homeostasis system (PHS), and that the immune system is one part of the PHS of the host. Each immune cell in the host may recognize and respond to substances, including pathogenic proteins (PPs) that are toxic to target cells of the host, in ways that depend on the size and property of the PPs. Every infectious disease has its own set of toxic substances, including PPs, associated with disease onset, and the PPs and the corresponding immune cells may be responsible for the inflammatory processes that develop in those infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Youn YS, Lee SC, Rhim JW, Shin MS, Kang JH, Lee KY. Early Additional Immune-Modulators for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children: An Observation Study. Infect Chemother 2014; 46:239-47. [PMID: 25566403 PMCID: PMC4285006 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2014.46.4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia is a self-limiting disease, but some patients complain of progressive pneumonia, despite of appropriate antibiotic treatment. We aimed to introduce the role of immune-modulators (corticosteroid and/or intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG) treatment for childhood MP pneumonia based on previous our experiences. Materials and Methods A retrospective case series analysis for 183 children with MP pneumonia was performed. MP pneumonia patients were diagnosed by two Immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests: the micro-particle agglutination method (≥1:40) and the cold agglutination test (≥1:4), and were examined twice at the initial admission and at discharge. Among 183 MP pneumonia patients, 90 patients with persistent fever for over 48 hours after admission or those with severe respiratory symptoms and signs received additional prednisolone (82 patients, 1 mg/kg/day) or intravenous methylprednisolone (8 patients, 5-10 mg/kg/day) with antibiotics. Four patients with aggravated clinical symptoms and chest radiographic findings after corticosteroid treatment received IVIG (1 g/kg/day, 1-2 doses). Results Mean age of 183 patients was 5.5 ± 3.2 years (6 months-15 years), and the male: female ratio was 1.1:1 (96:87). Fifty-seven patients (31%) were seroconverters and 126 seropositive patients showed increased diagnostic IgM antibody titres during admission (over 4 folds). The majority of the patients who received corticosteroids (86/90 cases) showed rapid defervescence within 48 hours with improved clinical symptoms, regardless of the used antibiotics. Also, 4 patients who received additional IVIG improved both clinically and radiographically within 2 days without adverse reaction. Conclusions In the era of macrolide-resistant MP strains, early additional immune-modulator therapy with antibiotics might prevent from the disease progression and reduce the disease morbidity without adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Sook Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Churl Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Rhim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung-Seok Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Ma Z, Zheng Y, Deng J, Ma X, Liu H. Characterization of macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children in Shenzhen, China. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:695-700. [PMID: 23861188 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MR-M. pneumoniae) was isolated from clinical specimens in Shenzhen, China from November 2010 to July 2011. A comparative study was conducted to determine whether macrolides are effective in treating patients infected with MR-M. pneumoniae. Of 57 M. pneumoniae strains, 36 harbored point mutations on A2063G in the 23S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 36 (63%) strains were classified as MR-M. pneumonia and 21 (37%) as macrolide-susceptible M. pneumoniae (MS-M. pneumoniae). The clinical courses of MR-M. pneumoniae-infected patients (MR patients) treated with macrolides were compared with those of MS-M. pneumoniae-infected patients (MS patients). The patient demographics (sex, age), most laboratory findings, and diagnosis did not show significant differences between the two groups. The MR patients had higher mean total febrile days compared with MS patients (6.56 ± 6.17 days vs. 3.57 ± 3.80 days, P = 0.05). The MR patients were more likely to be have levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein than MS patients (42% (15/36) vs. 14% (3/21), P = 0.03). Although the febrile period was prolonged in MR patients treated with macrolides, the fever resolved even when the initial prescription was unchanged. Therefore, these results suggest that macrolides are less effective in MR patients than in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Ma
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Shenzhen 518026, China
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Hon KL, Leung ASY, Cheung KL, Fu AC, Chu WCW, Ip M, Chan PKS. Typical or atypical pneumonia and severe acute respiratory symptoms in PICU. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2014; 9:366-71. [PMID: 24720856 PMCID: PMC7162156 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a common childhood pathogen associated with atypical pneumonia (AP). It is often a mild disease and seldom results in paediatric intensive care (PICU) admission. In 2003, World Health Organization (WHO) coined the word SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in patients with severe acute respiratory symptoms (sars) for an outbreak of AP in Hong Kong due to a novel coronavirus. In 2012, another outbreak of coronavirus AP occurred in the Middle East. Confusing case definitions such as MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARI (severe acute respiratory infections) were coined. This paper aims to present a case of MP with sars, ARDS, pneumonia and pleural effusion during the MERS epidemics, and review the incidence and mortality of severe AP with MP. Methods We presented a case of MP with sars, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia and pleural effusion during the MERS epidemics, and performed a literature review on the incidence and mortality of severe AP with MP requiring PICU care. Results In early 2013, an 11‐year‐old girl presented with sars, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), right‐sided pneumonia and pleural effusion. She was treated with multiple antibiotics. Streptococcus pneumoniae was not isolated in this girl with ‘typical’ pneumonia by symptomatology and chest radiography, but tracheal aspirate identified MP instead. The respiratory equations are computed with PaO2/FiO2 consistent with severe lung injury. Literature on the incidence and mortality of severe AP with MP requiring PICU care is reviewed. Six, 165 and 293 articles were found when PubMed (a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine) was searched for the terms ‘mycoplasma’ and ‘ICU’, ‘mycoplasma’ and ‘mortality’, and ‘mycoplasma' and ‘severe’. Mortality and PICU admission associated with MP is general low and rarely reported. Experimental and clinical studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of lung injuries in MP infection is associated with a cell‐mediated immune reaction, and high responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy has been reported especially for severe disease. Management of severe mycoplasma infection in the PICU includes general cardiopulmonary support and specific antimicrobial treatment. Macrolide resistance genotypes have been detected. Conclusion We urge health organizations to refrain from the temptation of coining unnecessary new terminology to describe essentially the same conditions each and every time when outbreaks of AP occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Lun Hon
- Departments of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Agnes S Y Leung
- Departments of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Lau Cheung
- Departments of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Antony C Fu
- Departments of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chiu Wing Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Paul K S Chan
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Jiang W, Qian L, Liang H, Tian M, Liu F, Zhao D. Relationships between the varied ciliated respiratory epithelium abnormalities and severity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:486-92. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.885658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Seo YH, Kim JS, Seo SC, Seo WH, Yoo Y, Song DJ, Choung JT. Predictive value of C-reactive protein in response to macrolides in children with macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 57:186-92. [PMID: 24868216 PMCID: PMC4030120 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) has increased worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of MRMP in a tertiary hospital in Korea, and to find potential laboratory markers that could be used to predict the efficacy of macrolides in children with MRMP pneumonia. Methods A total of 95 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia were enrolled in this study. Detection of MRMP was based on the results of specific point mutations in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. The medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively and the clinical course and laboratory data were compared. Results The proportion of patients with MRMP was 51.6% and all MRMP isolates had the A2063G point mutation. The MRMP group had longer hospital stay and febrile period after initiation of macrolides. The levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-18 in nasopharyngeal aspirate were significantly higher in patients who did not respond to macrolide treatment. CRP was the only significant factor in predicting the efficacy of macrolides in patients with MRMP pneumonia. The area under the curve for CRP was 0.69 in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, indicating reasonable discriminative power, and the optimal cutoff value was 40.7 mg/L. Conclusion The proportion of patients with MRMP was high, suggesting that the prevalence of MRMP is rising rapidly in Korea. Serum CRP could be a useful marker for predicting the efficacy of macrolides and helping clinicians make better clinical decisions in children with MRMP pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Su Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Seo
- Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Tae Choung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Environmental Health Center for Childhood Asthma, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Jiang W, Yan Y, Ji W, Wang Y, Chen Z. Clinical significance of different bacterial load of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:124-8. [PMID: 24650994 PMCID: PMC9427492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This retrospective study was conducted to investigate the clinical significance of different Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacterial load in patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MP) in children. Methods Patients with MP (n = 511) were identified at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University database during an outbreak of MP between January 2012 and February 2013. Results Comparing patients with high and low bacterial load those with higher loads were significantly older (p < 0.01) and had fever significantly more frequently (p = 0.01). Presence of wheezing at presentation was associated with low bacterial load (p = 0.03). Baseline positive IgM was present in 93 (56.4%) patients with high bacterial load compared to 46 (27.8%) patients with low bacterial load (p < 0.001). Co-infection with viruses was found significantly more frequent among patients with low bacterial load (24.2%) than those with high bacterial load (8.5%) [p < 0.001]. Bacterial co-infection was also more frequently detected among patients with low bacterial load (22.4%) than in those with high bacterial load (12.1%) [p = 0.01]. Conclusion M. pneumoniae at a high bacterial load could be an etiologic agent of respiratory tract disease, whereas the etiologic role of MP at a low bacterial load remains to be determined.
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You SY, Jwa HJ, Yang EA, Kil HR, Lee JH. Effects of Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy on Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 6:22-6. [PMID: 24404389 PMCID: PMC3881395 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia in children. The clinical course is typically self-limited and benign; however, rare cases of severe pneumonia can develop despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. We studied the effects of methylprednisolone pulse therapy on severe refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Methods The clinical effects of methylprednisolone therapy were evaluated retrospectively in 12 children with severe refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia, which was diagnosed serologically. All patients developed respiratory distress, high fever, and initial lobar pneumonic consolidation based on radiological findings. All clinical symptoms deteriorated despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. Thus, children were treated with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in addition to antibiotics. Results The average febrile period before admission was 4.9±1.7 days, and fever persisted in all children until steroid administration. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy (30 mg/kg) was given 5.4±2.5 days after admission. After methylprednisolone pulse therapy, clinical symptoms improved in all patients without adverse events. The fever subsided 0-2 h after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. The abnormal radiological findings resolved within 2.6±1.3 days, and the high C-reactive protein levels (6.7±5.9 mg/dL) on admission decreased to 1.3±1.7 mg/dL within 3.0±1.1 days after starting corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions Three-day methylprednisolone pulse therapy could be applied to treatment of refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia despite appropriate antibiotic therapy and appeared to be efficacious and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young You
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Jwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun Ae Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hong Ryang Kil
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Kim YN, Park CH, Kim SH, Yoo SJ, Kim HB. Factors associated with various clinical manifestations of Mycoplasmapneumonia in children. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Hyue Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Park GY, Lee YI, Shin M, Park JO, Kim CH. Clinical differences according to radiological patterns in childhood Mycoplasma pneumoniaepneumonia. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.4.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young Im Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Meeyong Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jae Ock Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Chang Hwi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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