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Wang C, Zhong J, Hu J, Cao C, Qi S, Ma R, Fu W, Zhang X, Akdis CA, Gao Y. IL-37 protects against house dust mite-induced airway inflammation and airway epithelial barrier dysfunction via inhibiting store-operated calcium entry. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112525. [PMID: 38941668 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction has been proved to contribute to the development of type 2 inflammation of asthma. Interleukin (IL)-37 is a negative regulator of immune responses and allergic airway inflammation. However, whether IL-37 has any effect on airway epithelial barrier has been unknown. METHODS We evaluated the role of IL-37 in both mouse model and cultured 16HBE cells. Histology and ELISA assays were used to evaluate airway inflammation. FITC-dextran permeability assay was used to evaluate the airway epithelial barrier function. Immunofluorescence, western blot and quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) were used to evaluate the distribution and expression of tight junction proteins. RT-PCR and Ca2+ fluorescence measurement were used to evaluate the mRNA expression and activity of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). RESULTS IL-37 inhibited house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation and decreased the levels of IgE in serum and type 2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to asthmatic mice. IL-37 protected against HDM-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction, including reduced leakage of FITC-dextran, enhanced expression of TJ proteins, and restored the membrane distribution of TJ proteins. Moreover, IL-37 decreased the level of IL-33 in the BALF of asthmatic mice and the supernatants of HDM-treated 16HBE cells. IL-37 decreased the peak level of Ca2+ fluorescence induced by thapsigargin and HDM, and inhibited the mRNA expression of Orai1, suggesting an inhibiting effect of IL-37 on SOCE in airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSION IL-37 plays a protective role in airway inflammation and HDM-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Wang
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqian Hu
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Cao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiquan Qi
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruxue Ma
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Allergy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Shi X, Jiang W, Yang X, Li Y, Zhong X, Niu J, Shi Y. TIR8 protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by antagonizing lipotoxicity-induced PPARα downregulation and reducing the sensitivity of hepatocytes to LPS. Transl Res 2024; 272:68-80. [PMID: 38851532 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In up to one-third of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, simple steatosis progresses to its more severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the precise mechanisms underlying this transition are not fully understood. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor 8 (TIR8), a conventional innate immune regulator highly expressed in hepatic tissue, has shown potential for ameliorating various inflammation-related disorders. However, its role in NASH pathogenesis, especially its regulatory effects on lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses, is still unclear. Here, using a TIR8 knockout (TIR8KO) mouse model and mass spectrometry analyses, we found that TIR8KO mice displayed aggravated hepatic steatosis and inflammation, whereas TIR8 overexpression attenuated these adverse effects. Ectopic TIR8 expression counteracts free fatty acid (FFA)-induced PPARα inhibition and downstream signaling. A decrease in TIR8 levels in hepatocytes heightened lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensitivity. Notably, FFA stimulation led to a direct interaction between TIR8 and proteasome subunit alpha type 4 (PSMA4), facilitating TIR8 degradation. These results revealed that TIR8 safeguards PPARα-regulated lipid metabolism and mitigates inflammation induced by external factors during NASH progression. Our study highlights TIR8 as a promising target for NASH therapy, indicating the potential of TIR8 agonists in treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, PR China
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, 2555 JingYue Street, Changchun, Jilin 130000, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pediatric, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Zhong
- Department of Pediatric, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China.
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The Role of TGFβ and Other Cytokines in Regulating Mast Cell Functions in Allergic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810864. [PMID: 36142776 PMCID: PMC9503477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are a key effector cell in multiple types of immune responses, including atopic conditions. Allergic diseases have been steadily rising across the globe, creating a growing public health problem. IgE-mediated activation of MCs leads to the release of potent mediators that can have dire clinical consequences. Current therapeutic options to inhibit MC activation and degranulation are limited; thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate MC effector functions in allergic inflammation are necessary in order to develop effective treatment options with minimal side effects. Several cytokines have been identified that play multifaceted roles in regulating MC activation, including TGFβ, IL-10, and IL-33, and others that appear to serve primarily anti-inflammatory functions, including IL-35 and IL-37. Here, we review the literature examining cytokines that regulate MC-mediated allergic immune responses.
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Ren C, Liu F, Xing C, Zhao R, Tang X, Liu M, Gao W, Shen J. IL-37 alleviates liver granuloma caused by Schistosoma japonicum infection by inducing alternative macrophage activation. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:300. [PMID: 36002836 PMCID: PMC9404629 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic macrophages regulate liver granuloma formation and fibrosis caused by infection with Schistosoma japonicum, with the manner of regulation dependent on macrophage activation state. Interleukin (IL)-37 may have immunomodulatory effects on macrophages. However, whether IL-37 can affect liver granuloma formation and fibrosis by affecting the polarization of macrophages in S. japonicum infection remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-37-affected macrophage polarization in liver granuloma formation and fibrosis in S. japonicum infection. Methods An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression of IL-37 in the serum of patients with acute S. japonicum infection and in the serum of healthy people. Recombinant IL-37 (rIL-37), CPP-IgG2Fc-IL-37 and no CPP-IgG2Fc-IL-37 proteins were injected into S. japonicum-infected mice every 3 days for a total of 6 times from day 24 post infection onwards. Subsequently, ELISA, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and western blot were used to analyze whether IL-37 inhibits the formation of liver granulomas and the development of liver fibrosis by regulating the phenotypic transition of macrophages. Finally, the three IL-37 proteins and SIS3, a Smad3 inhibitor, were co-cultured in mouse peritoneal macrophages to explore the mechanism underlying the promotion of the polarization of M0 macrophages to the M2 phenotype by IL-37. Results Serum IL-37 levels were upregulated in schistosomiasis patients, and this increased level of IL-37 protein apparently alleviated the liver granuloma of mice in infection models. It also could induce liver and peritoneal macrophages to polarize to the M2 phenotype in S. japonicum-infected mice. The S. japonicum-infected mice injected with CPP-IgG2Fc-IL-37 group exhibited the most obvious improvement in inflammatory reaction against the liver granuloma. The number and ratio of M2 macrophages in the liver and peritoneal cavity were significantly higher in the three IL-37 protein groups, especially in the CPP-IgG2Fc-IL-37 group, compared to the controls. Similar results were also found regarding liver function damage. IL-37 induced macrophage M2 polarization by promoting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in vitro. Among all groups, the activation of AMPK was most significant in the CPP-IgG2Fc-IL-37 group, and it was found that SMAD3 could enhance the anti-inflammatory function of IL-37. Conclusions The results show that IL-37 was able to promote the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, thereby inhibiting the development of schistosomiasis. In comparison to the rIL-37 protein, the CPP-IgG2Fc-IL-37 protein has the advantages of being effective in small doses and having fewer side effects and a better efficacy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05420-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fengchun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Anhui Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ruyu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoxue Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jijia Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Schröder A, Lunding LP, Zissler UM, Vock C, Webering S, Ehlers JC, Orinska Z, Chaker A, Schmidt‐Weber CB, Lang NJ, Schiller HB, Mall MA, Fehrenbach H, Dinarello CA, Wegmann M. IL-37 regulates allergic inflammation by counterbalancing pro-inflammatory IL-1 and IL-33. Allergy 2022; 77:856-869. [PMID: 34460953 DOI: 10.1111/all.15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with asthma have impaired production of interleukin (IL) 37; in mice, IL-37 reduces hallmarks of experimental allergic asthma (EAA). However, it remains unclear how IL-37 exerts its inhibitory properties in asthma. This study aimed to identify the mechanism(s) by which IL-37 controls allergic inflammation. METHODS IL-37 target cells were identified by single-cell RNA-seq of IL-1R5 and IL-1R8. Airway tissues were isolated by laser-capture microdissection and examined by microarray-based gene expression analysis. Mononuclear cells (MNC) and airway epithelial cells (AECs) were isolated and stimulated with allergen, IL-1β, or IL-33 together with recombinant human (rh) IL-37. Wild-type, IL-1R1- and IL-33-deficient mice with EAA were treated with rhIL-37. IL-1β, IL-33, and IL-37 levels were determined in sputum and nasal secretions from adult asthma patients without glucocorticoid therapy. RESULTS IL-37 target cells included AECs, T cells, and dendritic cells. In mice with EAA, rhIL-37 led to differential expression of >90 genes induced by IL-1β and IL-33. rhIL-37 reduced production of Th2 cytokines in allergen-activated MNCs from wild-type but not from IL-1R1-deficient mice and inhibited IL-33-induced Th2 cytokine release. Furthermore, rhIL-37 attenuated IL-1β- and IL-33-induced pro-inflammatory mediator expression in murine AEC cultures. In contrast to wild-type mice, hIL-37 had no effect on EAA in IL-1R1- or IL-33-deficient mice. We also observed that expression/production ratios of both IL-1β and IL-33 to IL-37 were dramatically increased in asthma patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION IL-37 downregulates allergic airway inflammation by counterbalancing the disease-amplifying effects of IL-1β and IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schröder
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation &‐Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Lars P. Lunding
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation &‐Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC‐M) Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Division of Experimental Pneumology Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐ Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Sina Webering
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation &‐Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Johanna C. Ehlers
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Division of Experimental Pneumology Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐ Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Zane Orinska
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Division of Experimental Pneumology Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐ Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Adam Chaker
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Medical School Technical, University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC‐M) Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Niklas J. Lang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC‐M) Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany
| | - Herbert B. Schiller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC‐M) Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Berlin Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), associated partner site Berlin Germany
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Division of Experimental Pneumology Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐ Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine University of Colorado Denver Denver CO USA
- Department of Medicine Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation &‐Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy Research Center Borstel‐Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
- Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
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Sada M, Watanabe M, Inui T, Nakamoto K, Hirata A, Nakamura M, Honda K, Saraya T, Kurai D, Kimura H, Ishii H, Takizawa H. Ruxolitinib inhibits poly(I:C) and type 2 cytokines-induced CCL5 production in bronchial epithelial cells: A potential therapeutic agent for severe eosinophilic asthma. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:363-373. [PMID: 33534941 PMCID: PMC8127547 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Severe eosinophilic asthma is characterized by airway eosinophilia and corticosteroid‐resistance, commonly overlapping with type 2 inflammation. It has been reported that chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) is involved in the exacerbation of asthma by RNA virus infections. Indeed, treatment with a virus‐associated ligand and a T helper type 2 cell (Th2) cytokine can synergistically stimulate CCL5 production in bronchial epithelial cells. We aimed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying CCL5 production in this in vitro model and to assess the potential of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) as a novel therapeutic target via the use of ruxolitinib. Methods We stimulated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and BEAS‐2B cells with poly(I:C) along with interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) or IL‐4, and assessed CCL5 production. We also evaluated the signals involved in virus‐ and Th2‐cytokine‐induced CCL5 production and explored a therapeutic agent that attenuates the CCL5 production. Results Poly(I:C) stimulated NHBE and BEAS‐2B cells to produce CCL5. Poly(I:C) and IL‐13 increased CCL5 production. Poly(I:C)‐induced CCL5 production occurred via the TLR3–IRF3 and IFNAR/JAK1–phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathways, but not the IFNAR/JAK1–STATs pathway. In addition, IL‐13 did not augment poly(I:C)‐induced CCL5 production via the canonical IL‐13R/IL‐4R/JAK1–STAT6 pathway but likely via subsequent TLR3‐IRF3‐IFNAR/JAK1‐PI3K pathways. JAK1 was identified to be a potential therapeutic target for severe eosinophilic asthma. The JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, was demonstrated to more effectively decrease CCL5 production in BEAS‐2B cells than fluticasone propionate. Conclusion We have demonstrated that JAK1 is a possible therapeutic target for severe corticosteroid‐resistant asthma with airway eosinophilia and persistent Th2‐type inflammation, and that ruxolitinib has potential as an alternative pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Nakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masuo Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Hamilton JAG, Lee MY, Hunter R, Ank RS, Story JY, Talekar G, Sisroe T, Ballak DB, Fedanov A, Porter CC, Eisenmesser EZ, Dinarello CA, Raikar SS, DeGregori J, Henry CJ. Interleukin-37 improves T-cell-mediated immunity and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in aged backgrounds. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13309. [PMID: 33480151 PMCID: PMC7884049 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging‐associated declines in innate and adaptive immune responses are well documented and pose a risk for the growing aging population, which is predicted to comprise greater than 40 percent of the world's population by 2050. Efforts have been made to improve immunity in aged populations; however, safe and effective protocols to accomplish this goal have not been universally established. Aging‐associated chronic inflammation is postulated to compromise immunity in aged mice and humans. Interleukin‐37 (IL‐37) is a potent anti‐inflammatory cytokine, and we present data demonstrating that IL‐37 gene expression levels in human monocytes significantly decline with age. Furthermore, we demonstrate that transgenic expression of interleukin‐37 (IL‐37) in aged mice reduces or prevents aging‐associated chronic inflammation, splenomegaly, and accumulation of myeloid cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) in the bone marrow and spleen. Additionally, we show that IL‐37 expression decreases the surface expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and augments cytokine production from aged T‐cells. Improved T‐cell function coincided with a youthful restoration of Pdcd1, Lat, and Stat4 gene expression levels in CD4+ T‐cells and Lat in CD8+ T‐cells when aged mice were treated with recombinant IL‐37 (rIL‐37) but not control immunoglobin (Control Ig). Importantly, IL‐37‐mediated rejuvenation of aged endogenous T‐cells was also observed in aged chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cells, where improved function significantly extended the survival of mice transplanted with leukemia cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate the potency of IL‐37 in boosting the function of aged T‐cells and highlight its therapeutic potential to overcome aging‐associated immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. G. Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Miyoung Y. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Rae Hunter
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Raira S. Ank
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jamie Y. Story
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Laney Graduate School Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
| | - Ganesh Talekar
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | | | - Dov B. Ballak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
- Department of Medicine Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Fedanov
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - Elan Z. Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
- Department of Medicine Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
- Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Curtis J. Henry
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA USA
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Tsang MSM, Sun X, Wong CK. The Role of New IL-1 Family Members (IL-36 and IL-38) in Atopic Dermatitis, Allergic Asthma, and Allergic Rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 32533268 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the discovery of its very first member in 1974, the IL-1 family has expanded into a group of 11 potent molecules which are essential in both innate and acquired immunity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ and their receptor antagonists IL-36Ra and IL-38, which belong to the IL-36 subfamily, are some of the most recently identified members. Recent studies show that these members possess pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities and may take part in the pathogenesis of allergy. In this review, the involvement and importance of these newly described IL-1 family members in the most common allergic diseases, i.e., atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis, will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Dysregulation of IL-36 and IL-38 was observed in the skin and respiratory tract of AD, allergic rhinitis, and allergic asthma individuals. Although the upregulation in IL-36α and IL-36γ observed in the lesional skin of AD patients was unexpectedly small, IL-36 may play an important role in AD pathogenesis especially upon Staphylococcus aureus colonization. While IL-36γ regulates eosinophils to induce an inflammatory response in allergic rhinitis, IL-36α was found to regulate Th17 immunity. IL-36 receptor antagonists, IL-36Ra and IL-38, however, both show promising anti-inflammatory activities against allergic asthma. Of note, IL-38 in allergic asthmatic children is significantly lower than their healthy counterparts, while the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-38 in allergic asthma exacerbation upon viral-like infection were demonstrated in in vitro, HDM-induced, and humanized mice models. Dysregulated expression of IL-36 and IL-38 observed in allergic patients and mice models revealed that they may have essential roles in the pathogenesis in AD, allergic rhinitis, and allergic asthma, especially during the host defense against pathogens at inflammatory sites. Their receptor antagonists, IL-36Ra and IL-38, could also be promising biologics in the control of allergy. Since allergic diseases are phenotypically complex, contradictory data obtained in different studies may be explained if further stratification of disease endotypes is explored. Genetically modified mice model and investigation in anti-IL-36 treatment may be useful to characterize the therapeutic potential of these cytokines in the regulation of allergy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong. .,Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Evaluation serum levels of YKL-40, Periostin, and some inflammatory cytokines together with IL-37, a new anti-inflammatory cytokine, in patients with stable and exacerbated asthma. Heart Lung 2020; 50:177-183. [PMID: 32475627 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As asthma has a wide range of inflammatory pathways, the researchers were focused on the markers that may be associated with exacerbation and stability in asthma. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to investigate the serum levels of some inflammatory markers and cytokines in stable and exacerbated asthmatic patients. METHODS The study included in 59 non-smoker asthma patient (Exacerbated=25, Stable=34) and 30 healthy volunteers. The serum level of periostin, YKL-40, IL-4, IL-5, IL-37, and TNF-α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Except for IL-37, the periostin, YKL-40, IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α level in asthmatic patients were significantly higher than those of healthy control. In the exacerbated group, the periostin, YKL-40, IL-5, and TNF-α level were significantly higher than stable asthma and healthy control groups. The serum levels of IL-4 in exacerbated and stable asthma groups were significantly higher than healthy control group. There was a significant difference between IL4 levels, in stable asthma and healthy control groups. In exacerbated asthma group, IL-37 level was significantly lower than stable and healthy control groups. The highest area under the ROC curve (AUC) was found for IL-4. While there was a significant negative correlation between these parameters and FEV1, there was a positive correlation between IL-37 and FEV1, but not significant. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that increased serum periostin, YKL-40, IL-5, IL-4, and TNF-α and decreased serum IL-37 were associated with exacerbation showing uncontrolled asthma.
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10
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Li W, Ding F, Zhai Y, Tao W, Bi J, Fan H, Yin N, Wang Z. IL-37 is protective in allergic contact dermatitis through mast cell inhibition. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106476. [PMID: 32278131 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), characterized predominantly by erythema, vesiculation, and pruritus, is a T cell-mediated skin inflammatory condition. Among immune cells involved in ACD, mast cells (MCs) play an essential role in its pathogenesis. As an inhibitor of proinflammatory IL-1 family members, interleukin 37 (IL-37) has been shown to ameliorate inflammatory responses in various allergic diseases. In this study, we assessed the immunomodulatory effect of IL-37 on allergic inflammation using a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ACD rat model and isolated rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). Systematic application of IL-37 significantly relieved ear swelling, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-13), inhibited MC recruitment, lowered IgE levels, and reduced IL-33 production in the local ear tissues with DNFB challenge. Additionally, RPMCs isolated from ACD rats with IL-37 intervention showed downregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-13, and MCP-1 production following IL-33 stimulation, and reduction of β-hexosaminidase and histamine release under DNP-IgE/HSA treatment. Moreover, IL-37 treatment also significantly restrained NF-κB activation and P38 phosphorylation in ACD RPMCs. SIS3, a specific Smad3 inhibitor, abolished the suppressive effects of IL-37 on MC-mediated allergic inflammation, suggesting the participation of Smad3 in the anti-ACD effect of IL-37. These findings indicated that IL-37 protects against IL-33-regulated MC inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF-κB and P38 MAPK activation accompanying the regulation of Smad3 in rats with ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Fengmin Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Wenting Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jing Bi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Nina Yin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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11
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Meng P, Chen ZG, Zhang TT, Liang ZZ, Zou XL, Yang HL, Li HT. IL-37 alleviates house dust mite-induced chronic allergic asthma by targeting TSLP through the NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:403-415. [PMID: 30537285 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-37 has been described as a negative regulator of immune responses and is critical for asthma pathogenesis, but the mechanisms behind the protective role of IL-37 against allergic asthma are less well understood. We show here that IL-37 administered intranasally inhibited house dust mite (HDM)-induced chronic airway eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, peribronchial collagen deposition and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine. In contrast to a weakened Th2 response in the lung that was characterized by the downregulation of Th2-associated cytokines and chemokines in IL-37-treated mice, IL-37 has no effect on relevant markers of systemic Th2 immune including serum immunoglobulins expression and in vitro production of Th2-associated cytokines by splenocytes on HDM recall. We demonstrated that the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the lung tissue was associated with IL-37. Importantly, compared with IL-37 alone, TSLP coadministration with IL-37 restored HDM-induced airway inflammation and structural alterations, increased AHR to methacholine and promoted Th2-associated cytokine production. We further found that IL-37 inhibited the induction of TSLP expression by the main antigen of house dust mite, Der p1, by suppressing NF-κB and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation in human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells in vitro. These data highlight the importance of TSLP in IL-37-mediated protective role in asthma. IL-37 might represent a useful innovative and alternative therapy to control TSLP production in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Meng
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Tuo Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Zheng Liang
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zou
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Yan P, Zhang Y, Wang C, Lv F, Song L. Interleukin-37 (IL-37) Suppresses Pertussis Toxin-Induced Inflammatory Myopathy in a Rat Model. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:9187-9195. [PMID: 30559337 PMCID: PMC6322374 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent data have demonstrated the potential immunosuppressive roles of interleukin-37 (IL-37) in several diseases, but whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathy has not been elucidated. Material/Methods An experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) model was built by subcutaneous injections of pertussis toxin (PTX) and purified rabbit myosin (10mg/kg) emulsified with an equal volume of conventional complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) in a Lewis model. Autoimmune myositis Lewis model rats were divided into 3 groups: group A rats (control group) were injected with CFA in saline weekly; group B (IL-37 group) rats were injected with saline with IL-37 and CFA in saline weekly; and group C (IL-37 + SIS3 group) rats were injected with IL-37, CFA, and SIS3. ELISA was also used to assess the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and CK. HE staining was performed to assess pathological changes in lung and muscle tissues. Results The expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and CK significantly increased in autoimmune myositis Lewis model rats. After IL-37 treatment, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and CK was significantly reduced, as were the inflammatory responses of lung and muscle. However, SIS3 reduced the effects of IL-37 on the autoimmune myositis Lewis model rats. Conclusioans These findings indicate that IL-37 protects against inflammatory response via regulating Smad3 in autoimmune myositis Lewis model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yuankai Zhang
- Department of Osteology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong General Team Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Fang Lv
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital of Ri Zhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lijun Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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13
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Conti P, Carinci F, Lessiani G, Spinas E, Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Theoharides TC. Potential therapeutic use of IL-37: a key suppressor of innate immunity and allergic immune responses mediated by mast cells. Immunol Res 2018; 65:982-986. [PMID: 28748328 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The host response to either exogenous or endogenous insults produces a series of changes, characterized by alterations in immunological functions and generation of mediators called cytokines which include the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members. IL-1 acts as a hormone mediating the host responses to infection and inflammation. Blocking inflammatory IL-1 family members can be effective against inflammatory disorders, including allergies. IL-37, (formerly IL-1 family member 7), emerges as an inhibitor of innate and adaptive immunity by reducing circulating and organ cytokine levels. IL-37, mainly expressed in dendritic cells, monocytes, and plasma cells after TIR ligand activation, inhibits inflammatory cytokines and augments the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10. IL-37 is involved in allergic reaction and its expression in dendritic cells causes tollerogenicity and inhibits inflammatory response. Mast cells (MCs) are ubiquitous in the body, reside in numerous mucosal tissues, and are mediators of allergic reaction, and innate and adaptive immunity. MCs are important regulators of cytokine generation in the course of inflammatory responses and allergy, and are implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma. Cysteine protease caspase-1 activation leads to the cleavage of pro-form of IL-1 into active mature IL-1 which is present in stimulated and unstimulated inflammatory MCs. Inflammatory cytokine inhibition, along with the augmentation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 by IL-37, is certainly beneficial and improves the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. However, in these studies, the exact mechanism(s) of IL-37-induced anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity along with its side effect(s) remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Unità dell'Italia 73, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Spinas
- Department of Surgery and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Spyridon K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Zhu J, Dong J, Ji L, Jiang P, Leung TF, Liu D, Ng LG, Tsang MSM, Jiao D, Lam CWK, Wong CK. Anti-Allergic Inflammatory Activity of Interleukin-37 Is Mediated by Novel Signaling Cascades in Human Eosinophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1445. [PMID: 29988381 PMCID: PMC6023969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1 family regulatory cytokine IL-37b can suppress innate immunity and inflammatory activity in inflammatory diseases. In this study, IL-37b showed remarkable in vitro suppression of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8 production in the coculture of human primary eosinophils and human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with the stimulation of bacterial toll-like receptor-2 ligand peptidoglycan, while antagonizing the activation of intracellular nuclear factor-κB, PI3K–Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and suppressing the gene transcription of allergic inflammation-related PYCARD, S100A9, and CAMP as demonstrated by flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, and bioinformatics. Results therefore elucidated the novel anti-inflammation-related molecular mechanisms mediated by IL-37b. Using the house dust mite (HDM)-induced humanized asthmatic NOD/SCID mice for preclinical study, intravenous administration of IL-37b restored the normal plasma levels of eosinophil activators CCL11 and IL-5, suppressed the elevated concentrations of Th2 and asthma-related cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13 and inflammatory IL-17, CCL5, and CCL11 in lung homogenate of asthmatic mice. Histopathological results of lung tissue illustrated that IL-37b could mitigate the enhanced mucus, eosinophil infiltration, thickened airway wall, and goblet cells. Together with similar findings using the ovalbumin- and HDM-induced allergic asthmatic mice further validated the therapeutic potential of IL-37b in allergic asthma. The above results illustrate the novel IL-37-mediated regulation of intracellular inflammation mechanism linking bacterial infection and the activation of human eosinophils and confirm the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37b on human allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Ji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peiyong Jiang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dehua Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Delong Jiao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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IL-37 isoform D downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in a Smad3-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:582. [PMID: 29789615 PMCID: PMC5964144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-37 is a new member of IL-1 family and possesses five different isoforms (named as IL-37 a–e). IL-37b has been demonstrated as a physiological suppressor of immune responses. However, the function of other isoforms remains unknown. Here, we show that IL-37d possesses anti-inflammatory roles both in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, IL-37d is expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and umbilical cords-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs). Secondly, IL-37d overexpression markedly inhibits IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in A549 cells. Consistently, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from IL-37d transgenic mice express low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF-α) following LPS stimulation, compared with those from wild-type mice. Furthermore, IL-37d transgenic mice produce less pro-inflammatory cytokines, and show much less degree of LPS-induced endotoxemia in vivo. Mechanistically, IL-37d interacts with Smad3 and promotes nuclear translocation of pSmad3. SIS3 (a specific Smad3 inhibitor) treatment completely blocks the inhibitory effects of IL-37d. Thus, our data indicate that IL-37d is a functional cytokine that negatively regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in a Smad3-dependent manner.
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16
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Chi H, Liu D, Sun Y, Hu Q, Liu H, Cheng X, Ye J, Shi H, Yin Y, Liu M, Wu X, Zhou Z, Teng J, Yang C, Su Y. Interleukin-37 is increased in adult-onset Still's disease and associated with disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:54. [PMID: 29566725 PMCID: PMC5863797 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-37 has been known to play an immunosuppressive role in various inflammatory disorders, but whether it participates in the regulation of pathogenesis of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) has not been investigated. In this study, we examined serum IL-37 levels and their clinical association with AOSD, and we explored the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-37 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AOSD. Methods Blood samples were collected from 62 patients with AOSD and 50 healthy control subjects (HC). The serum IL-37 levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlations of serum IL-37 levels with disease activity, laboratory values, and inflammatory cytokines in AOSD were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation test. The correlations between serum IL-37 levels and clinical manifestations were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. PBMCs from ten patients with AOSD were stimulated with recombinant human IL-37 protein, and expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-18 were determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Results A significantly higher IL-37 protein level was observed in patients with AOSD than in HC. Serum IL-37 levels correlated with systemic score, laboratory values, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-10 in patients with AOSD. The expression levels of IL-37 were closely related to the patients with AOSD who also had fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, myalgia, and arthralgia. Moreover, the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18 in PBMCs from patients with AOSD was obviously attenuated after recombinant human IL-37 stimulation. Conclusions Increased expression of IL-37 and its positive correlation with disease activity suggest its involvement in AOSD pathogenesis. More importantly, IL-37 inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in PBMCs from patients with AOSD, indicating the potential anti-inflammatory role of IL-37 in AOSD. Thus, IL-37 may be a novel disease activity biomarker and research target in AOSD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1555-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junna Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yufeng Yin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinyao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhuochao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yutong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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17
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Dinarello CA, Nold-Petry C, Nold M, Fujita M, Li S, Kim S, Bufler P. Suppression of innate inflammation and immunity by interleukin-37. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1067-81. [PMID: 27060871 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-37 is unique in the IL-1 family in that unlike other members of the family, IL-37 broadly suppresses innate immunity. IL-37 can be elevated in humans with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where it likely functions to limit inflammation. Transgenic mice expressing human IL-37 (IL37-tg) exhibit less severe inflammation in models of endotoxin shock, colitis, myocardial infarction, lung, and spinal cord injury. IL37-tg mice have reduced antigen-specific responses and dendritic cells (DCs) from these mice exhibit characteristics of tolerogenic DCs. Compared to aging wild-type (WT) mice, aging IL37-tg mice are protected against B-cell leukemogenesis and heart failure. Treatment of WT mice with recombinant human IL-37 has been shown to be protective in several models of inflammation and injury. IL-37 binds to the IL-18 receptor but then recruits the orphan IL-1R8 (formerly TIR8 or SIGIRR) in order to function as an inhibitor. Here, we review the discovery of IL-37, its production, release, and mechanisms by which IL-37 reduces inflammation and suppresses immune responses. The data reviewed here suggest a therapeutic potential for IL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Dinarello
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Suzhao Li
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Wegmann M. Targeting cytokines in asthma therapy: could IL-37 be a solution? Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:675-677. [PMID: 28699819 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1354701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegmann
- a Priority Area Asthma & Allergy , Research Center Borstel , Borstel , Germany.,b Airway Research Center North (ARCN) , German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Borstel , Germany
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19
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Liu H, Ge B. Interleukin-37: a new molecular target for host-directed therapy of tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:465-468. [PMID: 28481119 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Abstract
Cytokine-mediated immunity plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of various immune diseases, including asthma. The recent identification of the family interleukin (IL)-1-related cytokine IL-18 now contributes to our understanding of the fine-tuning of cellular immunity. IL-18 can act as a cofactor for Th2 cell development and IgE production and also plays an important role in the differentiation of Th1 cells. Recent work identified an IL-18 association with the pathogenesis of asthma, wherein increased IL-18 expression was found in the serum of patients. Furthermore, IL-18 polymorphisms with susceptibility to asthma were reported, suggesting that IL-18 may be therapeutically relevant to asthma. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of asthma and its therapeutic potential based on current research.
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21
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Liu H, Zheng R, Wang P, Yang H, He X, Ji Q, Bai W, Chen H, Chen J, Peng W, Liu S, Liu Z, Ge B. IL-37 Confers Protection against Mycobacterial Infection Involving Suppressing Inflammation and Modulating T Cell Activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169922. [PMID: 28076390 PMCID: PMC5226736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-37 (IL-37), a novel member of the IL-1 family, plays fundamental immunosuppressive roles by broadly reducing both innate inflammation and acquired immunity, but whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis demonstrated an association of the genetic variant rs3811047 of IL-37 with TB susceptibility. In line with previous report, a significant elevated IL-37 abundance in the sera and increased expression of IL-37 protein in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were observed in TB patients in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, release of IL-37 were detected in either macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) or the lung of BCG-infected mice, concurrent with reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type mice, BCG-infected IL-37-Tg mice manifested with reduced mycobacterial burden and tissue damage in the lung, accompanied by higher frequency of Th1 cell and less frequencies of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in the spleen. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that IL-37 conferred resistance to Mtb infection possibly involving suppressing detrimental inflammation and modulating T cell responses. These findings implicated that IL-37 may be employed as a new molecular target for the therapy and diagnosis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BXG); (HPL)
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of TB, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin He
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Ji
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Bai
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxia Chen
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxia Peng
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BXG); (HPL)
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Lin L, Wang J, Liu D, Liu S, Xu H, Ji N, Zhou M, Zeng X, Zhang D, Li J, Chen Q. Interleukin-37 expression and its potential role in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26757. [PMID: 27225603 PMCID: PMC4880905 DOI: 10.1038/srep26757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 37 (IL-37) has been reported to play a significant role in innate immune response and to be involved in several kinds of cancers. However, the investigation of association between IL-37 and oral mucosa carcinogenesis hasn't been clearly established. The aim of the study was to assess IL-37 expression and explore its role in oral mucosa carcinogenesis. The expression of IL-37 increased from normal control (NC) to Oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Moreover, statistically highly significant difference was present between scores of OLK with and without mild/moderate dysplasia (P < 0.001). In addition, IL-37 expression was lower in OSCC with lymph node metastasis than those without metastasis (P < 0.01). What's more, overexpression of IL-37 in RAW264.7 cells remarkably reduced the pseudopodia, vacuolization and the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Finally, we found IL-37 and its receptor IL-18Rα but not its binding partner IL-18BP have similar tissue location and expression trend in different stages of oral mucosa carcinogenesis. Overall, IL-37 can be used as a biomarker for early oral tumorigenesis and for malignant transformation risk assessment of premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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