1
|
Kang X, Mita N, Zhou L, Wu S, Yue Z, Babu RJ, Chen P. Nanotechnology in Advancing Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1228. [PMID: 39339264 PMCID: PMC11435308 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for hematological cancers, yet it faces significant hurdles, particularly regarding its efficacy in solid tumors and concerning associated adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements and ongoing challenges in CAR-T therapy. We highlight the transformative potential of nanotechnology in enhancing CAR-T therapy by improving targeting precision, modulating the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, and overcoming physical barriers. Nanotechnology facilitates efficient CAR gene delivery into T cells, boosting transfection efficiency and potentially reducing therapy costs. Moreover, nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to mitigate cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Cutting-edge nanotechnology platforms for real-time monitoring of CAR-T cell activity and cytokine release are also discussed. By integrating these advancements, we aim to provide valuable insights and pave the way for the next generation of CAR-T cell therapies to overcome current limitations and enhance therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Kang
- Materials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (L.Z.); (S.W.)
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (N.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Nur Mita
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (N.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.J.B.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University, Samarinda 75119, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
| | - Lang Zhou
- Materials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Siqi Wu
- Materials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (N.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.J.B.)
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (N.M.); (Z.Y.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Materials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morais JAV, Barros PHA, Brigido MDM, Marina CL, Bocca A, Mariano ADLES, Souza PEND, Paiva KLR, Simões MM, Bao SN, Camargo LC, Longo JPF, Morais AAC, Azevedo RBD, Fonseca MJP, Muehlmann LA. Direct and Abscopal Antitumor Responses Elicited by AlPcNE-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in a Murine Melanoma Model. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1177. [PMID: 39339213 PMCID: PMC11435272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, presents a major clinical challenge due to its tendency to metastasize and recalcitrance to traditional therapies. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the outlook for advanced melanoma remains bleak, reinforcing the urgent need for more effective treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative, leading to targeted tumor destruction with minimal harm to surrounding tissues. In this study, the direct and abscopal antitumor effects of PDT in a bilateral murine melanoma model were evaluated. Although only one of the two tumors was treated, effects were observed in both. Our findings revealed significant changes in systemic inflammation and alterations in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in treated groups, as evidenced by blood analyses and flow cytometry. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) further unveiled shifts in gene expression profiles in both treated and untreated tumors. This research sheds light on the novel antitumor and abscopal effects of nanoemulsion of aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (AlPcNE)-mediated PDT in melanoma, highlighting the potential of different PDT protocols to modulate immune responses and to achieve more effective and targeted cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Athayde Vasconcelos Morais
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro H A Barros
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Macedo Brigido
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Clara Luna Marina
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biology Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Anamelia Bocca
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biology Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - André de Lima E Silva Mariano
- Laboratory for Softwares and Physics Instrumentation Development, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Paulo E N de Souza
- Laboratory for Softwares and Physics Instrumentation Development, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Karen L R Paiva
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Marina Mesquita Simões
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Sonia Nair Bao
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luana C Camargo
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - João P Figueiró Longo
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alencar Cabral Morais
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcio J P Fonseca
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luis A Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia Ceilandia Sul, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tiwari S, Rudani BA, Tiwari P, Bahadur P, Flora SJS. Photodynamic therapy of cancer using graphene nanomaterials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1331-1348. [PMID: 39205381 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2398604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High incidence and fatality rates of cancer remain a global challenge. The success of conventional treatment modalities is being questioned on account of adverse effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential alternative. It utilizes a combination of photosensitizer (PS), light and oxygen to target the tissues locally, thereby minimizing the damage to neighboring healthy tissues. Conventional PSs suffer from poor selectivity, high hydrophobicity and sub-optimal yield of active radicals. Graphene nanomaterials (GNs) exhibit interesting particulate and photophysical properties in the context of their use in PDT. AREA COVERED We focus on describing the mechanistic aspects of PDT-mediated elimination of cancer cells and the subsequent development of adaptive immunity. After covering up-to-date literature on the significant enhancement of PDT capability with GNs, we have discussed the probability of combining PDT with chemo-, immuno-, and photothermal therapy to make the treatment more effective. EXPERT OPINION GNs can be synthesized in various size ranges, and their biocompatibility can be improved through surface functionalization and doping. These can be used as PS to generate ROS or conjugated with other PS molecules for treating deep-seated tumors. With increasing evidence on biosafety, such materials offer hope as antitumor therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Binny A Rudani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Priyanka Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Pratap Bahadur
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, India
| | - Swaran J S Flora
- Era College of Pharmacy, Era Lucknow Medical University, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Guo P, Chen L, He D. 5-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic reactions in diagnosis and therapy for female lower genital tract diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1370396. [PMID: 39076768 PMCID: PMC11284047 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1370396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the patients suffering from female lower genital tract diseases are getting younger and younger and the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is becoming more widespread, the novel non-invasive precise modalities of diagnosis and therapy are required to remain structures of the organ and tissue, and fertility as well, by which the less damage to normal tissue and fewer adverse effects are able to be achieved. In all nucleated mammalian cells, 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an amino acid that occurs spontaneously, which further synthesizes in the heme biosynthetic pathway into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as a porphyrin precursor and photosensitizing agent. Exogenous 5-ALA avoids the rate-limiting step in the process, causing PpIX buildup in tumor tissues. This tumor-selective PpIX distribution after 5-ALA application has been used successfully for tumor photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Several ALA-based drugs have been used for ALA-PDD and ALA-PDT in treating many (pre)cancerous diseases, including the female lower genital tract diseases, yet the ALA-induced fluorescent theranostics is needed to be explored further. In this paper, we are going to review the studies of the mechanisms and applications mainly on ALA-mediated photodynamic reactions and its effectiveness in treating female lower genital tract diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boidin L, Moinard M, Moussaron A, Merlier M, Moralès O, Grolez GP, Baydoun M, Mohd-Gazzali A, Tazizi MHDM, Allah HHA, Kerbage Y, Arnoux P, Acherar S, Frochot C, Delhem N. Targeted Photodynamic Therapy using a Vectorized Photosensitizer coupled to Folic Acid Analog induces Ovarian Tumor Cell Death and inhibits IL-6-mediated Inflammation. J Control Release 2024; 371:351-370. [PMID: 38789088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal cancers among women. Frequent recurrence in the peritoneum due to the presence of microscopic tumor residues justifies the development of new therapies. Indeed, our main objective is to develop a targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from OC to improve the life expectancy of cancer patients. Herein, we propose a targeted-PDT using a vectorized photosensitizer (PS) coupled with a newly folic acid analog (FAA), named PSFAA, in order to target folate receptor alpha (FRα) overexpressed on peritoneal metastasis. This PSFAA was the result of the coupling of pyropheophorbide-a (Pyro-a), as the PS, to a newly synthesized FAA via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer. The selectivity and the PDT efficacy of PSFAA was evaluated on two human OC cell lines overexpressing FRα compared to fibrosarcoma cells underexpressing FRα. Final PSFAA, including the synthesis of a newly FAA and its conjugation to Pyro-a, was obtained after 10 synthesis steps, with an overall yield of 19%. Photophysical properties of PSFAA in EtOH were performed and showed similarity with those of free Pyro-a, such as the fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φf = 0.39 and ΦΔ = 0.53 for free Pyro-a, and Φf = 0.26 and ΦΔ = 0.41 for PSFAA). Any toxicity of PSFAA was noticed. After light illumination, a dose-dependent effect on PS concentration and light dose was shown. Furthermore, a PDT efficacy of PSFAA on OC cell secretome was detected inducing a decrease of a pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-6). This new PSFAA has shown promising biological properties highlighting the selectivity of the therapy opening new perspectives in the treatment of a cancer in a therapeutic impasse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Boidin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Morgane Moinard
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Albert Moussaron
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France; Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7375 - LCPM - Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Margaux Merlier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Olivier Moralès
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Guillaume Paul Grolez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Martha Baydoun
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Amirah Mohd-Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Hassan Hadi Abd Allah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Yohan Kerbage
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Samir Acherar
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7375 - LCPM - Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, Nancy F-54000, France.
| | - Céline Frochot
- Univ. Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7274 - LRGP- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Nancy F-54000, France.
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille F-59000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sonokawa T, Fujiwara Y, Pan C, Komohara Y, Usuda J. Enhanced systemic antitumor efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with immunological response induced by photodynamic therapy. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1429-1436. [PMID: 38739102 PMCID: PMC11194119 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an antitumor therapy and has traditionally been regarded as a localized therapy in itself. However, recent reports have shown that it not only exerts a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells but also enhances body's tumor immunity. We hypothesized that the immunological response induced by PDT could potentially enhance the efficacy of programmed death-1 (PD-1) / programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. METHODS The cytotoxic effects of PDT on colon 26 cells were investigated in vitro using the WST assay. We investigated whether the antitumor effect of anti-PD-1 antibodies could be amplified by the addition of PDT. We performed combination therapy by randomly allocating tumor-bearing mice to four treatment groups: control, anti-PD-1 antibodies, PDT, and a combination of anti-PD-1 antibodies and PDT. To analyze the tumor microenvironment after treatment, the tumors were resected and pathologically evaluated. RESULTS The viability rate of colon 26 cells decreased proportionally with the laser dose. In vivo experiments for combined PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody treatment, combination therapy showed an enhanced antitumor effect compared with the control. Immunohistochemical findings of the tumor microenvironment 10 days after PDT indicated that the number of CD8+ cells, the area of Iba-1+ cells and the area expressing PD-L1 were significantly higher in tumors treated with combination therapy than in tumors treated with anti-PD-1 antibody alone, PDT alone, or the control. CONCLUSIONS PDT increased immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. The immunological response induced by PDT may enhance the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sonokawa
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical School HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNippon Medical School HospitalTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cole HD, Vali A, Roque JA, Shi G, Talgatov A, Kaur G, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ru(II) Oligothienyl Complexes with Fluorinated Ligands: Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Photobiological Properties. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9735-9752. [PMID: 38728376 PMCID: PMC11166183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II) complexes incorporating two 4,4'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-btfmb) coligands and thienyl-appended imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (IP-nT) ligands was characterized and assessed for phototherapy effects toward cancer cells. The [Ru(4,4'-btfmb)2(IP-nT)]2+ scaffold has greater overall redox activity compared to Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes such as [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Ru-1T-Ru-4T have additional oxidations due to the nT group and additional reductions due to the 4,4'-btfmb ligands. Ru-2T-Ru-4T also exhibit nT-based reductions. Ru-4T exhibits two oxidations and eight reductions within the potential window of -3 to +1.5 V. The lowest-lying triplets (T1) for Ru-0T-2T are metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) excited states with lifetimes around 1 μs, whereas T1 for Ru-3T-4T is longer-lived (∼20-24 μs) and of significant intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT) character. Phototoxicity toward melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) increases with n, with Ru-4T having a visible EC50 value as low as 9 nM and PI as large as 12,000. Ru-3T and Ru-4T retain some of this activity in hypoxia, where Ru-4T has a visible EC50 as low as 35 nM and PI as high as 2900. Activity over six biological replicates is consistent and within an order of magnitude. These results demonstrate the importance of lowest-lying 3ILCT states for phototoxicity and maintaining activity in hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Abbas Vali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Alisher Talgatov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | | | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong Z, Xue K, Verma A, Shi J, Wei Z, Xia X, Wang K, Zhang X. Photothermal therapy: a novel potential treatment for prostate cancer. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2480-2503. [PMID: 38592730 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men, and most PCa patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy will progress to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) due to the lack of efficient treatment. Recently, lots of research indicated that photothermal therapy (PTT) was a promising alternative that provided an accurate and efficient prostate cancer therapy. A photothermic agent (PTA) is a basic component of PPT and is divided into organic and inorganic PTAs. Besides, the combination of PTT and other therapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), immunotherapy (IT), chemotherapy (CT), etc., provides an more efficient strategy for PCa therapy. Here, we introduce basic information about PTT and summarize the PTT treatment strategies for prostate cancer. Based on recent works, we think the combination of PPT and other therapies provides a novel possibility for PCa, especially CRPC clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Dong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Kaming Xue
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Anushikha Verma
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Zhihao Wei
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thiruppathi J, Vijayan V, Park IK, Lee SE, Rhee JH. Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy and nanoparticle: making tumor microenvironment hotter to make immunotherapeutic work better. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375767. [PMID: 38646546 PMCID: PMC11026591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made tremendous advancements in treating various malignancies. The biggest hurdle to successful immunotherapy would be the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and low immunogenicity of cancer cells. To make immunotherapy successful, the 'cold' TME must be converted to 'hot' immunostimulatory status to activate residual host immune responses. To this end, the immunosuppressive equilibrium in TME should be broken, and immunogenic cancer cell death ought to be induced to stimulate tumor-killing immune cells appropriately. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an efficient way of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells and disrupting immune-restrictive tumor tissues. PDT would trigger a chain reaction that would make the TME 'hot' and have ICD-induced tumor antigens presented to immune cells. In principle, the strategic combination of PDT and immunotherapy would synergize to enhance therapeutic outcomes in many intractable tumors. Novel technologies employing nanocarriers were developed to deliver photosensitizers and immunotherapeutic to TME efficiently. New-generation nanomedicines have been developed for PDT immunotherapy in recent years, which will accelerate clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Thiruppathi
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center (MRC), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- National Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Veena Vijayan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- National Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Biomolecular Theranostics (BiT) Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- National Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center (MRC), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- National Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang JK, Kwon H, Kim S. Recent advances in light-triggered cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2650-2669. [PMID: 38353138 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered phototherapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have shown strong therapeutic efficacy with minimal invasiveness and systemic toxicity, offering opportunities for tumor-specific therapies. Phototherapies not only induce direct tumor cell killing, but also trigger anti-tumor immune responses by releasing various immune-stimulating factors. In recent years, conventional phototherapies have been combined with cancer immunotherapy as synergistic therapeutic modalities to eradicate cancer by exploiting the innate and adaptive immunity. These combined photoimmunotherapies have demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacy in preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis compared to phototherapy alone. This review covers recent advancements in combined photoimmunotherapy, including photoimmunotherapy (PIT), PDT-combined immunotherapy, and PTT-combined immunotherapy, along with their underlying anti-tumor immune response mechanisms. In addition, the challenges and future research directions for light-triggered cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hayoon Kwon
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Obrador E, Moreno-Murciano P, Oriol-Caballo M, López-Blanch R, Pineda B, Gutiérrez-Arroyo JL, Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Martinez-Cadenas C, Estrela JM, Marqués-Torrejón MÁ. Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2529. [PMID: 38473776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood-brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Pineda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luis G Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - José M Estrela
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu R, Yuen J, Cheung E, Huang Z, Chu E. Review of three-dimensional spheroid culture models of gynecological cancers for photodynamic therapy research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103975. [PMID: 38237651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a specific cancer treatment with minimal side effects. However, it remains challenging to apply PDT clinically, partially due to the difficulty of translating research findings to clinical settings as the conventional 2D cell models used for in vitro research are accepted as less physiologically relevant to a solid tumour. 3D spheroids offer a better model for testing PDT mechanisms and efficacy, particularly on photosensitizer uptake, cellular and subcellular distribution and interaction with cellular oxygen consumption. 3D spheroids are usually generated by scaffold-free and scaffold-based methods and are accepted as physiologically relevant models for PDT anticancer research. Scaffold-free methods offer researchers advantages including high efficiency, reproducible, and controlled microenvironment. While the scaffold-based methods offer an extracellular matrix-like 3D scaffold with the necessary architecture and chemical mediators to support the spheroid formation, the natural scaffold used may limit its usage because of low reproducibility due to patch-to-patch variation. Many studies show that the 3D spheroids do offer advantages to gynceologcial cancer PDT investigation. This article will provide a review of the applications of 3D spheroid culture models for the PDT research of gynaecological cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rwk Wu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jwm Yuen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Eyw Cheung
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Z Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Photonics Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Esm Chu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chavda J, Rajwar A, Bhatia D, Gupta I. Synthesis of novel zinc porphyrins with bioisosteric replacement of Sorafenib: Efficient theranostic agents for anti-cancer application. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 249:112384. [PMID: 37776828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel zinc porphyrins (trans-A2B2 and A3B type) are reported containing pharmacophoric groups derived from Sorafenib at the meso-positions. The pharmacophoric and bioisosteric modification of Sorafenib was done with 2-methyl-4-nitro-N-phenylaniline. The in-vitro photo-cytotoxicity studies of zinc porphyrins on HeLa cells revealed excellent PDT based autophagy inhibition of cancer cells, with IC50 values between 6.2 to 15.4 μM. The trans-A2B2 type zinc porphyrin with two bioisosteric groups gave better cytotoxicity than A3B type. Molecular docking studies revealed excellent binding with mTOR protein kinase of the designed porphyrins. The confocal studies indicated significant ER localization of trans-A2B2 type zinc porphyrin in HeLa cells along with ROS generation. trans-A2B2 type zinc porphyrin induced ER stress in cancer cells, thereby causing elevation of Ca+2 ions in cytoplasm, which led to cancer cell death via autophagy pathway. The studies suggested that trans-A2B2 and A3B type zinc porphyrins can be developed as theranostic agents for anti-cancer applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeepsinh Chavda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Anjali Rajwar
- Department of Biological Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chou W, Sun T, Peng N, Wang Z, Chen D, Qiu H, Zhao H. Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity: Influence Factors and Synergistic Enhancement Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2617. [PMID: 38004595 PMCID: PMC10675361 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure that exerts cytotoxic activity towards tumor cells by activating photosensitizers (PSs) with light exposure to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to traditional treatment strategies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, PDT not only kills the primary tumors, but also effectively suppresses metastatic tumors by activating the immune response. However, the anti-tumor immune effects induced by PDT are influenced by several factors, including the localization of PSs in cells, PSs concentration, fluence rate of light, oxygen concentration, and the integrity of immune function. In this review, we systematically summarize the influence factors of anti-tumor immune effects mediated by PDT. Furthermore, an update on the combination of PDT and other immunotherapy strategies are provided. Finally, the future directions and challenges of anti-tumor immunity induced by PDT are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Chou
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Tianzhen Sun
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Nian Peng
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Defu Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Banerjee SM, Acedo P, El Sheikh S, Harati R, Meecham A, Williams NR, Gerard G, Keshtgar MRS, MacRobert AJ, Hamoudi R. Combination of verteporfin-photodynamic therapy with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine enhances the anti-tumour immune response in triple negative breast cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188087. [PMID: 38022682 PMCID: PMC10664979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer characterised by its high tumourigenic, invasive, and immunosuppressive nature. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a focal therapy that uses light to activate a photosensitizing agent and induce a cytotoxic effect. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-ADC) is a clinically approved immunomodulatory chemotherapy agent. The mechanism of the combination therapy using PDT and 5-ADC in evoking an anti-tumour response is not fully understood. Methods The present study examined whether a single dose of 5-ADC enhances the cytotoxic and anti-tumour immune effect of low dose PDT with verteporfin as the photosensitiser in a TNBC orthotopic syngeneic murine model, using the triple negative murine mammary tumour cell line 4T1. Histopathology analysis, digital pathology and immunohistochemistry of treated tumours and distant sites were assessed. Flow cytometry of splenic and breast tissue was used to identify T cell populations. Bioinformatics were used to identify tumour immune microenvironments related to TNBC patients. Results Functional experiments showed that PDT was most effective when used in combination with 5-ADC to optimize its efficacy. 5-ADC/PDT combination therapy elicited a synergistic effect in vitro and was significantly more cytotoxic than monotherapies on 4T1 tumour cells. For tumour therapy, all types of treatments demonstrated histopathologically defined margins of necrosis, increased T cell expression in the spleen with absence of metastases or distant tissue destruction. Flow cytometry and digital pathology results showed significant increases in CD8 expressing cells with all treatments, whereas only the 5-ADC/PDT combination therapy showed increase in CD4 expression. Bioinformatics analysis of in silico publicly available TNBC data identified BCL3 and BCL2 as well as the following anti-tumour immune response biomarkers as significantly altered in TNBC compared to other breast cancer subtypes: GZMA, PRF1, CXCL1, CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5. Interestingly, molecular biomarker assays showed increase in anti-tumour response genes after treatment. The results showed concomitant increase in BCL3, with decrease in BCL2 expression in TNBC treatment. In addition, the treatments showed decrease in PRF1, CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5 genes with 5-ADC and 5-ADC/PDT treatment in both spleen and breast tissue, with the latter showing the most decrease. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows which of the innate and adaptive immune biomarkers are activated during PDT related treatment of the TNBC 4T1 mouse models. The results also indicate that some of the immune response biomarkers can be used to monitor the effectiveness of PDT treatment in TNBC murine model warranting further investigation in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shramana M. Banerjee
- Breast Unit, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soha El Sheikh
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amelia Meecham
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman R. Williams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Gerard
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed R. S. Keshtgar
- Breast Unit, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jia J, Wu X, Long G, Yu J, He W, Zhang H, Wang D, Ye Z, Tian J. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: nanotechnology-enabled photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy with advanced photosensitizers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219785. [PMID: 37860012 PMCID: PMC10582717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy are emerging as exciting cancer therapeutic methods with significant potential for improving patient outcomes. By combining these approaches, synergistic effects have been observed in preclinical studies, resulting in enhanced immune responses to cancer and the capacity to conquer the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite challenges such as addressing treatment limitations and developing personalized cancer treatment strategies, the integration of nanotechnology-enabled PDT and immunotherapy, along with advanced photosensitizers (PSs), represents an exciting new avenue in cancer treatment. Continued research, development, and collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and regulatory agencies are crucial for further advancements and the successful implementation of these promising therapies, ultimately benefiting cancer patients worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiedong Jia
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gongwei Long
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongwen Wang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Ren L, Ye L, Cao J. Photodynamic therapy augments oxaliplatin-induced immunogenic cell death in colorectal cancer. Cent Eur J Immunol 2023; 48:189-202. [PMID: 37901869 PMCID: PMC10604636 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2023.132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers. Immunotherapy has been proven to be a potential treatment option for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer maintains immune escape by expressing low immunogenicity and following the tolerogenic cell death pathway. There is also emerging evidence that oxaliplatin and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can promote anti-tumor immunity. However, the effect of PDT combined with oxaliplatin on colorectal cancer remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the viability of HCT116 and DLD-1 cell lines after treatment with the combination of PDT and oxaliplatin. We found that the viability decreased significantly after the combination treatment. Meanwhile, we also detected that sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)-derived PDT could amplify oxaliplatin-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in different colorectal cancer cell lines. More importantly, the combination of DVDMS-derived PDT and oxaliplatin presented strong immunogenic potential in immunocompetent BALB/c mice in the vaccination assay. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the combination of DVDMS-derived PDT and oxaliplatin is a potential novel therapy for colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Germany
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Germany
| | - Linhan Ye
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Germany
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee EJ, Choi JG, Han JH, Kim YW, Lim J, Chung HS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Immuno-Oncology Characteristics of Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes in Photodynamic Therapy-Treated Colorectal Cancer Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13913. [PMID: 37762216 PMCID: PMC10531263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise in reducing metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Modulating tumor-infiltrating immune cells by PDT may be achieved, which requires the characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Here, we determined the effect of Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-mediated PDT on tumor-infiltrating T cells using scRNA-seq analysis. We used a humanized programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) MC38 cell allograft mouse model, considering its potential as an immunogenic cancer model and in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. PDT treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in mice containing hPD-1/PD-L1 MC38 tumors. scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the PDT group had increased levels of CD8+ activated T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, but decreased levels of exhausted CD8+ T cells. PDT treatment also enhanced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors and increased the production of key effector molecules, including granzyme B and perforin 1. These findings provide insight into immune-therapeutic modulation for CRC patients and highlight the potential of PDT in overcoming immune evasion and enhancing antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Junmo Lim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
- Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baydoun M, Boidin L, Leroux B, Vignion-Dewalle AS, Quilbe A, Grolez GP, Azaïs H, Frochot C, Moralès O, Delhem N. Folate Receptor Targeted Photodynamic Therapy: A Novel Way to Stimulate Anti-Tumor Immune Response in Intraperitoneal Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11288. [PMID: 37511049 PMCID: PMC10378870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown improvements in cancer treatment and in the induction of a proper anti-tumor immune response. However, current photosensitizers (PS) lack tumor specificity, resulting in reduced efficacy and side effects in patients with intraperitoneal ovarian cancer (OC). In order to target peritoneal metastases of OC, which overexpress folate receptor (FRα) in 80% of cases, we proposed a targeted PDT using a PS coupled with folic acid. Herein, we applied this targeted PDT in an in vivo mouse model of peritoneal ovarian carcinomatosis. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated in mice without and with human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) reconstitution. When mice were reconstituted, using a fractionized PDT protocol led to a significantly higher decrease in the tumor growth than that obtained in the non-reconstituted mice (p = 0.0469). Simultaneously, an immune response was reflected by an increase in NK cells, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were activated. A promotion in cytokines IFNγ and TNFα and an inhibition in cytokines TGFβ, IL-8, and IL-10 was also noticed. Our work showed that a fractionized FRα-targeted PDT protocol is effective for the treatment of OC and goes beyond local induction of tumor cell death, with the promotion of a subsequent anti-tumor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Baydoun
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Léa Boidin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Vignion-Dewalle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Quilbe
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Paul Grolez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Henri Azaïs
- Department of Gynecological and Breast Surgery and Oncology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Laboratoire des Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1 Rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Moralès
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
- INSERM UMR9020-UMR-S 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189-ONCOTHAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang JY, Gao WD, Lin JY, Xu S, Zhang LJ, Lu XC, Luan X, Peng JQ, Chen Y. Nanotechnology-based photo-immunotherapy: a new hope for inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis. J Drug Target 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37216425 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and there is a need for the development of effective anti-melanoma therapies as it shows high metastatic ability and low response rate. In addition, it has been identified that traditional phototherapy could trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) to activate antitumor immune response, which could not only effectively arrest primary tumor growth, but also exhibit superior effects in terms of anti-metastasis, anti-recurrence for metastatic melanoma treatment However, the limited tumor accumulation of photosensitizers/photothermal agents and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment severely weaken the immune effects. The application of nanotechnology facilitates a higher accumulation of photosensitizers/photothermal agents at the tumor site, which can thus improve the antitumor effects of photo-immunotherapy (PIT). In this review, we summarize the basic principles of nanotechnology-based PIT and highlight novel nanotechnologies that are expected to enhance the antitumor immune response for improved therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Dong Gao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Chen Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dutt Y, Pandey RP, Dutt M, Gupta A, Vibhuti A, Vidic J, Raj VS, Chang CM, Priyadarshini A. Therapeutic applications of nanobiotechnology. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:148. [PMID: 37149615 PMCID: PMC10163736 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology, as a novel and more specialized branch of science, has provided a number of nanostructures such as nanoparticles, by utilizing the methods, techniques, and protocols of other branches of science. Due to the unique features and physiobiological characteristics, these nanostructures or nanocarriers have provided vast methods and therapeutic techniques, against microbial infections and cancers and for tissue regeneration, tissue engineering, and immunotherapies, and for gene therapies, through drug delivery systems. However, reduced carrying capacity, abrupt and non-targeted delivery, and solubility of therapeutic agents, can affect the therapeutic applications of these biotechnological products. In this article, we explored and discussed the prominent nanobiotechnological methods and products such as nanocarriers, highlighted the features and challenges associated with these products, and attempted to conclude if available nanostructures offer any scope of improvement or enhancement. We aimed to identify and emphasize the nanobiotechnological methods and products, with greater prospect and capacity for therapeutic improvements and enhancements. We found that novel nanocarriers and nanostructures, such as nanocomposites, micelles, hydrogels, microneedles, and artificial cells, can address the associated challenges and inherited drawbacks, with help of conjugations, sustained and stimuli-responsive release, ligand binding, and targeted delivery. We recommend that nanobiotechnology, despite having few challenges and drawbacks, offers immense opportunities that can be harnessed in delivering quality therapeutics with precision and prediction. We also recommend that, by exploring the branched domains more rigorously, bottlenecks and obstacles can also be addressed and resolved in return.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
| | - Mamta Dutt
- Mamta Dental Clinic, Opposite Sector 29, Main Badkhal Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121002, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Arpana Vibhuti
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Université Paris-Saclay, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan (ROC).
| | - Anjali Priyadarshini
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li X, Wei H, Qi J, Ma K, Luo Y, Weng L. Interactions of Nanomaterials with Gut Microbiota and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4428. [PMID: 37177631 PMCID: PMC10181640 DOI: 10.3390/s23094428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment is a challenge by its incredible complexity. As a key driver and player of cancer, gut microbiota influences the efficacy of cancer treatment. Modalities to manipulate gut microbiota have been reported to enhance antitumor efficacy in some cases. Nanomaterials (NMs) have been comprehensively applied in cancer diagnosis, imaging, and theranostics due to their unique and excellent properties, and their effectiveness is also influenced by gut microbiota. Nanotechnology is capable of targeting and manipulating gut microbiota, which offers massive opportunities to potentiate cancer treatment. Given the complexity of gut microbiota-host interactions, understanding NMs-gut interactions and NMs-gut microbiota interactions are important for applying nanotechnologies towards manipulating gut microbiota in cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of NMs-gut interactions and NMs-gut microbiota interactions and highlight the influences of gut microbiota on the diagnosis and treatment effects of NMs, further illustrating the potential of nanotechnologies in cancer therapy. Investigation of the influences of NMs on cancer from the perspective of gut microbiota will boost the prospect of nanotechnology intervention of gut microbiota for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- School of Geography and Bioinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.L.)
| | - Huan Wei
- School of Geography and Bioinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.L.)
| | - Jiachen Qi
- School of Geography and Bioinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.L.)
| | - Ke Ma
- School of Geography and Bioinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.L.)
| | - Yucheng Luo
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lixing Weng
- School of Geography and Bioinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee SS, Paliouras M, Trifiro MA. Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents and Their Future Clinical Utility in Oncology. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010108. [PMID: 36671680 PMCID: PMC9854994 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, research of nanoparticle applications in pre-clinical and clinical applications has greatly advanced our therapeutic and imaging approaches to many diseases, most notably neoplastic disorders. In particular, the innate properties of inorganic nanomaterials, such as gold and iron oxide, as well as carbon-based nanoparticles, have provided the greatest opportunities in cancer theranostics. Carbon nanoparticles can be used as carriers of biological agents to enhance the therapeutic index at a tumor site. Alternatively, they can also be combined with external stimuli, such as light, to induce irreversible physical damaging effects on cells. In this review, the recent advances in carbon nanoparticles and their use in cancer theranostics will be discussed. In addition, the set of evaluations that will be required during their transition from laboratory investigations toward clinical trials will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung S. Lee
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research—Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Miltiadis Paliouras
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research—Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark A. Trifiro
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research—Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sasaki M, Tanaka M, Kojima Y, Nishie H, Shimura T, Kubota E, Kataoka H. Anti-tumor immunity enhancement by photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium and anti-programmed death 1 antibody. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:118-131. [PMID: 36726602 PMCID: PMC9867957 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively non-invasive anti-cancer therapy that employs a photosensitizer with a specific wavelength of light irradiation. PDT induces direct cell killing and enhancement effects on tumor immunity, but its underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we perform a basic analysis of the anti-tumor effect of talaporfin sodium (TS)-PDT as well as its synergism with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-programmed death 1 (anti-PD-1) antibody. We estimate the cell death mechanism induced by TS-PDT and the induction of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by TS-PDT in vitro. We establish a syngeneic mouse model of bilateral flank tumors and verify the enhancement of the abscopal effect on the non-irradiated side. TS-PDT induced apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-associated cell death in vitro. TS-PDT induced the release and/or expression of DAMPs in vitro. Tumor growth was inhibited in the TS-PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody combination group compared with other single-treatment or non-treatment groups in vivo. In summary, TS-PDT induces the release and/or expression of DAMPs, indicating that it activates innate immunity. PD-1 blockage enhances the anti-tumor immunity induced by TS-PDT. Thus, our results demonstrate that the combination of TS-PDT and anti-PD-1 antibody can potentially be used for anti-tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan,Corresponding author: Mamoru Tanaka, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hirotada Nishie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Recent advances on organelle specific Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) based complexes for photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
26
|
Itoo AM, Paul M, Padaga SG, Ghosh B, Biswas S. Nanotherapeutic Intervention in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45882-45909. [PMID: 36570217 PMCID: PMC9773346 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The clinical need for photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been growing for several decades. Notably, PDT is often used in oncology to treat a variety of tumors since it is a low-risk therapy with excellent selectivity, does not conflict with other therapies, and may be repeated as necessary. The mechanism of action of PDT is the photoactivation of a particular photosensitizer (PS) in a tumor microenvironment in the presence of oxygen. During PDT, cancer cells produce singlet oxygen (1O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation of PSs by irradiation, which efficiently kills the tumor. However, PDT's effectiveness in curing a deep-seated malignancy is constrained by three key reasons: a tumor's inadequate PS accumulation in tumor tissues, a hypoxic core with low oxygen content in solid tumors, and limited depth of light penetration. PDTs are therefore restricted to the management of thin and superficial cancers. With the development of nanotechnology, PDT's ability to penetrate deep tumor tissues and exert desired therapeutic effects has become a reality. However, further advancement in this field of research is necessary to address the challenges with PDT and ameliorate the therapeutic outcome. This review presents an overview of PSs, the mechanism of loading of PSs, nanomedicine-based solutions for enhancing PDT, and their biological applications including chemodynamic therapy, chemo-photodynamic therapy, PDT-electroporation, photodynamic-photothermal (PDT-PTT) therapy, and PDT-immunotherapy. Furthermore, the review discusses the mechanism of ROS generation in PDT advantages and challenges of PSs in PDT.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kong C, Chen X. Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6427-6446. [PMID: 36540374 PMCID: PMC9760263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s388996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation therapy based on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has been identified as a tumour ablation modality for numerous cancer indications, with photosensitisers and photothermal conversion agents playing important roles in the phototherapy process, especially in recent decades. In addition, the iteration of nanotechnology has strongly promoted the development of phototherapy in tumour treatment. PDT can increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to PTT by interfering with the tumour microenvironment, whereas the heat generated by PTT can increase blood flow, improve oxygen supply and enhance the PDT therapeutic effect. In addition, tumour cell debris generated by phototherapy can serve as tumour-associated antigens, evoking antitumor immune responses. In this review, the research progress of phototherapy, and its research effects in combination with immunotherapy on the treatment of tumours are mainly outlined, and issues that may need continued attention in the future are raised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunqing Kong
- Department of medical imaging center, central hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xingcai Chen, Email
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ling YY, Wang WJ, Hao L, Wu XW, Liang JH, Zhang H, Mao ZW, Tan CP. Self-Amplifying Iridium(III) Photosensitizer for Ferroptosis-Mediated Immunotherapy Against Transferrin Receptor-Overexpressing Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203659. [PMID: 36310137 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoimmunotherapy is attractive for cancer treatment due to its spatial controllability and sustained responses. This work presents a ferrocene-containing Ir(III) photosensitizer (IrFc1) that can bind with transferrin and be transported into triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via a transferrin receptor-mediated pathway. When the ferrocene in IrFc1 is oxidized by reactive oxygen species, its capability to photosensitize both type I (electron transfer) and type II (energy transfer) pathways is activated through a self-amplifying process. Upon irradiation, IrFc1 induces the generation of lipid oxidation to cause ferroptosis in TNBC cells, which promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD) under both normoxia and hypoxia. In vivo, IrFc1 treatment elicits a CD8+ T-cell response, which activates ICD in TNBC resulting in enhanced anticancer immunity. In summary, this work reports a small molecule-based photosensitizer with enhanced cancer immunotherapeutic properties by eliciting ferroptosis through a self-amplifying process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yi Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hao Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Insight into the Prospects for Tumor Therapy Based on Photodynamic Immunotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111359. [DOI: 10.3390/ph15111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy is one of the common diseases with high mortality worldwide and the most important obstacle to improving the overall life expectancy of the population in the 21st century. Currently, single or combined treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are still the mainstream regimens for tumor treatment, but they all present significant side effects on normal tissues and organs, such as organ hypofunction, energy metabolism disorders, and various concurrent diseases. Based on this, theranostic measures for the highly selective killing of tumor cells have always been a hot area in cancer-related fields, among which photodynamic therapy (PDT) is expected to be an ideal candidate for practical clinical application due to its precise targeting and excellent safety performance, so-called PDT refers to a therapeutic method mainly composed of photosensitizers (PSs), laser light, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photoimmunotherapy (PIT), a combination of PDT and immunotherapy, can induce systemic antitumor immune responses and inhibit continuing growth and distant metastasis of residual tumor cells, demonstrating a promising application prospect. This article reviews the types of immune responses that occur in the host after PDT treatment, including innate and adaptive immunity. To further help PIT-related drugs improve their pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability, we highlight the potential improvement of photodynamic immunotherapy from three aspects: immunostimulatory agents, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as well as different immune cells. Finally, we focus on recent advances in various strategies and shed light on their corresponding mechanisms of immune activation and possible clinical applications such as cancer vaccines. Having discovered the inherent potential of PDT and the mechanisms that PDT triggers host immune responses, a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies have been investigated in parallel with approaches to improve PDT efficiency. However, it remains to be further elucidated under what conditions the immune effect induced by PDT can achieve tumor immunosuppression and to what extent PDT-induced antitumor immunity will lead to complete tumor rejection. Currently, PIT presents several outstanding intractable challenges, such as the aggregation ability of PSs locally in tumors, deep tissue penetration ability of laser light, immune escape, and biological toxicity, and it is hoped that these issues raised will help to point out the direction of preclinical research on PIT and accelerate its transition to clinical practice.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gustalik J, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Photodynamic therapy in breast cancer treatment. J Appl Biomed 2022; 20:98-105. [PMID: 36218130 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2022.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a serious public problem in modern society. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used in modern medicine. Currently, PDT is an innovative method of treating breast cancer. Irreversible damage to neoplastic tissues is associated with the use of physicochemical processes. Generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species [singlet oxygen (1O2)] is leading to tumor cell death. At the same time, valuable information can be extracted from breast cancer cells. Photogenerated 1O2 is the major factor responsible for cell necrosis during PDT. 1O2 can react rapidly intracellularly with all organic substances. The use of photodynamic therapy on tissues in vitro creates conditions for testing various types of solutions and implementing them in in vivo treatment. This article is a review of recent advances in PDT for treatment of breast cancer. PDT is a novel cancer diagnostic and cancer treatment therapy. Therefore, an understanding of the possibility to generate a toxic form of 1O2 is necessary. The knowledge gained from the basics of PDT in vitro can be useful in biomedical applications in vivo. The current literature mentions PDT in the treatment of cancers located very deep within the human body. Therefore, the development of agents used to deliver 1O2 to the deep cancerous tissue is a new challenge which can have an efficient impact on this discipline. This review covers the literature between 2000-2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gustalik
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical College of The University of Rzeszow, University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The University of Rzeszow, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The University of Rzeszow, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Boosting the Immune Response—Combining Local and Immune Therapy for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182793. [PMID: 36139368 PMCID: PMC9496996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its slow progression and susceptibility to radical forms of treatment, low-grade PC is associated with high overall survival (OS). With the clinical progression of PC, the therapy is becoming more complex. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) makes PC a difficult target for most immunotherapeutics. Its general immune resistance is established by e.g., immune evasion through Treg cells, synthesis of immunosuppressive mediators, and the defective expression of surface neoantigens. The success of sipuleucel-T in clinical trials initiated several other clinical studies that specifically target the immune escape of tumors and eliminate the immunosuppressive properties of the TME. In the settings of PC treatment, this can be commonly achieved with radiation therapy (RT). In addition, focal therapies usually applied for localized PC, such as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and irreversible electroporation (IRE) were shown to boost the anti-cancer response. Nevertheless, the present guidelines restrict their application to the context of a clinical trial or a prospective cohort study. This review explains how RT and focal therapies enhance the immune response. We also provide data supporting the combination of RT and focal treatments with immune therapies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Malacarne MC, Gariboldi MB, Caruso E. BODIPYs in PDT: A Journey through the Most Interesting Molecules Produced in the Last 10 Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710198. [PMID: 36077597 PMCID: PMC9456687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great development. In the clinical setting the few approved molecules belong almost exclusively to the porphyrin family; but in the scientific field, in recent years many researchers have been interested in other families of photosensitizers, among which BODIPY has shown particular interest. BODIPY is the acronym for 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene, and is a family of molecules well-known for their properties in the field of imaging. In order for these molecules to be used in PDT, a structural modification is necessary which involves the introduction of heavy atoms, such as bromine and iodine, in the beta positions of the pyrrole ring; this change favors the intersystem crossing, and increases the 1O2 yield. This mini review focused on a series of structural changes made to BODIPYs to further increase 1O2 production and bioavailability by improving cell targeting or photoactivity efficiency.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hao Y, Chung CK, Gu Z, Schomann T, Dong X, Veld RVHI‘, Camps MGM, ten Dijke P, Ossendorp FA, Cruz LJ. Combinatorial therapeutic approaches of photodynamic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade for colon cancer treatment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:26. [PMID: 35974207 PMCID: PMC9381671 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown impressive therapeutic effects on various types of cancers by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induction of immune responses. However, under certain conditions, the immune responses induced by PDT are not always sufficient to eradicate the remaining tumor cells. On the other hand, the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) can mediate PDT under near-infrared (NIR) illumination, thereby enhancing the penetration depth of the excitation light into the tumor. We found that ICG is rapidly taken up in vitro by colorectal MC38 and CT26 tumor cells and it promotes PDT-mediated cell-killing effects. Our results furthermore revealed that ICG induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), as dendritic cells (DCs) were found to engulf ICG-PDT-treated tumor cells and undergo phenotypic maturation. ICG accumulated in tumors 2 h after administration, as measured by fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Considering the advantages of ICG as a photosensitizer, we sought to design a therapy that combines PDT and immune checkpoint blockade to maximize tumor control. To this end, a 25% thermosensitive polymer 407 hydrogel was included as a co-delivery platform for this treatment scheme. NIR-PDT under 808 nm irradiation in combination with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade prolonged survival rate of colorectal tumor-bearing mice by inducing a series of immune responses, like the phagocytosis of tumor debris by macrophages and DCs, and induction of acute inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, maturation and activation of DCs. Altogether, our work presents a NIR-triggered PDT strategy in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. Compared to a single treatment, the combination treatment increased efficiency to inhibit solid tumor growth and improved the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice.
Collapse
|
34
|
Dushkin A, Afanasiev M, Afanasiev S, Polina K, Pylev A, Burgykov M, Karaulov A. Personalized approach to manage high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103038. [PMID: 35908683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer ranks 4th place among malignant neoplasms in the world in 2020. HPV is the main reason for cervical cancer. The «Gold standard» of cervical screening is an «HPV-testing + PAP-test» co-test. The immune system can clear HPV infection. Pathway of cervical cancer development is investigated, but immunity recognition of HPV is still incompletely studied. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane receptors on the cell membranes and membrane organelles. TLRs ligands could be bacterial, viral pathogens or toxins. When a ligand binds to TLRs, cytokines production is triggered. Chronic inflammation process down-regulates TLRs expression. This helps develop HPV infection. The current paper demonstrates how photodynamic therapy induces TLRs gene expression. A personal approach to estimating photodynamic therapy by an innate immune response in a clinical case is described. A 43-year-old woman with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 33rd type of HPV infection turned into a private clinic. The patient had complex check-ups before we defined a treatment strategy. Photodynamic therapy was performed as a non-invasive fertility-preserving treatment. We tested TLRs 2/3/4/8 gene expression before and after photodynamic therapy in 2 hours, one week and 6-month periods. PDT induces TLRs gene expression in a 6-month period. HPV elimination was achieved. The patient has no atypical cells in liquid-based cytology investigation after PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dushkin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Maxim Afanasiev
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stanislav Afanasiev
- Department of Biomedical Technology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kukina Polina
- Department of Molecular Immunology, I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Pylev
- Centre for Innovative Medical Technologies "European Clinic", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Burgykov
- Centre for Innovative Medical Technologies "European Clinic", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Choi J, Sun IC, Sook Hwang H, Yeol Yoon H, Kim K. Light-triggered photodynamic nanomedicines for overcoming localized therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114344. [PMID: 35580813 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic nanomedicines have significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of photosensitizers (PSs) by overcoming critical limitations of PSs such as poor water solubility and low tumor accumulation. Furthermore, functional photodynamic nanomedicines have enabled overcoming oxygen depletion during photodynamic therapy (PDT) and tissue light penetration limitation by supplying oxygen or upconverting light in targeted tumor tissues, resulting in providing the potential to overcome biological therapeutic barriers of PDT. Nevertheless, their localized therapeutic effects still remain a huddle for the effective treatment of metastatic- or recurrent tumors. Recently, newly designed photodynamic nanomedicines and their combination chemo- or immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy enable the systemic treatment of various metastatic tumors by eliciting antitumor immune responses via immunogenic cell death (ICD). This review introduces recent advances in photodynamic nanomedicines and their applications, focusing on overcoming current limitations. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of the clinical translation of photodynamic nanomedicines in cancer PDT are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Sun
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sook Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tan L, Shen X, He Z, Lu Y. The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Triggering Cell Death and Facilitating Antitumor Immunology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:863107. [PMID: 35692783 PMCID: PMC9184441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.863107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health because of its high mortality, easy recurrence, strong invasion, and metastasis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising minimally invasive treatment for tumor. Compared with traditional treatment methods, PDT is less invasive and does not easily damage normal tissues. Most of the effects of this treatment are due to the direct effects of singlet oxygen together with reactive oxygen species. PDT can provide the source of active oxygen for the Fenton reaction, which enhances ferroptosis and also improves the efficacy of PDT in antitumor therapy. Additionally, in contrast to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT has the effect of stimulating the immune response, which can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and stimulate immunity. PDT is an ideal minimally invasive treatment method for tumors. In this paper, according to the characteristics of anti-tumor immunity of PDT, some tumor treatment strategies of PDT combined with anti-tumor immunotherapy are reviewed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Revisiting the melanomagenic pathways and current therapeutic approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9651-9671. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
38
|
Guo R, Liu Y, Xu N, Ling G, Zhang P. Multifunctional nanomedicines for synergistic photodynamic immunotherapy based on tumor immune microenvironment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:103-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
39
|
Frant MP, Trytek M, Paduch R. Assessing the In Vitro Activity of Selected Porphyrins in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27062006. [PMID: 35335367 PMCID: PMC8955395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard in vitro analyses determining the activity of different compounds included in the chemotherapy of colon cancer are currently insufficient. New ideas, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), may bring tangible benefits. The aim of this study was to show that the biological activity of selected free-base and manganese (III) metallated porphyrins differs in the limitation of colon cancer cell growth in vitro. White light irradiation was also hypothesized to initiate a photodynamic effect on tested porphyrins. Manganese porphyrin (>1 μM) significantly decreased the viability of the colon tumor and normal colon epithelial cells, both in light/lack of light conditions, while decreasing a free-base porphyrin after only 3 min of white light irradiation. Both porphyrins interacted with cytostatics in an antagonistic manner. The manganese porphyrin mainly induced apoptosis and necrosis in the tumor, and apoptosis in the normal cells, regardless of light exposure conditions. The free-base porphyrin conducted mainly apoptosis and autophagy. Normal and tumor cells released low levels of IL-1β and IL-10. Tumor cells released a low level of IL-6. Light conditions and porphyrins were influenced at the cytokine level. Tested manganese (III) metallated and free-base porphyrins differ in their activity against human colon cancer cells. The first showed no photodynamic, but a toxic activity, whereas the second expressed high photodynamic action. White light use may induce a photodynamic effect associated with porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Piotr Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Trytek
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu N, Fan CH, Yeh CK. Ultrasound-activated nanomaterials for sonodynamic cancer theranostics. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1590-1603. [PMID: 35247594 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive efforts to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools, the successful treatment of cancer is still hampered by the obscure boundary between cancerous cells and normal cells, recurrence of the cancer, and the development of drug resistance during chemotherapy. In recent years, sonodynamic therapy (SDT), employing therapeutic ultrasound with sonosensitizers, has attracted attention as a potentially promising approach for cancer therapy. This review describes the current understanding of the mechanisms and the preclinical and clinical efficacy of SDT-based applications in tumors, providing an insight into the therapeutic potential offered by SDT. The limitations and future directions of this emerging treatment are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lamy L, Thomas J, Leroux A, Bisson JF, Myren K, Godal A, Stensrud G, Bezdetnaya L. Antitumor Effect and Induced Immune Response Following Exposure of Hexaminolevulinate and Blue Light in Combination with Checkpoint Inhibitor in an Orthotopic Model of Rat Bladder Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030548. [PMID: 35327351 PMCID: PMC8945090 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that use of hexaminolevulinate (HAL) and blue light cystoscopy (BLC) during treatment of bladder cancer had a positive impact on overall survival after later cystectomy, indicating a potential treatment effect beyond improved diagnostic accuracy. The aim of our study was to determine whether HAL and BL mimicking clinically relevant doses in an orthotopic rat model could have therapeutic effect by inducing modulation of a tumor-specific immune response. We also assessed whether administration with a checkpoint inhibitor could potentiate any effects observed. Rats were subjected to HAL BL alone and in combination with anti-PD-L1 and assessed for anti-tumor effects and effects on immune markers. Positive anti-tumor effect was observed in 63% and 31% of rats after, respectively, 12 and 30 days after the procedure, together with a localization effect of CD3+ and CD8+ cells after 30 days. Anti-tumor effect at 30 days increases from 31% up to 38% when combined with intravesical anti-PD-L1. In conclusion, our study demonstrated treatment effects with indications of systemic immune activation at diagnostic doses of HAL and blue light. The observed treatment effect seemed to be enhanced when used in combination with intravesically administrated immune checkpoint inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laureline Lamy
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
- Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jacques Thomas
- Service de Biopathologie, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France; (J.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Agnès Leroux
- Service de Biopathologie, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France; (J.T.); (A.L.)
| | | | - Kari Myren
- Photocure ASA, Hoffsveien 4, 0275 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.); (A.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Aslak Godal
- Photocure ASA, Hoffsveien 4, 0275 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.); (A.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Gry Stensrud
- Photocure ASA, Hoffsveien 4, 0275 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.); (A.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
- Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Engineered nanomaterials for synergistic photo-immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
43
|
4Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with curcumin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 37:102729. [PMID: 35041982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) affect approximately 1.5 million individuals worldwide. Among the causes of HAIs in Latin America, Staphylococcus aureus presents a severe danger due to its rapid spread and ease of developing antibiotic resistance. Upon acquiring methicillin resistance, it receives the classification Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), responsible for 40 to 60% of HAIs. The increase in resistant microorganisms led to the search for alternative methods, such as antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), forming Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), leading bacterial cells to death. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial action of PDT with curcumin in MRSA biofilm. The strains were induced to form biofilm and incubated with curcumin for 20 minutes, irradiated with LED (Light Emitting Diode) 450 nm, at 110 mW/cm2, 50 J/cm2 for 455 seconds, subsequently counting the Colony Forming Units, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs, Confocal Microscopy images, Resazurin dye test, ROS quantification to assess the effect of PDT on biofilm. The results show that PDT with curcumin reduced the biofilm growth of the MRSA strain. In addition, confocal microscopy showed that curcumin was internalized by S. aureus in the cells at the concentration used, and when isolated, curcumin and the irradiation parameter did not show cytotoxicity. The study demonstrated that the PDT in the established parameters reduced the growth of the MRSA strain biofilm, making it a relevant alternative possibility for the inactivation of this strain.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim HS, Seo M, Park TE, Lee DY. A novel therapeutic strategy of multimodal nanoconjugates for state-of-the-art brain tumor phototherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:14. [PMID: 34983539 PMCID: PMC8725459 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outcome of phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is disappointing due to insufficient photoconversion efficiency and low targeting rate. The development of phototherapeutic agents that target GBM and generate high heat and potent ROS is important to overcome the weak anti-tumor effect. Results In this study, nanoconjugates composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and photosensitizers (PSs) were prepared by disulfide conjugation between Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and glutathione coated-AuNP. The maximum heat dissipation of the nanoconjugate was 64.5 ± 4.5 °C. Moreover, the proximate conjugation of Ce6 on the AuNP surface resulted in plasmonic crossover between Ce6 and AuNP. This improves the intrinsic ROS generating capability of Ce6 by 1.6-fold compared to that of unmodified-Ce6. This process is called generation of metal-enhanced reactive oxygen species (MERos). PEGylated-lactoferrin (Lf-PEG) was incorporated onto the AuNP surface for both oral absorption and GBM targeting of the nanoconjugate (denoted as Ce6-AuNP-Lf). In this study, we explored the mechanism by which Ce6-AuNP-Lf interacts with LfR at the intestinal and blood brain barrier (BBB) and penetrates these barriers with high efficiency. In the orthotopic GBM mice model, the oral bioavailability and GBM targeting amount of Ce6-AuNP-Lf significantly improved to 7.3 ± 1.2% and 11.8 ± 2.1 μg/kg, respectively. The order of laser irradiation, such as applying PDT first and then PTT, was significant for the treatment outcome due to the plasmonic advantages provided by AuNPs to enhance ROS generation capability. As a result, GBM-phototherapy after oral administration of Ce6-AuNP-Lf exhibited an outstanding anti-tumor effect due to GBM targeting and enhanced photoconversion efficiency. Conclusions The designed nanoconjugates greatly improved ROS generation by plasmonic crossover between AuNPs and Ce6, enabling sufficient PDT for GBM as well as PTT. In addition, efficient GBM targeting through oral administration was possible by conjugating Lf to the nanoconjugate. These results suggest that Ce6-AuNP-Lf is a potent GBM phototherapeutic nanoconjugate that can be orally administered. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01220-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Shik Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. .,Elixir Pharmatech Inc., Seoul, 07463, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kleinovink JW, Ossendorp F. Combination of Photodynamic Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:589-596. [PMID: 35505035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer not only strongly reduces tumor mass but can also induce or enhance immune responses against the tumor by causing the release of tumor antigen and danger signals from dying tumor cells. This supports combinations of PDT and immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced tumors for which single therapies are insufficiently effective. Immune checkpoint blockade is a prominent type of cancer immunotherapy that aims to restore the effector function of immune cells, most often T cells, by administering antibodies that block inhibitory molecules. In this chapter, we describe the combination of PDT with immune checkpoint blockade in a mouse tumor model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Department of Immunology, Tumor Immunology group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Tumor Immunology group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Kamkar M, Sehat AA, Dordanihaghighi S, Allahbakhsh A, van der Kuur C, Arjmand M. Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects of Graphene Quantum Dots: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102683. [PMID: 34549513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dot (GQD) is one of the youngest superstars of the carbon family. Since its emergence in 2008, GQD has attracted a great deal of attention due to its unique optoelectrical properties. Non-zero bandgap, the ability to accommodate functional groups and dopants, excellent dispersibility, highly tunable properties, and biocompatibility are among the most important characteristics of GQDs. To date, GQDs have displayed significant momentum in numerous fields such as energy devices, catalysis, sensing, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging. As this field is rapidly evolving, there is a strong need to identify the emerging challenges of GQDs in recent advances, mainly because some novel applications and numerous innovations on the ease of synthesis of GQDs are not systematically reviewed in earlier studies. This feature article provides a comparative and balanced discussion of recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of GQDs. Besides, current challenges and future prospects of these emerging carbon-based nanomaterials are also highlighted. The outlook provided in this review points out that the future of GQD research is boundless, particularly if upcoming studies focus on the ease of purification and eco-friendly synthesis along with improving the photoluminescence quantum yield and production yield of GQDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ali Akbari Sehat
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sara Dordanihaghighi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Colin van der Kuur
- ZEN Graphene Solutions, 210-1205 Amber Dr., Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6M4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kong C, Xu B, Qiu G, Wei M, Zhang M, Bao S, Tang J, Li L, Liu J. Multifunctional Nanoparticles-Mediated PTT/PDT Synergistic Immune Activation and Antitumor Activity Combined with Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5391-5411. [PMID: 36419717 PMCID: PMC9677922 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s373282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Photoimmunotherapy is a breakthrough treatment for malignant tumors. Its uniqueness is that it uses antibody mediated targeted delivery to achieve high tumor specificity and uses laser-activated biophysical mechanism to accurately induce the rapid death of cancer cells and avoid damaging the surrounding normal tissues. Methods In this paper, an iron-based micelle was designed to encapsulate the photothermal agent indocyanine green (ICG) and a cyclic tripeptide of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) as targeted multifunctional ICG@SANPs-cRGD nanoparticles for combined photothermal/photodynamic/immune therapy of breast cancer. Results The experimental results show that ICG@SANPs-cRGD nanoparticles have good biocompatibility and photothermal conversion ability. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on ICG@SANPs-cRGD can not only inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of tumor cells, but also directly kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis or necrosis. Dual-mode fluorescence light (FL) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging in mice confirmed the selective accumulation at tumor sites and imaging ability of ICG@SANPs-cRGD. PTT/PDT combined with Anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy based on ICG@SANPs-cRGD mediated the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells by regulating the expression of immune-related indicators and activated the body's immune response mechanism, which enhanced the immunotherapy effect of immune checkpoint block (ICB). PTT/PDT combined with Anti-PD-L1 therapy not only prevented the progression of the primary tumor but also inhibited the distant metastasis of the tumor. Discussion This study explores the biomedical application of PTT/PDT combined with Anti-PD-L1 based on ICG@SANPs-cRGD nanomaterials for breast cancer treatment and demonstrates the potential of ICG@SANPs-cRGD as a multifunctional therapeutic platform for future cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunqing Kong
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Banghao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxian Bao
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lequn Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - JunJie Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Immunogenetic Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:433-448. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Kleinovink JW, Ossendorp F. Measuring the Antitumor T-Cell Response in the Context of Photodynamic Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:579-588. [PMID: 35505034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer, like oncology research in general, is showing increasing interest in tumor immunology and immune effects of tumor treatment. Tumor ablation by PDT can lead to strong shifts in the composition of the immune cell infiltrate of tumors, and systemic effects of local therapy have been described. T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, are a type of adaptive immune cells that are of particular interest as they are very efficient in target cell recognition and killing, both at the treatment site and systemically. Moreover, T cells can constitute immunological memory to provide long-term protection. Several studies have described in detail how T-cell immune responses are induced by PDT and can play an important role in the therapeutic effect. This chapter describes several approaches of the analysis of T-cell responses during or after PDT in a mouse tumor model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Department of Immunology, Tumor Immunology Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Tumor Immunology Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu F, Wang BR, Zhu ZF, Wang SQ, Chai CX, Shang D, Li M. Photodynamic therapy: A next alternative treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma? World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13:1523-1535. [PMID: 35070061 PMCID: PMC8727193 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Of all types of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to be the most frequent primary liver malignancy and has seriously compromised the health status of the general population. Locoregional thermal ablation techniques such as radiofrequency and microwave ablation, have attracted attention in clinical practice as an alternative strategy for HCC treatment. However, their aggressive thermal effect may cause undesirable complications such as hepatic decompensation, hemorrhage, bile duct injury, extrahepatic organ injuries, and skin burn. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT), a gentle locoregional treatment, has attracted attention in ablation therapy for patients with superficial or luminal tumors as an alternative treatment strategy. However, some inherent defects and extrinsic factors of PDT have limited its use in clinical practice for deep-seated HCC. In this contribution, the aim is to summarize the current status and challenges of PDT in HCC treatment and provide potential strategies to overcome these deficiencies in further clinical translational practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bi-Rong Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Si-Qin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chu-Xing Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dan Shang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|