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Sumboh JG, Laryea NA, Otchere J, Ahorlu CS, de Souza DK. Towards Understanding the Microepidemiology of Lymphatic Filariasis at the Community Level in Ghana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:107. [PMID: 38787040 PMCID: PMC11125695 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on the distribution of lymphatic filariasis (LF) have mostly focused on reporting prevalence at the community level and distribution at the district levels. Understanding the distribution patterns at community levels may help in designing surveillance strategies. This study aimed to characterize the spatial distribution of LF infections in four hotspot communities in Ghana. The research, involving 252 participants, collected demographic data, mass drug administration (MDA) information, household GPS coordinates, and antigen detection test results. The LF prevalence varied significantly among the communities, with Asemda having the highest (33.33%) and Mempeasem having the lowest (4.44%). Females had lower odds of infection than males (OR = 2.67, p = 0.003 CI: 1.39-5.13). Spatial analysis using kernel density, Anselin Local Moran's, Getis-Ord Gi models, Ordinary Least Squares, and Geographic Weighted Regression revealed mixed patterns of spatial autocorrelation. This study identified LF hotspots, indicating clusters of high or low prevalence with some areas showing disparities between MDA coverage and LF positivity rates. Despite these hotspots, the overall distribution of LF appeared random, suggesting the importance of purposeful sampling in surveillance activities. These findings contribute valuable insights into the micro-epidemiology of LF, emphasizing the need for community-specific investigations to understand the factors influencing the effectiveness of MDA programs in controlling filarial infections. The study highlights the importance of refining surveillance strategies based on community-level distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Gabriel Sumboh
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana; (J.G.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Nii A. Laryea
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana; (N.A.L.); (C.S.A.)
| | - Joseph Otchere
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana; (J.G.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Collins S. Ahorlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana; (N.A.L.); (C.S.A.)
| | - Dziedzom K. de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana; (J.G.S.); (J.O.)
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Singh N, Handa M, Singh V, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Lymphatic targeting for therapeutic application using nanoparticulate systems. J Drug Target 2022; 30:1017-1033. [PMID: 35722764 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2092741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has grasped attention of researchers to a greater extent. The conventional methods of lymphatic delivery are now being modified to include nanotechnology to enhance the targeting of the drug at the specific pathological site. Scientists have worked successfully on different drug loaded nanocarriers that are modulated for the lymphatic system targeting for the treatment of various fatal diseases. Huge strides have been made in methods of delivery of these drugs either individually or in combination along with nanoparticles, therapeutic genes, and vaccines. However, the products introduced for commercial use are almost near nil. Altogether, there are challenges that need to be resolved and studies that are meant to be done for further improvements. The current review focuses on the understanding and pathophysiology of the lymphatic system and changes that occur during disease, drug characteristics, and physicochemical parameters that influence the lymphatic uptake of drugs and different nanocarriers. We further highlight different potential results obtained over the years with nanocarriers and other delivery methods to effectively target the lymphatic system for their therapeutic application. The challenges and drawbacks governing the lack of products available clinically have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P, India-226002
| | - Mayank Handa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P, India-226002
| | - Vanshikha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P, India-226002
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John W, Mushi V, Tarimo D, Mwingira U. Prevalence and management of filarial lymphoedema and its associated factors in Lindi district, Tanzania: A community-based cross-sectional study. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:678-685. [PMID: 35700223 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the burden and management of filarial lymphoedema and its associated factors in Lindi district, Tanzania. METHODS Cross-sectional study involving 954 community members who were screened for filarial lymphoedema by using a checklist. Moreover, lymphoedema patients were examined for the presence of entry lesions, staging of disease, and interviewed on acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) attacks, and their current practices on lymphoedema management. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The prevalence of filarial lymphoedema was 7.8%, with the majority in the early stage of lymphoedema (78.4%). The large majority (98.6%) of the patients had lower limb lymphoedema and 46% of lymphoedema patients had entry lesions. More than a half (60.8%) of those lymphoedema patients had experienced ADLA attacks; close to two-thirds (64.8%) had one or two attacks in the past 6 months. Generally, patients had inappropriate hygiene care practices for filarial lymphoedema management. Inappropriate hygiene care practice for lymphoedema management was associated with an increased risk for the development of advance stage of lymphoedema (adjusted odds ratio = 7.379, 95%, confidence interval: 3.535-16.018, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Though lymphatic filariasis transmission has drastically declined, chronic manifestations of lymphoedema persist in Lindi district. The recommended disease management practices are deficient, which calls for a programmatic approach for mapping the burden of lymphoedema and implementing its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfrida John
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vivian Mushi
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Donath Tarimo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Upendo Mwingira
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triange Park, North Carolina, USA
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Kwarteng EVS, Osei FB, Andam-Akorful SA, Kwarteng A, Asare DCBM, Quaye-Ballard JA, Duker AA. Mapping Spatial Variation and Impact of the National MDA Program on Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in Ghana: An Initial Study. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.811909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a public health menace, especially in developing countries. A periodic review of mass drug administration (MDA) performance is critical to monitoring elimination progress. However, investigating the spatial pattern of LF with respect to MDA intervention is yet to be documented. This is essential to appreciating the transmission dynamics across LF-endemic communities and how it is spatially impacted by MDA programs. The aim of this study was to map and explore the spatial variation and hotspots of LF infection among endemic communities and evaluate the impact of the MDA intervention program on its spatial pattern in Ghana. Relative risks, clustering and clusters, prevalence odds ratios, and their confidence intervals were studied with community-level LF data prior to intervention and post intervention periods. The overall risk of LF infection was 0.12% and 0.02% before and after MDA, respectively, suggesting reduced transmission. Using empirical Bayesian smoothing to map the relative risk, a substantial variation in the spatial distribution of the relative risk of LF among endemic communities was observed. Most of the excess prevalence communities were unexpectedly visible even after years of MDA. The Empirical Bayesian Moran’s Index for global clustering showed a reduction in clustering of LF prevalence after MDA with IM = 0.455 and 0.119 for before and after MDA, respectively. Furthermore, examining risks associated with ecological zones, it was observed that the Guinea Savannah and the Transition Zone were the most vulnerable zones for LF infection with prevalence odds ratios 18.70- and 13.20-fold higher than in the reference Moist evergreen zone, respectively. We observed a drastic reduction in risk in the Wet evergreen zone after MDA, while the Guinea Savannah sustained high levels of risk even after MDA. These findings should prompt public health officials to adopt stratified cluster sampling in LF-endemic regions to monitor the rate and density of microfilaria.
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Hürlimann E, Keller L, Patel C, Welsche S, Hattendorf J, Ali SM, Ame SM, Sayasone S, Coulibaly JT, Keiser J. Efficacy and safety of co-administered ivermectin and albendazole in school-aged children and adults infected with Trichuris trichiura in Côte d'Ivoire, Laos, and Pemba Island, Tanzania: a double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:123-135. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Prabhu S, Vijayakumar S, Ramasubbu R, Praseetha PK, Karthikeyan K, Thiyagarajan G, Sureshkumar J, Prakash N. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam.: a comprehensive review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bauhinia racemosa is not familiarly known in Asian countries due to its limited existence and lack of medicinal information. It is commonly used as a medicine, ornamental plant, fence plant, and fodder for livestock since ancient times. It is also used as a landfill tree to avoid soil erosion of the forest.
Main body
In South India, people cultivate this plant in their premises in order to protect themselves from the effects of thunder. In this review, the various research prospects of this plant have been analyzed and are summarized. The aim of this review is to provide the traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of B. racemosa, and to highlight the current pharmacological developments of this medicinal plant.
Conclusions
The B. racemosa has immense therapeutic potential for treating diseases with both traditional and pharmacological applications. But many traditional uses of B. racemosa have not been validated by current investigations in the aspects of pharmaceutical. Until now, research on phyto-constituents from B. racemosa has not been done in an extensive way. Hence, the identified phytochemicals of B. racemosa should also be subjected to pharmacological studies to illuminate the biological mechanisms of these unreported secondary metabolites for the prevention of diseases or microbial infections and other health disorders of human and animal races.
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Nancy K, Lillian W, Wilkinson M, Claire M, Luna K, Dorcas W, Rosemary G, Japheth L, Christine I, Emily W, Jim K. Optimization of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay as a Point-of-Care Tool for the Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in Human Blood in Tana River Delta, Kenya. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:6650870. [PMID: 34367688 PMCID: PMC8337116 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6650870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate detection of filarial parasites in humans and vectors is essential for the implementation and evaluation of Global and National Programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Immunological methods to detect infection are available; however, cross-reactivity issues have been reported in most of them. Nucleic acid-based molecular assays offer high levels of specificity and sensitivity and can be used to detect the infections. METHODS In this study, we evaluated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) tests to amplify Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in patients' blood. The amplicons were tested by both pH-sensitive dyes for enhanced visual detection and agarose gel electrophoresis. A closed-tube LAMP assay was also evaluated. Cohen's Kappa statistics was used for statistical analysis of the assays. 125 patients consented for blood sampling which were used for clinical analysis of LAMP assays with the PCR method used as the "gold standard." RESULTS The sensitivity of the evaluated Wuchereria bancrofti LAMP was 92.3%, with a specificity of 97.3% and kappa statistics value of 0.84, which is in a strong agreement. CONCLUSION In this study, LAMP assays coupled with fluorescence dye detection have been found to be suitable for diagnosis and monitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in the Kenyan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinyatta Nancy
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wambua Lillian
- School of Biological Science, University of Nairobi, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mutahi Wilkinson
- School of Biological Science, University of Nairobi, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mugasa Claire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University Kampala, 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kamau Luna
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wachira Dorcas
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Githae Rosemary
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lusweti Japheth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ichugu Christine
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Waigi Emily
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kagai Jim
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Cordeiro TAR, de Resende MAC, Moraes SCDS, Franco DL, Pereira AC, Ferreira LF. Electrochemical biosensors for neglected tropical diseases: A review. Talanta 2021; 234:122617. [PMID: 34364426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A group of infectious and parasitic diseases with prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions of the planet, especially in places with difficult access, internal conflicts, poverty, and low visibility from the government and health agencies are classified as neglected tropical diseases. While some well-intentioned isolated groups are making the difference on a global scale, the number of new cases and deaths is still alarming. The development and employment of low-cost, miniaturized, and easy-to-use devices as biosensors could be the key to fast diagnosis in such areas leading to a better treatment to further eradication of such diseases. Therefore, this review contains useful information regarding the development of such devices in the past ten years (2010-2020). Guided by the updated list from the World Health Organization, the work evaluated the new trends in the biosensor field applied to the early detection of neglected tropical diseases, the efficiencies of the devices compared to the traditional techniques, and the applicability on-site for local distribution. So, we focus on Malaria, Chagas, Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Schistosomiasis, Leprosy, Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Lymphatic filariasis, and Rabies. Few papers were found concerning such diseases and there is no available commercial device in the market. The works contain information regarding the development of point-of-care devices, but there are only at proof of concepts stage so far. Details of electrode modification and construction of electrochemical biosensors were summarized in Tables. The demand for the eradication of neglected tropical diseases is increasing. The use of biosensors is pivotal for the cause, but appliable devices are scarce. The information present in this review can be useful for further development of biosensors in the hope of helping the world combat these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Aparecida Reis Cordeiro
- Institute of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Applied Nanotechnology, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Cristina Dos Santos Moraes
- Group of Electrochemistry Applied to Polymers and Sensors - Multidisciplinary Group of Research, Science and Technology - Laboratory of Electroanalytic Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering - Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, Brazil
| | - Diego Leoni Franco
- Group of Electrochemistry Applied to Polymers and Sensors - Multidisciplinary Group of Research, Science and Technology - Laboratory of Electroanalytic Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering - Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, Brazil.
| | - Arnaldo César Pereira
- Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Franco Ferreira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Applied Nanotechnology, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Brazil.
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Safety and Tolerability of Mass Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole Administration for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: An Active Surveillance Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030264. [PMID: 33804133 PMCID: PMC8001901 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) is the core intervention strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). We conducted a large-scale prospective active safety surveillance study to identify the incidence, type, severity, and risk factors for adverse events (AEs) following mass drug administration (MDA) of single-dose DEC and ALB in 10,010 participants from Kilifi County, Kenya. AEs were actively monitored and graded at 24 h, 48 h, and on day 7 Post-MDA. Out of 10,010 enrolled study participants, 1621 participants reported a total of 3102 AEs during a seven-day follow-up. The cumulative incidence of AEs was 16.2% (95% CI, 15.5–16.9%). The proportion of participants who experienced one, two, or ≥three types of AEs was 9.2%, 4.6%, 2.4%, respectively. AEs were mild (87.3%), moderate (12.4%), and severe (0.3%) and resolved within 72 h. The five most common AEs were dizziness (5.9%), headache (5.6%), loss of appetite (3.3%), fever (2.9%), and drowsiness (2.6%). Older age, taking concurrent medications, ≥three tablets of DEC, and type of meal taken before MDA were significant predictors of AEs. One in six participants experienced systemic mild-to-moderate severity grading and transient AEs. DEC and ALB co-administration for the elimination of LF is generally safe and well-tolerated.
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Bulman CA, Chappell L, Gunderson E, Vogel I, Beerntsen B, Slatko BE, Sullivan W, Sakanari JA. The Eagle effect in the Wolbachia-worm symbiosis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:118. [PMID: 33627171 PMCID: PMC7905570 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis (river blindness) and lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) are two human neglected tropical diseases that cause major disabilities. Mass administration of drugs targeting the microfilarial stage has reduced transmission and eliminated these diseases in several countries but a macrofilaricidal drug that kills or sterilizes the adult worms is critically needed to eradicate the diseases. The causative agents of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are filarial worms that harbor the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. Because filarial worms depend on Wolbachia for reproduction and survival, drugs targeting Wolbachia hold great promise as a means to eliminate these diseases. Methods To better understand the relationship between Wolbachia and its worm host, adult Brugia pahangi were exposed to varying concentrations of doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline and rifampicin in vitro and assessed for Wolbachia numbers and worm motility. Worm motility was monitored using the Worminator system, and Wolbachia titers were assessed by qPCR of the single copy gene wsp from Wolbachia and gst from Brugia to calculate IC50s and in time course experiments. Confocal microscopy was also used to quantify Wolbachia located at the distal tip region of worm ovaries to assess the effects of antibiotic treatment in this region of the worm where Wolbachia are transmitted vertically to the microfilarial stage. Results Worms treated with higher concentrations of antibiotics had higher Wolbachia titers, i.e. as antibiotic concentrations increased there was a corresponding increase in Wolbachia titers. As the concentration of antibiotic increased, worms stopped moving and never recovered despite maintaining Wolbachia titers comparable to controls. Thus, worms were rendered moribund by the higher concentrations of antibiotics but Wolbachia persisted suggesting that these antibiotics may act directly on the worms at high concentration. Surprisingly, in contrast to these results, antibiotics given at low concentrations reduced Wolbachia titers. Conclusion Wolbachia in B. pahangi display a counterintuitive dose response known as the “Eagle effect.” This effect in Wolbachia suggests a common underlying mechanism that allows diverse bacterial and fungal species to persist despite exposure to high concentrations of antimicrobial compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report of this phenomenon occurring in an intracellular endosymbiont, Wolbachia, in its filarial host.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Chappell
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Emma Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Beerntsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Barton E Slatko
- Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Inc, Ipswich, MA, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Judy A Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kwarteng EVS, Andam-Akorful SA, Kwarteng A, Asare DCB, Quaye-Ballard JA, Osei FB, Duker AA. Spatial variation in lymphatic filariasis risk factors of hotspot zones in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:230. [PMID: 33509140 PMCID: PMC7841995 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a parasitic nematode infection, poses a huge economic burden to affected countries. LF endemicity is localized and its prevalence is spatially heterogeneous. In Ghana, there exists differences in LF prevalence and multiplicity of symptoms in the country's northern and southern parts. Species distribution models (SDMs) have been utilized to explore the suite of risk factors that influence the transmission of LF in these geographically distinct regions. METHODS Presence-absence records of microfilaria (mf) cases were stratified into northern and southern zones and used to run SDMs, while climate, socioeconomic, and land cover variables provided explanatory information. Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Boosted Model (GBM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Surface Range Envelope (SRE), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), and Random Forests (RF) algorithms were run for both study zones and also for the entire country for comparison. RESULTS Best model quality was obtained with RF and GBM algorithms with the highest Area under the Curve (AUC) of 0.98 and 0.95, respectively. The models predicted high suitable environments for LF transmission in the short grass savanna (northern) and coastal (southern) areas of Ghana. Mainly, land cover and socioeconomic variables such as proximity to inland water bodies and population density uniquely influenced LF transmission in the south. At the same time, poor housing was a distinctive risk factor in the north. Precipitation, temperature, slope, and poverty were common risk factors but with subtle variations in response values, which were confirmed by the countrywide model. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that different variable combinations influence the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis in northern and southern Ghana. Thus, an understanding of the geographic distinctness in risk factors is required to inform on the development of area-specific transmission control systems towards LF elimination in Ghana and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Ato Andam-Akorful
- Department of Geomatic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Da-Costa Boakye Asare
- Department of Geomatic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Frank Badu Osei
- Department of Earth Observation Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Alfred Allan Duker
- Department of Geomatic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Wodnik BK, Louis DH, Joseph M, Wilkers LT, Landskroener SD, Desir L, Lemoine JF, Lavery JV. The roles of stakeholder experience and organizational learning in declining mass drug administration coverage for lymphatic filariasis in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: A case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008318. [PMID: 32469860 PMCID: PMC7259509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an effective round of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) as one that reaches at least 65% of the target population. In its first round of MDA in 2011–2012, the National Program to Eliminate LF in Haiti achieved a 79% epidemiological coverage in urban Port-au-Prince. In 2013, coverage dropped below the WHO threshold and has declined year-over-year to a low of 41% in 2017. We conducted a retrospective qualitative case study to identify key factors behind the decline in coverage in Port-au-Prince and ways to address them. Our findings suggest that the main contributors to the decline in MDA coverage appear to be the absence of effective documentation of practices, reporting, analysis, and program quality improvement—i.e., learning mechanisms—within the program’s MDA design and implementation strategy. In addition to their contribution to the program’s failure to meet its coverage targets, these deficits have resulted in a high cost for the MDA campaign in both lost momentum and depleted morale. Through a proposed operating logic model, we explore how the pathway from program inputs to outcomes is influenced by a wide array of mediating factors, which shape potential participants’ experience of MDA and, in turn, influence their reasoning and decisions to take, or not take, the pills. Our model suggests that the decisions and behavior of individuals are a reflection of their overall experience of the program itself, mediated through a host of contextual factors, and not simply the expression of a fixed choice or preference. This holistic approach offers a novel and potentially valuable framing for the planning and evaluation of MDA strategies for LF and other diseases, and may be applicable in a variety of global health programs. In order to eliminate lymphatic filariasis from a region, the World Health Organization recommends a strategy of preventative drugs delivered annually to the population. At least 65% of the population must participate for four to six consecutive years for this approach to be effective. In urban Port-au-Prince, Haiti, the number of people taking the drugs has been declining progressively below the 65% benchmark since 2012. We used a qualitative case study to identify key factors behind the decline in coverage in Port-au-Prince and ways to address them. We found that the lymphatic filariasis elimination program lacks the necessary design and program infrastructure to ensure reliable learning about problems faced by pill distribution teams on the ground, and the improvisations they introduced to address these challenges. The inability to incorporate these lessons into program improvements and refinements resulted in under-performance and contributed to the decline in coverage. Furthermore, the way that people experience the program is strongly influenced by a host of contextual factors, which shape potential participants’ experience of the program and, in turn, influence their reasoning and decisions to take, or not take, the pills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna K. Wodnik
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, and Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Didié Hérold Louis
- National Ambulance Center, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Lee T. Wilkers
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, and Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan D. Landskroener
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, and Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Luccene Desir
- Hispaniola Health Initiative, The Carter Center, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jean Frantz Lemoine
- National Programs for the Elimination of Malaria and Lymphatic Filariasis, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - James V. Lavery
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, and Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Prevalence and Correlates of Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Its Morbidity Following Mass Ivermectin and Albendazole Administration in Mkinga District, North-Eastern Tanzania. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051550. [PMID: 32455556 PMCID: PMC7290598 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination as public health problem through morbidity management and preventive annual mass drug administration (MDA). This cross-sectional community-based surveillance assessed the prevalence and correlates of LF infection in Mkinga district, Tanga-region, Tanzania. A total of 4115 individuals (49.7% males, 35.2% children) were screened for circulating filarial antigens (CFA), microfilaremia (mf) and disease manifestations in 15 villages between November 2018 and January 2019. MDA uptake in the previous year was assessed. Overall prevalence of CFA-positivity was 5.8% (239/4115; 95% CI: 5.1–6.6), with significant heterogeneity between villages (range 1.2% to 13.5%). CFA-positivity was higher in males (8.8%) than females (3.3%), and correlated with increasing age (p < 0.001). Prevalence of mf among CFA-positives was 5.2%. Only 60% of eligible inhabitants in the study area took MDA in the previous year, and CFA-positivity was 2-fold higher in those who missed MDA (p < 0.0001). Prevalence of scrotal enlargement, hydrocele, arms or legs swelling, lymphoedema and lymphadenopathy was 6.4%, 3.7%, 1.35%, 1.2% and 0.32%, respectively. Compared to baseline data, 16 years of MDA intervention significantly reduced LF transmission and morbidity, although the intended elimination target of <1% mf and <2% antigenemia to level where recrudescence is unlikely to occur by the year 2020 may not be attained. The finding of hotspots with ongoing transmission calls for intensified control measures.
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Karki P, Prabandari YS, Probandari A, Banjara MR. Feasibility of school-based health education intervention to improve the compliance to mass drug administration for lymphatic Filariasis in Lalitpur district, Nepal: A mixed methods among students, teachers and health program manager. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203547. [PMID: 30216390 PMCID: PMC6138383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring reduction in transmission of lymphatic Filariasis (LF) and addressing the compliance of people to mass drug administration (MDA) has led to renewed efforts in the field. School-based health education (SBHE) intervention, considered a cost-effective strategy with potential to reach the wider public through young people, was adopted as a strategy for social mobilization. This study assessed SBHE perceptions, implementation barriers, and factors in the supporting environment as well as its efficiency to successfully change LF MDA-related knowledge and practice. METHODS This mixed methods study was conducted in four sites of Lalitpur district, Nepal. Classroom-based interactive health education sessions were used as the main intervention strategy in the study. In total, 572 students were assigned to intervention and control groups. Questionnaires were distributed before and after the intervention. Mann-Whitney and McNemar tests were used for analysis. Focus-group discussions with teachers and students and in-depth interviews with the district LF program manager as well as Education Office and school management authorities were conducted. Qualitative thematic analysis approach was adopted. RESULTS Intervention curriculum played a significant role in increasing children's knowledge and practice (p<0.001). Barriers for school-based interventions were budget constraints, human resource deficiencies, lack of opportunities to conduct practical classes under the curriculum, and lack of collaboration with parents. Supportive factors were training provision, monitoring and evaluation practice, adequate facilities and equipment, positive parental attitudes, presence of interested teachers and students, and prioritization by program implementers. CONCLUSION Effective program planning practices such as proper fiscal management, human resource management, training mechanisms, and efforts to promote practical classes and coordination with parents are required to develop and institutionalize the intervention. Effective learning and a supportive school environment appear to be important components to support implementation. The SBHE intervention is a feasible and promising intervention for accelerating compliance towards MDA to eliminate LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Karki
- Department of Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Ari Probandari
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Schudel A, Sestito LF, Thomas SN. Winner of the society for biomaterials young investigator award for the annual meeting of the society for biomaterials, April 11-14, 2018, Atlanta, GA: S-nitrosated poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticles for enhanced nitric oxide delivery to lymphatic tissues. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1463-1475. [PMID: 29352735 PMCID: PMC5924474 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a therapeutic implicated for the treatment of diseases afflicting lymphatic tissues, which range from infectious and cardiovascular diseases to cancer. Existing technologies available for NO therapy, however, provide poor bioactivity within lymphatic tissues. In this work, we address this technology gap with a NO encapsulation and delivery strategy leveraging the formation of S-nitrosothiols on lymphatic-targeting pluronic-stabilized, poly(propylene sulfide)-core nanoparticles (SNO-NP). We evaluated in vivo the lymphatic versus systemic delivery of NO resulting from intradermal administration of SNO-NP benchmarked against a commonly used, commercially available small molecule S-nitrosothiol NO donor, examined signs of toxicity systemically as well as localized to the site of injection, and investigated SNO effects on lymphatic transport and NP uptake by lymph node (LN)-resident cells. Donation of NO from SNO-NP, which scaled in proportion to the total administered dose, enhanced LN accumulation by two orders of magnitude without substantially reducing lymphatic transport of NP or the viability and extent of NP uptake by LN-resident cells. Additionally, NO delivery by SNO-NP was accompanied by low-to-negligible NO accumulation in systemic tissues with no apparent inflammation. These results suggest the utility and selectivity of SNO-NP for the targeted treatment of NO-regulated diseases that afflict lymphatic tissues. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1463-1475, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schudel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Lauren F. Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, and Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Susan N. Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, and Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Koudou BG, de Souza DK, Biritwum NK, Bougma R, Aboulaye M, Elhassan E, Bush S, Molyneux DH. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis in west African urban areas: is implementation of mass drug administration necessary? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e214-e220. [PMID: 29402636 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis in Africa is caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and remains a major cause of morbidity and disability in 74 countries globally. A key strategy of the Global Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, which has a target elimination date of 2020, is the treatment of entire endemic communities through mass drug administration of albendazole in combination with either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Although the strategy of mass drug administration in combination with other interventions, such as vector control, has led to elimination of the infection and its transmission in many rural communities, urban areas in west Africa present specific challenges to achieving the 2020 targets. In this Personal View, we examine these challenges and the relevance of mass drug administration in urban areas, exploring the rationale for a reassessment of policy in these settings. The community-based mass treatment approach is best suited to rural areas, is challenging and costly in urban areas, and cannot easily achieve the 65% consistent coverage required for elimination of transmission. In our view, the implementation of mass drug administration might not be essential to interrupt transmission of lymphatic filariasis in urban areas in west Africa. Evidence shows that transmission levels are low and that effective mass drug distribution is difficult to implement, with assessments suggesting that specific control measures against filariasis in such dynamic settings is not an effective use of limited resources. Instead, we recommend that individuals who have clinical disease or who test positive for W bancrofti infection in surveillance activities should be offered antifilarial drugs through a passive surveillance approach, as well as morbidity management for their needs. We also recommend that more precise studies are done, so that mass drug administration in urban areas is considered if sustainable transmission is found to be ongoing. Otherwise, the limited resources should be directed towards other elements of the lymphatic filariasis programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Koudou
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; UFR Science de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Roland Bougma
- National Programme for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Meite Aboulaye
- National Programme for Control of Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths, Ministry of Health and Control of HIV/AIDS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | - David H Molyneux
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Derua YA, Rumisha SF, Batengana BM, Max DA, Stanley G, Kisinza WN, Mboera LEG. Lymphatic filariasis transmission on Mafia Islands, Tanzania: Evidence from xenomonitoring in mosquito vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005938. [PMID: 28985217 PMCID: PMC5646871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic nematode infection transmitted by mosquitoes and in sub-Saharan Africa it is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. The disease was targeted for global elimination by 2020 using repeated community-wide mass drug administration (MDA) distributed in endemic areas. However, recently, there has been a growing recognition of the potential role of including vector control as a supplement to MDA to achieve elimination goal. This study was carried out to determine mosquito abundance and transmission of bancroftian filariasis on Mafia Islands in Tanzania as a prerequisite for a search for appropriate vector control methods to complement the ongoing MDA campaign. Methods Mosquitoes were collected indoor and outdoor using Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light and gravid traps, respectively. Collected mosquitoes were identified based on their differential morphological features and Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group were further identified to their respective sibling species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Filarial mosquito vectors were then examined for infection with Wuchereria bancrofti by microscopy and PCR technique. Results Overall, a total of 35,534 filarial mosquito vectors were collected, of which Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and Culex quinquefasciatus Say accounted for 1.3, 0.5 and 98.2%, respectively. Based on PCR identification, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s) and An. funestus s.s sibling species accounted for 88.3% and 99.1% of the identified members of the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus group, respectively. A total of 7,936 mosquitoes were examined for infection with W. bancrofti by microscopy. The infection and infectivity rates were 0.25% and 0.08%, respectively. Using pool screen PCR technique, analysis of 324 mosquito pools (each with 25 mosquitoes) resulted to an estimated infection rate of 1.7%. Conclusion The study has shown that Cx. quinquefasciatus is the dominant mosquito on Mafia Islands. By using mosquito infectivity as proxy to human infection, the study indicates that W. bancrofti transmission is still ongoing on Mafia Islands after more than a decade of control activities based on MDA. Lymphatic filariasis is a chronic human disease caused by parasitic worms and transmitted by mosquitoes. The disease is targeted for elimination by 2020 through the treatment of the entire population at risk in endemic areas using a mass drug administration (MDA) strategy. After several years of MDA, there is now growing interest in including vector control as a supplement to MDA to achieve elimination goal. This study was carried out to determine mosquito abundance and transmission of lymphatic filariasis on Mafia Islands in Tanzania after nine rounds of MDA. Mosquitoes were collected indoor and outdoor using Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light and gravid traps, respectively. Filarial mosquito vectors were examined for infection with Wuchereria bancrofti by microscopy and PCR technique. A total of 35,534 filarial mosquito vectors were collected, of which Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and Culex quinquefasciatus Say accounted for 1.3, 0.5 and 98.2%, respectively. Using PCR, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s) and An. funestus s.s sibling species accounted for 88.3% and 99.1% of the identified members of the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus group, respectively. A total of 7,936 mosquitoes were examined for infection with W. bancrofti by microscopy. The infection and infectivity rates were 0.25% and 0.08%, respectively. Using PCR technique, of 324 mosquito pools (each with 25 mosquitoes) tested, 115 were found to be infected with at least a larval stage of W. bancrofti. The study concludes that Cx. quinquefasciatus is the dominant mosquito on Mafia Islands and that W. bancrofti transmission is still ongoing on Mafia Islands after a decade of control activities based on MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya A. Derua
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Susan F. Rumisha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bernard M. Batengana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Demetrius A. Max
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Grades Stanley
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - William N. Kisinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
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Kanamitie JN, Ahorlu CS, Otchere J, Aboagye-Antwi F, Kwansa-Bentum B, Boakye DA, Biritwum NK, Wilson MD, de Souza DK. Twelve-month longitudinal parasitological assessment of lymphatic filariasis-positive individuals: impact of a biannual treatment with ivermectin and albendazole. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1451-1456. [PMID: 28891597 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mass drug administration (MDA) for the control of lymphatic filariasis (LF), in Ghana, started in the year 2000. While this had great success in many implementation units, there remain areas with persistent transmission, after more than 10 years of treatment. A closer examination of the parasite populations could help understand the reasons for persistent infections and formulate appropriate strategies to control LF in these areas of persistent transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a longitudinal study, we assessed the prevalence of microfilaraemia (mf) in two communities with 12 years of MDA in Ghana. In baseline surveys 6 months after the National MDA in 2014, 370 consenting individuals were tested for antigenaemia using immunochromatographic test (ICT) cards and had their mf count determined through night blood surveys. 48 ICT positives, of whom, 17 were positive for mf, were treated with 400 μg/kg ivermectin + 400 mg albendazole and subsequently followed for parasitological assessment at 3-month intervals for 1 year. This overlapped with the National MDA in 2015. RESULTS There was a 68% parasite clearance 3 months after treatment. The pre-treatment mf count differed significantly from the post-treatment mf counts at 3 months (P = 0.0023), 6 months (P = 0.0051), 9 months (P = 0.0113) and 12 months (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSION In these settings with persistent LF transmission, twice-yearly treatment may help accelerate LF elimination. Further large-scale evaluations are required to ascertain these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Kanamitie
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Collins S Ahorlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Otchere
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bethel Kwansa-Bentum
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel A Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Michael D Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Monnier S, Chevreau G, Bruneel E, Blanc C, Meckenstock R, Therby A, Belan AG, Amara M. An unusual inguinal hernia. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 41:e1-e2. [PMID: 27914880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Monnier
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, France.
| | - G Chevreau
- Service de chirurgie digestive et urologique, France
| | - E Bruneel
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, France
| | - C Blanc
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, France
| | - R Meckenstock
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, France
| | - A Therby
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, France
| | - A Greder Belan
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, France
| | - M Amara
- Service de microbiologie, Centre hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
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Biritwum NK, de Souza DK, Marfo B, Odoom S, Alomatu B, Asiedu O, Yeboah A, Hervie TE, Mensah EO, Yikpotey P, Koroma JB, Molyneux D, Bockarie MJ, Gyapong JO. Fifteen years of programme implementation for the elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Ghana: Impact of MDA on immunoparasitological indicators. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005280. [PMID: 28333930 PMCID: PMC5363798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nana-Kwadwo Biritwum
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Dziedzom K. de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Marfo
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Odoom
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Alomatu
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Odame Asiedu
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abednego Yeboah
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tei E. Hervie
- National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - David Molyneux
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Moses J. Bockarie
- European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Africa Office, Cape Town, South Africa
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Thornton JH, Batengana BM, Eiras AE, Irish SR. Evaluation of collection methods for Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes simpsoni in northeastern Tanzania. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2016; 41:265-270. [PMID: 27860009 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In East Africa, significant morbidity and mortality are caused by infections spread by Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Sticky traps have been shown to be effective tools for sampling populations of Aedes mosquitoes and have been found to catch Cx. quinquefasciatus. Thus, they could potentially be used to sample populations of this species. This study compared Sticky ovitraps (SO) and MosquiTraps (MQT) with the CDC Gravid trap (CDC-GT) for collection of Culex and Aedes mosquito populations in Tanzania. A follow-up experiment was carried out using traps set for a 24-h period to accommodate the oviposition habits of Aedes aegypti and Ae. simpsoni s.l. mosquitoes. The results showed that the CDC-GT caught significantly more Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti than the SO or MQT, but there was no significant difference in the number of mosquitoes caught between the two sticky traps or of Ae. simpsoni s.l. caught among the three trap types. The results suggest that CDC-GTs are the most appropriate in sampling of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Although CDC-GTs collected more Ae. aegypti than the sticky traps, the simplicity and cost benefit of sticky traps facilitates large scale studies. All three trap types should be considered for monitoring Aedes mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alvaro Eduardo Eiras
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Seth Robert Irish
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
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Chambers EW, Bossin HC, Ritchie SA, Russell RC, Dobson SL. The impact of insecticide-treated cloth targets on the survival of Stegomyia polynesiensis (= Aedes polynesiensis) under laboratory and semi-field conditions in French Polynesia. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:247-252. [PMID: 27352139 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of deltamethrin-impregnated cloth targets on Stegomyia polynesiensis (= Aedes polynesiensis) (Marks) (Diptera: Culicidae) was assessed under laboratory and semi-field settings in French Polynesia. Stegomyia polynesiensis females were released into small laboratory cages and large field cages containing either a deltamethrin-treated or an untreated navy blue cloth, and mosquito knock-down and mortality were assessed. The 24-h mortality rate in mosquitoes exposed to the insecticide-treated target in small cages was 98.0%. These mosquitoes also demonstrated significantly higher levels of knock-down than those exposed to the untreated target. Mortality in field cages was assessed at 24 and 48 h. The 24-h mortality rate in mosquitoes exposed to the control target was 31.2%, whereas that in those exposed to the deltamethrin-treated target was 54.3%. The 48-h mortality rate was also elevated in mosquitoes exposed to the deltamethrin-treated target, but this result did not differ significantly from that observed in mosquitoes exposed to the control target. The significant suppression of female S. polynesiensis by deltamethrin-treated resting targets in this study indicates that these targets could play a role in the control of an important disease vector in the South Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Chambers
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, U.S.A
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - H C Bossin
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - S A Ritchie
- Medical and Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - R C Russell
- Department of Medical Entomology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S L Dobson
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
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Honorato SB, da Silva CC, de Oliveira YS, Mendonça JS, Boechat N, Ellena J, Ayala AP. On the Thermal Stability of the Diethylcarbamazine-Fortified Table Salt Used in the Control of Lymphatic Filariasis. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2437-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh Y, Srinivas A, Gangwar M, Meher JG, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Chourasia MK. Subcutaneously Administered Ultrafine PLGA Nanoparticles Containing Doxycycline Hydrochloride Target Lymphatic Filarial Parasites. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2084-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Singh
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | - Adepu Srinivas
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | - Mamta Gangwar
- Parasitology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | - Jaya Gopal Meher
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
| | | | - Manish K. Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, 226031
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Expression levels and codon usage patterns in nuclear genes of the filarial nematode Wucheraria bancrofti and the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium. J Helminthol 2016; 91:72-79. [PMID: 27048929 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a phenomenon known as codon bias, which exists in many genomes and is mainly resolute by mutation and selection. To elucidate the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationship of Wucheraria bancrofti and Schistosoma haematobium we examined the pattern of synonymous codon usage in nuclear genes of both the species. The mean overall GC contents of W. bancrofti and S. haematobium were 43.41 and 36.37%, respectively, which suggests that genes in both the species were AT rich. The value of the High Effective Number of Codons in both species suggests that codon usage bias was weak. Both species had a wide range of P3 distribution in the neutrality plot, with a significant correlation between P12 and P3. The codons were closer to the axes in correspondence analysis, suggesting that mutation pressure influenced the codon usage pattern in these species. We have identified the more frequently used codons in these species, most codons ending with an A or T. The nucleotides A/T and C/G were not proportionally used at the third position of codons, which reveals that natural selection might influence the codon usage patterns. The regression equation of P12 on P3 suggests that natural selection might have played a major role, while mutational pressure played a minor role in codon usage pattern in both species. These results form the basis of exploring the evolutionary mechanisms and the heterologous expression of medically important proteins of W. bancrofti and S. haematobium.
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Sunish IP, Shriram AN, Sivan A, PremKumar A, Khan ZA, Vidhya PT, De A, Vijayachari P. Elimination of diurnally subperiodic lymphatic filariasis in remote islands of the Bay of Bengal, inhabited by the Nicobarese: do we have the strategy to complete the job? Public Health 2015; 134:95-7. [PMID: 26710664 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I P Sunish
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Field Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Perka Village, Car Nicobar 744 301, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A N Shriram
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A Sivan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A PremKumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Field Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Kamorta, Nancowry Tehsil Nancowrie 744 303, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Z A Khan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Field Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Perka Village, Car Nicobar 744 301, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - P T Vidhya
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Amitabha De
- Directorate of Health Services, Andaman and Nicobar Administration, Port Blair 744 102, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
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Padovese V, Marrone R, Dassoni F, Vignally P, Barnabas GA, Morrone A. The diagnostic challenge of mapping elephantiasis in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:563-70. [PMID: 26518364 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis are the two neglected tropical diseases planned to be mapped together within the recently launched Ethiopian neglected tropical diseases master plan (2013-2015). However, other disorders cause tropical lymphedema, and this report aims to identify clinical epidemiological aspects of limb swelling in northern Ethiopia and to provide an algorithm orienting the clinical diagnosis. METHODS Medical records of patients with lower limb elephantiasis attending the Italian Dermatological Centre of Mekele, Tigray capital city, over a 4-year period (2005-2009) were retrospectively analyzed. Nine variables were collected from the charts comprising demographic data, job, origin, literacy, clinical, histopathologic, microscopic, and cultural findings. RESULTS Over a total of 511 patients, lymphedema resulted from trauma (40.7%), chronic venous insufficiency (12.5%), deep mycoses (10.8%), lymphatic filariasis (9.2%), elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (7.0%), tropical ulcer (6.3%), leprosy (4.9%), recurrent infections (3.1%), podoconiosis (1.8%), tuberculosis (1.0%), malignancy (1.3%), Kaposi's sarcoma (1.0%), leishmaniasis (0.2%), and neurofibromatosis (0.2%). CONCLUSIONS Advanced-stage elephantiasis, chronic osteomyelitis, and podoconiosis not previously reported in Tigray were observed. Further epidemiological investigation and training programs addressed to healthcare providers at the peripheral level are needed to detect elephantiasis early, prevent disabilities, and improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Padovese
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalia Marrone
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Dassoni
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Pascal Vignally
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Morrone
- Fondazione IME, Istituto Mediterraneo di Ematologia
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Schudel A, Kassis T, Dixon JB, Thomas SN. S-Nitrosated Polypropylene Sulfide Nanoparticles for Thiol-Dependent Transnitrosation and Toxicity Against Adult Female Filarial Worms. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1484-90, 1423. [PMID: 25939735 PMCID: PMC4640194 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic polymer nanoparticle formulation utilizing the physiological nitrosothiol chemistry for nitric oxide delivery is shown. Toxicity of S-nitroso nanoparticles against adult female Brugia malayi worms, which are responsible for lymphatic filariasis, is dependent on nitric oxide release through transnitrosation as S-nitrosocysteine, a potent endogenous nitric oxide donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schudel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Timothy Kassis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Susan N. Thomas
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Islam MS, Patwary NIA, Muzahid NH, Shahik SM, Sohel M, Hasan MA. A Systematic Study on Structure and Function of ATPase of Wuchereria bancrofti. Toxicol Int 2015; 21:269-74. [PMID: 25948965 PMCID: PMC4413409 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.155357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyzing the structures and functions of different proteins of Wuchereria bancrofti is very important because till date no effective drug or vaccine has been discovered to treat lymphatic filariasis (LF). ATPase is one of the most important proteins of Wuchereria bancrofti. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) converts into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion by the action of these ATPase enzymes. Energy releases from these dephosphorylation reactions drive the other chemical reactions in the cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study we worked on the protein ATPase of Wuchereria bancrofti which has been annotated from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Various computational tools and databases have been used to determine the various characteristics of that enzyme such as physiochemical properties, secondary structure, three-dimensional (3D) structure, conserved domain, epitope, and their molecular evolutionary relationship. RESULT Subcellular localization of ATPase was identified and we have found that 55.5% are localized in the cytoplasm. Secondary and 3D structure of this protein was also predicted. Both structure and function analysis of ATPase of Wuchereria bancrofti showed unique nonhomologous epitope sites and nonhomologous antigenicity sites. Moreover, it resulted in 15 ligand drug-binding sites in its tertiary structure. CONCLUSION Structure prediction of these proteins and detection of binding sites and antigenicity sites from this study would indicate a potential target aiding docking studies for therapeutic designing against filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Noman Ibna Amin Patwary
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmul Hasan Muzahid
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Md Shahik
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sohel
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anayet Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh
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Tafatatha TT, Ngwira BM, Taegtmeyer M, Phiri AJ, Wilson TP, Banda LG, Piston WN, Koole O, Horton J, French N. Randomised controlled clinical trial of increased dose and frequency of albendazole and ivermectin onWuchereria bancroftimicrofilarial clearance in northern Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:393-9. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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O'Connell EM, Bennuru S, Steel C, Dolan MA, Nutman TB. Targeting Filarial Abl-like Kinases: Orally Available, Food and Drug Administration-Approved Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Are Microfilaricidal and Macrofilaricidal. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:684-93. [PMID: 25657255 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis is targeted for 2020. Given the coincident Loa loa infections in Central Africa and the potential for drug resistance development, the need for new microfilaricides and macrofilaricides has never been greater. With the genomes of L. loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi available, new drug targets have been identified. METHODS The effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib on B. malayi adult males, adult females, L3 larvae, and microfilariae were assessed using a wide dose range (0-100 µM) in vitro. RESULTS For microfilariae, median inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) on day 6 were 6.06 µM for imatinib, 3.72 µM for dasatinib, and 81.35 µM for nilotinib; for L3 larvae, 11.27 µM, 13.64 µM, and 70.98 µM, respectively; for adult males, 41.6 µM, 3.87 µM, and 68.22 µM, respectively; and for adult females, 42.89 µM, 9.8 µM, and >100 µM, respectively. Three-dimensional modeling suggests how these tyrosine kinase inhibitors bind and inhibit filarial protein activity. CONCLUSIONS Given the safety of imatinib in humans, plans are underway for pilot clinical trials to assess its efficacy in patients with filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael A Dolan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Shukla R, Gupta J, Shukla P, Dwivedi P, Tripathi P, Bhattacharya SM, Mishra PR. Chitosan coated alginate micro particles for the oral delivery of antifilarial drugs and combinations for intervention in Brugia malayi induced lymphatic filariasis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06982c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism of targeting of MPs and absorption through Peyer’s patches, to lymphatics where an adult worm resides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shukla
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - J. Gupta
- Parasitology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - P. Shukla
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - P. Dwivedi
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - P. Tripathi
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | | | - Prabhat R. Mishra
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
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Blood-Siegfried J, Zeantoe GC, Evans LJ, Bondo J, Forstner JR, Wood K. The Impact of Nurses on Neglected Tropical Disease Management. Public Health Nurs 2014; 32:680-701. [PMID: 25229995 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are largely endemic in the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and South and Central America, they are reemerging with increasing frequency in developed countries. Their diagnosis, treatment, and control are an increasing public health concern that requires a different awareness by health care providers. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are chronic infectious diseases which disproportionately burden poor, rural, and marginalized populations with significant mortality and high morbidity (disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth and cognitive development, increased vulnerability to coinfection) that reinforces their poverty. What can we learn from the nurses in developing countries already battling NTD's that could be useful in the developed world? This article provides an overview of distribution, pathophysiology, symptoms, and management of 13 NTDs, with particular attention to the role of nurses in delivering cost-effective integrated interventions. Case studies of schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis address recognition and treatment of infected individuals in developed nations where NTD infection is limited primarily to immigrants and travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Clinton Zeantoe
- Winifred J. Harley College of Health Sciences, United Methodist University, Ganta, Liberia
| | | | - John Bondo
- Mother Patern School of Health Sciences, Monrovia, Liberia
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Shrinking the lymphatic filariasis map: update on diagnostic tools for mapping and transmission monitoring. Parasitology 2014; 141:1912-7. [PMID: 25225828 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), which is highly endemic in 73 countries worldwide, is targeted for elimination by 2020. The strategy for achieving this goal is based on 4 sequential programmatic steps: mapping, Mass drug administration (MDA) implementation, post-MDA surveillance and verification of LF elimination. All 4 stages of the implementation process are dependent on the availability of user friendly and highly sensitive rapid diagnostic tools. By the end of 2012, 59 countries had completed mapping for LF and Eritrea was the only country yet to start the process. Rolling out new diagnostic tools to facilitate the mapping process will enable an accelerated shrinking of the LF map to zero endemic countries by 2020. When the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis was launched in 2000, diagnostic tools for LF were limited to clinical examination, detection of microfilaria (MF) by microscopy in night blood samples and detection of antibodies to native-antigen preparations. There has been a significant improvement in the traditional LF diagnostic methods in recent years and some new tools are now available. This paper provides an update on the human diagnostic tests available for LF and their current applications as tools in mapping and transmission monitoring. The values of entomological indicators and parasite detection and speciation methods applied to vector populations are also discussed.
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Immunological characterization of recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti cuticular collagen (COL-4) as putative vaccine candidate for human lymphatic filariasis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:505-12. [PMID: 25063277 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate immunoprophylactic potential of recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti (W. bancrofti) cuticular collagen (COL-4) in BALB/c mice and filarial clinical samples. METHODS col-4 gene was PCR amplified from W. bancrofti L3 cDNA library and cloned in pRSET B vector. Recombinant COL-4 was over expressed in salt inducible system and was purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Humoral and cellular responses were measured by ELISA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of various filarial clinical samples respectively using purified recombinant COL-4 antigen. Then the protective immune responses of COL-4 immunized BALB/c mice were characterized. RESULTS Sequence analysis of COL-4 with human host proteins reveals lack of homology. The recombinant COL-4 was found to be at 15 kDa fusion protein. The affinity purified COL-4 showed significant reactivity with putatively immune sera and in a similar fashion it demonstrated marked proliferation in PBMC samples. Immunization studies in experimental filarial host (mice) elicited significant titers with protective antibody isotype profile (IgM and IgG). Cellular immune responses were also significant in terms of splenocytes proliferation assay on mice samples. CONCLUSIONS Our immunological findings in experimental host suggest Th2 mediated immune response. Hence, we propose that W. bancrofti COL-4 could be an efficacious vaccine candidate against lymphatic filariasis.
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Dome M, Ansumana R, Covington AL, Rebollo MP, Sesay S, Jacobsen KH, de Souza DK, Koudou BG, Michael E, Bockarie MJ. Lymphedema in a 7-year-old boy infected with Wuchereria bancrofti in Sierra Leone: a case report. Acta Trop 2014; 134:13-6. [PMID: 24561072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of congenital lymphedema in a 7-year-old boy in Sierra Leone with active filarial infection and penile edema. The genital edema with onset at 6 months of age may have been due to a congenital abnormality in lymphatic drainage. Other possible causes of childhood lymphedema, including Milroy's disease, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Dome
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rashid Ansumana
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Maria P Rebollo
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Santigie Sesay
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edwin Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Moses J Bockarie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Bouchery T, Ehrhardt K, Lefoulon E, Hoffmann W, Bain O, Martin C. Differential tissular distribution of Litomosoides sigmodontis microfilariae between microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic mice following experimental infection. Parasite 2014. [PMID: 23193519 PMCID: PMC3671463 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012194351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariases are caused by onchocercid nematodes that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. More than 180 million people are infected worldwide. Mass drug administration has been set up in many endemic areas to control the parasite burden. Although very successful in limiting microfilarial load, transmission has not been completely interrupted in such areas. A proportion of infected patients with lymphatic filariasis or loiasis are known to be amicrofilaremic, as they do not present microfilariae in their bloodstream despite the presence of adult worms. A mirror status also exists in CBA/Ca mice infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis, the well-established model of filariasis. Using this model, the goal of this study was to determine if the kinetics of blood clearance of microfilariae differed between amicrofilaremic CBA/Ca mice and microfilaremic BALB/c mice. For this purpose, a qPCR approach was devised to detect microfilariae in different tissues, after a controlled inoculation of microfilariae. We showed that the rapid clearance of microfilariae from the pleural cavity or from the bloodstream of CBA/Ca mice was associated with a massive accumulation of first stage larvae in the lungs, liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bouchery
- UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS & UMR 7205 OSEB MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex, France
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Stanton MC, Mkwanda S, Mzilahowa T, Bockarie MJ, Kelly-Hope LA. Quantifying filariasis and malaria control activities in relation to lymphatic filariasis elimination: a multiple intervention score map (MISM) for Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:224-35. [PMID: 24438053 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the geographical extent of filariasis and malaria control interventions impacting lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Malawi and to produce a multiple intervention score map (MISM) for prioritising surveillance and intervention strategies. METHODS Interventions included mass drug administration (MDA) for LF and onchocerciasis, and bed nets and indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria. District and subdistrict-level data were obtained from the Ministry of Health in Malawi, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and President's Malaria Initiative reports. Single intervention scores were calculated for each variable based on population coverage thresholds, and these were combined in a weighted sum to form a multiple intervention score, which was then used to produce maps, that is MISMs. Districts were further classified into four groups based on the combination of their baseline LF prevalence and multiple intervention score. RESULTS The district- and subdistrict-level MISMs highlighted specific areas that have received high and low coverage of LF-impacting interventions. High coverage areas included the LF-onchocerciasis endemic areas in the southern region of the country and areas along the shores of Lake Malawi, where malaria vector control had been prioritised. Three districts with high baseline LF prevalence measures but low coverage of multiple interventions were identified and considered to be most at risk of ongoing transmission or re-emergence. CONCLUSIONS These maps and district classifications will be used by LF programme managers to identify and target high-risk areas that may not have received adequate LF-impacting interventions to interrupt the transmission of the disease.
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Rebollo MP, Bockarie MJ. Toward the elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2020: treatment update and impact assessment for the endgame. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:723-31. [PMID: 23879610 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.811841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is an important public health problem endemic in 73 countries, where it is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity and a significant impediment to socioeconomic development. It is targeted for elimination by 2020, through preventive chemotherapy using albendazole in combination with either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine citrate. Preventive chemotherapy enables the regular and coordinated administration of safe, single-dose medications delivered through mass drug administration (MDA). Many countries are now scaling down MDA activities after achieving 100% geographic coverage and instituting monitoring and evaluation procedures to establish the impact of several consecutive rounds of MDA and determine if transmission has been interrupted. At the same time, countries yet to initiate MDA for elimination of LF will adopt improved mapping and coverage assessment protocols to accelerate the efforts for achieving global elimination by 2020. This review provides an update on treatment for LF and describes the current global status of the elimination efforts, transmission control processes and strategies for measuring impact and continuing surveillance after MDA has ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Rebollo
- Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Chakraborty S, Gurusamy M, Zawieja DC, Muthuchamy M. Lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on lymphatic remodeling and contractile dysfunction in filarial disease pathogenesis. Microcirculation 2014; 20:349-64. [PMID: 23237232 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis, one of the most debilitating diseases associated with the lymphatic system, affects over a hundred million people worldwide and manifests itself in a variety of severe clinical pathologies. The filarial parasites specifically target the lymphatics and impair lymph flow, which is critical for the normal functions of the lymphatic system in maintenance of body fluid balance and physiological interstitial fluid transport. The resultant contractile dysfunction of the lymphatics causes fluid accumulation and lymphedema, one of the major pathologies associated with filarial infection. In this review, we take a closer look at the contractile mechanisms of the lymphatics, its altered functions, and remodeling during an inflammatory state and how it relates to the severe pathogenesis underlying a filarial infection. We further elaborate on the complex host-parasite interactions, and molecular mechanisms contributing to the disease pathogenesis. The overall emphasis is on elucidating some of the emerging concepts and new directions that aim to harness the process of lymphangiogenesis or enhance contractility in a dysfunctional lymphatics, thereby restoring the fluid imbalance and mitigating the pathological conditions of lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station/Temple, TX 77843, USA
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Function of the loading module in CorI and of the O-methyltransferase CorH in vinyl carbamate biosynthesis of the antibiotic corallopyronin A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:950-6. [PMID: 24277032 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01894-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corallopyronin A is a promising in vivo active antibiotic, currently undergoing preclinical evaluation. This myxobacterial compound interferes with a newly identified drug target site, i.e., the switch region of the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RNAP). Since this target site differs from that of known RNAP inhibitors such as the rifamycins, corallopyronin A shows no cross-resistance with other antibacterial agents. Corallopyronin A is a polyketide synthase- and nonribosomal peptide synthetase-derived molecule whose structure and biosynthesis is distinguished by several peculiarities, such as the unusual vinyl carbamate functionality whose formation involves carbonic acid as an unprecedented C1-starter unit. Using in vitro experiments the nature of this starter molecule was revealed to be the methyl ester of carbonic acid. Biochemical investigations showed that methylation of carbonic acid is performed by the O-methyltransferase CorH. These experiments shed light on the biosynthesis of the Eastern chain of α-pyrone antibiotics such as corallopyronin A.
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Simonsen PE, Magesa SM, Derua YA, Rwegoshora RT, Malecela MN, Pedersen EM. Monitoring lymphatic filariasis control in Tanzania: effect of repeated mass drug administration on circulating filarial antigen prevalence in young schoolchildren. Int Health 2013; 3:182-7. [PMID: 24038368 DOI: 10.1016/j.inhe.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa the control of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is based on annual mass drug administration (MDA) with a combination of ivermectin and albendazole, in order to interrupt transmission. We monitored the effect of four repeated MDAs with this combination, as implemented by the Tanzanian National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme (NLFEP), on the circulating filarial antigen (CFA) status of young schoolchildren. A new batch of Standard 1 pupils from 10 rural primary schools in Tanga Municipality were examined for CFA each year in September/October (691-848 children per survey; mean age of 7.5-8.1 years), from immediately before the first MDA until eight months after the fourth MDA. The overall pre-MDA prevalence of CFA was 25.2%. Only minor and non-significant change in prevalence was seen after the first two MDAs. However, this was followed by substantial and statistically significant decreases in subsequent surveys, and eight months after the fourth MDA the prevalence was only 6.4%. Continuous entomological surveillance in a village accommodating one of the schools showed progressive decrease in transmission right from the first MDA. The usefulness of screening young schoolchildren for CFA as a tool for monitoring the impact of MDA on LF transmission is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Simonsen
- DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Rebollo MP, Bockarie MJ. Rapid diagnostics for the endgame in lymphatic filariasis elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:3-4. [PMID: 23843491 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Bouchery T, Lefoulon E, Karadjian G, Nieguitsila A, Martin C. The symbiotic role of Wolbachia in Onchocercidae and its impact on filariasis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:131-40. [PMID: 23398406 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations between eukaryotes and microorganisms are frequently observed in nature, and range along the continuum between parasitism and mutualism. The genus Wolbachia contains well-known intracellular bacteria of arthropods that induce several reproductive phenotypes that benefit the transmission of the bacteria. Interestingly, Wolbachia bacteria have been found in the Onchocercidae, a family of filarial nematodes, including species that cause human filarial diseases, e.g. lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. The endosymbiont is thought to be mutualistic in the Onchocercidae, and to provide essential metabolites to the filariae. Currently, Wolbachia bacteria are targets of antibiotic therapy with tetracyclines, which have profound effects on the development, viability and fertility of filarial parasites. This overview article presents the Onchocercidae and Wolbachia, and then discusses the origin and the nature of the symbiosis. It highlights the contribution of Wolbachia to the survival of the filariae and to the development of pathology. Finally, the infection control implications for filariases are debated. Potential directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bouchery
- UMR 7245, MCAM MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Choi I, Lee S, Hong YK. The new era of the lymphatic system: no longer secondary to the blood vascular system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006445. [PMID: 22474611 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood and lymphatic systems are the two major circulatory systems in our body. Although the blood system has been studied extensively, the lymphatic system has received much less scientific and medical attention because of its elusive morphology and mysterious pathophysiology. However, a series of landmark discoveries made in the past decade has begun to change the previous misconception of the lymphatic system to be secondary to the more essential blood vascular system. In this article, we review the current understanding of the development and pathology of the lymphatic system. We hope to convince readers that the lymphatic system is no less essential than the blood circulatory system for human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Current Bancroftian Filariasis Elimination on Thailand-Myanmar Border: Public Health Challenges toward Postgenomic MDA Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/857935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From regional and global perspectives, Thailand has progressed toward lymphatic filariasis transmission-free zone in almost entire endemic provinces, being verified by WHO by the end of 2012 after the 5-year implementation of mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole as part of the National Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PELF) (2002–2006) and a 4-year expansion of post-MDA surveillance (2007–2010). However, Thai PELF has been challenging sensitive situations of not only border crossings of local people on Thailand-Myanmar border where focal distribution of forest- and forest fringe-related border bancroftian filariasis (BBF) is caused by nocturnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti in local people living in pockets of endemic villages, but also intense cross-border migrations of Mon and Tanintharyi workers from Myanmar to Thailand who harbor nocturnally periodic W. bancrofti microfilaremic infection causing the emergence of imported bancroftian filariasis (IBF). Thus, this paper discusses the apparent issues and problems pertaining to epidemiological surveillance and postgenomic MDA evaluation for 2010–2020 convalescent BBF and IBF. In particular, the population migration linked to fitness of benzimidazole-resistant W. bancrofti population is a topic of interest in this region whether the resistance is associated with pressure of the MDA 2 drugs and the vulnerabilities epidemiologically observed in complex BBF or IBF settings.
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Natural products as a source for treating neglected parasitic diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3395-439. [PMID: 23389040 PMCID: PMC3588050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by parasites are a major threat for the entire mankind, especially in the tropics. More than 1 billion people world-wide are directly exposed to tropical parasites such as the causative agents of trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, which represent a major health problem, particularly in impecunious areas. Unlike most antibiotics, there is no "general" antiparasitic drug available. Here, the selection of antiparasitic drugs varies between different organisms. Some of the currently available drugs are chemically de novo synthesized, however, the majority of drugs are derived from natural sources such as plants which have subsequently been chemically modified to warrant higher potency against these human pathogens. In this review article we will provide an overview of the current status of plant derived pharmaceuticals and their chemical modifications to target parasite-specific peculiarities in order to interfere with their proliferation in the human host.
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Gürtler L, Bauerfeind U, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Montag-Lessing T, Offergeld R, Pauli G, Seitz R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Strobel J, Willkommen H. Arbonematodes - nematode infections transmissible by arthropods: arbeitskreis blut, untergruppe «bewertung blutassoziierter krankheitserreger»*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:50-62. [PMID: 23637651 DOI: 10.1159/000345752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Babayan SA, Allen JE, Taylor DW. Future prospects and challenges of vaccines against filariasis. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:243-53. [PMID: 22150082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infections remain a major public health and socio-economic problem across the tropics, despite considerable effort to reduce disease burden or regionally eliminate the infection with mass drug administration programmes. The sustainability of these programmes is now open to question owing to a range of issues, not least of which is emerging evidence for drug resistance. Vaccination, if developed appropriately, remains the most cost-effective means of long-term disease control. The rationale for the feasibility of vaccination against filarial parasites including onchocerciasis (river blindness, Onchocerca volvulus) and lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi) is founded on evidence from both humans and animal models for the development of protective immunity. Nonetheless, enormous challenges need to be faced in terms of overcoming parasite-induced suppression without inducing pathology as well as the need to both recognize and tackle evolutionary and ecological obstacles to successful vaccine development. Nonetheless, new technological advances in addition to systems biology approaches offer hope that optimal immune responses can be induced that will prevent infection, disease and/or transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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