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Rostad CA, Atmar RL, Walter EB, Frey S, Meier JL, Sherman AC, Lai L, Tsong R, Kao CM, Raabe V, El Sahly HM, Keitel WA, Whitaker JA, Smith MJ, Schmader KE, Swamy GK, Abate G, Winokur P, Buchanan W, Cross K, Wegel A, Xu Y, Yildirim I, Kamidani S, Rouphael N, Roberts PC, Mulligan MJ, Anderson EJ. A Phase 2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Different Prime-Boost Vaccination Schedules of 2013 and 2017 A(H7N9) Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccines Administered With and Without AS03 Adjuvant in Healthy US Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:1757-1768. [PMID: 38537255 PMCID: PMC11175706 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A surge of human influenza A(H7N9) cases began in 2016 in China from an antigenically distinct lineage. Data are needed about the safety and immunogenicity of 2013 and 2017 A(H7N9) inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) and the effects of AS03 adjuvant, prime-boost interval, and priming effects of 2013 and 2017 A(H7N9) IIVs. METHODS Healthy adults (n = 180), ages 19-50 years, were enrolled into this partially blinded, randomized, multicenter phase 2 clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 vaccination groups evaluating homologous versus heterologous prime-boost strategies with 2 different boost intervals (21 vs 120 days) and 2 dosages (3.75 or 15 μg of hemagglutinin) administered with or without AS03 adjuvant. Reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity measured by hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody titers were assessed. RESULTS Two doses of A(H7N9) IIV were well tolerated, and no safety issues were identified. Although most participants had injection site and systemic reactogenicity, these symptoms were mostly mild to moderate in severity; injection site reactogenicity was greater in vaccination groups receiving adjuvant. Immune responses were greater after an adjuvanted second dose, and with a longer interval between prime and boost. The highest hemagglutination inhibition geometric mean titer (95% confidence interval) observed against the 2017 A(H7N9) strain was 133.4 (83.6-212.6) among participants who received homologous, adjuvanted 3.75 µg + AS03/2017 doses with delayed boost interval. CONCLUSIONS Administering AS03 adjuvant with the second H7N9 IIV dose and extending the boost interval to 4 months resulted in higher peak antibody responses. These observations can broadly inform strategic approaches for pandemic preparedness. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03589807.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Adult
- Male
- Female
- Middle Aged
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Young Adult
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunization Schedule
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- United States
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Polysorbates/administration & dosage
- Polysorbates/adverse effects
- alpha-Tocopherol/administration & dosage
- alpha-Tocopherol/adverse effects
- Squalene/administration & dosage
- Squalene/adverse effects
- Squalene/immunology
- Healthy Volunteers
- Drug Combinations
- Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Vaccination/methods
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Department of Pediatrics and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon Frey
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffery L Meier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Carol M Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vanessa Raabe
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- Department of Medicine-Geriatrics, Duke University and GRECC, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Getahun Abate
- Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wendy Buchanan
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Yongxian Xu
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Huang Z, Gong H, Sun Q, Yang J, Yan X, Xu F. Research progress on emulsion vaccine adjuvants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24662. [PMID: 38317888 PMCID: PMC10839794 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective method for preventing various infectious diseases. Compared with conventional vaccines, new-generation vaccines, especially recombinant protein or synthetic peptide vaccines, are safer but less immunogenic than crude inactivated microbial vaccines. The immunogenicity of these vaccines can be enhanced using suitable adjuvants. This is the main reason why adjuvants are of great importance in vaccine development. Several novel human emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants (MF59, AS03) have been approved for clinical use. This paper reviews the research progress on emulsion-based adjuvants and focuses on their mechanism of action. An outlook can be provided for the development of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanqing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The No. 944 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Gansu 735000, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- The Fifth medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaochuan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The No. 944 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Gansu 735000, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Margaroni M, Tsanaktsidou E, Agallou M, Kiparissides C, Kammona O, Karagouni E. Development of a novel squalene/α-tocopherol-based self-emulsified nanoemulsion incorporating Leishmania peptides for induction of antigen-specific immune responses. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123621. [PMID: 38000650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has emerged as the most effective strategy to confront infectious diseases, among which is leishmaniasis, that threat public health. Despite laborious efforts there is still no vaccine for humans to confront leishmaniasis. Multi-epitope protein/peptide vaccines present a number of advantages, however their use along with appropriate adjuvants that may also act as antigen carriers is considered essential to overcome subunit vaccines' low immunogenicity. In the present study, a stable self-emulsified nanoemulsion was developed and double-adjuvanted with squalene and α-tocopherol. The prepared nanoemulsion droplets exhibited low cytotoxicity in a certain range of concentrations, while they were efficiently taken up by macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro as well as in vivo in secondary lymphoid organs. To further characterize nanoformulation's potent antigen delivery capability, three multi-epitope Leishmania peptides were incorporated into the nanoemulsion. Peptide encapsulation resulted in dendritic cells' functional differentiation characterized by elevated levels of maturation markers and intracellular cytokine production. Intramuscular administration of the nanoemulsion incorporating Leishmania peptides induced antigen-specific spleen cell proliferation as well as elicitation of CD4+ central memory cells, supporting the potential of the developed nanoformulation to successfully act also as an antigen delivery vehicle and thus encouraging further preclinical studies on its vaccine candidate potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritsa Margaroni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 125 21 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evgenia Tsanaktsidou
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57 001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 125 21 Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57 001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57 001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 125 21 Athens, Greece.
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Filipić B, Pantelić I, Nikolić I, Majhen D, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Savić S, Krajišnik D. Nanoparticle-Based Adjuvants and Delivery Systems for Modern Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1172. [PMID: 37514991 PMCID: PMC10385383 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the development of the first vaccine, vaccination has had the great impact on global health, leading to the decrease in the burden of numerous infectious diseases. However, there is a constant need to improve existing vaccines and develop new vaccination strategies and vaccine platforms that induce a broader immune response compared to traditional vaccines. Modern vaccines tend to rely on certain nanotechnology platforms but are still expected to be readily available and easy for large-scale manufacturing and to induce a durable immune response. In this review, we present an overview of the most promising nanoadjuvants and nanoparticulate delivery systems and discuss their benefits from tehchnological and immunological standpoints as well as their objective drawbacks and possible side effects. The presented nano alums, silica and clay nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, adenoviral-vectored systems, adeno-associated viral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, virus-like particles (including bacteriophage-based ones) and virosomes indicate that vaccine developers can now choose different adjuvants and/or delivery systems as per the requirement, specific to combatting different infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Filipić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Pantelić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ines Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danina Krajišnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Ustyugova IV, Pougatcheva S, Farrell T, Strugnell T, Ganesh V, Zeldovich KB, Chivukula S, Goncalvez AP, Barro M. AF03 adjuvant improves anti-hemagglutinin and anti-neuraminidase immune responses induced by licensed seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccines in mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:2022-2034. [PMID: 36803901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza remains a serious public health concern as the viral infection spreads easily from person to person and due to antigenic drift of neutralizing epitopes. Vaccination is the best method for disease prevention, however current seasonal influenza vaccines stimulate antibodies which are often effective against only antigenically similar strains. To boost the immune responses and increase vaccine effectiveness, adjuvants have been used for the past 20 years. The current study explores the use of oil-in-water adjuvant, AF03 to improve an immunogenicity of 2 licensed vaccines. A standard-dose inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4-SD), containing both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens, and recombinant quadrivalent influenza vaccine (RIV4), containing only HA-antigen were adjuvanted with AF03 in naïve BALB/c mouse model. Functional HA-specific antibody titers against all four homologous vaccine strains were enhanced by AF03, indicating potential increase in protective immunity. An increase in HA-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding titers were detected against homologous HAs, heterologous panel of 30 H3 HAs and seven Influenza B HAs. The neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) activity was significantly higher in IIV4-SD-AF03 group. Use of AF03 adjuvant improved the immune response to two influenza vaccines in a mouse model via an increase in functional and total antibodies against NA and a broad panel of HA-antigens.
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6
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Nooraei S, Sarkar Lotfabadi A, Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei M, Rezaei N. Immunogenicity of Different Types of Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020453. [PMID: 36851331 PMCID: PMC9962389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the damage caused by infectious diseases in animals and humans. So, several vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes before the pathogen infects, while therapeutic vaccines strengthen the immune system after infection with the pathogen. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or macromolecules that enhance non-specific immunity and, in collaboration with antigen(s), can improve the body's immune responses and change the type of immune response. The potential and toxicity of adjuvants must be balanced to provide the safest stimulation with the fewest side effects. In order to overcome the limitations of adjuvants and the effective and controlled delivery of antigens, attention has been drawn to nano-carriers that can be a promising platform for better presenting and stimulating the immune system. Some studies show that nanoparticles have a more remarkable ability to act as adjuvants than microparticles. Because nano-adjuvants inactively target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and change their chemical surface, nanoparticles also perform better in targeted antigen delivery because they cross biological barriers more easily. We collected and reviewed various types of nano-adjuvants with their specific roles in immunogenicity as a prominent strategy used in veterinary vaccines in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Nooraei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 8818634141, Iran
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkar Lotfabadi
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Milad Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Correspondence:
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A Self-Emulsified Adjuvant System Containing the Immune Potentiator Alpha Tocopherol Induces Higher Neutralizing Antibody Responses than a Squalene-Only Emulsion When Evaluated with a Recombinant Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Pentamer Antigen in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010238. [PMID: 36678865 PMCID: PMC9867524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new vaccine adjuvants represents a key approach to improvingi the immune responses to recombinant vaccine antigens. Emulsion adjuvants, such as AS03 and MF59, in combination with influenza vaccines, have allowed antigen dose sparing, greater breadth of responses and fewer immunizations. It has been demonstrated previously that emulsion adjuvants can be prepared using a simple, low-shear process of self-emulsification (SE). The role of alpha tocopherol as an immune potentiator in emulsion adjuvants is clear from the success of AS03 in pandemic responses, both to influenza and COVID-19. Although it was a significant formulation challenge to include alpha tocopherol in an emulsion prepared by a low-shear process, the resultant self-emulsifying adjuvant system (SE-AS) showed a comparable effect to the established AS03 when used with a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV). In this paper, we first optimized the SE-AS with alpha tocopherol to create SE-AS44, which allowed the emulsion to be sterile-filtered. Then, we compared the in vitro cell activation cytokine profile of SE-AS44 with the self-emulsifying adjuvant 160 (SEA160), a squalene-only adjuvant. In addition, we evaluated SE-AS44 and SEA160 competitively, in combination with a recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV) pentamer antigen mouse.
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AboulFotouh K, Xu H, Moon C, Williams RO, Cui Z. Development of (Inhalable) Dry Powder Formulations of AS01 B-Containing Vaccines Using Thin-Film Freeze-Drying. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121825. [PMID: 35577037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AS01B is a liposomal formulation of two immunostimulants namely 3-O-desacyl-4́-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS-21. The liposomal formulation of AS01B reduces the endotoxicity of MPL and the lytic activity of QS-21. The AS01B-adjuvanted Shingrix vaccine is marketed in a two-vial presentation, with the liquid AS01B liposomes in one vial and the antigen as a dry powder in another vial. In the present study, we tested the feasibility of applying thin-film freeze-drying (TFFD) to engineer dry powders of the AS01B liposomal adjuvant alone or vaccines containing AS01B as an adjuvant. Initially, we showed that after the AS01B liposomal adjuvant was subjected to TFFD using sucrose as a stabilizer at 4% w/v, the particle size distribution of AS01B liposomes reconstituted from the dry powder was identical to the liquid adjuvant before drying. We then showed using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen adjuvanted with AS01B (AS01B/OVA) that subjecting the AS01B/OVA vaccine to TFFD and subsequent reconstitution did not negatively affect the AS01B liposome particle size, nor the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Importantly, the thin-film freeze-dried AS01B/OVA vaccine, unlike its liquid counterpart, was not sensitive to repeated freezing-and-thawing. The developed AS01B/OVA dry powder also showed the desirable aerosol properties (i.e., fine particle fraction of 66.3 ± 4.9% and mass median aerodynamic diameter of 2.4 ± 0.1 µm) for potential pulmonary administration. Finally, the feasibility of using TFFD to prepare dry powders of AS01B-adjuvanted vaccines was further confirmed using AS01B-adjuvanted Fluzone Quadrivalent and Shingrix, which contains AS01B. It is concluded that the TFFD technology can enable the formulation of AS01B-adjuvanted vaccines as freezing-insensitive, inhalable dry powders in a single-vial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AboulFotouh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Haiyue Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Ortiz JR, Spearman PW, Goepfert PA, Cross K, Buddy Creech C, Chen WH, Parker S, Overton ET, Dickey M, Logan HL, Wegel A, Neuzil KM. Safety and immunogenicity of monovalent H7N9 influenza vaccine with AS03 adjuvant given sequentially or simultaneously with a seasonal influenza vaccine: A randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2022; 40:3253-3262. [PMID: 35465983 PMCID: PMC9897630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A/H7N9 viruses have pandemic potential. METHODS We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled trial of AS03-adjuvanted 2017 inactivated influenza A/H7N9 vaccine (H7N9 IIV) in healthy adults. Group 1 received H7N9 IIV and seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) simultaneously, followed by H7N9 IIV three weeks later. Group 2 received IIV4 alone and then two doses of H7N9 IIV at three-week intervals. Group 3 received one dose of IIV4. We used hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays to measure geometric mean titers and seroprotection (≥1:40 titer) to vaccine strains and monitored for safety. RESULTS Among 149 subjects, seroprotection by HAI three weeks after H7N9 IIV dose 2 was 51% (95 %CI 37%-65%) for Group 1 and 40% (95 %CI 25%-56%) for Group 2. Seroprotection by MN at the same timepoint was 84% (95 %CI 72%-93%) for Group 1 and 74% (95 %CI 60%-86%) for Group 2. By 180 days after H7N9 IIV dose 2, seroprotection by HAI or MN was low for Groups 1 and 2. Responses measured by HAI and MN against each IIV4 strain three weeks after IIV4 vaccination were similar in all groups. Solicited local and systemic reactions were similar after a single vaccination, while those receiving simultaneous H7N9 and IIV4 had slightly more reactogenicity. There were no serious adverse events or medically-attended adverse events related to study product receipt. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvanted H7N9 IIV was modestly immunogenic whether administered simultaneously or sequentially with IIV4, though responses declined by 180 days. IIV4 was immunogenic regardless of schedule. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03318315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Paul W Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Parker
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edgar T Overton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle Dickey
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heather L Logan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ralbovsky NM, Soukup RJ, Lomont JP, Lauro ML, Gulasarian A, Saha-Shah A, Winters MA, Richardson DD, Wang SC, Mangion I, Smith JP. In situ real time monitoring of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Analyst 2021; 147:378-386. [PMID: 34908043 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are commonly employed to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine and thereby increase the resulting immune response in a patient. The activity and effectiveness of emulsion-based adjuvants has been heavily studied throughout pharmaceuticals; however, there exists a lack in research which monitors the formation of a stable emulsion in real time. Process analytical technology (PAT) provides a solution to meet this need. PAT involves the collection of in situ data, thereby providing real time information about the monitored process as well as increasing understanding of that process. Here, three separate PAT tools - optical particle imaging, in situ particle analysis, and Raman spectroscopy - were used to monitor two key steps involved in the formation of a stable emulsion product, emulsification and homogenization, as well as perform a stability assessment. The obtained results provided new insights-particle size decreases during emulsification and homogenization, and molecular changes do not occur during either the emulsification or homogenization steps. Further, the stability assessment indicated that the coarse emulsion product obtained from the emulsification step is stable over the course of 24 hours when mixed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an analytical methodology for in situ, real time analysis of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Using our proposed analytical methodology, an improved understanding of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants can now be achieved, ultimately impacting the ability to develop and deliver successful pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Randal J Soukup
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Justin P Lomont
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Mackenzie L Lauro
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Amanda Gulasarian
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Anumita Saha-Shah
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Michael A Winters
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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11
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Behzadi M, Vakili B, Ebrahiminezhad A, Nezafat N. Iron nanoparticles as novel vaccine adjuvants. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105718. [PMID: 33465476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The poor immunogenicity of peptide vaccines compared to conventional ones re usually improved by applying different adjuvants. As chemical or biological substances, adjuvants are added to vaccines to enhance and prolong the immune response. According to considerable investigations over the recent years in the context of finding new adjuvants, a handful of vaccine adjuvants have been licensed for human use. Recently, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been introduced as novel alternatives to traditional vaccine adjuvant. Metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) are among the most promising NPs used for vaccine adjuvant as well as the delivery system that can improve immune responses against pathogens. Iron NPs, as an important class of MeNPs, have gained increasing attention as novel vaccine adjuvants. These particles have shown acceptable results in preclinical studies. Hence, understanding the physicochemical properties of iron NPs, including size, surface properties, charge and route of administration, is of substantial importance. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the immunomodulatory effects of iron NPs as novel adjuvants. Furthermore, physicochemical properties of these NPs were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behzadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahiminezhad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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12
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Nguyen-Contant P, Sangster MY, Topham DJ. Squalene-Based Influenza Vaccine Adjuvants and Their Impact on the Hemagglutinin-Specific B Cell Response. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030355. [PMID: 33802803 PMCID: PMC8002393 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infections continue to cause significant annual morbidity and mortality despite ongoing influenza vaccine research. Adjuvants are administered in conjunction with influenza vaccines to enhance the immune response and strengthen protection against disease. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants including MF59, AS03, and AF03, are registered for administration with influenza vaccines and are widely used in many countries. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants induce a strong innate immune response, enhancing antigen presentation both quantitively and qualitatively to generate strong B cell responses and antibody production. They also diversify the reactivity profiles and strengthen the affinities of antibodies against the influenza hemagglutinin, increasing protection across virus clades. In this review, we consider the mechanisms of the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses by squalene-based emulsionSE adjuvants and the resulting increase in magnitude and breadth of hemagglutinin-specific B cell responses. We relate observed effects of SE adjuvants and current mechanistic understandings to events in responding lymph nodes. These insights will guide the rational design and optimization of influenza vaccines to provide broad and effective protection.
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13
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The Use of Nanobiotechnology in Immunology and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020074. [PMID: 33494441 PMCID: PMC7910821 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of nanostructures with a size of 1 to 200 nanometers. Different nanoparticles have shown great promise for the production of new vaccines and drugs. Nanostructures can be used to deliver immunological compounds more effectively than microstructures to target sites. Different nanostructures can be applied to form a new generation of vaccines, adjuvants, and immune system drugs. The goal of nanotechnology is to better respond to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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14
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Lodaya RN, Kanitkar AP, Friedrich K, Henson D, Yamagata R, Nuti S, Mallett CP, Bertholet S, Amiji MM, O'Hagan DT. Formulation Design, Optimization and In Vivo Evaluations of an α-Tocopherol-Containing Self-Emulsified Adjuvant System using Inactivated Influenza Vaccine. J Control Release 2019; 316:12-21. [PMID: 31678654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol has been used as an immune supplement in humans, as an emulsion adjuvant component in several veterinary vaccines as well as an immunomodulatory component of AS03, an emulsion adjuvant that was used in an H1N1 pandemic vaccine (Pandemrix). AS03 is manufactured using microfluidization and high-pressure homogenization. Such high energy and complex manufacturing processes make it difficult and expensive to produce emulsion adjuvants on a large scale, especially in developing countries. In this study we have explored simpler, comparatively inexpensive methods, to formulate emulsion adjuvants containing α-tocopherol, that have the potential to be made in any well-established scale-up facility. This might facilitate producing and stock-piling adjuvant doses and therefore aide in pandemic preparedness. We used design of experiment as a tool to explore incorporating α-tocopherol into self-emulsified systems containing squalene oil and polysorbate 80. We created novel self-emulsified adjuvant systems (SE-AS) and evaluated their potency in vivo in BALB/c mice with inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) and tested the cellular and humoral immune responses against the four vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushit N Lodaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Amey P Kanitkar
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Dawn Henson
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Ryan Yamagata
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sandra Nuti
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Corey P Mallett
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Derek T O'Hagan
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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15
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Huang CY, Huang CH, Liu SJ, Chen HW, Leng CH, Chong P, Huang MH. Polysorbasome: A Colloidal Vesicle Contoured by Polymeric Bioresorbable Amphiphiles as an Immunogenic Depot for Vaccine Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12553-12561. [PMID: 29595053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To accomplish an innovative vaccine design, there are two key challenges: developing formulations that avoid cold chain shipment and finding a delivery vehicle that is absorbable in vivo. Here, we explored the design and performance of a colloidal vesicle that enabled us to consider both challenges. We used polymeric bioresorbable amphiphiles as surface-active agents for stabilizing oily/aqueous interfaces and formed a colloidal vehicle named polysorbasome (PSS, polymeric absorbable vesicle), without using conventional emulsifiers such as sorbitan esters or their ethoxylates. Homogenizing the oil/water compartments forms a colloid containing an aqueous solution in its core and provides an oily barrier that isolates the encapsulated material from external materials. In this form, the PSS serves as a depot for sustained delivery of vaccine antigens. Following vaccination, the antigen-specific antibodies and the cell-mediated immunity can be manipulated after the antigen being formulated with PSS particles. Then, the degradability intrinsic to the polymeric bioresorbable amphiphiles complies with the destruction and further absorbance of the vehicles in vivo. The structural features of these versatile vesicles based on bioresorbable amphiphilic engineering may provide new insights into vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences , China Medical University , 40402 Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences , China Medical University , 40402 Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Leng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences , China Medical University , 40402 Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences , China Medical University , 40402 Taichung , Taiwan
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16
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Buffin S, Ikhelef N, Prudent J, Dubayle J, Nougarede N, Varenne MP, Moste C, Legastelois I. A latex agglutination assay to quantify the amount of hemagglutinin protein in adjuvanted low-dose influenza monovalent vaccines. J Virol Methods 2018; 251:46-53. [PMID: 29030070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To formulate inactivated influenza vaccines, the concentration of hemagglutinin (HA) must be accurately determined. The standard test currently used to measure HA in influenza vaccines is the Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. We developed a very rapid, simple and sensitive alternative quantitative HA assay, namely the Latex Agglutination Assay (LAA). The LAA uses the Spherotest® technology, which is based on the agglutination of HA-specific immunoglobulin-coated latex beads. The amount of HA in a sample is calculated from the level of bead agglutination by a simple absorbance measurement at 405nm against a standard curve generated using a monovalent vaccine standard. In less than 2hours, tens of samples could be quantified using the LAA as opposed to 2days for the SRID assay. Ten steps are required to complete an SRID assay as compared to 6 steps for the LAA, from sample preparation through spectrophotometric analysis. Furthermore, the limit of detection of the LAA was found to be approximately 15ng HA/mL, similar to an ELISA, with the quantification of less than 1.8μg HA/mL. The quantification limit of the SRID is usually considered to be approximately 5μg HA/mL. The development of the assay and a comparison of the titers obtained by SRID and LAA for several monovalent vaccines corresponding to various strains were performed. For A/H5N1 and A/H1N1 monovalent vaccines, the LAA was found to be linear and accurate as compared to the SRID. The precision of the LAA was close to that of the standard test, and good reproducibility from one laboratory to another was observed. Moreover, the LAA enabled HA quantification in AlOOH-adjuvanted and in emulsion-adjuvanted low-dose vaccines as well as unadjuvanted vaccines. In conclusion, LAA may be useful to rapidly and accurately measure influenza HA protein in monovalent vaccines, especially in those containing less than 5μg/mL of HA in the presence of an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buffin
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | | | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseline Dubayle
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Moste
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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17
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Abstract
Purpose of review Burkholderia pseudomallei's and Burkholderia mallei's high rate of infectivity, limited treatment options, and potential use as biological warfare agents underscore the need for development of effective vaccines against these bacteria. Research efforts focused on vaccines against these bacteria are in pre-clinical stages, with no approved formulations currently on the market. Recent findings Several live attenuated and subunit vaccine formulations have been evaluated in animal studies, with no reports of significant long term survival after lethal challenge. Summary This review encompasses the most current vaccine strategies to prevent B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infections while providing insight for successful vaccines moving forward.
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18
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Sun J, Remmele RL, Sanyal G. Analytical Characterization of an Oil-in-Water Adjuvant Emulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1595-1604. [PMID: 27628187 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are typically used in subunit vaccine formulations to enhance immune responses elicited by individual antigens. Physical chemical characterization of novel adjuvants is an important step in ensuring their effective use in vaccine formulations. This paper reports application of a panel of quantitative assays developed to analyze and characterize an oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion, which contains glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) and is a squalene-based emulsion. GLA is a fully synthetic analogue of monophosphoryl lipid A, which is a Toll-like receptor type 4 agonist and an FDA-approved adjuvant. The GLA-stable emulsion (GLA-SE) is currently being used for a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in a phase 2 clinical trial. GLA was quantitated using reverse-phased high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to a mass spectrometric detector, achieving higher assay sensitivity than the charged aerosol detection routinely used. Quantitation of the excipients of GLA-SE, including squalene, egg phosphatidyl choline, and Poloxamer 188, was achieved using a simple and rapid RP-HPLC method with evaporative light scattering detection, eliminating chemical derivatization typically required for these chromophore-lacking compounds. DL-α-tocopherol, the antioxidant of the GLA-SE, was quantitated using a RP-HPLC method with conventional UV detection. The experimental results compared well with values expected for these compounds based on targeted composition of the adjuvant. The assays were applied to identify degradation of individual components in a GLA-SE sample that degraded into distinct aqueous and oil phases. The methods developed and reported here are effective tools in monitoring physicochemical integrity of the adjuvant, as well as in formulation studies.
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19
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Emulsifying properties and degradation characteristics of bioresorbable polymeric emulsifiers in aqueous solution and oil-in-water emulsion. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Iyer V, Cayatte C, Marshall JD, Sun J, Schneider-Ohrum K, Maynard SK, Rajani GM, Bennett AS, Remmele RL, Bishop SM, McCarthy MP, Muralidhara BK. Feasibility of Freeze-Drying Oil-in-Water Emulsion Adjuvants and Subunit Proteins to Enable Single-Vial Vaccine Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1490-1498. [PMID: 28259764 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To generate potent vaccine responses, subunit protein antigens typically require coformulation with an adjuvant. Oil-in-water emulsions are among the most widely investigated adjuvants, based on their demonstrated ability to elicit robust antibody and cellular immune responses in the clinic. However, most emulsions cannot be readily frozen or lyophilized, on account of the risk of phase separation, and may have a deleterious effect on protein antigen stability when stored long term as a liquid coformulation. To circumvent this, current emulsion-formulated vaccines generally require a complex multivial presentation with obvious drawbacks, making a single-vial presentation for such products highly desirable. We describe the development of a stable, lyophilized squalene emulsion adjuvant through innovative formulation and process development approaches. On reconstitution, freeze-dried emulsion preparations were found to have a minimal increase in particle size of ∼20 nm and conferred immunogenicity in BALB/c mice similar in potency to freshly prepared emulsion coformulations in liquid form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Cayatte
- Vaccine Platform Group, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Jenny Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Sean K Maynard
- Vaccine Platform Group, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | | | - Richard L Remmele
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Steve M Bishop
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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21
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Abstract
Emulsion adjuvants for human vaccines have evolved gradually over the last century. Current formulations are the result of many refinements to their composition and manufacturing, as well as optimization for safety and efficacy. Squalene has emerged as being particularly suitable for the manufacturing of safe oil-in-water (O/W) adjuvants for parenteral applications due to its biocompatibility and ability to be metabolized. Emulsion particle size has been identified as an important parameter affecting the pharmaceutical performance of O/W emulsion adjuvants. Submicronic emulsions with sizes in the 80-200 nm range are preferred for potency, manufacturing consistency, and stability reasons. Two manufacturing processes, high pressure homogenization (HPH or microfluidization) and a phase inversion temperature method (PIT), are described to yield such fine and long-term stable emulsion adjuvants.
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22
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Rosselli R, Martini M, Bragazzi NL, Watad A. The Public Health Impact of the So-Called "Fluad Effect" on the 2014/2015 Influenza Vaccination Campaign in Italy: Ethical Implications for Health-Care Workers and Health Communication Practitioners. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 973:125-134. [PMID: 28452003 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza, causing complications, hospitalizations and deaths, generates a serious socio-economic burden, especially among elderly and high-risk subjects, as well as among adult individuals. Despite the availability and active free-of charge offer of influenza vaccines, vaccine coverage rates remain low and far from the target established by the Ministry of Health. Notwithstanding their effectiveness, vaccines are victims of prejudices and false myths, that contribute to the increasing phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy and loss of confidence. Media and, in particular, new media and information and communication technologies (ICTs) play a major role in disseminating health-related information. They are extremely promising devices for delivering health education and promoting disease prevention, including immunization. However, they can also have a negative impact on population's health attitudes and behaviors when channeling wrong, misleading information. During the 2014/2015 influenza vaccination campaign, the report of four deaths allegedly caused by administration of an adjuvanted influenza vaccine, Fluad - the so-called "Fluad case" - received an important media coverage, which contributed to the failure of the vaccination campaign, dramatically reducing the influenza vaccine uptake. In the extant literature, there is a dearth of information concerning the effect of the "Fluad case". The current study aims at quantifying the impact of the "Fluad effect" at the level of the Local Health Unit 3 (LHU3) ASL3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy. Ethical implications for health-care workers and health communication practitioners are also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariano Martini
- Section of History of Medicine and Ethics, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Abdulla Watad
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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23
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Noh HJ, Noh YW, Heo MB, Kim EH, Park SJ, Kim YI, Choi YK, Lim YT. Injectable and Pathogen-Mimicking Hydrogels for Enhanced Protective Immunity against Emerging and Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:6279-6288. [PMID: 27671946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal emerging infectious diseases such as influenza A impose substantial risk and need new translational strategies to achieve active immunomodulation. Here, a novel injectable pathogen-mimicking hydrogel (iPMH) that can enhance both cellular and humoral immune responses is suggested. By the help of poly(γ-glutamic acid) that has abundant carboxylate groups and dispersion helper function, hydrophobic immunostimulatory 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) molecules and viral antigens (PR8, W150) can be successfully combined as pathogen-mimicking adjuvants. Polyelectrolyte complex between the poly(γ-glutamic acid)-based adjuvants and collagens generate in situ gel-forming hydrogel at physiological temperature. When the iPMH are immunized, they act as a pathogen-mimicking (MPLA, H1N1, H5N1) immune priming center and a depot for continuous stimulation of immune system, resulting in the induction of high levels (8.5 times higher) of antigen-specific IgG titers in the sera of mice and the increased number of IFN-γ-producing cells (7.3 times higher) compared with those in the groups immunized with antigen plus clinically used aluminum gels. Following the intranasal infection of the mouse adapted virus (emerging infectious 2009 H1N1 and highly pathogenic 2006 H5N1) at 50 times the 50% lethal dose, the mice immunized with viral antigens plus iPMH exhibit 100% protective immunity against lethal virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jong Noh
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Young-Woock Noh
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Min Beom Heo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chengju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chengju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chengju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chengju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
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24
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Huang CH, Huang CY, Cheng CP, Dai SH, Chen HW, Leng CH, Chong P, Liu SJ, Huang MH. Degradable emulsion as vaccine adjuvant reshapes antigen-specific immunity and thereby ameliorates vaccine efficacy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36732. [PMID: 27827451 PMCID: PMC5101498 DOI: 10.1038/srep36732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the feasibility and adjuvant mechanism of a degradable emulsion for tuning adaptive immune responses to a vaccine antigen. We featured a mouse model with ovalbumin (OVA) as the antigen to deepen our understanding of the properties of a degradable emulsion-based adjuvant, dubbed PELC, interacting with immune cells and to elucidate their roles in vaccine immunogenicity in vivo. First, we demonstrated that the emulsion, which is stabilized by an amphiphilic bioresorbable polymer, shows degradation in mimic human body conditions and considerable tolerance in vivo. Then, we confirmed the model protein could be loaded into the emulsion and released from the matrix in a sustained manner, subsequently driving the production of antigen-specific antibodies. We also comprehended that PELC not only recruits antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the injection site but also induces the activation of the recruited APCs and migration to the draining lymph nodes. As an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, PELC-formulated OVA could strongly enhance antigen-specific T-cell responses as well as anti-tumor ability with respected to non-formulated OVA, using OVA protein/EG7 cells as a tumor antigen/tumor cell model. Accordingly, our data paved the way for the clinical application of degradable emulsions based on amphiphilic bioresorbable polymers as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiung Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Dai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Leng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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25
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Bobbala S, Hook S. Is There an Optimal Formulation and Delivery Strategy for Subunit Vaccines? Pharm Res 2016; 33:2078-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Iyer V, Cayatte C, Guzman B, Schneider-Ohrum K, Matuszak R, Snell A, Rajani GM, McCarthy MP, Muralidhara B. Impact of formulation and particle size on stability and immunogenicity of oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1853-64. [PMID: 26090563 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1046660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsions have gained consideration as vaccine adjuvants in recent years due to their ability to elicit a differentiated immunogenic response compared to traditional aluminum salt adjuvants. Squalene, a cholesterol precursor, is a natural product with immunostimulatory properties, making it an ideal candidate for such oil-in-water emulsions. Particle size is a key parameter of these emulsions and its relationship to stability and adjuvanticity has not been extensively studied. This study evaluates the effect of particle size on the stability and immunogenicity of squalene emulsions. We investigated the effect of formulation parameters such as surfactant concentration on particle size, resulting in particles with average diameter of 80 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, or 250 nm. Emulsions were exposed to shear and temperature stresses, and stability parameters such as pH, osmolarity, size, and in-depth visual appearance were monitored over time. In addition, adjuvanticity of different particle size was assessed in a mouse model using Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion protein (RSV-F) as a model antigen. Temperature dependent phase separation appeared to be the most common route of degradation occurring in the higher particle sizes emulsions. The emulsions below 150 nm size maintained stability at either 5 °C or 25 °C, and the 80 nm diameter ones showed no measurable changes in size even after one month at 40 °C. In vivo studies using the emulsions as an adjuvant with RSV F antigen revealed that superior immunogenicity could be achieved with the 80 nm particle size emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyashankara Iyer
- a Formulation Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development; Medimmune LLC ; Gaithersburg , MD USA
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27
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Coumes F, Huang CY, Huang CH, Coudane J, Domurado D, Li S, Darcos V, Huang MH. Design and Development of Immunomodulatory Antigen Delivery Systems Based on Peptide/PEG-PLA Conjugate for Tuning Immunity. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3666-73. [PMID: 26473322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are considered to be a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy. However, a well-designed cancer vaccine should combine a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) with the most effective immunomodulatory agents and/or delivery system to provoke intense immune responses against the TAA. In the present study, we introduced a new approach by conjugating the immunomodulatory molecule LD-indolicidin to the hydrophilic chain end of the polymeric emulsifier poly(ethylene glycol)-polylactide (PEG-PLA), allowing the molecule to be located close to the surface of the resulting emulsion. A peptide/polymer conjugate, named LD-indolicidin-PEG-PLA, was synthesized by conjugation of the amine end-group of LD-indolicidin to the N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated carboxyl end-group of PEG. As an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapeutic use, TAA vaccine candidate formulated with the LD-indolicidin-PEG-PLA-stabilized squalene-in-water emulsion could effectively help to elicit a T helper (Th)1-dominant antigen-specific immune response as well as antitumor ability, using ovalbumin (OVA) protein/EG7 cells as a TAA/tumor cell model. Taken together, these results open up a new approach to the development of immunomodulatory antigen delivery systems for vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Coumes
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, Faculty of Pharmacy , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Chiung-Yi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jean Coudane
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, Faculty of Pharmacy , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dominique Domurado
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, Faculty of Pharmacy , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Suming Li
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, UMR CNRS 5635, University of Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Darcos
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, Faculty of Pharmacy , 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes , 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University , 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
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Noh HJ, Chowdhury MYE, Cho S, Kim JH, Park HS, Kim CJ, Poo H, Sung MH, Lee JS, Lim YT. Programming of Influenza Vaccine Broadness and Persistence by Mucoadhesive Polymer-Based Adjuvant Systems. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216889 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of an anti-influenza vaccine with the potential for cross-protection against seasonal drift variants as well as occasionally emerging reassortant viruses is essential. In this study, we successfully generated a novel anti-influenza vaccine system combining conserved matrix protein 2 (sM2) and stalk domain of hemagglutinin (HA2) fusion protein (sM2HA2) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-based vaccine adjuvant systems that can act as a mucoadhesive delivery vehicle of sM2HA2 as well as a robust strategy for the incorporation of hydrophobic immunostimulatory 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS21. Intranasal coadministration of sM2HA2 and the combination adjuvant γ-PGA/MPL/QS21 (CA-PMQ) was able to induce a high degree of protective mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immune responses. The sM2HA2/CA-PMQ immunization was able to prevent disease symptoms, confering complete protection against lethal infection with divergent influenza subtypes (H5N1, H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2) that lasted for at least 6 mo. Therefore, our data suggest that mucosal administration of sM2HA2 in combination with CA-PMQ could be a potent strategy for a broad cross-protective influenza vaccine, and CA-PMQ as a mucosal adjuvant could be used for effective mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jong Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Mohammed Y E Chowdhury
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Seonghun Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea; and
| | - Moon-Hee Sung
- Department of Advanced Fermentation Fusion Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea;
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Suwon 440-746, South Korea;
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Mucosally administered Lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sM2 and HA2) with cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) Induce broadly protective immune responses against divergent influenza subtypes. Vet Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection against existing and unforeseen influenza viruses is a critical challenge. In this study, we constructed and expressed conserved sM2 and HA2 influenza antigens with cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) on the surface of Lactobacillus casei (pgsA-CTA1sM2HA2/L. casei). Oral and nasal administrations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and their isotypes (IgG1 & IgG2a) as well as mucosal IgA. The mucosal administration of pgsA-CTA1sM2HA2/L. casei may also significantly increase the levels of sM2- or HA2-specific cell-mediated immunity because increased release of both IFN-γ and IL-4 was observed. The recombinant pgsA-CTA1sM2HA2/L. casei provided better protection of BALB/c mice against 10 times the 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD50) of homologous A/EM/Korea/W149/06(H5N1) or A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2) and heterologous A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1), or A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004(H9N2) or A/Philippines/2/08(H3N2) viruses, compared with L. casei harboring sM2HA2 and also the protection was maintained up to seven months after administration. These results indicate that recombinant L. casei expressing the highly conserved sM2, HA2 of influenza and CTA1 as a mucosal adjuvant could be a potential mucosal vaccine candidate or tool to protect against divergent influenza viruses for human and animal.
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Zhu M, Wang R, Nie G. Applications of nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2761-74. [PMID: 25483497 PMCID: PMC4977448 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are applied to amplify the recipient's specific immune responses against pathogen infection or malignancy. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to meet the demands for more potent antigen-specific responses, specific types of immune responses, and a high margin of safety. Nanotechnology provides a multifunctional stage for the integration of desired adjuvant activities performed by the building blocks of tailor-designed nanoparticles. Using nanomaterials for antigen delivery can provide high bioavailability, sustained and controlled release profiles, and targeting and imaging properties resulting from manipulation of the nanomaterials' physicochemical properties. Moreover, the inherent immune-regulating activity of particular nanomaterials can further promote and shape the cellular and humoral immune responses toward desired types. The combination of both the delivery function and immunomodulatory effect of nanomaterials as adjuvants is thought to largely benefit the immune outcomes of vaccination. In this review, we will address the current achievements of nanotechnology in the development of novel adjuvants. The potential mechanisms by which nanomaterials impact the immune responses to a vaccine and how physicochemical properties, including size, surface charge and surface modification, impact their resulting immunological outcomes will be discussed. This review aims to provide concentrated information to promote new insights for the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motao Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China; Beijing, PR China
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston, TX USA
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston, TX USA
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China; Beijing, PR China
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31
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Dormitzer P, Tsai T, Del Giudice G. New technologies for influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:45-58. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.8.1.18859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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32
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Immunogenicity studies of bivalent inactivated virions of EV71/CVA16 formulated with submicron emulsion systems. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:670506. [PMID: 25006583 PMCID: PMC4071850 DOI: 10.1155/2014/670506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed two strategies for preparing candidate vaccines against hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused mainly by infections of enterovirus (EV) 71 and coxsackievirus (CV) A16. We firstly design and optimize the potency of adjuvant combinations of emulsion-based delivery systems, using EV71 candidate vaccine as a model. We then perform immunogenicity studies in mice of EV71/CVA16 antigen combinations formulated with PELC/CpG. A single dose of inactivated EV71 virion (0.2 μg) emulsified in submicron particles was found (i) to induce potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibody responses and (ii) consistently to elicit broad antibody responses against EV71 neutralization epitopes. A single dose immunogenicity study of bivalent activated EV71/CVA16 virion formulated with either Alum or PELC/CpG adjuvant showed that CVA16 antigen failed to elicit CVA16 neutralizing antibody responses and did not affect EV71-specific neutralizing antibody responses. A boosting dose of emulsified EV71/CVA16 bivalent vaccine candidate was found to be necessary to achieve high seroconversion of CVA16-specific neutralizing antibody responses. The current results are important for the design and development of prophylactic vaccines against HFMD and other emerging infectious diseases.
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33
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Nitcheu Tefit J, Serra V. Outlining novel cellular adjuvant products for therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1207-20. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Regules JA, Cummings JF, Ockenhouse CF. The RTS,S vaccine candidate for malaria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:589-99. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Kashiwagi S, Yuan J, Forbes B, Hibert ML, Lee ELQ, Whicher L, Goudie C, Yang Y, Chen T, Edelblute B, Collette B, Edington L, Trussler J, Nezivar J, Leblanc P, Bronson R, Tsukada K, Suematsu M, Dover J, Brauns T, Gelfand J, Poznansky MC. Near-infrared laser adjuvant for influenza vaccine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82899. [PMID: 24349390 PMCID: PMC3859633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective immunologic adjuvants are often essential for vaccines. However, the choice of adjuvant for licensed vaccines is limited, especially for those that are administered intradermally. We show that non-tissue damaging, near-infrared (NIR) laser light given in short exposures to small areas of skin, without the use of additional chemical or biological agents, significantly increases immune responses to intradermal influenza vaccination without augmenting IgE. The NIR laser-adjuvanted vaccine confers increased protection in a murine influenza lethal challenge model as compared to unadjuvanted vaccine. We show that NIR laser treatment induces the expression of specific chemokines in the skin resulting in recruitment and activation of dendritic cells and is safe to use in both mice and humans. The NIR laser adjuvant technology provides a novel, safe, low-cost, simple-to-use, potentially broadly applicable and clinically feasible approach to enhancing vaccine efficacy as an alternative to chemical and biological adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianping Yuan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Forbes
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathew L. Hibert
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eugene L. Q. Lee
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura Whicher
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Calum Goudie
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuan Yang
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beth Edelblute
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Collette
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laurel Edington
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Trussler
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean Nezivar
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roderick Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kosuke Tsukada
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio Universtiy, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Dover
- SkinCare Physicians of Chestnut Hill, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetss, United States of America
| | - Timothy Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Gelfand
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of objects that function as a unit within the overall size range of 1-1,000 nanometres. The engineering of nanostructure materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions or nanotubules, holds great promise for the development of new immunomodulatory agents, as such nanostructures can be used to more effectively manipulate or deliver immunologically active components to target sites. Successful applications of nanotechnology in the field of immunology will enable new generations of vaccines, adjuvants and immunomodulatory drugs that aim to improve clinical outcomes in response to a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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37
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Chen J, Pompano RR, Santiago FW, Maillat L, Sciammas R, Sun T, Han H, Topham DJ, Chong AS, Collier JH. The use of self-adjuvanting nanofiber vaccines to elicit high-affinity B cell responses to peptide antigens without inflammation. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8776-85. [PMID: 23953841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Balancing immunogenicity with inflammation is a central tenet of vaccine design, especially for subunit vaccines that utilize traditional pro-inflammatory adjuvants. Here we report that by using a nanoparticulate peptide-based vaccine, immunogenicity and local inflammation could be decoupled. Self-assembled β-sheet-rich peptide nanofibers, previously shown to elicit potent antibody responses in mice, were found to be non-cytotoxic in vitro and, remarkably, elicited no measurable inflammation in vivo-with none of the swelling at the injection site, accumulation of inflammatory cells or cytokines, or production of allergic IgE that were elicited by an alum-adjuvanted vaccine. Nanofibers were internalized by dendritic cells and macrophages at the injection site, and only dendritic cells that acquired the material increased their expression of the activation markers CD80 and CD86. Immunization with epitope-bearing nanofibers elicited antigen-specific differentiation of T cells into T follicular helper cells and B cells into germinal center cells, as well as high-titer, high-affinity IgG that cross-reacted with the native protein antigen and was neutralizing in an in vitro influenza hemagglutination inhibition assay. These responses were superior to those induced by alum and comparable to those induced by complete Freund's adjuvant. Thus, nanoparticulate assemblies may provide a new route to non-inflammatory immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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38
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Rümke HC, Richardus JH, Rombo L, Pauksens K, Plaßmann G, Durand C, Devaster JM, Dewé W, Oostvogels L. Selection of an adjuvant for seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly people: modelling immunogenicity from a randomized trial. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:348. [PMID: 23890405 PMCID: PMC3729430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved influenza vaccines are needed to reduce influenza-associated complications in older adults. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal formulation of adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine for use in elderly people. Methods This observer-blind, randomized study assessed the optimal formulation of adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine based on immunogenicity and safety in participants aged ≥65 years. Participants were randomized (~200 per group) to receive one dose of non-adjuvanted vaccine or one of eight formulations of vaccine formulated with a squalene and tocopherol oil-in-water emulsion-based Adjuvant System (AS03C, AS03B or AS03A, with 2.97, 5.93 and 11.86 mg tocopherol, respectively) together with the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, doses of 0, 25 or 50 mg). Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses and T-cell responses were assessed on Day 0 and 21 days post-vaccination. The ratio of HI-based geometric mean titers in adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted vaccine groups were calculated and the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval was transformed into a desirability index (a value between 0 and 1) in an experimental domain for each vaccine strain, and plotted in relation to the AS03 and MPL dose combination in the formulation. This model was used to assess the optimal formulation based on HI antibody titers. Reactogenicity and safety were also assessed. The immunogenicity and safety analyses were used to evaluate the optimal formulation of adjuvanted vaccine. Results In the HI antibody-based model, an AS03 dose–response was evident; responses against the A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 strains were higher for all adjuvanted formulations versus non-adjuvanted vaccine, and for the AS03A-MPL25, AS03B-MPL25 and AS03B-MPL50 formulations against the B strain. Modelling using more stringent criteria (post hoc) showed a clear dose-range effect for the AS03 component against all strains, whereas MPL showed a limited effect. Higher T-cell responses for adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted vaccine were observed for all except two formulations (AS03C and AS03B-MPL25). Reactogenicity increased with increasing AS03 dosage, and with MPL. No safety concerns were raised. Conclusions Five formulations containing AS03A or AS03B were identified as potential candidates to improve immune responses to influenza vaccination; AS03B without MPL showed the best balance between improved immunogenicity and acceptable reactogenicity. Trial registration This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00540592
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Rümke
- Vaccine Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
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Noh YW, Hong JH, Shim SM, Park HS, Bae HH, Ryu EK, Hwang JH, Lee CH, Cho SH, Sung MH, Poo H, Lim YT. Polymer nanomicelles for efficient mucus delivery and antigen-specific high mucosal immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7684-9. [PMID: 23765547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Micelles for mucosal immunity: A mucosal vaccine system based on γ-PGA nanomicelles and viral antigens was synthesized. The intranasal administration of the vaccine system induces a high immune response both in the humoral and cellular immunity (see picture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woock Noh
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Noh YW, Hong JH, Shim SM, Park HS, Bae HH, Ryu EK, Hwang JH, Lee CH, Cho SH, Sung MH, Poo H, Lim YT. Polymer Nanomicelles for Efficient Mucus Delivery and Antigen-Specific High Mucosal Immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kommareddy S, Baudner BC, Bonificio A, Gallorini S, Palladino G, Determan AS, Dohmeier DM, Kroells KD, Sternjohn JR, Singh M, Dormitzer PR, Hansen KJ, O'Hagan DT. Influenza subunit vaccine coated microneedle patches elicit comparable immune responses to intramuscular injection in guinea pigs. Vaccine 2013; 31:3435-41. [PMID: 23398932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of influenza vaccine using innovative approaches such as microneedles has been researched extensively in the past decade. In this study we present concentration followed by formulation and coating of monobulks from 2008/2009 seasonal vaccine on to 3M's solid microstructured transdermal system (sMTS) by a GMP-scalable process. The hemagglutinin (HA) in monobulks was concentrated by tangential flow filtration (TFF) to achieve HA concentrations as high as 20mg/ml. The stability of the coated antigens was evaluated by the functional assay, single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). The data generated show stability of the coated antigen upon storage at 4°C and room temperature in the presence of desiccant for at least 8 weeks. Freeze-thaw stability data indicate the stability of the coated antigen in stressed conditions. The vaccine coated microstructures were evaluated in vivo in a guinea pig model, and resulted in immune titers comparable to the traditional trivalent vaccine administered intramuscularly. The data presented indicate the potential use of the technology in delivery of influenza vaccine. This paper also addresses the key issues of stability of coated antigen, reproducibility and scalability of the processes used in preparation of influenza vaccine coated microneedle patches that are important in developing a successful product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kommareddy
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA-02139, United States.
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Cotte JF, Sonnery S, Martial F, Dubayle J, Dalençon F, Haensler J, Adam O. Characterization of surfactants in an oil-in-water emulsion-based vaccine adjuvant using MS and HPLC–MS: Structural analysis and quantification. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Klucker MF, Dalençon F, Probeck P, Haensler J. AF03, an alternative squalene emulsion-based vaccine adjuvant prepared by a phase inversion temperature method. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4490-500. [PMID: 22941944 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AF03 is a squalene-based emulsion adjuvant that is present in the adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine, Humenza™. In this report, we describe the design and development of this novel adjuvant formulation from the selection of the oil and surfactant system used in the adjuvant composition to the phase inversion temperature emulsification process that afforded AF03 as a long-term stable and well calibrated oil-in-water emulsion. The emulsion was characterized by its particle sizes, surface and interfacial tensions, viscosity, and long-term stability.
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Short and long-term safety of the 2009 AS03-adjuvanted pandemic vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38563. [PMID: 22802929 PMCID: PMC3389012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study assessed the short and the long term safety of the 2009 AS03 adjuvanted monovalent pandemic vaccine through an active web-based electronic surveillance. We compared its safety profile to that of the seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) for 2010–2011. Methodology/Principal Findings Health care workers (HCW) vaccinated in 2009 with the pandemic vaccine (Arepanrix ® from GSK) or HCW vaccinated in 2010 with the 2010–2011 TIV were invited to participate in a web-based active surveillance of vaccine safety. They completed two surveys the day-8 survey covered the first 7 days post-vaccination and the day-29 survey covered events occurring 8 to 28 days after vaccination. Those who reported a problem were called by a nurse to obtain details. The main outcome was the occurrence of a new health problem or the worsening of an existing health condition that resulted in a medical consultation or work absenteeism. For the pandemic vaccine, a six-month follow-up for the occurrence of serious adverse events (SAE) was conducted. Among the 6242 HCW who received the pandemic vaccine, 440 (7%) reported 468 events compared to 328 of the 7645 HCW (4.3%) who reported 339 events after the seasonal vaccine. The 2009 pandemic vaccine was associated with significantly more local reactions than the 2010–2011 seasonal vaccine (1% vs. 0.03%, p<0.001). Paresthesia was reported by 7 HCW (0.1%) after the pandemic vaccine but by none after the seasonal vaccine. For the pandemic vaccine, no clustering of SAE was found in the 6 month follow-up. Conclusion The 2009 pandemic vaccine seems to have a good safety profile, similar to the 2010–2011 TIV, with the exception of local reactions. This surveillance was adequately powered to identify AE associated with an excess risk ≥1 per 1000 vaccinations but is insufficient to detect rare AE. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01289418, NCT01318876
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Abstract
With advances in global health care, ageing populations are expected to grow worldwide throughout the 21st century. Increased lifespan is a testament to modern medical and social practices, but also presents a growing challenge to a system with limited resources. Elderly populations present specific concerns related to preventative health practices, especially vaccination. Although the power of vaccination is unquestionable in controlling infectious disease, immunosenescence can lead to reduced immune responses following immunization in the elderly, and increased morbidity and mortality. Further complicating this issue, some vaccines themselves may pose a substantial safety risk in the elderly when compared to younger counterparts. Though any health care intervention must balance risk and reward, safety and immunogenicity are often poorly characterized in older populations. This review explores several domestic and travel vaccines, examining what is known concerning efficacy and safety in the elderly, and considers future alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc. 505 NW 185 th Avenue Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Bourouina N, Husson J, Hivroz C, Henry N. Biomimetic droplets for artificial engagement of living cell surface receptors: the specific case of the T-cell. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6106-13. [PMID: 22414256 DOI: 10.1021/la300398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid colloids, in the form of droplets grafted with specific biomolecules, are emerging as potential biomimetic systems. Here we show for the first time the possibility of forming hybrid conjugates between an advanced living cell model, the T-cell of the Jurkat cell line, and a specifically grafted droplet. Using T-cells expressing a fluorescent chimeric protein associated with the TCR/CD3 complex and fluorescent ligand-grafted droplets, we demonstrate formation of an interfacial contact concentrated in linking molecules, the morphology and dynamics of which strongly depend on the targeted receptor. The sequence of events ranges from the initial concentration of molecules following an unbound molecule gradient to active actin-driven spreading and fragmentation of the contact, ending with droplet internalization. We observed synchronized colocalization of receptors and ligands driven by cell dynamics and closely mirrored by the droplet interface. Using intracellular calcium probe Fura-2, we also showed that the cell/droplet interaction can trigger the T-cell signaling cascade. By examining molecular dynamics using FRAP measurements, we observed a nearly frozen cell droplet joining interface. Taken together, our results point to liquid colloids as promising new tools both for probing cell surface interactions and receptor dynamics and for manipulating biological cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bourouina
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS, UMR168-Paris, F-75248 France
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Baldwin SL, Bertholet S, Reese VA, Ching LK, Reed SG, Coler RN. The importance of adjuvant formulation in the development of a tuberculosis vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2189-97. [PMID: 22291184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An effective protein-based vaccine for tuberculosis will require a safe and effective adjuvant. There are few adjuvants in approved human vaccines, including alum and the oil-in-water-based emulsions MF59 (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics), AS03 and AS04 (GlaxoSmithKline Biologics), AF03 (Sanofi), and liposomes (Crucell). When used with pure, defined proteins, both alum and emulsion adjuvants are effective at inducing primarily humoral responses. One of the newest adjuvants in approved products is AS04, which combines monophosphoryl lipid A, a TLR-4 agonist, with alum. In this study, we compared two adjuvants: a stable oil-in-water emulsion (SE) and a stable oil-in-water emulsion incorporating glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, a synthetic TLR-4 agonist (GLA-SE), each together with a recombinant protein, ID93. Both the emulsion SE and GLA-SE adjuvants induce potent cellular responses in combination with ID93 in mice. ID93/SE induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas ID93/GLA-SE induced multifunctional CD4(+) Th1 cell responses (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). The ID93/GLA-SE vaccine candidate induced significant protection in mice and guinea pigs, whereas no protection was observed with ID93/SE, as assessed by reductions in bacterial burden, survival, and pathology. These results highlight the importance of properly formulating subunit vaccines with effective adjuvants for use against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Lim YT, Shim SM, Noh YW, Lee KS, Choi DY, Uyama H, Bae HH, Kim JH, Hong KS, Sung MH, Poo H. Bioderived polyelectrolyte nanogels for robust antigen loading and vaccine adjuvant effects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3281-3286. [PMID: 22009658 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An easy but robust strategy for the synthesis of bioderived polyelectrolyte nanogels for protein antigen loading and vaccine adjuvant systems that can improve both humoral (Th2) and cellular immunity (Th1) is presented. The synthesized polyelectrolyte nanogels promote the uptake of antigens into antigen-presenting cells and strongly induce ovalbumin-specific INF-γ producing cells, cytotoxic T cell activity, and antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Taik Lim
- Graduate School and Department of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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Legastelois I, Chevalier M, Bernard MC, de Montfort A, Fouque M, Pilloud A, Serraille C, Devard N, Engel O, Sodoyer R, Moste C. Avian glycan-specific IgM monoclonal antibodies for the detection and quantitation of type A and B haemagglutinins in egg-derived influenza vaccines. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:129-36. [PMID: 21907241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two IgM monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), Y6F5 and Y13F9, were selected during a screening of clones obtained immunising BALB/c mice with purified envelop proteins of the A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2) IVR108 influenza strain. These MAbs recognised avian glycans on the haemagglutinin (HA) of the virus. This broad recognition allowed these MAbs to be used as enzyme-labelled secondary antibody reagents in a strain specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in combination with a capture MAb that recognised and allowed the quantitation of the strain specific HA protein present in an egg-produced influenza vaccine. Advantage was taken of these MAbs to develop a universal ELISA in which the MAbs were used both as capture antibody and as enzyme-labelled secondary antibody to detect and quantify the HA protein of any egg-derived influenza vaccine. These avian-glycan specific IgM MAbs may prove to be particularly useful for determining the HA concentration in monovalent egg-derived pandemic influenza vaccines, in which the HA concentration may be lower than 5μg/ml. The HA detection limit in the ELISA assays developed in this study was 1.9μg/ml, as opposed to the 5μg/ml quantitation limit generally accepted for the standard single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, the approved technique for quantifying HA content in influenza vaccines. These ELISAs can also be used to quantify influenza HA formulated with emulsion-based or mineral salt adjuvants that could interfere with HA measurement by the SRID assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Legastelois
- Department of Research, Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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Tavares F, Delaigle A, Slavin D, Bauchau V, Fries L, Seifert H. Anaphylaxis following H1N1 pandemic vaccines: Safety data in perspective. Vaccine 2011; 29:6402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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