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Zanfagnini LG, Reis Junior JL, Rocha VN, Souza SF, Hitara KY, Marcondes M, Pacheco AD. Ehrlichia spp. infection worsens cardiac damage in dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e018223. [PMID: 38836809 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In endemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), the occurrence of coinfection with other pathogens, such as Ehrlichia spp., has been associated with worsening of the clinical condition. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of histological changes in the myocardia of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi with or without coinfection with Ehrlichia spp.. We evaluated paraffin-embedded myocardial sections from 31 dogs, affected by either L. chagasi alone or coinfected with L. chagasi and Ehrlichia spp., to compare the extent and degree of cardiac damage. The blocks were divided into two groups. G1 (dogs infected only by L. chagasi) and G2 (dogs coinfected with L. chagasi and Ehrlichia spp.). The right atrium free wall, right ventricle free wall, left ventricle, and interventricular septum of all groups were evaluated. Cardiac alterations were observed in 41.93% (52/124) of the fragments evaluated and inflammatory infiltrate was the most common pattern found. The G2 group showed a higher incidence of myocarditis, with 61.53% (32/52), compared to the G1 group, in which 20 out of 72 cases (27.7%) exhibited histopathological changes (p <0.05). These findings confirmed that coinfection can potentiate cardiac damage in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janildo Ludolf Reis Junior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Novaes Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Karina Yukie Hitara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Moreira G, Maia R, Soares N, Ostolin T, Coura-Vital W, Aguiar-Soares R, Ruiz J, Resende D, de Brito R, Reis A, Roatt B. Synthetic Peptides Selected by Immunoinformatics as Potential Tools for the Specific Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:906. [PMID: 38792746 PMCID: PMC11123790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil faces challenges due to the limitations regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the current diagnostic protocol. Therefore, it is urgent to map new antigens or enhance the existing ones for future diagnostic techniques. Immunoinformatic tools are promising in the identification of new potential epitopes or antigen candidates. In this study, we evaluated peptides selected by epitope prediction for CVL serodiagnosis in ELISA assays. Ten B-cell epitopes were immunogenic in silico, but two peptides (peptides No. 45 and No. 48) showed the best performance in vitro. The selected peptides, both individually and in combination, were highly diagnostically accurate, with sensitivities ranging from 86.4% to 100% and with a specificity of approximately 90%. We observed that the combination of peptides showed better performance when compared to peptide alone, by detecting all asymptomatic dogs, showing lower cross-reactivity in sera from dogs with other canine infections, and did not detect vaccinated animals. Moreover, our data indicate the potential use of immunoinformatic tools associated with ELISA assays for the selection and evaluation of potential new targets, such as peptides, applied to the diagnosis of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Nathália Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Thais Ostolin
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Ruiz
- Grupo de Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil; (J.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Resende
- Grupo de Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil; (J.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Rory de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandre Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
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de Araújo Paz LF, da Silva A, da Silva HRF, Cavalcanti MP, de Lima VMF, da Cunha Beltrão MRO, Silva MBA, de Melo Neto OP, Medeiros ZM, dos Santos WJT. Diagnostic Potential for the Detection of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis of an ELISA Assay Based on the Q5 Recombinant Protein: A Large-Scale and Comparative Evaluation Using Canine Sera with a Positive Diagnosis from the Dual-Path-Platform (DPP) Test. Vet Sci 2023; 10:608. [PMID: 37888560 PMCID: PMC10610690 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis, a serious disease caused by the Leishmania infantum parasite. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is critical for disease control, with several methods currently available. Among the serological tests, the DPP rapid test and the EIE-LVC, more commonly used in Brazil, are associated with variable sensitivity and specificity. Research with novel recombinant proteins such as the ELISA with the recombinant chimeric protein Q5 may therefore improve the CVL diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the true diagnostic potential of Q5 in an ELISA assay using a large number of CVL-suspected sera (406) with a previous positive diagnosis based on the rapid DPP test. Sera from the DPP-positive dogs, also assessed with the EIE-LVC test, were compared with sera from healthy dogs (n = 46) and used for ELISA tests using the recombinant Q5. The resulting data as well as the correlation with the clinical signs and the environmental characteristics of the animals were analyzed using Medal and GraphPad Prism 8.0. Overall, similar levels of lower sensitivity (67-68%) were seen for both the commercial EIE-LVC test and the Q5 ELISA when all assessed sera were considered, but a much greater sensitivity (92%) was seen for those samples from symptomatic dogs only. In contrast, many negative results were observed for the DPP-positive sera from asymptomatic dogs or those with no clinical information available. A selection of those sera were tested yet again in new ELISA assays using a second batch of the recombinant Q5, purified under milder denaturing conditions, as well as using another recombinant protein (Lci13). The results reveal a higher-than-expected incidence of likely false-positive results for DPP, reinforcing the need for other recombinant proteins, such as the chimeric Q5, to be investigated as possible alternatives to the currently used CVL diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Aracatuba 16050-680, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zulma Maria Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-010, Brazil
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute—Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, Brazil
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Investigation of comorbidities in dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 39:100844. [PMID: 36878629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In endemic areas, dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum frequently have comorbidities, including mostly neoplastic, infectious, and parasitic diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of comorbidities among dogs that are not infected by L. infantum, dogs that are infected but do not present leishmaniosis, and dogs with leishmaniosis, and to examine if certain comorbidities are independent risk factors for the infection by L. infantum and/or for the development of canine leishmaniosis (CanL). A total of 111 dogs, older than 1-year and non-vaccinated against CanL, were allocated into three groups: group A (n = 18) included dogs that were not infected by L. infantum, group B (n = 52) included dogs that were infected by L. infantum but did not present CanL, and group C (n = 41) included dogs with CanL. Signalment and historical data were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Laboratory examinations included complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, fecal parasitology, modified Knott's test, microscopic examination of capillary blood, buffy coat, lymph node, bone marrow and conjunctival smears, qualitative serology for Dirofilaria immitis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum/A. platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and E. canis, IFAT for L. infantum, ELISA for Babesia spp. and Neospora caninum, and real-time PCR for L. infantum in bone marrow, skin biopsies and conjunctival swabs. A variety of comorbidities were found in all three groups. No independent risk factors for infection by L. infantum were found. On the contrary, among dogs infected by L. infantum, being a mongrel [odds ratio (OR): 11.2], not receiving prevention for dirofilariosis (OR: 26.5) and being seropositive to N. caninum (OR: 17.1) or to Babesia spp. (OR: 37.6), were independent risk factors for presenting CanL. Although no comorbidities influence the probability of canine infection by L. infantum, certain comorbidities may be precipitating factors for the transition from the subclinical infection by L. infantum to the overt CanL.
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Fontes JLM, Mesquita BR, Brito R, Gomes JCS, de Melo CVB, dos Santos WLC. Anti- Leishmania infantum Antibody-Producing Plasma Cells in the Spleen in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121635. [PMID: 34959592 PMCID: PMC8706995 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is involved in visceral leishmaniasis immunopathogenesis, and presents alterations in white-pulp microenvironments that are associated with an increased susceptibility to coinfections and patient death. Plasmacytosis in splenic red pulp (RP) is one observed alteration, but the specificity of antibody-secreting cells and the distribution of them has not yet been evaluated. We biotinylated soluble L. infantum membrane antigens (bSLMA) used as probes in modified immunohistochemistry, and detected the presence of anti-L. infantum antibody-secreting cells. Were used spleens from eight dogs from the endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), and three healthier controls. The spleen sections were cryopreserved, and we performed modified immunohistochemistry. The ratio of plasma cells which were reactive to bSLMA (Anti-Leish-PC) in the spleen RP and periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) were calculated. Dogs with CanL present hyperglobulinemia and more plasma cells in their RP than the controls. Furthermore, dogs with CanL presented a lower proportion of Anti-Leish-PC in their RP than in PALS. Likewise, dysproteinemia was related to RP and PALS plasmacytosis, and a more severe clinical profile.
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Beasley EA, Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113206. [PMID: 34827938 PMCID: PMC8614518 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), the most severe, visceralizing form of disease caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. CanL is frequently diagnosed in the Mediterranean basin and South America, although it is also found in other regions, including the United States (U.S.). Dogs in these regions are at risk for co-infections, prominently tick-borne diseases. Our review examines epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic mechanisms found during the most common eight CanL co-infections reported in published literature. Co-infections alter immunologic processes and disease progression impacting CanL diagnosis, therapeutic responses, and prognosis. Abstract Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Dantas-Torres F, Alexandre J, Miranda DEDO, Figueredo LA, Sales KGDS, de Sousa-Paula LC, da Silva LG, Valle GR, Ribeiro VM, Otranto D, Deuster K, Pollmeier M, Altreuther G. Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of babesial infections in dogs in two hyperendemic foci in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2681-2687. [PMID: 34110503 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Babesial parasites are some of the most ubiquitous blood pathogens and consequently have considerable worldwide veterinary impact. Dogs living in the tropics are highly exposed to babesial parasites, particularly to Babesia vogeli. Limited data on the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of Babesia spp. in dogs are available in Latin America. We conducted a cross-sectional study combining serological and molecular tests to estimate the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of Babesia spp. infections in dogs in two hyperendemic foci in Brazil. A total of 630 privately owned dogs (417 from Goiana municipality, Pernambuco state, north-eastern Brazil, and 213 from São Joaquim de Bicas municipality, Minas Gerais state, south-eastern Brazil) were sampled and molecularly and serologically tested for Babesia spp. Overall, 519 dogs (82.4%) presented detectable IgG antibodies against Babesia spp., and seropositivity was significantly higher in dogs older than 1 year. Molecularly, 34 dogs (5.4%) were positive for a ~ 200 bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia spp. and 88 (14.0%) for a longer fragment (~ 450 bp) of the same gene of Babesia spp. and other protozoa. The 18S rRNA gene sequences generated herein corresponded to B. vogeli (n = 52) or Hepatozoon canis (n = 20). This study confirms a high level of exposure to B. vogeli in two areas of Brazil and highlights that most of the dogs living in these areas are infected during the course of their life, reflected by increased seroprevalence in older dogs. Increased awareness and prevention of tick-borne protozoa infections in dogs from Brazil and Latin America are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Joanna Alexandre
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Vitor Márcio Ribeiro
- Veterinary School, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Betim, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Varjão BM, Pinho FAD, Solcà MDS, Silvestre R, Fujimori M, Goto H, Varjão NM, Dias RC, Barrouin-Melo SM. Spatial distribution of canine Leishmania infantum infection in a municipality with endemic human leishmaniasis in Eastern Bahia, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e022620. [PMID: 34076050 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to control a zoonotic disease such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum can be successful if they rely on comprehensive data on animal infection. In Bahia state, Brazil, human VL is endemic, yet some areas have no epidemiological data on canine L. infantum infection and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) to date. We aimed to perform an epidemiological study describing the spatial distribution and characterizing canine L. infantum infection in two districts of the municipality of Muritiba, where human cases have occurred. Brazilian official serodiagnostic protocol (ELISA and immunochromatographic tests), PCR and clinical examination were performed in 351 owned dogs. A seroprevalence of 15.7% (55/351) was found, and L. infantum identified in 88.8% (32/36) of PCR tested samples. Spatial distribution of positive dogs indicated infection in both urban and rural districts. There was no association between seropositivity and sex or breed, but dogs older than 2 years were 3.8 times more likely to be seropositive (95% CI 1.57 - 9.18) than younger dogs. Among seropositive dogs, 80% (44/55) had clinical manifestations of CanL: 75% (33/44) presented dermatopathy, 50% (22/44) emaciation, and 29.5% (13/44) ophthalmopathy. This is the first report on canine seroprevalence and natural L. infantum infection in Muritiba, Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Milen Varjão
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas Veterinárias, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde - ICVS, Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Laboratório Associado ICVS/3B's - Instituto de Investigação em Biomateriais, Biodegradáveis e Biomiméticos, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mahyumi Fujimori
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Natasha Milen Varjão
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Roberta Costa Dias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas Veterinárias, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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9
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Basurco A, Natale A, Capello K, Fernández A, Verde MT, González A, Yzuel A, Giner J, Villanueva-Saz S. Evaluation of the performance of three serological tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using latent class analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e018020. [PMID: 33295380 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Serological methods are the most common diagnostic techniques used for the diagnosis of the CanL. The objective of our study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of one in-house ELISA kit (ELISA UNIZAR) and three commercially available serological tests (MEGACOR Diagnostik GmbH) including an immunochromatographic rapid test (FASTest LEISH®), an immunofluorescent antibody test (MegaFLUO LEISH®) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MegaELISA LEISH®), using latent class models in a Bayesian analysis. Two hundred fifteen serum samples were included. The highest sensitivity was achieved for FASTest LEISH® (99.38%), ELISA UNIZAR (99.37%), MegaFLUO LEISH® (99.36%) followed by MegaELISA LEISH® (98.49%). The best specificity was obtained by FASTest LEISH® (98.43%), followed by ELISA UNIZAR (97.50%), whilst MegaFLUO LEISH® and MegaELISA LEISH® obtained the lower specificity (91.94% and 91.93%, respectively). The results of present study indicate that the immunochromatographic rapid test evaluated FASTest LEISH® show similar levels of sensitivity and specificity to the quantitative commercial tests. Among quantitative serological tests, sensitivity and specificity were similar considering ELISA or IFAT techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Basurco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Ana González
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Jacobo Giner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología Clínica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Departamento de Farmacologia y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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da Silva TBF, Silveira FT, Tomokane TY, Batista LFDS, Nunes JB, da Matta VLR, Passero LFD, Laurenti MD. Reactivity of purified and axenic amastigotes as a source of antigens to be used in serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2020; 79:102177. [PMID: 32791320 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a great diversity of techniques and antigens used in the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), total sensitivity and specificity have not yet been found. Since the use of amastigote forms in the indirect immunofluorescence assay has shown an improvement in the specificity of the test for the diagnosis of CVL, the performance of amastigotes forms of L. (L.) infantum chagasi as antigen source were evaluated in automatized ELISA test using crude antigen of axenic amastigote and purified amastigote from spleen of hamster chronically infected comparing with ELISA using total antigen produced with promastigote forms of L. (L.) infantum chagasi. One hundred and fifteen sera from dogs with positive parasitological diagnosis by PCR were used. The animals were classified into 2 groups: symptomatic (n = 67) and asymptomatic (n = 48) animals, in accordance with the clinical signs and laboratory tests were. As control, ninety-four sera from dogs with negative parasitological diagnosis were included. No significant difference was found in sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy between ELISA using whole antigens produced with both axenic and purified amastigotes in comparison with promastigotes forms. Correlation and concordance between the three total antigens tested in ELISA was observed. According to the similar performance among antigens, data pointed out to use antigen from promastigote forms for diagnosing canine leishmaniasis, especially due the easily in the production, lower cost and the abundance of correlative literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Bruna Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil; Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Feral do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fábio da Silva Batista
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa Nunes
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Rocha MF, Michalsky ÉM, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, Valadão JL, França-Silva JC, Pinheiro LC, de Sousa JF, dos Santos RC, Soares MD, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies - an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008079. [PMID: 32078634 PMCID: PMC7053768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease, caused by Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) species. In Brazil, the transmission of this parasite essentially occurs through the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Aiming at preventing VL expansion over the country, integrated control actions have been implemented through a Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program (VLSCP). Among the actions currently adopted by the program, the screening-culling of seropositive dogs for canine VL (CVL) is particularly polemic. Dogs with negative or divergent serology for CVL remain in their owner’s domicile and are monitored by public health agents. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of CVL and analyzed the implementation of the VLSCP screening-culling action, in an area in Brazil where there has been a recent expansion of VL. Canine census surveys were conducted semiannually for two years (Aug/2015 to Feb/2017). Serological diagnosis of CVL was performed in accordance with current VLSCP protocol: immunochromatography (TR-DPP) followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA EIE). 6,667 dogs were serologically screened for CVL, of which 567 (8.5%) were positive in both tests and 641 (9.6%) had divergent results. A variable percentage (6.3% to 65.4%) of the dogs in the latter group became positive within nine months from the first result. Xenodiagnosis was conducted in canine samples belonging to any of the three possible serological statuses for CVL–positive, divergent or negative. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected in Lu. longipalpis that fed on 50.0% (5/10) of dogs with positive serology and on 29.4% (5/17) of dogs with divergent serological status for CVL. Therefore, dogs with divergent serology for CVL may be as Leishmania-infective to Lu. longipalpis as seropositive ones. Even with the adoption of euthanasia for seropositive dogs, part of the canine population will continue to serve as a source of Leishmania infection for phlebotomine sand flies. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the parasites are mainly transmitted through the bite of female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies that have been previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the main domestic reservoirs of Leishmania. The Brazilian Ministry of Health has implemented euthanasia of VL-seropositive dogs as a measure to prevent VL expansion in the country, using the Dual-Path Platform Immunochromatographic Rapid Test (TR-DPP) as the screening method and the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA EIE) as the confirmatory test for diagnosis. Dogs with positive results in both tests are considered seropositive and recommended for euthanasia. Dogs with divergent serology between these tests remain at their owners’ home and part of them become seropositive within months. Therefore, even adopting euthanasia of seropositive dogs, part of the canine population will continue to serve as a source of Leishmania infection for sand flies, causing new canine and / or human cases of the disease. Difficulties and limitations to implement the screening-culling policy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Fontes de Sousa
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Dias Soares
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Olías-Molero AI, Corral MJ, Jiménez-Antón MD, Alunda JM. Early antibody response and clinical outcome in experimental canine leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18606. [PMID: 31819140 PMCID: PMC6901516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected dogs are the main reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, a widespread parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Therefore, the control of canine infections is required to reduce the incidence of human cases. Disease outcome in dogs depends on the fine balance between parasite virulence and efficacy of the immune system. Thus, knowledge of early response could yield relevant information for diagnosis and follow-up. In our study, 20 Beagle dogs were intravenously infected with 108 amastigotes of a fresh isolate of L. infantum and monitored along 16 weeks post inoculation. Specific antibody response and clinical evolution of infected animals were highly variable. Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were useful to assess infection status, although only ELISA with promastigote-coated plates and, particularly, western blotting (WB) allowed an early diagnosis. Prominent antigens were identified by mass peptide fingerprinting. Chaperonin HSP60, 32 and 30 KDa antigens were recognized by all dogs on week 10 post infection. This suggests that these antigens may be valuable for early diagnosis. Advanced infection showed, in addition, reactivity to HSP83 and HSP70. Disease outcome did not show a clear relationship with ELISA or IFAT titers. Correlation between the clinical status and the combined reactivity to some antigens sustains their use for diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Olías-Molero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Corral
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Jiménez-Antón
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Mª Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Group ICPVet, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Ribeiro VM, Miranda JB, Marcelino AP, de Andrade HM, Reis IA, Cardoso MS, Gontijo CMF, Paz GF. Performance of different serological tests in the diagnosis of natural infection by Leishmania infantum in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2019; 274:108920. [PMID: 31493694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and the dog is its main reservoir in rural and urban areas. The diagnosis of infection is mainly based on the presence of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies in the serum of infected dogs. In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of qualitative rapid tests (RTs) dual path platform (DPP) Bio-Manguinhos, rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IDEXX, Kalazar Detect and ALERE, as well as quantitative ELISA Bio-Manguinhos and in-house indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) tests were analyzed in sera from infected and uninfected dogs. Serial dilutions of the in-house IFA were compared with RTs and ELISA Bio-Manguinhos. The results showed that none of the tests reached 100% sensitivity and specificity. There was no statistical difference between the analyzed RTs. The most sensitive test was the DPP Bio-Manguinhos (97.9%), while the rapid ELISA IDEXX showed higher specificity (100%). In the treatment setting of infected and/or diseased animals, quantitative tests for monitoring the evolution of antibody titers are required, which indicates the maintenance of in-house IFA in animal handling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the RTs present higher sensitivity in serum samples with superior antibody titers obtained in the in-house IFA. However, the RTs exhibited false negatives in samples with low titers of antibodies. Among the RTs, only the DPP Bio-Manguinhos presented better performance in this situation. Therefore, the use of RTs for the diagnosis of VL in dogs with low titers of antibodies, such as asymptomatic, should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Márcio Ribeiro
- Santo Agostinho Hospital Veterinário, 30180-003, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Escola de Veterinária, PUC Minas, 32604-115, Betim, Brazil; Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Julia Bahia Miranda
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Serviço de Doenças Parasitárias, Divisão de Epidemiologia e Controle de Doenças, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ilka Afonso Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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14
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Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Pereira L, Oliveira F, Townsend S, Metangmo S, Meneses C, Moore IN, Brodskyn CI, Valenzuela JG, Magez S, Kamhawi S. Coinfection With Trypanosoma brucei Confers Protection Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2855. [PMID: 30619253 PMCID: PMC6297747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with certain bacteria, parasites, and viruses alters the host immune system to Leishmania major influencing disease outcome. Here, we determined the outcome of a chronic infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei on cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. major. C57BL/6 mice infected with T. b. brucei were given a sub-curative treatment with diminazene aceturate then coinfected with L. major by vector bites. Our results revealed that infection with T. b. brucei controls CL pathology. Compared to controls, coinfected mice showed a significant decrease in lesion size (P < 0.05) up to 6 weeks post-infection and a significant decrease in parasite burden (P < 0.0001) at 3 weeks post-infection. Protection against L. major resulted from a non-specific activation of T cells by trypanosomes. This induced a strong immune response characterized by IFN-γ production at the site of bites and systemically, creating a hostile inflammatory environment for L. major parasites and conferring protection from CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Pereira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Shannon Townsend
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sonia Metangmo
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Laboratorio da interação parasita hospedeito e epidemiologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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16
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Figueiredo FB, de Vasconcelos TCB, Madeira MDF, Menezes RC, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Marcelino AP, Werneck GL. Validation of the Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP® CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180260. [PMID: 30379198 PMCID: PMC6216333 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health challenge in South America, and dogs are its main urban reservoir. OBJECTIVE Validation of the canine Dual-path Platform immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis (DPP® CVL) for a sample set composed of 1446 dogs from different Brazilian endemic areas. METHODS A well-defined reference standard by means of parasitological culture, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology was used. Animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or symptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed as a single set and in clinical groups. A reproducibility assessment of the tests was conducted using the Kappa (κ) index at three different laboratories (A, B, and C). FINDINGS Overall, 89% sensitivity and 70% specificity were obtained for the entire sample set. Analysis of the clinical groups showed a gradual decrease in the sensitivity and an increase in the specificity with the reduction of clinical signs in the dogs that were assessed, reaching a sensitivity of 75% (42.8-94.5%) among asymptomatic dogs and lower specificity of 56% (46.2-66.3%) among symptomatic dogs. Inter-laboratory agreement was substantial (κAB= 0.778; κAC= 0.645; κCB= 0.711). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The test performance is somewhat dependent on canine symptomatology, but such influence was less evident than in previous studies. Favourable results for sensitivity and specificity can be obtained even in asymptomatic animals; however, caution is needed in these evaluations, and the results suggest that the immunochromatographic test may be further improved for better investigation in asymptomatic dogs. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of DPP® CVL for application in serological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de infectologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury
- Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, Doenças Negligenciadas, Tropicais e Transmitidas por Vetores, Doenças Transmissíveis e Determinantes Ambientais de Saúde, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme L Werneck
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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17
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Lopes VV, Belo VS, Pereira DA, Coelho MB, Pena HP, Alves NR, de Carvalho Júnior CG, Werneck GL, Paz GF, de Azambuja Ribeiro RIM, da Silva ES, Teixeira-Neto RG. IgG avidity index and complete blood count as biomarkers of clinical disease in naturally infected dogs with Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:96-103. [PMID: 30253858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL), a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, may evolve to a chronic condition and lead to death. Evaluation of infected dogs is important to establish the clinical and laboratory parameters involved in the evolution of the disease. The objectives of the present study were to discriminate a canine population (n = 52) into sub-clinical and clinically affected dogs based on signs and scores, to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, histopathological and parasitological parameters of the two dog groups, and to analyze the results by multivariate regression analysis with the aim of establishing biomarkers of CVL clinical disease. The most common signs observed in the clinically affected dogs (n = 29) were hyperkeratosis, weight loss, onychogryphosis, pale mucosa and lymphadenomegaly. In the multivariate analysis, animals presenting high IgG avidity index and low red blood, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, and low serum urea concentration had an increased probability of being classified as clinically affected (p < 0.05). All five parameters were considered to be strong biomarkers for monitoring the clinical disease, while IgG avidity percentage was strongly correlated with the number of clinical signs and could function as an indicator of the duration of infection. This is the first report on the application of IgG avidity and of multivariate regression analysis in establishing associations between the clinical signs of CVL and host biomarkers. Since avidity index (AI) percentages were strongly correlated with the number of clinical signs, it could be useful in clinical practice for auxiliary diagnosis of CVL and monitoring disease progression. A limitation of this study is the lack of information on co-infections by Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis. Therefore future studies should evaluate the influence of such co-infections on the associations studied using multivariate methods with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriana Valadares Lopes
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Silva Belo
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Diego Andrade Pereira
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Bellico Coelho
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Heber Paulino Pena
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Ribeiro Alves
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Sergio da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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Clinical and immunopathological findings during long term follow-up in Leishmania infantum experimentally infected dogs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15914. [PMID: 29162847 PMCID: PMC5698407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by Leishmania infantum, which in the New World is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. While prospective clinical and immunological assessments of dogs experimentally challenged with L. infantum have been previously reported over a relatively short follow-up period, the long-term characterization of infected animals has not been performed to date. We evaluated dogs in a subclinical state for six years following experimental infection with L. infantum and Lu. longipalpis saliva, via an intradermal route, to characterize clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters arising from L. infantum experimental infection. We also assess these parameters in a group of naturally infected animals. The immune profiles of the experimentally and naturally infected animals exhibited increases of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-18, and decreases in TNF, IL-2, IL-8 and CXCL1, compared to controls. Our results indicate that over a six-year follow-up post-challenge, subclinically infected dogs presented low CVL clinical scores despite the persistence of Leishmania parasites in the lymph nodes, spleen and skin. Similarities observed among immune profiles in the context of experimental and natural infection seem to suggest that an enduring activation of the host immune response may lead to the control of parasite growth, thereby limiting disease severity.
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Petroni TF, Bonfietti LX, Zaninelli TH, Itano EN, Ono MA. Serological Evidence of Infection by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Dogs with Leishmaniasis. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:947-952. [PMID: 28523421 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis prevalent in Latin American countries, caused by the dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii. The habitat of these fungi in nature remains undefined, although it is believed that infection occurs by inhalation of infective propagules present in soil. Sentinel animals, such as dogs, can be valuable epidemiological markers of paracoccidioidomycosis. Taking into account that paracoccidioidomycosis and visceral leishmaniasis may occur in the same area, the objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of P. brasiliensis infection in dogs positive for Leishmania sp. Serum samples of dogs positive (n = 199) and negative (n = 101) for Leishmania sp. were analyzed by the immunodiffusion test using P. brasiliensis exoantigen, and 22 samples (7.3%) were positive. The serum samples positive in the immunodiffusion test were also analyzed by Western blotting using the P. brasiliensis gp43 recombinant protein, and 86% of the samples were positive. A high positive correlation (r = 0.96) between positivity for Leishmania sp. and P. brasiliensis was observed. These data suggest an association between leishmaniasis and paracoccidioidomycosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Ferreira Petroni
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Instituto Adolfo Lutz- CLR Araçatuba, Araçatuba-SP, 16015-030, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Henrique Zaninelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Eiko Nakagawa Itano
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
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