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Shaikh HFM, Oswal PU, Kugaji MS, Katti SS, Bhat KG, Kandaswamy E, Joshi VM. Association of F. alocis and D. pneumosintes with Periodontitis Disease Severity and Red Complex Bacteria. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:105. [PMID: 38668017 PMCID: PMC11048763 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms are considered the principal etiological agent in the development of periodontitis. Novel species that may contribute to periodontitis and dysbiosis have been identified recently. The study aims to evaluate the presence of F. alocis and D. pneumosintes in healthy and diseased patients and their association with clinical parameters and with red complex bacteria. The study included 60 subjects, with 30 patients each in the healthy and periodontitis groups. The clinical parameters were noted, and samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by a polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using the Graph Pad Prism software. Results: F. alocis and D. pneumosintes were detected at a significantly higher percentage in the periodontitis group compared to the healthy group (p < 0.05). D. pneumosintes was significantly associated with T. forsythia in the periodontitis group (p < 0.05). Both of these organisms were present in sites with higher clinical attachment loss (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that both F. alocis and D. pneumosintes were detected at a significantly higher percentage in periodontitis subjects and were detected more frequently in sites with a greater clinical attachment loss. It was also evident that both F. alocis and D. pneumosintes can be present independently of other putative periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawaabi F. M. Shaikh
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi 590019, India; (H.F.M.S.); (P.U.O.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Pratima U. Oswal
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi 590019, India; (H.F.M.S.); (P.U.O.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Manohar Suresh Kugaji
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research, BLDE Deemed to be University, Vijayapura 586103, India
| | - Sandeep S. Katti
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi 590019, India; (H.F.M.S.); (P.U.O.); (S.S.K.)
| | | | - Eswar Kandaswamy
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA;
| | - Vinayak M. Joshi
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA;
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Ergün E, Toraman E, Barış Ö, Budak H, Demir T. Quantitative investigation of the bacterial content of periodontal abscess samples by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 213:106826. [PMID: 37742798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal abscesses, which are part of the acute periodontal disease group characterized by the destruction of periodontal tissue with deep periodontal pockets, bleeding on probing, suppuration, and localized pus accumulation, cause rapid destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial content of periodontal abscesses by specific and culture-independent qPCR. METHODS This study was conducted on 30 volunteers diagnosed with periodontal abscesses and presenting with complaints of localized pain, swelling, and tenderness in the gingiva. Genomic DNA was isolated from the samples taken. Escherichia coli bacteria were used for the standard curve created to calculate the prevalence of target bacteria in the total bacterial load. 16S rRNA Universal primers were used to assess the total bacterial load and prevalence. Bacterial counts were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) matrix. RESULTS From the analysis of Real-Time PCR, Porphyromonas gingivalis (30, 100%), Prevotella intermedia (30, 100%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (30, 100%) were detected in all samples. Campylobacter rectus (29, 96.6%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (29, 96.6%), Tannerella forsythia (28, 93.3%), Filifactor alocis (28, 93.3%), and Actinomyces naeslundii (28, 93.3%) were also frequently detected. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal abscesses were found to be polymicrobial, and not only periodontal pathogens appeared to be associated with the development of periodontal abscesses. The presence, prevalence, and number of Porphyromonas endodontalis and Propionibacterium acnes in the contents of periodontal abscesses were determined for the first time in our study. Further studies are needed to better understand the roles of bacteria in periodontal disease, including abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Ergün
- Atatürk University, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Toraman
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Özlem Barış
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Turgut Demir
- Atatürk University, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Silva-Boghossian CM, Duarte PT, Silva DGD, Lourenço TGB, Colombo APV. Colonization dynamics of subgingival microbiota in recently installed dental implants compared to healthy teeth in the same individual: a 6-month prospective observational study. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20230134. [PMID: 37729258 PMCID: PMC10519670 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the colonization dynamics of subgingival microbiota established over six months around newly installed dental implants in periodontally healthy individuals, compared with their corresponding teeth. METHODOLOGY Seventeen healthy individuals assigned to receive single dental implants participated in the study. Subgingival biofilm was sampled from all implant sites and contralateral/ antagonist teeth on days 7, 30, 90, and 180 after implant installation. Microbiological analysis was performed using the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for detection of classical oral taxa and non-oral microorganisms. Significant differences were estimated by Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests, while associations between implants/teeth and target species levels were assessed by linear regression analysis (LRA). Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Levels of some species were significantly higher in teeth compared to implants, respectively, at day 7 ( V.parvula , 6 × 10 5 vs 3 × 105 ; Milleri streptococci , 2 × 10 6 vs 6 × 10 5 ; Capnocytophaga spp., 2 × 10 6 vs 9 × 10 5 ; E.corrodens , 2 × 10 6 vs 5 × 10 5 ; N. mucosa , 2 × 10 6 vs 5 × 10 5 ; S.noxia , 2 × 10 6 vs 3 × 10 5 ; T.socranskii , 2 × 10 6 vs 5 × 10 5 ; H.alvei , 4 × 10 5 vs 2 × 10 5 ; and Neisseria spp., 6 × 10 5 vs 4 × 10 4 ), day 30 ( V.parvula , 5 × 10 5 vs 10 5 ; Capnocytophaga spp., 1.3 × 10 6 vs 6.8 × 10 4 ; F.periodonticum , 2 × 10 6 vs 10 6 ; S.noxia , 6 × 10 5 vs 2 × 10 5 ; H.alvei , 8 × 10 5 vs 9 × 10 4 ; and Neisseria spp., 2 × 10 5 vs 10 6 ), day 120 ( V.parvula , 8 × 10 5 vs 3 × 10 5 ; S.noxia , 2 × 10 6 vs 0; and T.socranskii , 3 × 10 5 vs 8 × 10 4 ), and day 180 ( S.enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, 8 × 10 6 vs 2 × 10 6 ) (p<0.05). Implants showed significant increases over time in the levels of F.nucleatum , Gemella spp., H.pylori , P.micra , S.aureus , S.liquefaciens , and T.forsythia (p<0.05). LRA found that dental implants were negatively correlated with high levels of S. noxia and V. parvula (β=-0.5 to -0.3; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Early submucosal microbiota is diverse and only a few species differ between teeth and implants in the same individual. Only 7 days after implant installation, a rich microbiota can be found in the peri-implant site. After six months of evaluation, teeth and implants show similar prevalence and levels of the target species, including known and new periodontopathic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Maciel Silva-Boghossian
- Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Clínica Odontológica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Pablo Torquilho Duarte
- Universidade do Grande Rio, Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Denise Gome da Silva
- Universidade do Grande Rio, Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Talita Gomes Baêta Lourenço
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Zhao G, Xie L, Wu Y, Wang B, Teng W, Sun Z, Kao Q, Liu W, Pi X, Ma H. Effects of urbanization and lifestyle habits on the intestinal microbiota of adolescents in eastern China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:989303. [PMID: 37378282 PMCID: PMC10291051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.989303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Owing to urbanization, living habits have changed widely, leading to alterations in the intestinal microbiota of urban residents. However, there are few studies on the characteristics of intestinal microbiota of adolescents living in different urbanized areas in China. Methods A total of 302 fecal samples collected from adolescent students in eastern China were examined. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to identify the fecal microbiota. These data were combined with questionnaire survey results to investigate the effect of urbanization on the intestinal microbiota of adolescents in eastern China. Moreover, the role of lifestyle habits in this relationship was also evaluated. Results The results revealed significant differences in the structure of the intestinal microbiota among adolescents living in regions with different levels of urbanization. Adolescents living in urban regions had a significantly higher proportion of Bacteroides (p < 0.001, FDR = 0.004), whereas those living in towns and rural regions had higher proportions of Bifidobacterium (p < 0.001, FDR < 0.001) and Prevotella (p < 0.05, FDR = 0.019). The diversity of the intestinal microbiota was higher in urban residents than in adolescents living in towns and rural regions (p < 0.05). In addition, the differences in intestinal microbiota across individuals living in cities, towns, and rural regions were related to dietary preferences, flavor preferences, and sleep and exercise durations. Adolescents who ate more meat had more Dorea (LDA = 3.622, p = 0.04), while the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella is higher among adolescents who ate more condiments (LDA = 4.285, p = 0.02). The abundance of Dialister was significantly increased in adolescents with longer sleep durations (LDA = 4.066, p = 0.03). Adolescents who exercised for a long duration had more Faecalibacterium than those who exercised for a shorter duration (LDA = 4.303, p = 0.04). Discussion Our research has preliminarily demonstrated that there were differences in the composition of Gut microbiome in stool samples of adolescents living in different urbanized areas, and provide a scientific basis for the maintenance of a healthy intentional microbota in adolescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xie
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Teng
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjun Kao
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xionge Pi
- Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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ARAÚJO LL, LOURENÇO TGB, COLOMBO APV. Periodontal disease severity is associated to pathogenic consortia comprising putative and candidate periodontal pathogens. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20220359. [PMID: 36629716 PMCID: PMC9828885 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on a holistic concept of polymicrobial etiology, we have hypothesized that putative and candidate periodontal pathogens are more frequently detected in consortia than alone in advanced forms of periodontal diseases (PD). OBJECTIVE To correlate specific consortia of periodontal pathogens with clinical periodontal status and severity of periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Subgingival biofilm was obtained from individuals with periodontal health (113, PH), gingivitis (91, G), and periodontitis (209, P). Genomic DNA was purified and the species Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Aa JP2-like strain, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Dialister pneumosintes (Dp), and Filifactor alocis (Fa) were detected by PCR. Configural frequency and logistic regression analyses were performed to correlate microbial consortia and PD. RESULTS Aa + Pg in the presence of Dp (phi=0.240; χ2=11.9, p<0.01), as well as Aa JP2 + Dp + Fa (phi=0.186, χ2=4.6, p<0.05) were significantly more associated in advanced stages of P. The consortium Aa + Fa + Dp was strongly associated with deep pocketing and inflammation (p<0.001). The best predictors of disease severity (80% accuracy) included older age (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.07 - 1.15], p<0.001), Black/African-American ancestry (OR 1.89 [95% CI 1.19 - 2.99], p=0.007), and high frequency of Aa + Pg + Dp (OR 3.04 [95% CI 1.49 - 6.22], p=0.002). CONCLUSION Specific microbial consortia of putative and novel periodontal pathogens, associated with demographic parameters, correlate with severe periodontitis, supporting the multifactorial nature of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lélia Lima ARAÚJO
- Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroFaculdade de OdontologiaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em OdontologiaRio de JaneiroBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia (Periodontia), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroInstituto de MicrobiologiaDepartamento de Microbiologia MédicaRio de JaneiroBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Talita Gomes Baêta LOURENÇO
- Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroInstituto de MicrobiologiaDepartamento de Microbiologia MédicaRio de JaneiroBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Ana Paula Vieira COLOMBO
- Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroFaculdade de OdontologiaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em OdontologiaRio de JaneiroBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia (Periodontia), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroInstituto de MicrobiologiaDepartamento de Microbiologia MédicaRio de JaneiroBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Iskander MMZ, Lamont GJ, Tan J, Pisano M, Uriarte SM, Scott DA. Tobacco smoke exacerbates Filifactor alocis pathogenicity. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:121-130. [PMID: 36122937 PMCID: PMC9976951 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Filifactor alocis has recently emerged as a periodontal pathobiont that appears to thrive in the oral cavity of smokers. We hypothesized that identification of smoke-responsive F. alocis genes would provide insight into adaptive strategies and that cigarette smoke would enhance F. alocis pathogenesis in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS F. alocis was grown in vitro and cigarette smoke extract-responsive genes determined by RNAseq. Mice were exposed, or not, to mainstream 1R6F research cigarette smoke and infected with F. alocis, or not, in an acute ligature model of periodontitis. Key clinical, infectious, and immune data were collected. RESULTS In culture, F. alocis growth was unaffected by smoke conditioning and only a small number of genes were specifically regulated by smoke exposure. Reduced murine mass, differences in F. alocis-cognizant antibody production, and altered immune profiles as well as altered alveolar bone loss were all attributable to smoke exposure and/or F. alocis infection in vivo. CONCLUSIONS F. alocis is well-adapted to tobacco-rich conditions and its pathogenesis is enhanced by tobacco smoke exposure. A smoke-exposed ligature model of periodontitis shows promise as a tool with which to further unravel mechanisms underlying tobacco-enhanced, bacteria-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina M Z Iskander
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jinlian Tan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Nie F, Wang L, Huang Y, Yang P, Gong P, Feng Q, Yang C. Characteristics of Microbial Distribution in Different Oral Niches of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:905653. [PMID: 36046741 PMCID: PMC9421053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.905653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), one of the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck, is closely associated with the presence of oral microbes. However, the microbiomes of different oral niches in OSCC patients and their association with OSCC have not been adequately characterized. In this study, 305 samples were collected from 65 OSCC patients, including tumor tissue, adjacent normal tissue (paracancerous tissue), cancer surface tissue, anatomically matched contralateral normal mucosa, saliva, and tongue coat. 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing was used to compare the microbial composition, distribution, and co-occurrence network of different oral niches. The association between the microbiome and the clinical features of OSCC was also characterized. The oral microbiome of OSCC patients showed a regular ecological distribution. Tumor and paracancerous tissues were more microbially diverse than other oral niches. Cancer surface, contralateral normal mucosa, saliva, and tongue coat showed similar microbial compositions, especially the contralateral normal mucosa and saliva. Periodontitis-associated bacteria of the genera Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Campylobacter, and Aggregatibacter, and anaerobic bacteria were enriched in tumor samples. The microbiome was highly correlated with tumor clinicopathological features, with several genera (Lautropia, Asteroleplasma, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Pyramidobacter, Roseburia, and Propionibacterium) demonstrating a relatively high diagnostic power for OSCC metastasis, potentially providing an indicator for the development of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiao Nie
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Pizhang Gong
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Feng, ; Chengzhe Yang,
| | - Chengzhe Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Feng, ; Chengzhe Yang,
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Efficacy of Oregano Essential Oil Extract in the Inhibition of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Osteoclastogenesis Using RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cell Line—An In-Vitro Study. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterias are predominate in periapical infections. The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiates the process of inflammation and periapical bone resorption. Usage of various medicaments retards or inactivates the bacterial endotoxin (LPS). However, the results are not highly effective. In recent years, owing to antimicrobial resistance, the shift from conventional agents to herbal agents has been increased tremendously in research. Keeping this in mind, the present study was formulated to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil in inhibiting bacterial LPS- induced osteoclastogenesis. Four different concentrations (0 ng/mL, 25 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, and 100 ng/mL) of oregano essential oil extract were added into 96-well culture plate. Under light microscope, quantification of osteoclast cells was performed. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test was carried out on SPSS v21. A significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the osteoclast was observed in the experimental groups compared to no oregano essential oil extract (control). A dose-dependent significant reduction (p < 0.001) in osteoclast formation was observed among the experimental groups, with lesser osteoclast seen in group IV with 100 ng/mL of oregano essential oil extract. Thus, it can be concluded that oregano essential oil extract can be utilized as a therapeutic agent that can target bacterial LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. However, randomized controlled studies should be conducted to assess the potential use of this extract in the periapical bone resorption of endodontic origin.
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Zhang F, Ferrero M, Dong N, D’Auria G, Reyes-Prieto M, Herreros-Pomares A, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Duréndez E, Aparisi F, Blasco A, García C, Camps C, Jantus-Lewintre E, Sirera R. Analysis of the Gut Microbiota: An Emerging Source of Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112514. [PMID: 34063829 PMCID: PMC8196639 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human gut harbors around 1013-1014 microorganisms, collectively referred to as gut microbiota. Recent studies have found that the gut microbiota may have an impact on the interaction between immune regulation and anti-cancer immunotherapies. METHODS In order to characterize the diversity and composition of commensal microbiota and its relationship with response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing was performed on 69 stool samples from advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients prior to treatment with ICB. RESULTS The use of antibiotics and ICB-related skin toxicity were significantly associated with reduced gut microbiota diversity. However, antibiotics (ATB) usage was not related to low ICB efficacy. Phascolarctobacterium was enriched in patients with clinical benefit and correlated with prolonged progression-free survival, whereas Dialister was more represented in patients with progressive disease, and its higher relative abundance was associated with reduced progression-free survival and overall survival, with independent prognostic value in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results corroborate the relation between the baseline gut microbiota composition and ICB clinical outcomes in advanced NSCLC patients, and provide novel potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers for immunotherapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Macarena Ferrero
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ning Dong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppe D’Auria
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service, Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (G.D.); (M.R.-P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Reyes-Prieto
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service, Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (G.D.); (M.R.-P.)
- Evolutionary Genetics, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Herreros-Pomares
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig-Fariñas
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Duréndez
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Aparisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General de Requena, 46340 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Blasco
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Clara García
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Camps
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (F.Z.); (M.F.); (N.D.); (A.H.-P.); (S.C.-F.); (E.D.); (C.C.)
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.J.-L.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.J.-L.); (R.S.)
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10
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Regulation of Cyclooxygenase 2 by Filifactor alocis in Fibroblastic and Monocytic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4185273. [PMID: 32089643 PMCID: PMC7023199 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4185273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease triggered by a synergistic and dysbiotic microbiota present in the oral biofilm. This in vitro study is aimed at evaluating the regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)2 expression and production by the periodontopathogen Filifactor alocis in human gingival fibroblastic (HGF-1) and monocytic (THP-1) cells and also at investigating the underlying cellular pathway mechanisms. HGF-1 and THP-1 cells were exposed either to F. alocis or to the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) for 1 and 2 d to examine the COX2 expression by qPCR. COX2 protein levels were evaluated by ELISA in F. alocis-stimulated cells. Both types of cells were also stimulated with a blocking toll-like receptor (TLR)2 antibody or specific inhibitors against MAPKs. F. alocis significantly (p < 0.05) increased COX2 at both transcriptional and protein levels in both HGF-1 and THP-1 cells. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of F. alocis on COX2 was more pronounced in HGF-1 cells in comparison to THP-1 cells. F. alocis upregulated the COX2 expression in a dose-dependent manner in both type cells at 1 d. TNFα also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the COX2 expression in both cells. After preincubation of HGF-1 and THP-1 cells either with a neutralizing anti-TLR2 antibody or with specific MAPK inhibitors, the F. alocis-upregulated COX2 expression was significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed at 1 d. Our in vitro study provides original evidence that F. alocis stimulates COX2 production in fibroblastic and monocytic cells through TLR2 and MAPK mechanisms, suggesting a role of this periodontopathogen in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis.
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11
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Shazam H, Shaikh F, Hussain Z. Bone Turnover Markers in Chronic Periodontitis: A Literature Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e6699. [PMID: 32104633 PMCID: PMC7032598 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a multifactorial oral inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of bone and ultimate tooth loss. The alarming rise in the prevalence of periodontitis has led to the development of innovative diagnostic techniques. Several quantifiable biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of chronic periodontitis patients have been detected in the field of oral fluid diagnostics. Bone turnover biomarkers hold a valuable diagnostic potential in determining the extent of alveolar bone destruction and the risk of future bone loss. This review article highlights the importance of bone turnover markers in facilitating earlier detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment strategies, leading to optimal clinical management of chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Shazam
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ziauddin College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Fouzia Shaikh
- Department of Pathology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Zaheer Hussain
- Department of Periodontology, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, PAK
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12
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Carda-Diéguez M, Bravo-González LA, Morata IM, Vicente A, Mira A. High-throughput DNA sequencing of microbiota at interproximal sites. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 12:1687397. [PMID: 32002129 PMCID: PMC6853236 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1687397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The oral microbiota has been deeply studied by high-throughput sequencing techniques. However, although the interproximal regions have one of the highest caries rates in the oral cavity, information about the bacterial composition at those sites is scarce. Methods: In this study, we used 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing to describe the microbiota associated to interproximal regions at two time points. In addition, dental plaque samples at the vestibular and lingual surfaces from the same teeth were also analysed at the two time points. Results: Interproximal-associated microbiota was found to be similar to already described bacterial communities in other mouth niches. Streptoccocus, Veillonella, Rothia, Actinomyces, Neisseria, Haemophilus and Fusobacterium were the most abundant genera in this oral region. Statistical analyses showed that the microbiota from interproximal sites was more similar to that sampled from the vestibular surfaces than to the lingual surfaces. Interestingly, many potentially cariogenic bacteria such as Scardovia, Atopobium or Selenomonas were over-represented in the interproximal regions in comparison with vestibular and lingual sites. Conclusion: The microbiota at interproximal regions appears to be specific and stable through time. Potentially pathogenic bacteria may increase caries development risk and gingival inflammation at those sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel María Morata
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascensión Vicente
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Institute, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Farina R, Severi M, Carrieri A, Miotto E, Sabbioni S, Trombelli L, Scapoli C. Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of the subgingival microbiome of diabetics and non-diabetics with different periodontal conditions. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 104:13-23. [PMID: 31153098 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use high-resolution whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing to characterize the subgingival microbiome of patients with/without type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and with/without periodontitis. DESIGN Twelve subjects, falling into one of the four study groups based on the presence/absence of poorly controlled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and moderate-severe periodontitis, were selected. For each eligible subject, subgingival plaque samples were collected at 4 sites, all representative of the periodontal condition of the individual (i.e., non-bleeding sulci in subjects without a history of periodontitis, bleeding pockets in patients with moderate-severe periodontitis). The subgingival microbiome was evaluated using high-resolution whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing. RESULTS The results showed that: (i) the presence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and/or periodontitis were associated with a tendency of the subgingival microbiome to decrease in richness and diversity; (ii) the presence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was not associated with significant differences in the relative abundance of one or more species in patients either with or without periodontitis; (iii) the presence of periodontitis was associated with a significantly higher relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439 in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. CONCLUSIONS Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of the subgingival microbiome was extremely effective in the detection of low-abundant taxon. Our results point out a significantly higher relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439 in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis vs patients without history of periodontitis, which was maintained when the comparison was restricted to type 2 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Farina
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Italy; Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mattia Severi
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Carrieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology - Section of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Miotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology - Section of Pathology and Applied Microbiology,University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology - Section of Pathology and Applied Microbiology,University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Leonardo Trombelli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Italy; Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Italy; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology - Section of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Feres M, Louzoun Y, Haber S, Faveri M, Figueiredo LC, Levin L. Support vector machine-based differentiation between aggressive and chronic periodontitis using microbial profiles. Int Dent J 2018; 68:39-46. [DOI: 10.1111/idj.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Individual bacteria and shifts in microbiome composition are associated with human disease, including cancer. To unravel the connections underlying oral bacterial dysbiosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), cancer lesion samples and anatomically matched normal samples were obtained from the same patients. We then profiled the bacteria within OSCC lesion surface samples at the species level using next-generation sequencing to comprehensively investigate bacterial community composition and functional genes in these samples. Significantly greater bacterial diversity was observed in the cancer samples than in the normal samples. Compared with previous studies, we identified many more taxa demonstrating remarkably different distributions between the groups. In particular, a group of periodontitis-correlated taxa, including Fusobacterium, Dialister, Peptostreptococcus, Filifactor, Peptococcus, Catonella and Parvimonas, was significantly enriched in OSCC samples. Additionally, several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with Fusobacterium were highly involved in OSCC and demonstrated good diagnostic power. Our study revealed drastic changes in surface bacterial communities of OSCC. The findings enrich knowledge of the association between oral bacterial communities and oral cancer.
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16
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Coffey J, Choudhry M, Shlossman M, Makin IRS, Singh VK. Multiplex real-time PCR detection and relative quantification of periodontal pathogens. Clin Exp Dent Res 2016; 2:185-192. [PMID: 29744166 PMCID: PMC5839218 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is strongly associated with certain pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect and quantify bacterial species associated with periodontitis. We targeted detection and relative quantification of the following five bacterial species relevant to periodontal diseases: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. The conserved regions of the genome of these species were targeted with oligos and TaqMan probes in real-time PCR assays. The species-specific TaqMan oligos and TaqMan probes showed no cross-amplification, and there was no loss of amplification yield in multiplex real-time PCR assays. All five bacterial targets were amplified analogous to the template concentrations used in these assays. This multiplex real-time PCR strategy could potentially be used to detect the bacterial species in periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal diseases. This assay may also serve as a quick tool for profiling and quantifying bacteria relevant to periodontal diseases and likely be a valuable tool for clinical translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Coffey
- Missouri School of Dentistry and Oral HealthMissouriUSA
| | | | - Marc Shlossman
- Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health, A.T. Still University of Health SciencesArizonaUSA
| | - Inder Raj S. Makin
- Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health, A.T. Still University of Health SciencesArizonaUSA
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17
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Hunter MC, Pozhitkov AE, Noble PA. Microbial signatures of oral dysbiosis, periodontitis and edentulism revealed by Gene Meter methodology. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 131:85-101. [PMID: 27717873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conceptual models suggest that certain microorganisms (e.g., the "red" complex) are indicative of a specific disease state (e.g., periodontitis); however, recent studies have questioned the validity of these models. Here, the abundances of 500+ microbial species were determined in 16 patients with clinical signs of one of the following oral conditions: periodontitis, established caries, edentulism, and oral health. Our goal was to determine if the abundances of certain microorganisms reflect dysbiosis or a specific clinical condition that could be used as a 'signature' for dental research. Microbial abundances were determined by the analysis of 138,718 calibrated probes using Gene Meter methodology. Each 16S rRNA gene was targeted by an average of 194 unique probes (n=25nt). The calibration involved diluting pooled gene target samples, hybridizing each dilution to a DNA microarray, and fitting the probe intensities to adsorption models. The fit of the model to the experimental data was used to assess individual and aggregate probe behavior; good fits (R2>0.90) were retained for back-calculating microbial abundances from patient samples. The abundance of a gene was determined from the median of all calibrated individual probes or from the calibrated abundance of all aggregated probes. With the exception of genes with low abundances (<2 arbitrary units), the abundances determined by the different calibrations were highly correlated (r~1.0). Seventeen genera were classified as 'signatures of dysbiosis' because they had significantly higher abundances in patients with periodontitis and edentulism when contrasted with health. Similarly, 13 genera were classified as 'signatures of periodontitis', and 14 genera were classified as 'signatures of edentulism'. The signatures could be used, individually or in combination, to assess the clinical status of a patient (e.g., evaluating treatments such as antibiotic therapies). Comparisons of the same patient samples revealed high false negatives (45%) for next-generation-sequencing results and low false positives (7%) for Gene Meter results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colby Hunter
- Program in Microbiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101, United States.
| | - Alex E Pozhitkov
- Department of Oral Health, University of Washington, Box 3574444, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Peter A Noble
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Box 3574444, Seattle, WA, United States.
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