Association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among adolescents

[Screen time, quality of the adolescent diet, and profile of the school environment]

Adolescents from 30 state schools in Curitiba, State of Paraná, reported total screen time, namely television, video games and laptops. Diet quality was assessed by the frequency of food consumption. The income of the school environment was taken from the Census. The built environment for physical activity was investigated by systematic observation of the school surroundings. Multilevel Poisson Regression was used to estimate associations with the exposure variables. Among 1,200 adolescents, 50.9% being male, and 74.4% were found to be exposed to excessive screen time. Excessive TV screen time (56.5%) was associated with poor diet quality. Excessive video game time (22.0%) was lower among females (PR 0.25; 95%CI 0.18;0.36), associated with poor diet quality, lower school environment income, and the worst classification of the built environment for physical activity. Excessive use of portable screens (53.2%) tended to increase with the income of the school environment. Excessive use of TV and laptops was widespread among adolescents, with different demographic and contextual variables associated according to the type of device used.

Dietary Patterns, Nutritional Status and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adolescents from the RPS Birth Cohort Consortium

This study aimed to identify the dietary patterns (DPs) of adolescents and assess indicators of subclinical inflammation. It was a cross-sectional study aligned with the RPS cohort with data from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. We evaluated 511 adolescents between 18-19 years old. DPs were identified with a factor analysis of the principal components. Nutritional status was assessed with body mass index and body fat percentages. Hierarchical modeling was performed using a linear regression to estimate the beta coefficient (β) of the independent variables with the dependent variables interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Five DPs were identified: energy-dense, sugar-sweetened beverages and breakfast cereals, prudent, traditional Brazilian and alcoholic and energy beverages. Greater adherence to the prudent DP was associated with a lower concentration of interleukin-6 (β = -0.11; p value = 0.040). Greater adherence to the DP "traditional Brazilian" and "alcoholic and energy beverages" were associated with increased IL-6, mediated by the nutritional status. A higher BMI (β = 0.36; p value = <0.001) and %BF (β = 0.02; p value = 0.014) were associated with higher hs-CRP concentrations. The nutritional status and "prudent" pattern were associated with inflammatory biomarkers. These findings show that a higher consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods and the adequacy of the nutritional status are protective factors for the inflammatory process.

The Emerging Prevalence of Obesity within Families in Europe and its Associations with Family Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Lifestyle Factors; A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Baseline Data from the Feel4Diabetes Study

The Feel4Diabetes study is a type 2 diabetes prevention program that recruited 12,193 children [age: 8.20 (±1.01) years] and their parents from six European countries. The current work used pre-intervention data collected from 9576 children-parents pairs, to develop a novel family obesity variable and to examine its associations with family sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. Family obesity, defined as the presence of obesity in at least two family members, had a prevalence of 6.6%. Countries under austerity measures (Greece and Spain) displayed higher prevalence (7.6%), compared to low-income (Bulgaria and Hungary: 7%) and high-income countries (Belgium and Finland: 4.5%). Family obesity odds were significantly lower when mothers (OR: 0.42 [95% CI: 0.32, 0.55]) or fathers (0.72 [95% CI: 0.57, 0.92]) had higher education, mothers were fully (0.67 [95% CI: 0.56, 0.81]) or partially employed (0.60 [95% CI: 0.45, 0.81]), families consumed breakfast more often (0.94 [95% CI: 0.91 0.96]), more portions of vegetables (0.90 [95% CI: 0.86, 0.95]), fruits (0.96 [95% CI: 0.92, 0.99]) and wholegrain cereals (0.72 [95% CI: 0.62, 0.83]), and for more physically active families (0.96 [95% CI: 0.93, 0.98]). Family obesity odds increased when mothers were older (1.50 [95% CI: 1.18, 1.91]), with the consumption of savoury snacks (1.11 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.17]), and increased screen time (1.05 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.09]). Clinicians should familiarise themselves with the risk factors for family obesity and choose interventions that target the whole family. Future research should explore the causal basis of the reported associations to facilitate devising tailored family-based interventions for obesity prevention.

Detecting Screen Presence with Activity-Oriented RGB Camera in Egocentric Videos

Screen time is associated with several health risk behaviors including mindless eating, sedentary behavior, and decreased academic performance. Screen time behavior is traditionally assessed with self-report measures, which are known to be burdensome, inaccurate, and imprecise. Recent methods to automatically detect screen time are geared more towards detecting television screens from wearable cameras that record high-resolution video. Activity-oriented wearable cameras (i.e., cameras oriented towards the wearer with a fisheye lens) have recently been designed and shown to reduce privacy concerns, yet pose a greater challenge in capturing screens due to their orientation and fewer pixels on target. Methods that detect screens from low-power, low-resolution wearable camera video are needed given the increased adoption of such devices in longitudinal studies. We propose a method that leverages deep learning algorithms and lower-resolution images from an activity-oriented camera to detect screen presence from multiple types of screens with high variability of pixel on target (e.g., near and far TV, smartphones, laptops, and tablets). We test our system in a real-world study comprising 10 individuals, 80 hours of data, and 1.2 million low-resolution RGB frames. Our results outperform existing state-of-the-art video screen detection methods yielding an F1-score of 81%. This paper demonstrates the potential for detecting screen-watching behavior in longitudinal studies using activity-oriented cameras, paving the way for a nuanced understanding of screen time's relationship with health risk behaviors.

Importance of Family Connection for Healthy Weight Behaviors Amid Adverse Family Experiences and Behavioral Difficulties

OBJECTIVE

Adverse family experiences (AFEs), including parent divorce and domestic violence, negatively affect obesogenic behaviors and engagement in healthy weight behaviors (HWBs). The current study used a moderated mediation model to investigate the role of family connection in the relationship between AFEs and HWBs for children with behavioral difficulties.

METHOD

Youth (6-17 years old; n = 13,921) from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health data set were included in the study.

RESULTS

Family connection mediated the relationship between AFEs and each HWB. The models of physical activity and screen time had significant direct effects. Behavioral difficulties moderated the direct effect of AFEs and screen time and physical activity.

CONCLUSION

Family connection mediated the relationships between each HWB and AFEs. The findings suggest that for children without behavioral difficulties, family connection was a stronger protective factor for adequate physical activity and decreased screen time.

[Factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents: analysis by structural equation modeling]

The study aimed to analyze factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in 391 adolescents 17-18 years of age in public schools in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. Three-stage random cluster sampling was performed in schools, classes, and students. Food consumption was studied with a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were extracted by principal components factor analysis. Assessment of factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers used structural equation modeling. Latent variables were constructed: socioeconomic status, which included maternal schooling, family income, and economic class; and inflammation, consisting of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. A theoretical model was developed to assess factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers, indicating direct and indirect effects between the latent and observed variables. Three dietary patterns were identified (Western, basic Brazilian, and healthy), with 31% explained variance and the Western pattern with the largest share. No associations were found between the patterns and the latent variable inflammation (standardized coefficients = 0.281; p = 0.002). Extraction of the three patterns evidenced higher consumption of foods high in carbohydrates and fats, which are nutrients associated directly with the increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases. Excess weight was associated with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers.

Circunferência do pescoço e fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes

Objetivos: Investigar a associação entre a circunferência do pescoço (CP) e fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes atendidos ambulatorialmente em um hospital universitário na cidade de Recife, PE, Brasil.Métodos: Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, histórico familiar e estilo de vida. A amostra foi por conveniência, composta por crianças e adolescentes acompanhados de seus responsáveis, que aceitassem participar da pesquisa, no período de abril a setembro de 2018, no ambulatório de nutrição/pediatria.Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 144 pacientes com idade média de 11,0±3,0 anos, sendo 73 do sexo masculino (51,4%). 54 (37,6%) pacientes apresentaram CP elevada, dentre eles 59 (41,1%) eram do sexo masculino. Foi visto que 102 (71,5%) pacientes apresentaram tempo de tela elevado. Houve associação entre CP e estado nutricional e 13 (24,8%) indivíduos que tinham CP elevada apresentaram também excesso de peso. Foi observado correlação entre circunferência do pescoço com índice de massa corporal e perfil lipídico.Conclusão: Observou-se que há associação significativa entre CP e algumas medidas antropométricas como IMC e CC, sendo útil para identificação de risco de sobrepeso e de risco cardiovascular. Algumas limitações no estudo podem ser citadas como o limitado número de participantes por ser uma pesquisa transversal, não podendo assim ser estabelecidas medidas de causa e efeito.

A practical approach to obesity prevention: Healthy home habits

ABSTRACT

Families have the potential to foster a healthy home environment aimed at reducing the risk of overweight and obesity. Establishing habits associated with reduced risk of obesity and overweight early in childhood can have lasting effects into adulthood. Nurse practitioners can encourage families to participate in healthy habits by addressing areas of growth for obesity prevention within the home. A review of the most recent literature, approximately over the past decade, was used to provide a consolidated source of reference for healthy home habits for the nurse practitioner. The search included terms such as "obesity," "overweight," "healthy habits," "physical activity," "obesogenic behaviors," "family meals," "screen time," "depression," "sugary beverages," and "portion sizes." The information was synthesized into three content areas: nutrition and consumption, patterns of activity, and stress within the home. Establishing healthy habits early in life can protect against the development of overweight and obesity. Nurse practitioners can serve a vital role in the prevention of pediatric, adolescent, and adult obesity. Equipped with the unique role of assisting those from a diverse patient base, nurse practitioners can inform patients how to improve healthy habits to decrease the likelihood of obesity or overweight. Encouraging behavior change related to the healthy habits associated with the prevention of overweight and obesity can have a long-term impact on the health of an entire family.

Body phenotypes and sexual maturation in Brazilian and US adolescents: evidence for a change in BMI category

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to describe body phenotypes (BP) estimated by multivariate analysis and their association with body mass.

DESIGN

BP were defined based on demographic variables, anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds and circumferences), body composition (phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis), biochemical parameters (TAG, glucose, total cholesterol ratio/LDL, Hb and sexual maturation (pubic hair and breasts or gonads). ANOVA was performed to verify the differences between skin colour and the stages of pubertal development, BP, body composition, anthropometric and biochemical variables.

SETTING

Cities of São Paulo-SP, Piracicaba-SP and Florianópolis-SC from Brazil and the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

9269 adolescents aged between 10 and 15 years old.

RESULTS

The composition of BP was similar in all surveys, which are: BP1 was composed by skinfolds, body mass and circumferences variables; BP2 by pubic hair, breast in girls or gonad in boys, height and age; BP3 by cholesterol, TAG and glucose; and BP4 by phase angle, Hb and glucose (negative loading). There was a strong correlation (r = 0·9, P < 0·001) between BP1 and BMI.

CONCLUSION

We highlighted independence observed between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition and sexual maturation. BP may support the calculation of scores for diagnosis of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcome ambiguity in the isolated use of BMI.

Associations of Body Mass Index with Demographics, Lifestyle, Food Intake, and Mental Health among Postpartum Women: A Structural Equation Approach

As postpartum obesity is becoming a global public health challenge, there is a need to apply postpartum obesity modeling to determine the indicators of postpartum obesity using an appropriate statistical technique. This research comprised two phases, namely: (i) development of a previously created postpartum obesity modeling; (ii) construction of a statistical comparison model and introduction of a better estimator for the research framework. The research model displayed the associations and interactions between the variables that were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method to determine the body mass index (BMI) levels related to postpartum obesity. The most significant correlations obtained were between BMI and other substantial variables in the SEM analysis. The research framework included two categories of data related to postpartum women: living in urban and rural areas in Iran. The SEM output with the Bayesian estimator was 81.1%, with variations in the postpartum women's BMI, which is related to their demographics, lifestyle, food intake, and mental health. Meanwhile, the variation based on SEM with partial least squares estimator was equal to 70.2%, and SEM with a maximum likelihood estimator was equal to 76.8%. On the other hand, the output of the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MPE) for the Bayesian estimator is lower than the maximum likelihood and partial least square estimators. Thus, the predicted values of the SEM with Bayesian estimator are closer to the observed value compared to maximum likelihood and partial least square. In conclusion, the higher values of R-square and lower values of MPE, RMSE, and MSE will produce better goodness of fit for SEM with Bayesian estimators.

Brazilian Children's Dietary Intake in Relation to Brazil's New Nutrition Guidelines: a Systematic Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This systematic review reports the latest scientific evidence, from cross-sectional and cohort studies, describing the dietary intake of children and adolescents from Brazil. The goal of the review was to describe intakes according to Brazil's new food classification system (NOVA) which classifies foods according to the degree of processing, i.e., unprocessed/minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed food, and ultra-processed food. Due to a paucity of data using the NOVA classification system, studies with other intake descriptors were included.

RECENT FINDINGS

Results using the NOVA system showed a somewhat high intake of (ultra-)processed items, than of minimally processed items. Studies using other methods of dietary assessment showed not only high intake of sources rich in fat, sugar, and sodium, most of them processed items (e.g., savory snacks and sweets) but also intake of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. Overall, the literature was marred by inconsistencies and variation in study definitions and methods making it hard to make firm conclusions regarding the dietary intake of Brazilian children. The development of tools to evaluate the complexities of dietary intake is much needed. Such a tool needs to be accepted and adopted by numerous study groups, to describe dietary status among Brazilian children and devise the most effective, and to evaluate the success of nutrition education programs.

Time trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding among schoolchildren from public and private schools in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil: From 2002 to 2013

OBJECTIVE

To describe breastfeeding trends from 2002 to 2012/2013, and to investigate whether breastfeeding practices differ between mothers of children in public and private schools.

METHODS

Data were obtained from three school-based cross-sectional studies conducted with 7 to 10 years old children. The total sample was 7264 individuals. Data related to breastfeeding were analyzed descriptively and compared using the chi-square test for heterogeneity or trend.

RESULTS

In the 10-year period was observed a decrease in the total percentage of schoolchildren who were not breastfed (12.9%-10.5%) and an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren breastfed for >12 months (23.9%-36.7%). In public schools, the increase of breastfeeding for >12 months was independent of maternal age and years of schooling. In private schools, the increase was observed for schoolchildren born to older mothers and to more educated mothers, although the highest percentage was observed for schoolchildren born to less educated mothers.

CONCLUSIONS

The results confirm the complexity of determining breastfeeding behaviors, and understanding these dynamics is fundamental to develop and improve programs and actions aimed at encouraging, supporting, and protecting breastfeeding. However, strategies developed in Brazil during the first decade of the 21st century should explain the increase of proportion of breastfed children for more than 12 months, and the concomitant decrease of never breastfeed children in the city of Florianopolis (Southern Brazil).

Factors associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables by schoolchildren: a comparative analysis between 2007 and 2012

ABSTRACT Objective Perform comparative analysis of adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables and their associated factors in schoolchildren. Methods Probabilistic samples representative of students of both sexes, 7 to 14 years old, from public and private schools in Florianópolis, SC were investigated in cross-sectional studies in 2007 (n=2,836) and 2012 (n=2,506). The exposure variables were: sex, age, family income per capita, mother’s education and school system. The outcome variable (fruit and vegetable consumption) was collected using the third validated version of the previous day’s food questionnaire. Using the Chi-Square test, exposure variables with a p-value <0.20 were eligible for analysis using crude and adjusted multiple logistic regression models. Exposure variables with p<0.05 were considered to be associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Results There were no significant differences in the adequate consumption between 2007 and 2012. While in 2007 the per capita family income was the only exposure variable associated, in 2012 only a mother with complete higher education was a protective factor for the adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables Conclusion Despite governmental strategies to stimulate the consumption of fruits and vegetables in Brazil, their results are still not perceptible, requiring more time for an evaluation of effectiveness

Parental Perceived Travel Time to and Reported Use of Food Retailers in Association with School Children's Dietary Patterns

Considering the association between the neighborhood food environment and individual eating behaviors, this study aimed to assess the association between parents' reported use of food facilities by their children, and parental perceived travel time to food facilities, with their children's dietary patterns. Parents reported the use of supermarkets, full-service and fast-food restaurants, and perceived travel time to these food retailers. To assess school children's food consumption, a previous day dietary recall was applied. Factor analysis was conducted to identify dietary patterns. To test the association between reported use and perceived travel time to food retailers and school children's dietary patterns, we performed multilevel linear regression analyses. Parents' reported use of supermarkets was associated with children's higher score in the "Morning/Evening Meal" pattern. The use of full-service and fast-food restaurants was associated with children's higher score in the "Fast Food" pattern. Higher parental perceived travel time to full-service and fast-food restaurants was associated with children's lower score in the "Fast Food" pattern. Although the use of full-service and fast-food restaurants was associated with a less healthy dietary pattern, the perception of living further away from these food retailers may pose a barrier for the use of these facilities.

Padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros por regiões geográficas: análise do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA)

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar os padrões alimentares de adolescentes brasileiros para cada uma das cinco regiões do país, e verificar se há diferença na adesão dos padrões alimentares de acordo com idade, sexo e tipo de escola. Foram analisados dados de 71.298 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos que participaram do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), pesquisa transversal, nacional, multicêntrica e de base escolar. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24hs, e para a identificação dos padrões alimentares foi aplicada análise fatorial. A associação entre as características dos adolescentes e os padrões alimentares foi verificada por meio de análises de regressão linear, estratificadas por idade e ajustadas por estado nutricional, ingestão energética total e atividade física. Nas cinco regiões foram identificados três padrões alimentares com características similares: padrão tradicional, padrão pão e café e padrão não saudável. A Região Norte apresentou um quarto padrão alimentar caracterizado por alimentos típicos da região: padrão tradicional Norte. Em todas as regiões, os adolescentes do sexo masculino registraram maior adesão ao padrão tradicional e menor adesão ao padrão não saudável. entre os estudantes de escolas privadas foi observada maior adesão ao padrão não saudável e menor adesão ao padrão tradicional. Os resultados sugerem que, entre os adolescentes avaliados, ser do sexo masculino foi associado ao maior consumo de alimentos tradicionalmente brasileiros como o arroz e feijão, já o maior nível socioeconômico esteve associado ao consumo de alimentos não saudáveis como bebidas açucaradas e lanches.

Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers-The ABC of Healthy Eating Project

A holistic approach to understanding the relationship between diet, lifestyle and obesity is a better approach than studying single factors. This study presents the clustering of dietary and lifestyle behaviours to determine the association of these dietary-lifestyle patterns (DLPs) with adiposity, nutrition knowledge, gender and sociodemographic factors in teenagers. The research was designed as a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. The sample consisted of 1549 Polish students aged 11⁻13 years. DLPs were identified with cluster analysis. Logistic regression modelling with adjustment for confounders was applied. Three dietary-lifestyle patterns were identified: Prudent-Active (29.3% of the sample), Fast-food-Sedentary (13.8%) and notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive (56.9%). Adherence to Prudent-Active pattern (reference: notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive) was 29% or 49% lower in 12-year-old or 13-year-old teenagers than in 11-year-old teenagers, respectively, and higher by 57% or 2.4 times in the middle or the upper tertile than the bottom tertile of the nutrition knowledge score. To the contrary, adherence to Fast-food-Sedentary (reference: notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive) was lower by 41% or 58% in the middle or the upper tertile than the bottom tertile of the nutrition knowledge score, respectively. In Prudent-Active, the chance of central obesity (waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5) was lower by 47% and overweight/obesity was lower by 38% or 33% (depending on which standard was used: International Obesity Task Force, 2012: BMI (body mass index)-for-age ≥ 25 kg/m² or Polish standards, 2010: BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile) when compared with the notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive pattern. In Fast-food-Sedentary, the chance of central obesity was 2.22 times higher than the Prudent-Active pattern. The study identified a set of characteristics that decreased the risk of general and central adiposity in teenagers, which includes health-promoting behaviours related to food, meal consumption and lifestyle. Avoiding high-energy dense foods is insufficient to prevent obesity, if physical activity and the consumption frequency of health-promoting foods are low and breakfast and a school meal are frequently skipped. The results highlight the importance of the nutrition knowledge of teenagers in shaping their health-promoting dietary habits and active lifestyle to decrease adiposity risk and negative aspects of lower family affluence which promotes unhealthy behaviours, both related to diet and lifestyle.

Body mass index and association with use of and distance from places for physical activity and active leisure among schoolchildren in Brazil. Cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

We evaluated associations between use of public places for physical activity and active leisure (PAAL) and their distances from subjects' homes and indicators of overweight and obesity, among schoolchildren from different socioeconomic levels, in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 2,152 schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years, enrolled at 30 public and private schools.

METHODS

The exposure variables were the use of public places for PAAL in the neighborhood and their distance from schoolchildren's homes. The outcomes were body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted according to income strata.

RESULTS

Among the schoolchildren from low-income families, living closer to parks/playgrounds was associated with lower BMI (β = -2.15; 95% confidence interval, CI = -2.53; -1.77) and lower WC (β = -0.11 95% CI = -0.17; -0.05), while living at these distances from football pitches was associated with higher BMI (β = 1.73; 95% CI = 0.31; 3.15) and larger WC measurements (β = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.005; 0.14). Among the schoolchildren in low-income groups, living at an intermediate distance from beaches was associated with lower BMI (β = -1.10; 95% CI = -1.61; -0.59).

CONCLUSION

Living closer to parks/playgrounds was associated with lower BMI and WC among schoolchildren from low-income families. Living closer to football pitches was associated with higher BMI and WC among these schoolchildren. Living at intermediate distances from beaches was associated with lower BMI among these schoolchildren.

Dairy-Related Dietary Patterns, Dietary Calcium, Body Weight and Composition: A Study of Obesity in Polish Mothers and Daughters, the MODAF Project

The role of the family environment in regards to dairy products and dietary calcium in the context of obesity is not fully understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the association among dairy-related dietary patterns (DDPs), dietary calcium, body weight and composition in mothers and daughters. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey within the MODAF Project. A total sample of 712 pairs of mothers (<60 years) and daughters (12-21 years) was studied. This study included 691 pairs. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (ADOS-Ca) was used to collect dietary data. Waist circumference (WC), body fat, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) were determined. Previously derived DDPs were used-three in mothers and three in daughters. In mothers, two of the DDPs were characterized by higher consumption of various dairy products with suboptimal calcium content (means: 703 or 796 mg/day) which decreased the chance of: z-WC > 1 standard deviation (SD), WC > 80 cm, body fat > 32%, WHtR > 0.5, BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² by 44-67% when compared to low-dairy low-calcium DDP (288 mg/day). In mothers per 100 mg/day of dietary calcium, the chance of z-WC > 1SD, WC > 80 cm, z-WHtR > 1SD, WHtR > 0.5 cm, BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² decreased by 5-9%. In correspondence analysis, a clear association was found between mothers' and daughters' low-dairy low-calcium DDPs and upper categories of z-WC (>1 SDs). This study reinforces evidence of the similarity between mothers and daughters in dairy-related dietary patterns and provides a new insight on the adverse relation between low-dairy low-calcium dietary patterns and obesity. It was found that diets containing various dairy products with suboptimal dietary calcium content may be recommended in obesity prevention.

Changes in Dietary Patterns from Childhood to Adolescence and Associated Body Adiposity Status

The aims of this study were to identify cross-sectional dietary patterns (DPs) in a representative sample of 7–10-year-old schoolchildren, to examine how scores for these DPs tracked over a time period of five years (from age 7–10 years to 12–15 years), and to investigate longitudinal associations between changes in DPs scores and changes in BMI (Body Mass Index) z-scores. Children aged 7–10-years were examined in 2007 (n = 1158) and a subset of the sample participated in a follow-up in 2012 (n = 458). Factor analysis (FA) was applied to derive DPs at baseline. The change in DP from childhood to adolescence was analyzed by comparing factor scores using the complete cases, in which factor loadings were the ones evaluated at baseline. Associations of BMI change with DP change were assessed by multivariate linear regression. At baseline, four DP were identified that explained 47.9% of the food intake variance. On average, the factor scores of “DP II” (salty snacks, French fries, fast-food, sugary beverages) decreased in follow-up, while no changes were observed for “DP I” (rice, cooked beans, beef/poultry, leafy vegetables), “DP III” (fruits, cooked and leafy vegetables, fruit juices, pasta, milk, cheese), and “DP IV” (milk, coffee with milk, cheese, breads/biscuits). No significant linear association was shown between changes in BMI z-scores and changes in DP scores from childhood to adolescence. In conclusion, three out of four DP scores identified at baseline tracked slightly in adolescence.