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de Figueiredo AMB, dos Santos JC, Kischkel B, Ardiansyah E, Oosting M, Guimarães Matos G, Barreto Neves Oliveira I, van de Veerdonk F, Netea MG, Soares CMDA, Ribeiro-Dias F, Joosten LAB. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals CLEC7A and PROM1 as Potential Regulators of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-Induction of Cytokine Production in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040428. [PMID: 37108883 PMCID: PMC10144159 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides and the different clinical forms of the disease are associated with the host immune responses. Quantitative trait loci mapping analysis was performed to assess genetic variants associated with mononuclear-cells-derived cytokines induced by P. brasiliensis on 158 individuals. We identified the rs11053595 SNP, which is present in the CLEC7A gene (encodes the Dectin-1 receptor) and the rs62290169 SNP located in the PROM1 gene (encodes CD133) associated with the production of IL-1β and IL-22, respectively. Functionally, the blockade of the dectin-1 receptor abolished the IL-1β production in P. brasiliensis-stimulated PBMCs. Moreover, the rs62290169-GG genotype was associated with higher frequency of CD38+ Th1 cells in PBMCs cultured with P. brasiliensis yeasts. Therefore, our research indicates that the CLEC7A and PROM1 genes are important for the cytokine response induced by P. brasiliensis and may influence the Paracoccidioidomycosis disease outcome.
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Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020116. [PMID: 33557381 PMCID: PMC7915485 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This disease is endemic in Latin America and primarily affects workers in rural areas. PCM is considered a neglected disease, despite being a disabling disease that has a notable impact on the public health system. Paracoccidioides spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that present infective mycelia at 25 °C and differentiate into pathogenic yeast forms at 37 °C. This transition involves a series of morphological, structural, and metabolic changes which are essential for their survival inside hosts. As a pathogen, the fungus is subjected to several varieties of stress conditions, including the host immune response, which involves the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, thermal stress due to temperature changes during the transition, pH alterations within phagolysosomes, and hypoxia inside granulomas. Over the years, studies focusing on understanding the establishment and development of PCM have been conducted with several limitations due to the low effectiveness of strategies for the genetic manipulation of Paracoccidioides spp. This review describes the most relevant biological features of Paracoccidioides spp., including aspects of the phylogeny, ecology, stress response, infection, and evasion mechanisms of the fungus. We also discuss the genetic aspects and difficulties of fungal manipulation, and, finally, describe the advances in molecular biology that may be employed in molecular research on this fungus in the future.
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Mavengere H, Mattox K, Teixeira MM, Sepúlveda VE, Gomez OM, Hernandez O, McEwen J, Matute DR. Paracoccidioides Genomes Reflect High Levels of Species Divergence and Little Interspecific Gene Flow. mBio 2020; 11:e01999-20. [PMID: 33443110 PMCID: PMC8534288 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01999-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Paracoccidioides is a prevalent human pathogen endemic to South America. The genus is composed of five species. In this report, we use 37 whole-genome sequences to study the allocation of genetic variation in Paracoccidioides We tested three genome-wide predictions of advanced speciation, namely, that all species should be reciprocally monophyletic, that species pairs should be highly differentiated along the whole genome, and that there should be low rates of interspecific gene exchange. We find support for these three hypotheses. Species pairs with older divergences show no evidence of gene exchange, while more recently diverged species pairs show evidence of modest rates of introgression. Our results indicate that as divergence progresses, species boundaries become less porous among Paracoccidioides species. Our results suggest that species in Paracoccidioides are at different stages along the divergence continuum.IMPORTANCEParacoccidioides is the causal agent of a systemic mycosis in Latin America. Most of the inference of the evolutionary history of Paracoccidioides has used only a few molecular markers. In this report, we evaluate the extent of genome divergence among Paracoccidioides species and study the possibility of interspecific gene exchange. We find that all species are highly differentiated. We also find that the amount of gene flow between species is low and in some cases is even completely absent in spite of geographic overlap. Our study constitutes a systematic effort to identify species boundaries in fungal pathogens and to determine the extent of gene exchange among fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Mavengere
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen Mattox
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcus M Teixeira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victoria E Sepúlveda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oscar M Gomez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- MICROBA Research Group, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan McEwen
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin H. Kowalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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do Amaral CC, Fernandes GF, Rodrigues AM, Burger E, de Camargo ZP. Proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates: Correlation of the levels of differentially expressed proteins with in vivo virulence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218013. [PMID: 31265468 PMCID: PMC6605636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis commonly found in Latin America that is caused by distinct species of Paracoccidioides genus: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex (S1, PS2, PS3 and PS4) and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Its pathobiology has been recently explored by different approaches to clarify the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions underpinning PCM. The diversity of clinical forms of this disease has been attributed to both host- and fungus-related factors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of host-fungus interactions, we evaluated in vivo virulence of nine Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates and correlated it to protein expression profiles obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Based on the recovery of viable fungi from mouse organs, the isolates were classified as those having low, moderate, or high virulence. Highly virulent isolates overexpressed proteins related to adhesion process and stress response, probably indicating important roles of those fungal proteins in regulating the colonization capacity, survival, and ability to escape host immune system reaction. Moreover, highly virulent isolates exhibited enhanced expression of glycolytic pathway enzymes concomitantly with repressed expression of succinyl-CoA ligase beta chain, a protein related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings may point to the mechanisms used by highly virulent P. brasiliensis isolates to withstand host immune reactions and to adapt to transient iron availability as strategies to survive and overcome stress conditions inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Candida do Amaral
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Oliveira AR, Oliveira LN, Chaves EGA, Weber SS, Bailão AM, Parente-Rocha JA, Baeza LC, de Almeida Soares CM, Borges CL. Characterization of extracellular proteins in members of the Paracoccidioides complex. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:738-751. [PMID: 30007425 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides is a thermodimorphic fungus that causes Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) - an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America. The genus comprises several phylogenetic species which present some genetic and serological differences. The diversity presented among isolates of the same genus has been explored in several microorganisms. There have also been attempts to clarify differences that might be related to virulence existing in isolates that cause the same disease. In this work, we analyzed the secretome of two isolates in the Paracoccidioides genus, isolates Pb01 and PbEpm83, and performed infection assays in macrophages to evaluate the influence of the secretomes of those isolates upon an in vitro model of infection. The use of a label-free proteomics approach (LC-MSE) allowed us to identify 92 proteins that are secreted by those strains. Of those proteins, 35 were differentially secreted in Pb01, and 36 in PbEpm83. According to the functional annotation, most of the identified proteins are related to adhesion and virulence processes. These results provide evidence that different members of the Paracoccidioides complex can quantitatively secrete different proteins, which may influence the characteristics of virulence, as well as host-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Edilânia Gomes Araújo Chaves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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dos Santos LFM, Melo NB, de Carli ML, Mendes ACSC, Bani GMAC, Verinaud LM, Burger E, de Oliveira I. Moraes G, Pereira AAC, Brigagão MRL, Hanemann JAC, Sperandio FF. Photodynamic inactivation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis helps the outcome of oral paracoccidiodomycosis. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:921-930. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The chapter reviews methods utilized for the isolation and characterization of a promising immunogen candidate, aiming at a human vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis. Peptide P10 carries a T-CD4+ epitope and was identified as an internal sequence of the major diagnostic antigen known as gp43 glycoprotein. It successfully treated massive intratracheal infections by virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in combination with chemotherapy.An introduction about the systemic mycosis was found essential to understand the various options that were considered to design prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine protocols using peptide P10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Taborda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP/LIM53/HCFMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 8th floor, São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil.
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10
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Freitas MS, Oliveira AF, da Silva TA, Fernandes FF, Gonçales RA, Almeida F, Roque-Barreira MC. Paracoccin Induces M1 Polarization of Macrophages via Interaction with TLR4. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1003. [PMID: 27458431 PMCID: PMC4932198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis contains paracoccin (PCN), a multi-domain protein that has lectin and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities, which account for its effects on the growth and morphogenesis of the fungus and on the activation of host macrophages through its interaction with TLR N-glycans. With the purpose of detailing the knowledge on the effects of PCN on macrophages, we used recombinant PCN expressed in Pichia pastoris (p-rPCN) to stimulate isolated murine peritoneal macrophages. The activation of these cells manifested through the release of high levels of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-12p40, and IL-6. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages stimulated with p-rPCN increased the relative expression of STAT1, SOCS3, and iNOS2 mRNA (M1 polarization markers). However, the expression of Arginase-1, Ym-1, and FIZZ1 (M2 polarization markers) remained at basal levels. Interestingly, the observed M1 macrophages’ polarization triggered by p-rPCN was abolished in cells obtained from knockout Toll-like receptor-4 mice. In this case, the p-rPCN-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators was blocked too. These results demonstrate that the classical activation of macrophages induced by paracoccin depends on TLR4. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that paracoccin acts as a TLR agonist able to modulate immunity and exerts biological activities that favor its applicability as an immunotherapeutic agent to combat systemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus S Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago A da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabrício F Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Relber A Gonçales
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria C Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Marcos CM, da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Singulani JDL, Lopez AM, Tamayo DP, Hernandez-Ruiz O, McEwen JG, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Decreased expression of 14-3-3 in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis confirms its involvement in fungal pathogenesis. Virulence 2015; 7:72-84. [PMID: 26646480 PMCID: PMC4994830 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1122166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and host cells is usually mediated by specific binding events between adhesins on the fungal surface and receptors on the host extracellular matrix or cell surface. One molecule implicated in the P. brasiliensis-host interaction is the 14-3-3 protein. The 14-3-3 protein belongs to a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells and are involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, we investigated the relevance of the 14-3-3 protein to the virulence of P. brasiliensis. Using antisense RNA technology and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, we generated a 14-3-3-silenced strain (expression reduced by ˜55%). This strain allowed us to investigate the interaction between 14-3-3 and the host and to correlate the functions of P. brasiliensis 14-3-3 with cellular features, such as morphological characteristics and virulence, that are important for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Lopez
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Patricia Tamayo
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Escuela de Microbiología; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Kurokawa CS, Araujo JP, Soares AMVC, Sugizaki MF, Peraçoli MTS. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Produced by Human Monocytes ChallengedIn VitrowithParacoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:421-8. [PMID: 17446681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in innate and adaptive immune response against systemic fungal infections. Imbalances in suppressor or stimulatory cytokine secretion caused by these cells may influence disease development, microorganism death, and the nature of the adaptive immune response. This study analyzed the monocyte cytokine profiles of healthy individuals challenged with high and low virulent strains of P. brasiliensis and mRNA cytokine expression kinetics by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Peripheral blood monocytes from healthy volunteers were cultured in vitro with and without virulent (Pb18) or low virulence (Pb265) strains from P. brasiliensis viable yeast cells. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1) were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), and mRNA cytokine expression was determined by RT-PCR at 0, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 48 hr. Both P. brasiliensis strains induced monocyte production of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha. Pb18 induced higher levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 than Pb265. IL-8 and TGF-beta1 levels were not significantly different from those cultured without stimulus. The mRNA cytokine expression was similar to supernatant cytokines measured by ELISA. In vitro monocyte challenge with virulent P. brasiliensis strain induces earlier and higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines than low virulence strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Menino JF, Osório NS, Sturme MHJ, Barros D, Gomes-Alves AG, Almeida AJ, Ludovico P, Costa P, Goldman GH, Rodrigues F. Morphological heterogeneity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: relevance of the Rho-like GTPase PbCDC42. Med Mycol 2012; 50:768-74. [PMID: 22493946 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.665614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis budding pattern and polymorphic growth were previously shown to be closely linked to the expression of PbCDC42 and to influence the pathogenesis of the fungus. In this work we conducted a detailed morphogenetic evaluation of the yeast-forms of 11 different clinical and environmental P. brasiliensis isolates comprising four phylogenetic lineages (S1, PS2, PS3 and Pb01-like), as well as a PbCDC42 knock-down strain. High variations in the shape and size of mother and bud cells of each isolate were observed but we did not find a characteristic morphologic profile for any of the phylogenetic groups. In all isolates studied, the bud size and shape were demonstrated to be highly dependent on the mother cell. Importantly, we found strong correlations between PbCDC42 expression and both the shape of mother and bud cells and the size of the buds in all isolates and the knock-down strain. Our results suggested that PbCDC42 expression can explain approximately 80% of mother and bud cell shape and 19% of bud cell size. This data support PbCDC42 expression level as being a relevant predictor of P. brasiliensis morphology. Altogether, these findings quantitatively describe the polymorphic nature of the P. brasiliensis yeast form and provide additional support for the key role of PbCDC42 expression on yeast cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Menino
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Dos Reis Almeida FB, Carvalho FC, Mariano VS, Alegre ACP, Silva RDN, Hanna ES, Roque-Barreira MC. Influence of N-glycosylation on the morphogenesis and growth of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and on the biological activities of yeast proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29216. [PMID: 22216217 PMCID: PMC3244461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a human pathogen that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. The cell wall of P. brasiliensis is a network of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, such as chitin, that perform several functions. N-linked glycans are involved in glycoprotein folding, intracellular transport, secretion, and protection from proteolytic degradation. Here, we report the effects of tunicamycin (TM)-mediated inhibition of N-linked glycosylation on P. brasiliensis yeast cells. The underglycosylated yeasts were smaller than their fully glycosylated counterparts and exhibited a drastic reduction of cell budding, reflecting impairment of growth and morphogenesis by TM treatment. The intracellular distribution in TM-treated yeasts of the P. brasiliensis glycoprotein paracoccin was investigated using highly specific antibodies. Paracoccin was observed to accumulate at intracellular locations, far from the yeast wall. Paracoccin derived from TM-treated yeasts retained the ability to bind to laminin despite their underglycosylation. As paracoccin has N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity and induces the production of TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages, we compared these properties between glycosylated and underglycosylated yeast proteins. Paracoccin demonstrated lower NAGase activity when underglycosylated, although no difference was detected between the pH and temperature optimums of the two forms. Murine macrophages stimulated with underglycosylated yeast proteins produced significantly lower levels of TNF-α and NO. Taken together, the impaired growth and morphogenesis of tunicamycin-treated yeasts and the decreased biological activities of underglycosylated fungal components suggest that N-glycans play important roles in P. brasiliensis yeast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Bruno Dos Reis Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Caroline Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Sammartino Mariano
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Paiva Alegre
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto do Nascimento Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ebert Seixas Hanna
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Invent Biotecnologia Ltda. ME, Incubadora Supera, Rua dos Técnicos s/n, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Differential gene expression analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis during keratinocyte infection. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:269-280. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.022467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most important systemic fungal diseases in Latin America. This initiates in lung tissue and can subsequently disseminate to other tissues. Clinical manifestations range from localized forms to disseminated disease that can progress to lethality, probably depending on the relationships among the virulence of the fungus, the immune response and the ability to interact with the surface structures and invade epithelial cells and mononuclear cells of the host. It is generally regarded as a multifocal disease, with oral lesions as the prominent feature. The aim of this study was to evaluate P. brasiliensis yeast infection in normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs). The differential expression of mRNAs and proteins was also determined when the fungus was placed in contact with the cell in order to characterize differentially expressed genes and proteins during P. brasiliensis infection. After contact with NOKs, the fungus appeared to induce alterations in the cells, which showed cellular extensions and cavitations, probably resulting from changes in the actin cytoskeleton seen at 5 and 8 h after infection. Levels of protein expression were higher after reisolation of the fungus from infected NOK culture compared with culture of the fungus in medium. The analysis identified transcripts related to 19 proteins involved in different biological processes. Transcripts were found with multiple functions including induction of cytokines, protein metabolism, alternative carbon metabolism, zinc transport and the stress response during contact with NOKs. The proteins found suggested that the yeast was in a stress situation, as indicated by the presence of RDS1. Nevertheless, the yeast seemed to be proliferating and metabolically active, as shown by the presence of a proteasome, short-chain acetylator, glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase and ADP/ATP carrier transcripts. Additionally, metabolic pathways may have been activated in order to eliminate toxic substances from the cell as a zinc transporter was detected, which is a potential target for the development of future drugs.
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Salgado-Salazar C, Jones LR, Restrepo Á, McEwen JG. The human fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Onygenales: Ajellomycetaceae) is a complex of two species: phylogenetic evidence from five mitochondrial markers. Cladistics 2010; 26:613-624. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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A 32-kilodalton hydrolase plays an important role in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis adherence to host cells and influences pathogenicity. Infect Immun 2010; 78:5280-6. [PMID: 20876288 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00692-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most crucial events during infection with the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is adhesion to pulmonary epithelial cells, a pivotal step in the establishment of disease. In this study, we have evaluated the relevance of a 32-kDa protein, a putative adhesion member of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily of hydrolases, in the virulence of this fungus. Protein sequence analyses have supported the inclusion of PbHad32p as a hydrolase and have revealed a conserved protein only among fungal dimorphic and filamentous pathogens that are closely phylogenetically related. To evaluate its role during the host-pathogen interaction, we have generated mitotically stable P. brasiliensis HAD32 (PbHAD32) antisense RNA (aRNA) strains with consistently reduced gene expression. Knockdown of PbHAD32 did not alter cell vitality or viability but induced morphological alterations in yeast cells. Moreover, yeast cells with reduced PbHAD32 expression were significantly affected in their capacity to adhere to human epithelial cells and presented decreased virulence in a mouse model of infection. These data support the hypothesis that PbHad32p binds to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and modulates the initial immune response for evasion of host defenses. Our findings point to PbHAD32 as a novel virulence factor active during the initial interaction with host cells in P. brasiliensis.
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Biondo GA, Dias-Melicio LA, Bordon-Graciani AP, Acorci-Valério MJ, Soares AMVC. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis uses endogenous and exogenous arachidonic acid for PGE x production. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:123-30. [PMID: 20364371 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prevalent deep mycosis in Latin America. Production of eicosanoids during fungal infections plays a critical role on fungal biology as well as on host immune response modulation. The purpose of our study was to assess whether P. brasiliensis strains with different degree of virulence (Pb18, Pb265, Bt79, Pb192) produce prostaglandin E(x) (PGE(x)). Moreover, we asked if P. brasiliensis could use exogenous sources of arachidonic acid (AA), as well as metabolic pathways dependent on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, as reported for mammalian cells. A possible association between this prostanoid and fungus viability was also assessed. Our results showed that all strains, independently of their virulence, produce high PGE(x) levels on 4 h culture that were reduced after 8 h. However, in both culture times, higher prostanoid levels were detected after supplementation of medium with exogenous AA. Treatment with indomethacin, a COX inhibitor, induced a reduction on PGEx, as well as in fungus viability. The data provide evidence that P. brasiliensis produces prostaglandin-like molecules by metabolizing either endogenous or exogenous AA. Moreover, the results suggest the involvement of these mediators on fungal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Augusto Biondo
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-000, Brazil
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Costa PF, Fernandes GF, dos Santos PO, Amaral CC, Camargo ZP. Characteristics of environmental Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:37-46. [PMID: 19653119 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ecological niche or exact habitat of the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is not known, and few isolates have been obtained from the environment. In this study, ten isolates were analyzed with respect to antigenic composition, serology, pathogenicity, and molecular aspects. Gp43 is considered to be the molecular basis for the serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis; however, in this study only six of the environmental isolates secreted this molecule (four in great amounts and two in small amounts). Other molecules were also produced. When exoantigens from these isolates were tested using immunodiffusion, only four preparations were positive by ID tests. However, when these exoantigens were tested by ELISA, all of them except one were able to detect anti-P. brasiliensis antibodies. In Western blot assays, these exoantigens showed different reactivities. Isolates that secreted gp43 presented positive reactions for this molecule, and isolates that did not secrete gp43 gave positive reactions for other minor molecules. RAPD analysis revealed that there is great genetic variation between these environmental isolates. These isolates were non-pathogenic: no mortality was observed among the inoculated mice during an 18-month follow-up period.
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Almeida A, Cunha C, Carmona J, Sampaio-Marques B, Carvalho A, Malavazi I, Steensma H, Johnson D, Leão C, Logarinho E, Goldman G, Castro A, Ludovico P, Rodrigues F. Cdc42p controls yeast-cell shape and virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:919-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Correia J, de Moraes Borba C, Reis B, Martins A, Unkles S, Kinghorn JR, Lucena-Silva N. The ceja-1 sequence as a potential new molecular marker for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Mycoses 2009; 53:130-7. [PMID: 19389074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a two-step PCR assay that amplifies a region of the ceja-1 sequence that is specific for virulent strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. An internal region of the ceja-1 sequence was chosen for designing primers that were utilised in a single tube heminested PCR protocol to amplify DNA from six virulent strains. PCR specificity was determined by the absence of amplified products with genomic DNA from four non-virulent strains of P. brasiliensis and from eight fungal pathogens, one bacterium, two protozoa, one worm and mouse and human genomic DNA (leucocytes). The fact that the PCR product was only obtained with the genetic material from virulent isolates of P. brasiliensis suggested that this partial amplified sequence might be a marker of virulence for this fungus. The diagnostic potential of this PCR was confirmed by the successful amplification of this fragment with genomic DNA obtained in lymph node aspirate from a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Correia
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus and the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), which is prevalent in rural workers of Latin American countries. Until a decade ago, most of the studies involving P. brasiliensis used clinical isolates, since environmental samples from soil are difficult to obtain. More recently, P. brasiliensis has been isolated from infected wild and domestic animals, especially from the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus in Brazil. Over the years, diversity within the species has been observed at several phenotypic levels. The present review will discuss the reports focusing on genetic polymorphism, which culminated with the detection of P. brasiliensis phylogenetic species as a result of a multilocus study. Polymorphism in the PbGP43 gene is detailed. This gene encodes fungal glycoprotein gp43, a dominant P. brasiliensis antigen largely studied in the last two decades for its importance in diagnosis, immune protection, and adhesive properties to extracellular matrix-associated proteins. Fungal traits associated with genetic groups are discussed.
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Silva SS, Paes HC, Soares CMA, Fernandes L, Felipe MSS. Insights into the pathobiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from transcriptome analysis--advances and perspectives. Mycopathologia 2008; 165:249-58. [PMID: 18777632 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioiddes brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus endemic to Latin America, where it causes the most prevalent systemic mycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). DNA microarray technology has been used to identify patterns of gene expression when a microbe is confronted with conditions of interest, such as in vitro and/or ex vivo interaction with specific cells. P. brasiliensis is one organism that has benefited from this approach. Even though its genome has not been sequenced yet, much has been discovered from its transcriptome and DNA array analyses. In this review, we will outline the current knowledge in P. brasiliensis transcriptome, with focus on differential expression analysis in vitro and on the discussion of the genes that are controlled during the host-pathogen interaction ex vivo in order to give insights into the pathobiology of this fungus. In vitro experiments enabled the delineation of whole metabolic pathways; the description of differential metabolism between mycelium and yeast cells and of the mainly signaling pathways controlling dimorphism, high temperature growth, thermal and oxidative stress, and virulence/ pathogenicity. Recent ex vivo experiments provided advances on the comprehension of the plasticity of response and indicate that P. brasiliensis is not only able to undergo fast and dramatic expression profile changes but can also discern subtle differences, such as whether it is being attacked by a macrophage or submitted to the bloodstream route conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoneide S Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Borba CDM, Correia J, Vinhas E, Martins A, Alves BCA, Unkles S, Kinghorn JR, Lucena-Silva N. Genetic characterization of morphologically variant strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:306-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008005000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mendes-Giannini MJS, Monteiro da Silva JL, de Fátima da Silva J, Donofrio FC, Miranda ET, Andreotti PF, Soares CP. Interactions of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with host cells: recent advances. Mycopathologia 2007; 165:237-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Andreotti PF, Monteiro da Silva JL, Teixeira EC, Bertolini MC, Soares CP, Benard G, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Identification of a gene encoding adaptin-like protein in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis genome by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:884-887. [PMID: 17577051 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates are not homogeneous in their patterns of pathogenicity in animals and adhesion to epithelial cells. During this investigation, genotypic differences were observed between two samples of P. brasiliensis strain 18 yeast phase (Pb18) previously cultured many times, one taken before (Pb18a) and the other after (Pb18b) animal inoculation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis using the primer OPJ4 distinguished Pb18b from Pb18a by one 308 bp DNA fragment, which after cloning and sequencing was shown to encode a polypeptide sequence homologous to the protein beta-adaptin. It is suggested, by comparison to other micro-organisms, that this protein might play an important role in the virulence of P. brasiliensis. This result demonstrates the influence of in vitro subculturing on the genotype of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine Cristina Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Bertolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pienna Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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