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El-Gazzar N, Elez RMMA, Attia ASA, Abdel-Warith AWA, Darwish MM, Younis EM, Eltahlawi RA, Mohamed KI, Davies SJ, Elsohaby I. Antifungal and antibiofilm effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius, zinc nanoparticles, and zinc nanocomposites against Candida albicans from Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus), water and humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1358270. [PMID: 38895734 PMCID: PMC11183309 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1358270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans (C. albicans) can form biofilms; a critical virulence factor that provides effective protection from commercial antifungals and contributes to public health issues. The development of new antifungal therapies, particularly those targeting biofilms, is imperative. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and nanocomposites (ZnNCs) on C. albicans isolates from Nile tilapia, fish wash water and human fish sellers in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Methods A cross-sectional study collected 300 samples from tilapia, fish wash water, and fish sellers (100 each). Probiotic L. salivarius was immobilized with ZnNPs to synthesize ZnNCs. The study assessed the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of ZnNPs, L. salivarius, and ZnNCs compared to amphotericin (AMB). Results Candida spp. were detected in 38 samples, which included C. albicans (42.1%), C. glabrata (26.3%), C. krusei (21.1%), and C. parapsilosis (10.5%). A total of 62.5% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antifungal agent, with the highest resistance to nystatin (62.5%). However, 75% of the isolates were highly susceptible to AMB. All C. albicans isolates exhibited biofilm-forming capabilities, with 4 (25%) isolates showing strong biofilm formation. At least one virulence-associated gene (RAS1, HWP1, ALS3, or SAP4) was identified among the C. albicans isolates. Probiotics L. salivarius, ZnNPs, and ZnNCs displayed antibiofilm and antifungal effects against C. albicans, with ZnNCs showing significantly higher inhibitory activity. ZnNCs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 µg/mL, completely reduced C. albicans biofilm gene expression. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy images of C. albicans biofilms treated with ZnNCs revealed asymmetric, wrinkled surfaces, cell deformations, and reduced cell numbers. Conclusion This study identified virulent, resistant C. albicans isolates with strong biofilm-forming abilities in tilapia, water, and humans, that pose significant risks to public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El-Gazzar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. M. Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira S. A. Attia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Manal M. Darwish
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab A. Eltahlawi
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Simon J. Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Keyvanfar A, Najafiarab H, Talebian N, Tafti MF, Adeli G, Ghasemi Z, Tehrani S. Drug-resistant oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:546. [PMID: 38822256 PMCID: PMC11143751 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral candidiasis (OC) is a prevalent opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The increasing resistance to antifungal agents in HIV-positive individuals suffering from OC raised concerns. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of drug-resistant OC in HIV-positive patients. METHODS Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched for eligible articles up to November 30, 2023. Studies reporting resistance to antifungal agents in Candida species isolated from HIV-positive patients with OC were included. Baseline characteristics, clinical features, isolated Candida species, and antifungal resistance were independently extracted by two reviewers. The pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random effect model or fixed effect model. RESULTS Out of the 1942 records, 25 studies consisting of 2564 Candida species entered the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of resistance to the antifungal agents was as follows: ketoconazole (25.5%, 95% CI: 15.1-35.8%), fluconazole (24.8%, 95% CI: 17.4-32.1%), 5-Flucytosine (22.9%, 95% CI: -13.7-59.6%), itraconazole (20.0%, 95% CI: 10.0-26.0%), voriconazole (20.0%, 95% CI: 1.9-38.0%), miconazole (15.0%, 95% CI: 5.1-26.0%), clotrimazole (13.4%, 95% CI: 2.3-24.5%), nystatin (4.9%, 95% CI: -0.05-10.3%), amphotericin B (2.9%, 95% CI: 0.5-5.3%), and caspofungin (0.1%, 95% CI: -0.3-0.6%). Furthermore, there were high heterogeneities among almost all included studies regarding the resistance to different antifungal agents (I2 > 50.00%, P < 0.01), except for caspofungin (I2 = 0.00%, P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Our research revealed that a significant number of Candida species found in HIV-positive patients with OC were resistant to azoles and 5-fluocytosine. However, most of the isolates were susceptible to nystatin, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. This suggests that initial treatments for OC, such as azoles, may not be effective. In such cases, healthcare providers may need to consider prescribing alternative treatments like polyenes and caspofungin. REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as PROSPERO (Number: CRD42024497963).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Keyvanfar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Najafiarab
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niki Talebian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Falah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Adeli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Tehrani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li Y, Huang Y, Kang M, Chen X, Liu L, Zhao H, Chen Z, Xiao M, Xu Y, Yi Q, Zhou M. Microsatellite markers for genotyping of Kodamaea ohmeri: Demonstrating outbreaks based on a multicenter surveillance study in China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 117:105547. [PMID: 38159712 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Kodamaea ohmeri, an emerging human pathogen, caused both sporadic and nosocomial infections among immunocompromised people with high mortality. However, there is limited research on the molecular epidemiology of K. ohmeri. A total of fifty microsatellite loci were designed based on K. ohmeri type strain NRRL Y-1932 and three loci were finally selected for microsatellite analysis. Non-duplicated K. ohmeri isolates and strains of other species were collected across China as a part of CHIF-NET program for sensitivity and specificity verification. Antifungal susceptibility was determined using Sensititre YeastOne TM YO10. The three loci (P10, P11 and P26), with a cumulative discriminatory power of 0.98, exhibited a prospective specificity and reproducibility in the PCR of 92 K. ohmeri strains from different hospitals. A total of 54 microsatellite types (MT) were identified and most of them distributed sporadically. However, six strains of MT12 clustered in HZ hospital and were isolated in the same department within two months, indicating a potential outbreak. Of seven isolates exhibited MIC values of >8 mg/L for fluconazole, three isolates from LR hospital shared the same genotype of MT44. Herein, we established a set of microsatellite loci for K. ohmeri, as a rapid and specific tool for genotyping K. ohmeri, and identified several potential clusters. This study will help us better understand the molecular epidemiology of the emerging pathogen K. ohmeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China; Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China; Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China hospital Sichuan University, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People's Hospital), China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaolian Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Menglan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Gil Ó, Hernández-Pabón JC, Tabares B, Lugo-Sánchez C, Firacative C. Rare Yeasts in Latin America: Uncommon Yet Meaningful. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:747. [PMID: 37504735 PMCID: PMC10381163 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic infections caused by rare yeasts are increasing given the rise in immunocompromised or seriously ill patients. Even though globally, the clinical significance of these emerging opportunistic yeasts is increasingly being recognized, less is known about the epidemiology of rare yeasts in Latin America. This review collects, analyzes, and contributes demographic and clinical data from 495 cases of infection caused by rare yeasts in the region. Among all cases, 32 species of rare yeasts, distributed in 12 genera, have been reported in 8 Latin American countries, with Trichosporon asahii (49.5%), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (11.1%), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (7.8%) the most common species found. Patients were mostly male (58.3%), from neonates to 84 years of age. Statistically, surgery and antibiotic use were associated with higher rates of Trichosporon infections, while central venous catheter, leukemia, and cancer were associated with higher rates of Rhodotorula infections. From all cases, fungemia was the predominant diagnosis (50.3%). Patients were mostly treated with amphotericin B (58.7%). Crude mortality was 40.8%, with a higher risk of death from fungemia and T. asahii infections. Culture was the main diagnostic methodology. Antifungal resistance to one or more drugs was reported in various species of rare yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Gil
- Group MICROS Research Incubator, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - Juan Camilo Hernández-Pabón
- Group MICROS Research Incubator, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - Bryan Tabares
- Group MICROS Research Incubator, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
- Unidad de Extensión Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Bogota 111411, Colombia
| | - Carlos Lugo-Sánchez
- Group MICROS Research Incubator, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - Carolina Firacative
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
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Anwar SK, Elmonaem SNA, Moussa E, Aboulela AG, Essawy MM. Curcumin nanoparticles: the topical antimycotic suspension treating oral candidiasis. Odontology 2023; 111:350-359. [PMID: 36100802 PMCID: PMC10020268 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Phytotherapeutics is widely used nowadays as an alternative to the current antifungal drugs to reduce their side effects. Curcumin, with its wide therapeutic array as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, is one of the natural compounds that ha..s an antifungal effect, especially when being used at nanoscale to increase its bioavailability. Our research aimed to evaluate clinically and microbiologically the effect of using topical nanocurcumin suspension to treat oral candidiasis. After 4 days from induction of oral candidiasis (baseline), we randomly divided 39 female BALB/c mice into three groups of 13 animals; nanocurcumin, nystatin, and sham groups. All animals in nanocurcumin and nystatin groups received topical treatment twice daily for 10 days. Then, we performed clinical and microbiological evaluations at baseline, day 5, and day 10. By the end of treatment, our results revealed that nanocurcumin promoted a significant reduction in the number of candida colonies. There was no statistically significant difference neither clinically nor microbiologically between nanocurcumin and nystatin groups. In conclusion, nanocurcumin has a good antifungal effect as nystatin, however, its therapeutic efficacy takes a longer time to appear than nystatin. The enhanced bioavailability of curcumin at the nanoscale qualifies this nano-herb as a promising alternative therapy for oral candidiasis, evading nystatin-associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzy Kamal Anwar
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Sarah Nasser Abd Elmonaem
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Eglal Moussa
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Aliaa Gamaleldin Aboulela
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Marwa Morsy Essawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Freitas VAQ, Santos AS, Zara ALSA, Costa CR, Godoy CSDM, Soares RDBA, Ataídes FS, Silva MDRR. Distribution and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from people living with HIV/AIDS in a public hospital in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:125-133. [PMID: 36371517 PMCID: PMC9943819 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common opportunistic fungal infection of the oral cavity and is a significant clinical problem, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, such as people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Although Candida albicans is the most frequent pathogen, at least 30 species capable of causing infection have been described. Identifying the infecting organism is necessary because the species respond differently to therapy, and antifungal susceptibility testing is important to determine the appropriate treatment. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and mycological profiles of OPC in hospitalized PLWHA. Clinical samples were collected from 103 PLWHA with suspected candidiasis admitted to the Hospital Estadual of Doenças Tropicais/Hospital Anuar Auad of Goiania, Goias, Brazil, for 14 months. Candida species were identified using phenotypic microbiological techniques and molecular analysis performed by PCR using species-specific primers. The antifungal susceptibility pattern of the isolates against the six antifungal agents was determined using the broth microdilution method. Here, female individuals were the most affected by OPC, presenting a higher risk of oral colonization by Candida spp. The main clinical manifestation was pseudomembranous candidiasis. The number of cases of candidiasis was 87.3% (90/103), with C. albicans being the most common species, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. In the susceptibility pattern, non-albicans Candida showed higher resistance to than C. albicans. The fast and accurate identification of Candida spp. is very important to identify therapeutic agents for the treatment of oral candidiasis in PLWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andressa Santana Santos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Rodrigues Costa
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cassia Silva de Miranda Godoy
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Hospital Estadual de Doenças Tropicais Dr. Anuar Auad, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Renata de Bastos Ascenço Soares
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Hospital Estadual de Doenças Tropicais Dr. Anuar Auad, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Ghasemi R, Lotfali E, Rezaei K, Madinehzad SA, Tafti MF, Aliabadi N, Kouhsari E, Fattahi M. Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complex: review of current epidemiology, antifungal resistance, and mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1761-1779. [PMID: 36306113 PMCID: PMC9679122 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Meyerozyma guilliermondii has been accepted as a complex composed of Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Meyerozyma carpophila, and Meyerozyma caribbica. M. guilliermondii is a saprophyte detected on human mucosa and skin. It can lead to serious infections in patients with risk factors like chemotherapy, immunodeficiency, gastrointestinal or cardiovascular surgery, and oncology disorders. Most deaths related to M. guilliermondii infections occur in individuals with malignancy. In recent decades, incidence of M. guilliermondii infections is increased. Sensitivity of this microorganism to conventional antifungals (e.g., amphotericin B, fluconazole, micafungin and anidulafungin) was reduced. Prophylactic and empirical uses of these drugs are linked to elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of M. guilliermondii. Drug resistance has concerned many researchers across the world. They are attempting to discover appropriate solution to combat this challenge. This study reviews the most important mechanisms of resistance to antifungals developed by in M. guilliermondii species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ataollah Madinehzad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Falah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikta Aliabadi
- Microbiology Department Islamic, Azad University Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Fenley JDC, de Barros PP, do Carmo PHF, Garcia MT, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC. Repurposing HIV Protease Inhibitors Atazanavir and Darunavir as Antifungal Treatments against Candida albicans Infections: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5379-5389. [PMID: 36354676 PMCID: PMC9688711 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the chief etiological agent of candidiasis, a mycosis prevalent in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In recent years, the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) has reduced the prevalence of candidiasis in these patients. Seeking new therapeutic strategies based on the perspective of drug repositioning, we evaluated the effects of two second-generation HIV-PIs, atazanavir (ATV) and darunavir (DRV), on virulence factors of C. albicans and experimental candidiasis. For this, clinical strains of C. albicans were subjected to in vitro and in vivo treatments with ATV or DRV. As a result, ATV and DRV exhibited antifungal activity against fungal cells at 512 μg/mL, reduced the viability and biomass of biofilms, and inhibited filamentation of C. albicans. In addition, these HIV-PIs downregulated the expression of SAP2 and BRC1 genes of C. albicans. In an in vivo study, prophylactic use of ATV and DRV prolonged the survival rate of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans. Therefore, ATV and DRV showed activity against C. albicans by reducing cell growth, biofilm formation, filamentation, and expression of virulence genes. Furthermore, ATV and DRV decreased experimental candidiasis, suggesting the repurposing of HIV-PIs as antifungal treatments for C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de C. Fenley
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P. de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
- Multicampi School of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte 59300-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. F. do Carmo
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra T. Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Rodnei D. Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
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Erfaninejad M, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Maraghi E, Hashemzadeh M, Fatahinia M. Epidemiology, prevalence, and associated factors of oral candidiasis in HIV patients from southwest Iran in post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983348. [PMID: 36118210 PMCID: PMC9478364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOral candidiasis (OC) is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The prevalence of OC and Candida profiles among HIV-infected patients might be changing in the era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). This study aimed to identify Candida spp., determine OC prevalence and associated risk factors for PLWHA.Materials and methodsOral candidiasis prevalence was explored in oral swabs of 276 patients who referred for consultation at Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center (BDCC). Clinical symptoms, culture and molecular assays were used for OC detection. In statistical analysis, we assessed socio-demographic characteristics, clinical information and treatment history of some infections.ResultsThe overall prevalence of OC was 41%. Candida albicans (64.6%) was the most common species, followed by C. glabrata (26.5%) and C. dubliniensis (19.5%). Candida famata, C. africana, and C. stellatoidea as the first fungi isolated from OC in PLWHA from southwest Iran. In 36.3% of patients, mixed cultures of more than one species were observed. Body mass index (BMI) (OR = 0.947; CI = 0.89–0.99; p = 0.045) and CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 (OR = 4.365; CI = 1.73–10.98; p = 0.002) were the predictors of OC in the final model of multiple logistic regression analysis. Education level, addiction status, sexual behaviors, chest X-ray, other infections and WHO clinical stage were other important risk factors for OC.ConclusionOral candidiasis remains a significant opportunistic infection in post-HAART era among PLWHA. Despite the increasing prevalence of NAC species, C. albicans (64.6%) was still the predominant species. Our results showed that low BMI with OC indicates treatment failure (i.e., failure to increase CD4 count or suppress viral load). Also, low CD4 counts (≤200 cells/mm3) in HIV patients show an impaired immune status, and our findings emphasize that OC can be a clinical indicator of HIV infection in individuals who do not know their HIV status or have failed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Erfaninejad
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Maraghi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Fatahinia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mahnaz Fatahinia,
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10
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de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Garcia MT, Kaminski VDL, Loures FV, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Junqueira JC. The Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) In Vitro and a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:700305. [PMID: 34408988 PMCID: PMC8366685 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main fungal species associated with the development of oral candidiasis. Currently, therapeutic options for these infections are limited by the adverse effects of antifungal drugs and by the emergence of drug resistant strains. Thus, the development of new antifungal agents is needed for the prevention and treatment of oral Candida infections. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural compound from propolis polyphenolic groups that exhibits many pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated whether CAPE can have antifungal and immunomodulatory effects on oral candidiasis. Preliminary tests to assess the antifungal activity of CAPE were performed using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay that demonstrated inhibition in a range from 16 to 32 μg/mL, confirming its antifungal activity on several C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity. Subsequently, we analyzed Candida spp biofilms formed in vitro, in which CAPE treatment at 5 x MIC caused a reduction of 68.5% in the total biomass and ~2.60 Log in the viable cell count (CFU/mL) in relation to the untreated biofilm (p<0.0001). Next, RNA was extracted from untreated and CAPE-treated biofilms and analyzed by real-time qPCR. A series of genes analyzed (ALS1, ECE1, EPA1, HWP1, YWP1, BCR1, BGR1, CPH1, EFG1, NDT80, ROB1, TEC1, UME6, SAP2, SAP5, PBL2, and LIP9) were downregulated by CAPE compared to the untreated control group (p<0.0001). In in vivo studies using Galleria mellonella, the treatment with CAPE prolonged survival of larvae infected by C. albicans by 44.5% (p < 0.05) and accompanied by a 2.07-fold increase in the number of hemocytes. Flow cytometry revealed the most prominent increases were in types P2 and P3 hemocytes, granular cells, which phagocytize pathogens. In addition, CAPE treatment decreased the fungal load in the hemolymph and stimulated the expression of antifungal peptide genes such as galiomicin and gallerimycin. The antifungal and immunomodulatory activities observed in G. mellonella were extended to a murine model of oral candidiasis, in which CAPE decreased the levels of C. albicans colonization (~2 log CFU/mL) in relation to the untreated control group. In addition, CAPE treatment significantly reduced pseudomembranous lesions, invasion of hyphae on epithelium surfaces, tissue damage and inflammatory infiltrate (p < 0.05). CAPE was also able to increase the expression of β-defensin 3 compared to the infected and untreated group by 3.91-fold (p < 0.0001). Taken together, these results show that CAPE has both antifungal and immunomodulatory effects, making it a promising natural antifungal agent for the treatment and prevention of candidiasis and shows impact to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Multicampi School of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Caico, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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11
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Carvajal SK, Alvarado M, Rodríguez YM, Parra-Giraldo CM, Varón C, Morales-López SE, Rodríguez JY, Gómez BL, Escandón P. Pathogenicity Assessment of Colombian Strains of Candida auris in the Galleria mellonella Invertebrate Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060401. [PMID: 34063862 PMCID: PMC8223996 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, first described in 2009, is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that causes nosocomial outbreaks around the world, with high mortality rates associated with therapeutic failure. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of 107 isolates from two cities in Colombia, associated with fungemia or colonization processes; to achieve this, we used the Galleria mellonella invertebrate model to compare pathogenicity. Our results showed that less than half of the total isolates of C. auris presented a high pathogenicity compared to the reference strain SC5314, and most of those highly pathogenic strains were from colonization processes. We observed that there was formation of large aggregates of cells that cannot be disrupted easily, without statistically significant differences between the pathogenicity of the aggregated and non-aggregated strains. In addition, protease activity was observed in 100% of the C. auris strains; phospholipase and hemolysin activity were observed in 67.3 and 68.2% of the studied strains, respectively. In conclusion, these results highlight the utility of determining survival using G. mellonella, which allowed us to provide new information on the pathogenicity, enzymatic activity, and the relationship of the aggregated and non-aggregated phenotypes of C. auris in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Katherine Carvajal
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota 111321, Colombia; (S.K.C.); (M.A.)
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Maira Alvarado
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota 111321, Colombia; (S.K.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Yuli M. Rodríguez
- Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Bogotá 111311, Colombia;
| | - Claudia M. Parra-Giraldo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Carmen Varón
- Hospital Infantil Napoleón Franco Pareja, Cartagena 130010, Colombia;
| | - Soraya E. Morales-López
- Grupo CINBIOS, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Popular del Cesar, Valledupar 200004, Colombia;
| | - José Y. Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas del Cesar, Valledupar 200002, Colombia;
- Clínica Alta Complejidad, Valledupar 200002, Colombia
- Clínica Laura Daniela, Valledupar 200002, Colombia
- Instituto Cardiovascular del Cesar, Valledupar 200002, Colombia
| | - Beatriz L. Gómez
- Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia;
| | - Patricia Escandón
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota 111321, Colombia; (S.K.C.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-1-2207700 (ext. 1558)
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12
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Mounika R, Nalabolu GK, Pallavi N, Birajdar SS. Association of oral candidal species with human immunodeficiency virus patients of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh - An in vitro study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:147-153. [PMID: 34349426 PMCID: PMC8272515 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_504_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major worldwide health problem characterized by progressive immunosuppression. The morbidity of HIV patients is due to its association with opportunistic infections among which oral candidiasis is common. Regardless of HIV status, candidiasis can prevail when their immune system is depressed. Oral candidiasis can thus serve as a useful marker for both restoration of immune functions and HIV disease progression. Routine identification of Candida species is laborious and time-consuming. HICHROM agar stains different species into different colors facilitating rapid reliable identification of candida species as they differ in their virulence and sensitivity to antifungal drugs. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study includes a total of 200 HIV seropositive patients from Anti-Retroviral Therapy Centre, West Godavari District. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected in a screw-capped universal container. Five microliters of each sample using a sterile inoculating loop is streaked on the chromogenic agar culture media. The colonies formed are counted using a magnifying glass and LAPIZ colony counter. Candidal colony-forming units per milliliter were analyzed, compared and correlated among different study groups. Different candida species were also identified in the study. Results: Nonalbicans Candida was the most common species isolated in our study accounting for 53% and Candida albicans accounting for 47%. Considering initial and final CD4 counts, there is improvement in patients on retroviral therapy. Conclusion: Identification of the species is important for epidemiological reasons and for treatment purposes to ensure a better prognosis since some species present reduced susceptibility to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mounika
- Department of Oral Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Rajarajeswari Multispeciality Dental Clinic, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Govindraj K Nalabolu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, GSL Dental College, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - N Pallavi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Dental Sciences, Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Smita S Birajdar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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13
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Alves MDS, Fugisaki LRDO, Dos Santos JD, Scorzoni L, Medina RP, Silva DHS, Junqueira JC. Antifungal effects of Streptococcus mutans extract on Candida strains susceptible and resistant to fluconazole: An in vivo study. Med Mycol 2021; 59:744-747. [PMID: 33594432 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the crude extract obtained from Streptococcus mutans inhibited the growth of Candida albicans reference strains. In this study, we evaluated whether the antifungal effects of S. mutans extract can be extended to clinical Candida isolates, including C. albicans and non-abicans strains with different susceptibilities to fluconazole. We verified that S. mutans extract increased the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans and C. glabrata and inhibited the fungal cells in hemolymph. These antifungal effects occurred for both fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains. However, larvae infected by C. krusei were not affected by S. mutans extract. LAY SUMMARY Streptococcus mutans crude extract shows antifungal effects on clinical Candida strains susceptible and resistant to fluconazole in Galleria mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Sá Alves
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Diane Dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Previate Medina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
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14
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Scorzoni L, Fuchs BB, Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E. Current and promising pharmacotherapeutic options for candidiasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:867-887. [PMID: 33538201 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1873951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Candida spp. are commensal yeasts capable of causing infections such as superficial, oral, vaginal, or systemic infections. Despite medical advances, the antifungal pharmacopeia remains limited and the development of alternative strategies is needed.Areas covered: We discuss available treatments for Candida spp. infections, highlighting advantages and limitations related to pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, we present new perspectives to improve the activity of the available antifungals, discussing their immunomodulatory potential and advances on drug delivery carriers. New therapeutic approaches are presented including recent synthesized antifungal compounds (Enchochleated-Amphotericin B, tetrazoles, rezafungin, enfumafungin, manogepix and arylamidine); drug repurposing using a diversity of antibacterial, antiviral and non-antimicrobial drugs; combination therapies with different compounds or photodynamic therapy; and innovations based on nano-particulate delivery systems.Expert opinion: With the lack of novel drugs, the available assets must be leveraged to their best advantage through modifications that enhance delivery, efficacy, and solubility. However, these efforts are met with continuous challenges presented by microbes in their infinite plight to resist and survive therapeutic drugs. The pharmacotherapeutic options in development need to focus on new antimicrobial targets. The success of each antimicrobial agent brings strategic insights to the next phased approach in treatingCandida spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, SP Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, SP Brazil
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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15
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Pérez-Sayáns M, Beiro-Fuentes R, Otero-Rey EM, Chamorro-Petronacci CM, Gándara-Vila P, Somoza-Martín JM, García-García A, Blanco-Carrión A. Efficacy of different formulations of nystatin in an experimental model of oral candidiasis in sialoadenectomized rats. J Dent Sci 2021; 16:123-130. [PMID: 33384788 PMCID: PMC7770326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity and has become a focus of attention in recent years because of its association with highly topical immunosuppressive conditions. The aims of this study were to determine the value of microbiological, clinical and histological parameters of Candida albicans colonisation of the dorsal tongue surface as indicators of disease severity, and to evaluate therapeutic response to different formulations of nystatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 84 males, 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley sialoadenectomized rats. Different formulations of nystatin were used to evaluate the therapeutic response. The animals were randomized to 2 groups with each of 42 animals and received the experimental treatments from day 17-22. RESULTS 100% of the rats showed evidence of infection. At 5 and 10 days of starting treatment with nystatin + chitosan, and at 10 days of starting nystatin + orabase, the number of animals with positive dorsal tongue culture decreased significantly (p < 0.05), acting the Nystatin + chitosan more rapidly against Candida. In the control group, the percentage of normal papillae on day 22 and 27 was 83.33% (SD = 1.50) and 79.08% (SD = 2.30), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the mean O'Grady score at 5 and 10 days (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The model has been shown to be effective in inducing infection, and that the combination of nystatin and chitosan yielded the best therapeutic outcomes at both 5 and 10 days after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Foundation of Santiago de Compostela Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Renee Beiro-Fuentes
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva M. Otero-Rey
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cintia Micaela Chamorro-Petronacci
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Foundation of Santiago de Compostela Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Gándara-Vila
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Foundation of Santiago de Compostela Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Somoza-Martín
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Abel García-García
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Foundation of Santiago de Compostela Health Research Institute (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco-Carrión
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes Group), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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da Nóbrega Alves D, Monteiro AFM, Andrade PN, Lazarini JG, Abílio GMF, Guerra FQS, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Rosalen PL, de Castro RD. Docking Prediction, Antifungal Activity, Anti-Biofilm Effects on Candida spp., and Toxicity against Human Cells of Cinnamaldehyde. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245969. [PMID: 33339401 PMCID: PMC7767272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde on Candida spp. In vitro and in situ assays were carried out to test cinnamaldehyde for its anti-Candida effects, antibiofilm activity, effects on fungal micromorphology, antioxidant activity, and toxicity on keratinocytes and human erythrocytes. Statistical analysis was performed considering α = 5%. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of cinnamaldehyde ranged from 18.91 μM to 37.83 μM. MIC values did not change in the presence of 0.8 M sorbitol, whereas an 8-fold increase was observed in the presence of ergosterol, suggesting that cinnamaldehyde may act on the cell membrane, which was subsequently confirmed by docking analysis. The action of cinnamaldehyde likely includes binding to enzymes involved in the formation of the cytoplasmic membrane in yeast cells. Cinnamaldehyde-treated microcultures showed impaired cellular development, with an expression of rare pseudo-hyphae and absence of chlamydoconidia. Cinnamaldehyde reduced biofilm adherence by 64.52% to 33.75% (p < 0.0001) at low concentrations (378.3–151.3 µM). Cinnamaldehyde did not show antioxidant properties. Conclusions: Cinnamaldehyde showed fungicidal activity through a mechanism of action likely related to ergosterol complexation; it was non-cytotoxic to keratinocytes and human erythrocytes and showed no antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle da Nóbrega Alves
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Néris Andrade
- Experimental Pharmacology and Cell Culture Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Josy Goldoni Lazarini
- Department of Bioscience, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP 13414-903, Brazil; (J.G.L.); (P.L.R.)
| | - Gisely Maria Freire Abílio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Department of Chemistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Cheminformatics Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Bioscience, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP 13414-903, Brazil; (J.G.L.); (P.L.R.)
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7742
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17
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Sabadin CES, Lopes SL, Gompertz OF, Santana GNP, de Azevedo Melo AS, Rigo L, Da Matta DA, Barbosa DA. Oral colonization by Candida spp. in liver transplant patients: Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibilityOral colonization by Candida spp. in liver transplant. Med Mycol 2020; 59:myaa085. [PMID: 33038894 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are commensal to normal oral microbiota; however, they can cause infections if immune functions are reduced. The aim of this study was to investigate oral colonization, identify species, and test the susceptibility profile to antifungals. A descriptive study included 97 liver transplant patients who attended the transplant center of a referral hospital in southern Brazil. Two oral swab collections were performed, with a 6-month gap between collections. The samples were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer ITS region of the ribosomal DNA. The sensitivity test was performed with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and micafungin using a broth microdilution method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A4. Eighty-two patients were investigated and 15 were excluded for presenting clinical infection. The identification of yeasts showed colonization in 66% and 61.9% in collections A and B, respectively. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species in both collections (n = 29/50 and n = 27/49, respectively). In 31 (62%) patients, the yeast species remained the same for 6 months, and in 19 (38%) the colonizing species was substituted. Thirty-two isolates from collection A were sensitive (S) to Fluconazole, 13 sensitive dose-dependent (SDD), and five resistant (R). In collection B, 32 were S, 12 SDD, and 5 R. For amphotericin B and micafungin, all isolates were sensitive. With knowledge of the species and identification of strains resistant to fluconazole, useful information can be alerts about the emergence of antifungal resistance strains. LAY SUMMARY Study of great importance because it is the first investigation that identifies Candida in the oral cavity of liver transplant patients, allowing an understanding of epidemiology and contributing to the knowledge about strains resistant to fluconazole.
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18
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da Cunha ETS, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Santos DH, Carneiro RPCD, do Olival GS, de Barros PP, Narimatsu K, Tilbery CP, Junqueira JC. Oral Colonization by Candida Species in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:983-991. [PMID: 32856162 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Since immune system plays a key role in this disease, patients with MS can present higher risk of infections. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of MS patients in relation to a control group METHODS: In total, 100 individuals were selected: 55 diagnosed with MS and 45 healthy individuals (control group). Saliva samples were collected and seeded in culture media selecting for Candida. Following an incubation period of 48 h, colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) were counted and colonies were isolated for Candida species identification by multiplex PCR. The results were analysed by chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Candida spp. were confirmed in the oral cavity of 50.09% patients in the MS group and 35.55% individuals in the control group. In individuals positive for the growth of Candida spp., the median values of Candida colonies were 220 CFU mL-1 for the MS group and 120 CFU mL-1 for the control group. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups for both prevalence and CFU mL-1 count. Of the Candida species identified, 73.91% were C. albicans, 21.73% C. glabrata, 2.17% C. tropicalis, and 2.17% C. krusei. CONCLUSIONS The colonization of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of individuals with multiple sclerosis was higher than in the control group; however these findings were not proven to be statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Tomomi Shimabukuro da Cunha
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.,Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Alves Figueiredo-Godoi
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Keila Narimatsu
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Peter Tilbery
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
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19
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Sodré CS, Rodrigues PMG, Vieira MS, Marques Paes da Silva A, Gonçalves LS, Ribeiro MG, de Carvalho Ferreira D. Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients - a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1807179. [PMID: 32944157 PMCID: PMC7482892 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral mycobiome profiling is important to understand host-pathogen interactions that occur in various diseases. Invasive fungal infections are particularly relevant for patients who have received chemotherapy and for those who have HIV infection. In addition, changes in fungal microbiota are associated with the worsening of chronic conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). This work aims, through a systematic review, to analyze the methods used in previous studies to identify oral fungi and their most frequent species in patients with the following conditions: HIV infection, leukemia, and atopic dermatitis. METHODS A literature search was performed on several different databases. Inclusion criteria were: written in English or Portuguese; published between September 2009 and September 2019; analyzed oral fungi of HIV-infected, leukemia, or AD patients. RESULTS 21 studies were included and the most identified species was Candida. The predominant methods of identification were morphological (13/21) and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests (11/21). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used molecular method (8/21) followed by sequencing techniques (3/21). CONCLUSIONS Although morphological and biochemical tests are still used, they are associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques, due to their accuracy and time saving for profiling the predominant species in oral mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Stofella Sodré
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Matheus Guerra Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Medical Genetics Service, Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute (IPPMG- UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Development of Probiotic Formulations for Oral Candidiasis Prevention: Gellan Gum as a Carrier To Deliver Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02323-19. [PMID: 32253208 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02323-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics might provide an alternative approach for the control of oral candidiasis. However, studies on the antifungal activity of probiotics in the oral cavity are based on the consumption of yogurt or other dietary products, and it is necessary to use appropriate biomaterials and specific strains to obtain probiotic formulations targeted for local oral administration. In this study, we impregnated gellan gum, a natural biopolymer used as a food additive, with a probiotic and investigated its antifungal activity against Candida albicans Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4, a strain recently isolated from the oral cavity of a caries-free individual, was incorporated in several concentrations of gellan gum (0.6% to 1% [wt/vol]). All tested concentrations could incorporate L. paracasei cells while maintaining bacterial viability. Probiotic-gellan gum formulations were stable for 7 days when stored at room temperature or 4°C. Long-term storage of bacterium-impregnated gellan gum was achieved when L. paracasei 28.4 was lyophilized. The probiotic-gellan gum formulations provided a release of L. paracasei cells over 24 h that was sufficient to inhibit the growth of C. albicans, with effects dependent on the cell concentrations incorporated into gellan gum. The probiotic-gellan gum formulations also had inhibitory activity against Candida sp. biofilms by reducing the number of Candida sp. cells (P < 0.0001), decreasing the total biomass (P = 0.0003), and impairing hyphae formation (P = 0.0002), compared to the control group which received no treatment. Interestingly, a probiotic formulation of 1% (wt/vol) gellan gum provided an oral colonization of L. paracasei in mice with approximately 6 log CFU/ml after 10 days. This formulation inhibited C. albicans growth (P < 0.0001), prevented the development of candidiasis lesions (P = 0.0013), and suppressed inflammation (P = 0.0006) compared to the mice not treated in the microscopic analysis of the tongue dorsum. These results indicate that gellan gum is a promising biomaterial and can be used as a carrier system to promote oral colonization for probiotics that prevent oral candidiasis.
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21
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Ambe NF, Longdoh NA, Tebid P, Bobga TP, Nkfusai CN, Ngwa SB, Nsai FS, Cumber SN. The prevalence, risk factors and antifungal sensitivity pattern of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Kumba District Hospital, South West Region, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:23. [PMID: 32774600 PMCID: PMC7392032 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.23.18202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patient and it is caused by Candida species. The low absolute CD4+T-lymphocyte count has traditionally been cited as the greatest risk factor for the development of Oral Candidiasis. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species isolated from the oral cavity of HIV/AIDS patients, to determine their in vitro antifungal susceptibility and to investigate the possible risk factors associated with oral candidiasis. Methods This was a hospital based cross sectional study that was carried out for a period of 3 months amongst HIV/AIDS patients in Kumba District Hospital, whether on HAART or not. Mouth swabs were collected from 378 participants using sterile cotton wool swabs and 5ml venous blood were collected for determination of CD4 cell. Candida species were isolated and identified. Antifungal sensitivity testing was performed using modified kirby-bauer susceptibility testing technique. Results Candida species were present in 42.86% of the samples and Candida albicans was the most prevalent (60.2%) amongst the six Candida isolates identified, followed by Candida glabrata (16.9%), Candida krusei (12.3%), Candida tropicalis (6.4%), Candida parapsilosis (2.3%) and Candida pseudotropicalis (1.8%). Pregnancy, oral hygiene and antibiotic usage were significantly associated with oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients (P<0.05). Oral candidiasis was mostly frequent in HIV/AIDS patients between 21-40 years. A CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/μl was a significant risk factor for acquiring oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients (P<0.001). Nystatin was the most sensitive drug (83.6%) meanwhile ketonazole was the most resistant drug (29.2%), followed by fluconazole (24.6%) to all oral Candida isolates. Conclusion Oral Candida colonization occurs more frequently in HIV/AIDS patients and the is a need for the government to implement regular checks for opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients, including oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients to monitor disease progression and prevent subsequent complications such as candidemia and diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngwa Fabrice Ambe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Njunda Anna Longdoh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Patience Tebid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tanyi Pride Bobga
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Service(CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sangwe Bertrand Ngwa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Frankline Sanyuy Nsai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Service(CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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22
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Dynamic study of oral Candida infection and immune status in HIV infected patients during HAART. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 115:104741. [PMID: 32417705 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To dynamically monitor oral Candida infection, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios in HIV/AIDS patients during their first year of HAART and to preliminarily explore the relationships between them. DESIGN Forty-six patients with HIV/AIDS receiving HAART at the Infection Department of Chongqing Red Cross Hospital were followed for one year. At baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after HAART initiation, oral rinses were collected and cultured to identify Candida species. Further, blood samples were collected to detect CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios. RESULTS The prevalence of OC decreased after HAART initiation (P < 0.05), and Candida albicans was the dominant species isolated from the oral cavity (66/93). At 3, 6 and 12 months after HAART initiation, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were 327.91 ± 138.82, 329.65 ± 142.66 and 319.98 ± 97.90 cells/mm3, respectively, which were significantly higher than the level at baseline (263.39 ± 126.01 cells/mm3) (P = 0.016, P = 0.014, and P = 0.035, respectively). During the first year of HAART, CD4/CD8 ratios increased gradually, and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts decreased continually. OC was associated with low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and a low CD4/CD8 ratio. CD4+ T lymphocyte counts <200 cells/mm3 and Candida load ≥300 CFU/mL were risk factors for OC (P < 0.05), and oral Candida load was negatively correlated with CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio. CONCLUSION OC might be a useful marker for the evaluation of immune status in patients with HIV/AIDS.
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23
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Antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of designed derivatives from kyotorphin. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:316-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ribeiro F, Rossoni R, Barros P, Santos J, Fugisaki L, Leão M, Junqueira J. Action mechanisms of probiotics on
Candida
spp. and candidiasis prevention: an update. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 129:175-185. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.C. Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - R.D. Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - P.P. Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - J.D. Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - L.R.O. Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - M.P.V. Leão
- Bioscience Basic Institute University of Taubaté Bom Conselho Taubaté SP Brazil
| | - J.C. Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
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25
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Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, Lopes LADC, Ribeiro FC, Nakatsuka T, Kasaba H, Junqueira JC. Effects of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) eluate on Candida spp.: antifungal activity, anti-biofilm properties, and protective effects on Galleria mellonella against C. albicans infection. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:997-1006. [PMID: 31710252 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1686485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) is a bioactive filler produced by PRG technology, which is applied to various dental materials. The inhibitory effects of S-PRG eluate against Candida, the most common fungal oral pathogen, were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and anti-biofilm activities were tested against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis. For the in vivo study, Galleria mellonella was used as a model to evaluate the effects of S-PRG on toxicity, hemocyte counts and candidiasis. The MIC of S-PRG ranged from 5 to 40% (v/v). S-PRG eluate exhibited anti-biofilm activity for all the Candida species tested. Furthermore, injection of S-PRG eluate into G. mellonella was not toxic to the larvae and protected G. mellonella against experimental candidiasis. In addition, S-PRG eluate inhibited biofilm formation by C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis and exerted protective effects on G. mellonella against experimental candidiasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alexandre das Chagas Lopes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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26
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Lomeli-Martinez SM, Valentin-Goméz E, Varela-Hernández JJ, Alvarez-Zavala M, Sanchez-Reyes K, Ramos-Solano M, Cabrera-Silva RI, Ramirez-Anguiano VM, Lomeli-Martinez MA, Martinez-Salazar SY, González-Hernández LA, Andrade-Villanueva JF. Candida spp. Determination and Th1/Th2 Mixed Cytokine Profile in Oral Samples From HIV+ Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1465. [PMID: 31316513 PMCID: PMC6610488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic periodontitis (CP), caused by bacteria and fungi, appears in up to 66% of HIV-patients. The impact and association of HIV-treatment (HAART) and Candida itself has not been properly evaluated in the development and progression of CP. The immunopathogenesis is characterized by CD4+ T-cells activation and the balance between the T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) or a mixed cytokine profile. Currently, the associated causes of an immune response in HIV-patients with CP is controversial. Our aims were the determination of Candida spp. and cytokine profile in oral samples from HIV-positive patients with CP, considering the CD4+ T cells levels and HAART use. Methods: From 500 HIV-positive patients evaluated, 228 patients were enrolled. Patients were separated in groups: (A) n = 53 (≤200 CD4+ T-cells on HAART); (B) n = 57 (≤200 CD4+ T-cells without HAART); (C) n = 50 (>200 CD4+ T-cells without HAART); (D) n = 68 (>200 CD4+ T-cells on HAART). Candida spp. were isolated from the oral biofilm and crevicular fluid in CHROMagar and confirmed by endpoint PCR. Cytokine levels were measured by beads-based immunoassay in saliva by flow cytometry. Results: 147 patients (64.5%) were positive to Candida spp. and 204 strains were isolated; 138 (67.6%) were C. albicans and the remaining C. non-albicans species (C. glabrata>C. tropicalis>C. krusei>C. dubliniensis). In this study, CHROMagar showed good sensitivity (95%) but poor specificity (68%); since of the 152 samples identified as C. albicans, only 131 were confirmed by PCR; from the 10 samples identified as C. glabrata, only six were confirmed. Finally, of the 42 samples detected as C. tropicalis, only five were confirmed. When evaluating Candida spp. presence, group A and D had higher isolation, while group B had the highest species diversity. Whereas, group C had a significant reduction of Candida spp. Despite the presence of Candida and HAART, we found a Th1/Th2 hybrid profile in the saliva of patients with low CD4+ T-cell count (group A). Conclusion: Abundance and diversity of the Candida spp. detected in HIV-patients with CP could be related to HAART and low CD4+ T-cells levels. Also, the immunosuppression might promote a local Th1/Th2 hybrid cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lomeli-Martinez
- Department of Wellbeing and Sustainable Development, Centro Universitario del Norte, University of Guadalajara, Colotlán, Mexico.,Biological and Agricultural Sciences Ph.D. Program, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Mexico
| | - Eulogio Valentin-Goméz
- GMCA Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Severe Infection Group, Health Research Institute "La Fe,", Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Varela-Hernández
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Alvarez-Zavala
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Karina Sanchez-Reyes
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Moises Ramos-Solano
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo I Cabrera-Silva
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Victor M Ramirez-Anguiano
- Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Manuel A Lomeli-Martinez
- Department of Wellbeing and Sustainable Development, Centro Universitario del Norte, University of Guadalajara, Colotlán, Mexico
| | - Silvia Y Martinez-Salazar
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Mexico
| | - Luz A González-Hernández
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde," University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jaime F Andrade-Villanueva
- HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, Clinical Medicine Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde," University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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27
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John CN, Abrantes PMDS, Prusty BK, Ablashi DV, Africa CWJ. K21 Compound, a Potent Antifungal Agent: Implications for the Treatment of Fluconazole-Resistant HIV-Associated Candida Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1021. [PMID: 31231313 PMCID: PMC6558409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: With mucocutaneous candidiasis being highly prevalent in HIV patients, the emergence of fluconazole-resistant Candida species forms a major challenge in treating and eradicating these infections. The objective of this study was to establish the antifungal activity of K21, a membrane-rupturing antimicrobial compound derived from a silica quaternary ammonium compound (SiQAC) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Methods: The study sample included 81 Candida species of which 9 were type strains and 72 were clinical isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, synergy, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), and time kill assays were determined by broth microdilution. Electron microscopy (EM) was used to determine the qualitative changes brought about after treatment with K21. Results: K21 inhibited the growth of all fluconazole-resistant and susceptible Candida strains with only 2 h of exposure required to effectively kill 99.9% of the inoculum, and a definite synergistic effect was observed with a combination of K21 and fluconazole. EM demonstrated the presence of two forms of extracellular vesicles indicative of biofilm formation and cell lysis. Conclusion: The study established the efficacy of K21 as an antifungal agent and with fluconazole-resistant candidiasis on the increase, the development of K21 can provide a promising alternative to combat acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy N. John
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Pedro M. D. S. Abrantes
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Bhupesh K. Prusty
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Charlene W. J. Africa
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Exploring the Galleria mellonella model to study antifungal photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:66-73. [PMID: 31100446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) shows antimicrobial activity on yeast of the genus Candida. In aPDT, the depth at which the light penetrates the tissue is extremely important for the elaboration of the treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of aPDT on experimental candidiasis and the laser impact in the tissue using Galleria mellonella as the infection model. METHODS G. mellonella larvae were infected with different Candida albicans strains. After 30 min, they were treated with methylene blue-mediated aPDT and a low intensity laser (660 nm). The larvae were incubated at 37 °C for seven days and monitored daily to determine the survival curve, using the Log-rank test (Mantel Cox). To evaluate the distribution of the laser as well as its depth of action in the larva body, the Interactive 3D surface PLOT of Image J was used. The effects of aPDT on the immune system were also evaluated by the quantification of hemocytes in the hemolymph of G. mellonella after 6 h of Candida infection (ANOVA and Tukey's test). RESULTS In both the ATCC 18,804 strain and the C. albicans clinical strain 17, aPDT prolonged the survival of the infected G. mellonella larvae by a lethal fungal dose. There was a statistically significant difference between the aPDT and the control groups in the ATCC strain (P = 0.0056). The depth of laser action in the insect body without the photosensitizer was 2.5 mm and 2.4 mm from the cuticle of the larva with the photosensitizer. In the larvae, a uniform distribution of light occurred along 32% of the body length for the group without the photosensitizer and in 39.5% for the group with the photosensitizer. In the immunological analysis, the infection by C. albicans ATCC 18,804 in G. mellonella led to a reduction in the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The aPDT and laser treatment induced a slight increase in the number of hemocytes. CONCLUSION Both aPDT and laser treatment positively influenced the treatment of experimental candidiasis. G. mellonella larvae were a useful model for the study of light tissue penetration in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, dos Santos HFS, dos Santos JD, Oliveira NDS, Dutra MTDS, de Lapena SAB, Junqueira JC. Galleria mellonella as an experimental model to study human oral pathogens. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Barbosa AH, Damasceno JL, Casemiro LA, Martins CHG, Pires RH, Candido RC. Susceptibility to Oral Antiseptics and Virulence Factors Ex Vivo Associated with Candida spp. Isolated from Dental Prostheses. J Prosthodont 2019; 28:398-408. [PMID: 30768738 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To isolate Candida spp. from dental prosthesis users' saliva and to evaluate the isolates for the presence of several virulence factors. This research also aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of 3 commercial mouthwashes/oral antiseptic formulations containing 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.07% cetylpyridinium, or 0.075% cetylpyridinium against planktonic and sessile (biofilm mode) yeast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three Candida yeasts were isolated from 32 of 70 selected patients, and the virulence factors of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis species were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and proteinase in plates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and in vitro biofilm assay evaluated the antifungal activity of antiseptics. RESULTS C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis were detected in mono and mixed cultures. Only C. albicans displayed genes related to adhesion and proteinases (ALS2, ALS3, SAP1, and SAP3). The aspartate proteinase activity was found in 60.46% of isolates. The tested antiseptic formulations exhibited a MIC less than 1.25% toward yeasts in the planktonic mode. According to XTT ((2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay results, most Candida isolates and all mixed cultures formed biofilms within 24 hours. The evaluated antiseptic formulations were also active against biofilms. CONCLUSION Most virulence factors investigated here (ALS2, ALS3, SAP1, and SAP3) occurred in the majority of the Candida spp. isolates, especially in C. albicans. The tested mouthwash formulations were effective against all the yeast isolates in both the planktonic and sessile growth modes. Developing alternative therapies that can avoid or control biofilm formation is necessary to prevent oral candidiasis and other Candida spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology (LAPEMA), University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Candido
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Khedri S, Santos ALS, Roudbary M, Hadighi R, Falahati M, Farahyar S, Khoshmirsafa M, Kalantari S. Iranian HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis: identification, prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:392-399. [PMID: 30019443 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the commonest mucocutaneous infection in HIV-positive individuals. Herein, samples were taken from oral cavities of 150 HIV-infected patients and cultured on Sabouraud-dextrose agar; 89 (59·3%) of 150 patients had positive culture for Candida and presented clinical sign of classical oral candidiasis. Totally, 102 morphologically distinct colonies were isolated from Candida positive cultures and subsequently identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing assay, presenting the following frequency: 54 C. albicans (52·9%), 16 C. dubliniensis (15·7%), 12 C. tropicalis (11·8%), 9 C. glabrata (8·8%), 7 C. kefyr (6·9%) and 4 C. africana (3·9%). Additionally, multiple Candida species were co-isolated from 13·5% (12/89) patients. Regarding the antifungal susceptibility test, which was performed by CLSI protocol (M27-A3/M27-S3), all Candida isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and caspofungin, while some of them were resistant to fluconazole (17·6%; 16 C. albicans, 1 C. dubliniensis and 1 C. glabrata), itraconazole (16·7%; 15 C. albicans, 1 C. dubliniensis and 1 C. tropicalis) and voriconazole (5·9%; 5 C. albicans and 1 C. tropicalis). Collectively, our findings reinforce the urgent necessity to find new therapeutic agents to treat oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients, especially due to the high incidence of azole-resistant Candida strains and the increased frequency of non-C. albicans species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The Candida species recovered from oral cavity of 150 Iranian HIV/AIDS patients and their antifungal susceptibility profiles were reported. Candida albicans was the commonest Candida species, followed by C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. kefyr and C. africana. All Candida isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and caspofungin, while resistance to azoles was detected. The growing drug-resistance profile reported in clinical isolates of C. albicans and non-C. albicans strains is a serious problem in hospitals worldwide. Consequently, the suitable antifungal choice to treat the HIV/AIDS population with oral candidiasis needs to be rethought and new therapeutic options must urgently arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khedri
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A L S Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Hadighi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Falahati
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Farahyar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Kalantari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Goulart LS, Souza WWRD, Vieira CA, Lima JSD, Olinda RAD, Araújo CD. Oral colonization by Candida species in HIV-positive patients: association and antifungal susceptibility study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 16:eAO4224. [PMID: 30088546 PMCID: PMC6080703 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082018ao4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate antifungal susceptibility and factors associated with oral colonization by Candida species in HIV-positive patients. Methods A prospective study based on convenience sampling of subjects recruited from a pool of confirmed HIV-positive individuals seen at a specialty outpatient service in Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Oral swabs were collected from 197 patients. Candida species were identified by standard microbiological techniques (phenotypic and molecular methods). Antifungal susceptibility was investigated using the broth microdilution method. Results A total of 101 (51.3%) patients were Candida spp carriers. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species (80%). Patients aged 45 to 59 years (Prevalence ratios: 1.90; 95%CI: 1.57-6.31) and 60 years or older (Prevalence ratios: 4.43; 95%CI: 1.57-34.18) were at higher risk of oral colonization by Candida species. Resistance to fluconazole and ketoconazole, or to itraconazole, corresponded to 1% and 4%, respectively. Conclusion Age (45 years or older) was the only factor associated with oral colonization by Candida . Low rates of antifungal resistance to azoles were detected in yeast isolates obtained from HIV-positive patients. Findings of this study may contribute to proper therapeutic selection for oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients.
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Spalanzani RN, Mattos K, Marques LI, Barros PFD, Pereira PIP, Paniago AMM, Mendes RP, Chang MR. Clinical and laboratorial features of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:352-356. [PMID: 29972567 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0241-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We describe the clinical and laboratorial features of oral candidiasis in 66 HIV-positive patients. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques were performed for differentiation of Candida spp. isolated from patients at a public teaching hospital in Midwest Brazil. RESULTS Oral lesions, mainly pseudomembranous, were significantly related to higher levels of immunosuppression. Of 45 Candida isolates, 66.7% were C. albicans. Most of the isolates were susceptible to the antifungal drugs tested. CONCLUSIONS Oral lesions were associated with higher immunosuppression levels. Lower susceptibility to antifungals by non-albicans isolates supports the importance of surveillance studies using susceptibility tests to aid in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Luiza Inahe Marques
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Fernando Diniz Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Pamela Iruama Peres Pereira
- Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Marilene Rodrigues Chang
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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de Oliveira Santos GC, Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS, Filho AKDB, do Nascimento FRF, Ramos RM, Pires ERRB, de Andrade MS, Rocha FMG, de Andrade Monteiro C. Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1351. [PMID: 30018595 PMCID: PMC6038711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida genus comprises opportunistic fungi that can become pathogenic when the immune system of the host fails. Candida albicans is the most important and prevalent species. Polyenes, fluoropyrimidines, echinocandins, and azoles are used as commercial antifungal agents to treat candidiasis. However, the presence of intrinsic and developed resistance against azole antifungals has been extensively documented among several Candida species. The advent of original and re-emergence of classical fungal diseases have occurred as a consequence of the development of the antifungal resistance phenomenon. In this way, the development of new satisfactory therapy for fungal diseases persists as a major challenge of present-day medicine. The design of original drugs from traditional medicines provides new promises in the modern clinic. The urgent need includes the development of alternative drugs that are more efficient and tolerant than those traditional already in use. The identification of new substances with potential antifungal effect at low concentrations or in combination is also a possibility. The present review briefly examines the infections caused by Candida species and focuses on the mechanisms of action associated with the traditional agents used to treat those infections, as well as the current understanding of the molecular basis of resistance development in these fungal species. In addition, this review describes some of the promising alternative molecules and/or substances that could be used as anticandidal agents, their mechanisms of action, and their use in combination with traditional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle C. de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cleydlenne C. Vasconcelos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Alberto J. O. Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Allan K. D. B. Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Department of Information, Environment, Health and Food Production, Laboratory of Information Systems, Federal Institute of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo S. de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Flaviane M. G. Rocha
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Andrade Monteiro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
- Departmento de Biologia, Instituto Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Photodynamic inactivation in the expression of the Candida albicans genes ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, TEC1, CPH1, and EFG1 in biofilms. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1447-1454. [PMID: 29589176 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) on Candida albicans biofilms, evaluating its effects on gene expression of ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, TEC1, CPH1, and EFG1 by yeast. Three samples of C. albicans were used in this study: a clinical sample from a patient with HIV (39S), a clinical sample from a patient with denture stomatitis lesion (Ca30), and a standard strain ATCC 18804. The quantification of gene expression was related to the production of those genes in the samples referred above using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay in real time. The photosensitizer methylene blue at 300 uM and erythrosine at 400 uM, sensitized with low-power laser (visible red, 660 nm) and green LED (532 nm), respectively, were used for PDI. Four groups of each sample and PDI protocol were evaluated: (a) P+L+: sensitization with the photosensitizer and irradiation with light, (b) P+L-: only treatment with the photosensitizer, (c) P-L+: only irradiation with light, and (d) P-L-: without sensitization with the dye and absence of light. The results were analyzed by t test, with a significance level of 5%. The photodynamic inactivation was able to reduce the expression of all genes for both treatments, laser and LED. The fold-decrease for the genes ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, TEC1, CPH1, and EFG1 were 0.73, 0.39, 0.77, 0.71, 0.67, and 0.60 for laser, respectively, and 0.66, 0.61, .050, 0.43, 0.54, and 0.66 for LED, respectively. It could be concluded that PDI showed a reduction in the expression of C. albicans genes, suggesting its virulence decrease.
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de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Freire F, Ribeiro FDC, Lopes LADC, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Candida tropicalis affects the virulence profile of Candida albicans: an in vitro and in vivo study. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4898016. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Freire
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alexandre das Chagas Lopes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, CEP 12245-000, Brazil
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Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, de Alvarenga JA, Ribeiro FDC, Velloso MDS, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:212-225. [PMID: 29380647 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1425402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study isolated Lactobacillus strains from caries-free subjects and evaluated the inhibitory effects directly on three strains of C. albicans, two clinical strains and one reference strain. Thirty Lactobacillus strains were isolated and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against in vitro C. albicans biofilms. L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2 and L. fermentum 20.4 isolates exhibited the most significant inhibitory activity against C. albicans. Co-incubation between these microorganisms resulted in deterrence of biofilm development and retardation of hyphal formation. The hindrance of biofilm development was characterized by the downregulated expression of C. albicans biofilm-specific genes (ALS3, HWP1, EFG1 and CPH1). L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2 and L. fermentum 20.4 demonstrated the ability to exert antifungal activity through the inhibition of C. albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Janaina Araújo de Alvarenga
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Marisol Dos Santos Velloso
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- b Division of Infectious Diseases , Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, RI , USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- b Division of Infectious Diseases , Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, RI , USA
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- a Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology , UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Sao Jose dos Campos , Brazil
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Undetected psychiatric morbidity among HIV/AIDS patients attending Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) in Nairobi Kenya: towards an integrated mental health care. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2018; 17:11. [PMID: 29507598 PMCID: PMC5833144 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-018-0179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric morbidity is commonly associated with HIV disease and may have adverse effects. This aspect may be overlooked at comprehensive HIV care centers in Low and Middle-Income Countries. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of undetected psychiatric morbidity among HIV/AIDS adult patients attending Comprehensive Care Centre in a semi-urban clinic, in Nairobi, Kenya. DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional study of adult HIV patients not receiving any psychiatric treatment was conducted. PARTICIPANTS/METHODS The participants consisted of consecutive sample of adults (n = 245) attending HIV Comprehensive Care Clinic at Kangemi Health Centre, Nairobi. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was administered to screen for undetected psychiatric morbidity. Socio-demographic characteristics were recorded in a questionnaire. Sample descriptive analysis was performed and prevalence of undetected psychiatric morbidity calculated. Chi-square test for independence was used to examine the associations between patient characteristics and undetected morbidity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of undetected psychiatric morbidity. RESULTS The mean age of our participants was 37.3 years (SD 9.2) Three-quarters (75.9%) of participants were females and median duration of HIV illness was 5 years. The prevalence of (previously undetected) psychiatric morbidity was 71.4% (95% CI 65.3-77). The leading psychiatric disorders were MDD (32.2%), PTSD (18.4%), Dysthymia (17.6%), and OCD (17.6%). Overall psychiatric morbidity was associated with low income (<USD 30), p = 0.035. MDD was associated with older age and female gender. There were no statistically significant associations between overall psychiatric morbidity and social determinants such as gender, marital status, level of education, religious affiliation, and occupation or employment status. CONCLUSION The burden of psychiatric morbidity in Kenyan HIV patients remains high and is most significantly associated with lower socioeconomic status. There is need to provide holistic care including screening for mental well-being all through the treatment of HIV patients in low-income settings.
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de Oliveira FE, Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, Begnini BE, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC, Leão MVP, de Oliveira LD. Immunomodulatory effects and anti-Candida activity of lactobacilli in macrophages and in invertebrate model of Galleria mellonella. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:603-611. [PMID: 28801270 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing number of multi-resistant Candida spp., adjuvant treatments that may help combat these fungal pathogens are relevant and useful. This study evaluated the immunomodulation and anti-Candida activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus paracasei suspensions, either single- or multiple-strain, in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) and Galleria mellonella (GM). Mouse macrophages were activated by different lactobacilli suspensions and challenged with C. albicans (CA). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 production and cell viability were investigated. LR was the best suspension for stimulating all evaluated cytokines and thus was used in subsequent in vivo assays. Two C. albicans clinical strains, CA21 and CA60, were then added to the GM assays to further confirm the results. LR suspension was injected into the larvae 24 h before challenging with CA. Survival curve, CFU per larva and hemocytes were counted. In the GM, the LR suspension increased the survival rate and hemocyte counts and decreased the CFU per larva counts for all groups. Lactobacilli suspensions presented strain-dependent immunomodulation; however, single suspensions showed better results. Anti-Candida activity was demonstrated by decreased Candida counts in the GM with the use of LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eduardo de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Evelyn Begnini
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mariella Vieira Pereira Leão
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, Av. Tiradentes, 500, Centro, Taubaté, CEP: 12030-180, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, CEP: 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mushi MF, Bader O, Taverne-Ghadwal L, Bii C, Groß U, Mshana SE. Oral candidiasis among African human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: 10 years of systematic review and meta-analysis from sub-Saharan Africa. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1317579. [PMID: 28748027 PMCID: PMC5508360 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1317579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) is the most common opportunistic fungal infection among immunocompromised individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis reports on the contribution of non-albicans Candida species in causing OC among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa between 2005 and 2015. Thirteen original research articles on oral Candida infection/colonization among HIV-infected African populations were reviewed. The prevalence of OC ranged from 7.6% to 75.3%. Pseudomembranous candidiasis was found to range from 12.1% to 66.7%. The prevalence of non-albicans Candida species causing OC was 33.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.9–36.39%]. Of 458 non-albicans Candida species detected, C. glabrata (23.8%; 109/458) was the most common, followed by C. tropicalis (22%; 101/458) and C. krusei (10.7%; 49/458). The overall fluconazole resistance was 39.3% (95% CI 34.4–44.1%). Candida albicans was significantly more resistant than non-albicans Candida species to fluconazole (44.7% vs 21.9%; p < 0.001). One-quarter of the cases of OC among HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa were due to non-albicans Candida species. Candida albicans isolates were more resistant than the non-albicans Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole. Strengthening the capacity for fungal diagnosis and antifungal susceptibility testing in sub-Saharan Africa is mandatory in order to track the azole resistance trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha F Mushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Heath and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christine Bii
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Heath and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Terças AG, Monteiro ADS, Moffa EB, Dos Santos JRA, de Sousa EM, Pinto ARB, Costa PCDS, Borges ACR, Torres LMB, Barros Filho AKD, Fernandes ES, Monteiro CDA. Phytochemical Characterization of Terminalia catappa Linn. Extracts and Their antifungal Activities against Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:595. [PMID: 28443078 PMCID: PMC5385348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminalia catappa Linn bark is used to treat dysentery by various populations in Southeast Asian countries, and its leaves have also been used in traditional medicine to treat hepatitis in India and the Philippines. Here, the antifungal actions of crude hydro-alcoholic extract (TcHE) and fractions from T. catappa leaves were assessed via the agar diffusion and microdilution tests on Candida reference strains and clinical isolates from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Additionally, the potential cytotoxic effects of TcHE were assessed on cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). T. catappa fractions and sub-fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron impact (GC/MS/EI), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry “electrospray” ionization in positive mode (HPLC/MS/MS/ESI+) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR). TcHE and its fractions were able to inhibit the growth of all tested Candida strains with the n-butanol (FBuOH) fraction presenting the best antifungal activity. Testing of different FBuOH sub-fractions (SF) showed that SF10 was the most active against Candida spp. Fractioning of SF10 demonstrated that 5 out of its 15 sub-fractions were active against Candida spp., with SF10.5 presenting the highest activity. Chemical analysis of SF10 detected hydrolysable tannins (punicalin, punicalagin), gallic acid and flavonoid C-glycosides. Overall, the results showed that T. catappa L. leaf extract, fractions and sub-fractions were antifungal against Candida spp. and may be useful to treat diseases caused by this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analucia G Terças
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Andrea de Souza Monteiro
- Laboratório de Patogênese Bacteriana, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Moffa
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Odontologia, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Julliana R A Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M de Sousa
- Laboratório de Patogênese Bacteriana, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Anna R B Pinto
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Paola C da Silva Costa
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Antonio C R Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Luce M B Torres
- Instituto de Botânica, Centro de Pesquisa em Ecologia e FisiologiaSão Paulo, Brasil
| | - Allan K D Barros Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina de Andrade Monteiro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CeumaSão Luís, Brazil
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Terças ALG, Marques SG, Moffa EB, Alves MB, de Azevedo CMPS, Siqueira WL, Monteiro CA. Antifungal Drug Susceptibility of Candida Species Isolated from HIV-Positive Patients Recruited at a Public Hospital in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:298. [PMID: 28303122 PMCID: PMC5332371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Its progression results in invasive infections, which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to quickly and accurately identify Candida spp. from oral mucosa of AIDS patients recruited at Presidente Vargas Hospital, in São Luís city, Brazil and to evaluate the sensitivity profile of these fungi to antifungals by using an automated system. Isolates were collected from oropharyngeal mucosa of 52 hospitalized AIDS patients, under anti-viral and antifungal therapies. Patients were included in research if they were HIV-positive, above 18 years of age and after obtaining their written consent. CHROMagar®Candida and the automated ViteK-2®system were used to isolate and identify Candida spp., respectively. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the ViteK-2®system, complemented with the Etest®, using the drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, and voriconazole. Oropharyngeal candidiasis had a high prevalence in these hospitalized AIDS patients (83%), and the most prevalent species was Candida albicans (56%). Antifungal susceptibility test showed that 64.7% of the Candida spp. were susceptible, 11.8% were dose-dependent sensitive, and 23.5% were resistant. All the Candida krusei and Candida famata isolates and two of Candida glabrata were resistant to fluconazole. Most of AIDS patients presented oropharyngeal candidiasis and C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species. The results showed high variability in resistance among isolated species and indicates the need to identify the Candida spp. involved in the infection and the need to test antifungal susceptibility as a guide in drug therapy in patients hospitalized with AIDS. This is the first relate about AIDS patients monitoring in a public hospital in São Luís concerning the precise identification and establishing of antifungal profile of Candida spp..
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L G Terças
- Department Federal Technological Teaching Center of Maranhão São Luis, Brazil
| | - Sirlei G Marques
- Nucleus of Tropical Pathology and Social Medicine, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão São Luis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Moffa
- Department of Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, CEUMA UniversitySão Luis, Brazil; Department of Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, CEUMA UniversitySão Luis, Brazil
| | - Márcia B Alves
- Department of Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, CEUMA University São Luis, Brazil
| | | | - Walter L Siqueira
- Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada
| | - Cristina A Monteiro
- Department of Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, CEUMA University São Luis, Brazil
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Candida krusei and Candida glabrata reduce the filamentation of Candida albicans by downregulating expression of HWP1 gene. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:317-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Figueiredo Freitas LS, Rossoni RD, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Repeated applications of photodynamic therapy on Candida glabrata biofilms formed in acrylic resin polymerized. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:549-555. [PMID: 28091850 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have been suggested that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be used as an adjuvant treatment for denture stomatitis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of multiple sessions of PDT on Candida glabrata biofilms in specimens of polymerized acrylic resin formed after 5 days. Subsequently, four applications of PDT were performed on biofilms in 24-h intervals (days 6-9). Also, we evaluated two types of PDT, including application of laser and methylene blue or light-emitting diode (LED) and erythrosine. The control groups were treated with physiological solution. The effects of PDT on biofilm were evaluated after the first and fourth application of PDT. The biofilm analysis was performed by counting the colony-forming units. The results showed that between the days 6 and 9, the biofilms not treated by PDT had an increase of 5.53 to 6.05 log (p = 0.0271). Regarding the treatments, after one application of PDT, the biofilms decreased from 5.53 to 0.89 log. When it was done four applications, the microbial reduction ranged from 6.05 log to 0.11 log. We observed that one application of PDT with laser or LED caused a reduction of 3.36 and 4.64 compared to the control groups, respectively (p = 0.1708). When it was done four applications of PDT, the reductions achieved were 1.57 for laser and 5.94 for LED (p = 0.0001). It was concluded that repeated applications of PDT on C. glabrata biofilms showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to single application. PDT mediated by LED and erythrosine was more efficient than the PDT mediated by laser and methylene blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lírian Silva de Figueiredo Freitas
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida Francisco José Longo 777, São José dos Campos, 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida Francisco José Longo 777, São José dos Campos, 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida Francisco José Longo 777, São José dos Campos, 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida Francisco José Longo 777, São José dos Campos, 12245-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ribeiro FC, de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibits Candida albicans virulence factors in vitro and modulates immune system in Galleria mellonella. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:201-211. [PMID: 27727499 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential anti-Candida effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 on Candida albicans ATCC 18804 using in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro analysis evaluated the effects of L. rhamnosus on C. albicans's biofilm formation by CFU count and metabolic activity, filamentation capacity, and adhesion (ALS3 and HWP1) and transcriptional regulatory gene (BCR1 and CPH1) expression. The in vitro results showed that both the L. rhamnosus cells and supernatant reduced C. albicans biofilm formation, filamentation and gene expression. In the in vivo study, the treatment with L. rhamnosus supernatant increased 80% the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans. Furthermore, the supernatant of L. rhamnosus recruited haemocytes into the haemolymph (2·1-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced the biofilm formation and filamentation of C. albicans in vitro by negatively regulating all studied C. albicans genes. Lactobacillus rhamnosus protected G. mellonella against experimental candidiasis in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first study to report the anti-Candida properties of L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595. The supernatant of this strain has immunomodulatory effects on the G. mellonella model and protects the larvae against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - P P de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - R D Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - J C Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - A O C Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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Sidrim JJC, Carvalho VL, de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco D, Brilhante RSN, de Melo Guedes GM, Barbosa GR, Lazzarini SM, Oliveira DCR, de Meirelles ACO, Attademo FLN, da Bôaviagem Freire AC, de Aquino Pereira-Neto W, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Moreira JLB, Rocha MFG. Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Among Candida spp. from Captive Amazonian manatees and West Indian Manatees: Potential Impacts on Animal and Environmental Health. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:328-338. [PMID: 26813966 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence factors by Candida spp. isolated from sirenians in Brazil. The isolates (n = 105) were recovered from the natural cavities of Amazonian and West Indian manatees and were tested for the susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole and for the production of phospholipases, proteases, and biofilm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for amphotericin B ranged from 0.03 to 1 µg/mL, and no resistant isolates were detected. Itraconazole and fluconazole MICs ranged from 0.03 to 16 µg/mL and from 0.125 to 64 µg/mL, respectively, and 35.2% (37/105) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of these azole drugs. Concerning the production of virulence factors, phospholipase activity was observed in 67.6% (71/105) of the isolates, while protease activity and biofilm production were detected in 50.5% (53/105) and 32.4% (34/105) of the isolates, respectively. Since the natural cavities of manatees are colonized by resistant and virulent strains of Candida spp., these animals can act as sources of resistance and virulence genes for the environment, conspecifics and other animal species, demonstrating the potential environmental impacts associated with their release back into their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luz Carvalho
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos (AQUASIS), Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil.
| | - Gláucia Morgana de Melo Guedes
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Riello Barbosa
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
| | - Stella Maris Lazzarini
- Centro de Preservação e Pesquisa de Mamíferos Aquáticos (CPPMA) da Eletrobras Amazonas Energia, Distrito de Balbina, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Daniella Carvalho Ribeiro Oliveira
- Centro de Preservação e Pesquisa de Mamíferos Aquáticos (CPPMA) da Eletrobras Amazonas Energia, Distrito de Balbina, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
| | - José Luciano Bezerra Moreira
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Centro Especializado em Micologia Médica (CEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-27, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Menezes RDP, Borges AS, Araujo LBD, Pedroso RDS, Röder DVDDB. RELATED FACTORS FOR COLONIZATION BY Candida SPECIES IN THE ORAL CAVITY OF HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:413-9. [PMID: 26603229 PMCID: PMC4660451 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The colonization of the oral cavity is a prerequisite to the development of oropharyngeal candidiasis. AIMS The aims of this study were: to evaluate colonization and quantify Candida spp. in the oral cavity; to determine the predisposing factors for colonization; and to correlate the levels of CD4+ cells and viral load with the yeast count of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) in HIV-positive individuals treated at a University Hospital. Saliva samples were collected from 147 HIV patients and were plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and chromogenic agar, and incubated at 30 ºC for 72 h. Colonies with similar morphology in both media were counted and the result expressed in CFU/mL. RESULTS Of the 147 HIV patients, 89 had positive cultures for Candida spp., with a total of 111 isolates, of which C. albicans was the most frequent species (67.6%), and the mean of colonies counted was 8.8 × 10³ CFU/mL. The main predisposing factors for oral colonization by Candida spp. were the use of antibiotics and oral prostheses. The use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors appears to have a greater protective effect for colonization. A low CD4+ T lymphocyte count is associated with a higher density of yeast in the saliva of HIV patients.
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Santos JDD, Piva E, Vilela SFG, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Mixed biofilms formed by C. albicans and non-albicans species: a study of microbial interactions. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:S1806-83242016000100232. [PMID: 26981754 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most Candida infections are related to microbial biofilms often formed by the association of different species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between Candida albicans and non-albicans species in biofilms formed in vitro. The non-albicans species studied were:Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. Single and mixed biofilms (formed by clinical isolates of C. albicans and non-albicans species) were developed from standardized suspensions of each strain (10(7) cells/mL), on flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plates for 48 hour. These biofilms were analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) in Candida HiChrome agar and by determining cell viability, using the XTT 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide colorimetric assay. The results for both the CFU/mL count and the XTT colorimetric assay showed that all the species studied were capable of forming high levels of in vitro biofilm. The number of CFU/mL and the metabolic activity of C. albicans were reduced in mixed biofilms with non-albicans species, as compared with a single C. albicans biofilm. Among the species tested, C. krusei exerted the highest inhibitory action against C. albicans. In conclusion, C. albicans established antagonistic interactions with non-albicans Candida species in mixed biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Diane dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Piva
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Furgeri Godinho Vilela
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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de Paula Menezes R, de Melo Riceto ÉB, Borges AS, de Brito Röder DVD, dos Santos Pedroso R. Evaluation of virulence factors of Candida albicans isolated from HIV-positive individuals using HAART. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 66:61-5. [PMID: 26913969 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The colonization by Candida species is one of the most important factors related to the development of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected individuals. The aim of the study was to evaluate and discuss the phospholipase, proteinase, DNAse and haemolytic activities of Candida albicans isolated from the oral cavity of HIV individuals with high efficiency antiretroviral therapy. Seventy-five isolates of C. albicans obtained from saliva samples of patients with HIV and 41 isolates from HIV-negative individuals were studied. Haemolytic activity was determined in Sabouraud dextrose agar plates containing 3% glucose and 7% sheep red cells. Culture medium containing DNA base-agar, egg yolk, and bovine albumin were used to determine DNase, phospholipase and proteinase activities, respectively. All isolates from the HIV patients group had haemolytic activity, 98% showed phospholipase activity, 92% were positive for proteinase and 32% DNAse activity. Regarding the group of indivídios HIV negative, all 41 isolates presented hemolytic activity, 90.2% showed phospholipase and proteinase activity and 12.2% were positive for DNAse. The phospholipase activity was more intense for the group of HIV positive individuals. DNase production was more frequently observed in the group of HIV-positive individuals. The percentage of isolates having DNAse activity was also significantly different between the groups of patients not using any antiretroviral therapy, those using transcriptase inhibitors and those using transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralciane de Paula Menezes
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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50
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Menezes RDP, Ferreira JC, de Sá WM, Moreira TDA, Malvino LDS, de Araujo LB, Röder DVDDB, Penatti MPA, Candido RC, Pedroso RDS. FREQUENCY OF Candida SPECIES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN TRIANGULO MINEIRO, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200956 PMCID: PMC4544240 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by Candida species are a high-impact problem in public
health due to their wide incidence in hospitalized patients. The goal of this study
was to evaluate frequency, susceptibility to antifungals, and genetic polymorphism of
Candida species isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized
patients. The Candida isolates included in this study were obtained
from blood cultures, abdominal fluids, and central venous catheters (CVC) of
hospitalized patients at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of
Uberlândia during the period of July 2010 - June 2011. Susceptibility tests were
conducted by the broth microdilution method. The RAPD-PCR tests used employed
initiator oligonucleotides OPA09, OPB11, and OPE06. Of the 63
Candida isolates, 18 (28.5%) were C. albicans,
20 (31.7%) were C. parapsilosis complex species, 14 (22.2%)
C. tropicalis, four (6.4%) C. glabrata, four
(6.4%) C. krusei, two (3.3%) C. kefyr, and one
(1.6%) C. lusitaniae. In vitro resistance to
amphotericin B was observed in 12.7% of isolates. In vitroresistance
to azoles was not detected, except for C. krusei. The two primers,
OPA09 and OPB11, were able to distinguish different species. Isolates of C.
albicans and C. parapsilosis complex species presented
six and five clusters, respectively, with the OPA09 marker by RAPD-PCR, showing the
genetic variability of the isolates of those species. It was concluded that members
of the C. parapsilosis complex were the most frequent species found,
and most isolates were susceptible to the antifungals amphotericin B, flucozanole,
and itraconazole. High genetic polymorphisms were observed for isolates of C.
albicans and C. parapsilosis complex species, mainly
with the OPA09 marker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseane Cristina Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Regina Celia Candido
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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