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Ferreira IB, Garcia IS, Lima MLF, Silva RCD, Santarém VA. Evaluation of heating and liming treatments in sand samples artificially contaminated with Ancylostoma spp. eggs. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e002124. [PMID: 38896755 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Ancylostoma spp. are found worldwide. Infected dog and cat feces can contaminate soil in public places. Despite prophylactic measures being available, studies on direct remediation of Ancylostoma-contaminated soils are scarce. This study aimed to determine the impact of heat treatment and liming on the viability of Ancylostoma spp. eggs in artificially contaminated sandy soil. Sterilized sand samples were contaminated with Ancylostoma spp. eggs extracted from infected dogs' feces. Samples were heated (trial I) to 70 °C or 80 °C, then sieved after 24 hours (212, 90, 38, and 25 µm). Larval cultures were assessed for larval development following heat treatment. Five quicklime concentrations (trial II; 50, 30, 20, 10 and 5%) were used to treat sand. The effect of liming on larval cultures was assessed by measuring embryonic development. Filariform larvae were exposed to 20% quicklime (25 °C and 37 °C, 20 min). Heat treatment destroys Ancylostoma spp. eggs and prevents in vitro larval development. Liming at 50, 30, and 20% concentrations made embryonic development impossible. However, filariform larvae treated with 20% lime solution retained their motility. Heating at 70 °C and liming at 20% were sufficient to make Ancylostoma spp. egg embryogenesis impossible in experimentally contaminated sand samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Braghin Ferreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Hospital Universitário Veterinário, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabele Santos Garcia
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Hospital Universitário Veterinário, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Linda Ferreira Lima
- Faculdade de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Hospital Universitário Veterinário, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
| | - Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Hospital Universitário Veterinário, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
- Faculdade de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
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Dos Santos KC, Tielemans E, Cutolo AA, Guedes PEB, Harvey TV, de Carvalho Teixeira JB, Vitor RC, da Paixão Sevá A, de Melo Navarro AW, Lima ACR, Botteon KD, Bittar TV, Albuquerque GR, de Almeida Borges F, Beugnet F, Carlos RSA. Efficacy of an oral formulation of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime against Tunga penetrans in naturally infected dogs. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:446. [PMID: 38042848 PMCID: PMC10693705 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sand flea Tunga penetrans is one of the agents of tungiasis, an important parasitic skin disease affecting humans and several mammalian species. Tungiasis is mainly observed in disadvantaged rural and peripheral urban communities in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. The dog is a major reservoir of Tunga fleas. Hematophagous adult female Tunga spp. embed and grow in their host's epidermis and cause cutaneous inflammatory disorders. NexGard Spectra® is an orally administered endectocide for dogs, a co-formulation of the isoxazoline afoxolaner and the macrocyclic lactone milbemycin oxime. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of this product against canine tungiasis. METHODS A blinded, negative-controlled field trial was conducted in a Brazilian community known to be highly endemic for tungiasis. Sixty-six dogs naturally infected with live T. penetrans were randomly allocated to a treated group (44 dogs) and an untreated control group (22 dogs). In a first phase, dogs from the treated group were treated on days 0, 30, and 60. Efficacy was evaluated on the basis of the macroscopic parasitic skin lesions (Fortaleza classification) on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90. In a second phase, to evaluate natural reinfections, all dogs were treated on day 90 and evaluated every 2 weeks thereafter until at least 30% of dogs were infected with live sand fleas. RESULTS During the first phase, efficacy (reduction in live sand fleas) of 92.4% was demonstrated on day 7. From day 14 until day 90, the efficacy of NexGard Spectra® was 100%. In the second phase, all dogs were free of live T. penetrans from 15 until 45 days after the day 90 treatment; 60 days post-treatment, 11% of dogs were reinfected, and 75 days post-treatment, 40% of dogs were reinfected. CONCLUSIONS NexGard Spectra® was demonstrated to be highly effective against canine tungiasis. In addition to an obvious beneficial effect on the health and welfare of the treated dog, the use of this product may have a one-health benefit on human cases by controlling the main reservoir of sand fleas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Costa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Andre Antonio Cutolo
- Missouri Research Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 6498 Jade Rd., Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Jamille Bispo de Carvalho Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Costa Vitor
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Adan William de Melo Navarro
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ribeiro Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Karin Denise Botteon
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, 14171 Pça. das Nações Unidas, 18° andar (Torre B), São Paulo, SP, 01449-010, Brazil
| | - Thammy Vieira Bittar
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - George Rêgo Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Av. Sen. Filinto Müler, 2443 - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Renata Santiago Alberto Carlos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil.
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Ferdous S, Chowdhury J, Hasan T, Dutta P, Rahman MM, Hassan MM, Faruque MR, Alim MA. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in wild mammals of a safari park and a zoo in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1385-1394. [PMID: 36745465 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In safari parks and zoos, wild animals are kept mainly for recreational purposes. Animals in these enclosures are also crucial for the education, research, and conservation aspect. To ensure better management and good health of wild animals in captivity, it is essential to monitor the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic (helminths and protozoa) infections. The current investigation was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib (BSM) safari park and Chattogram (CTG) zoo of Bangladesh. A total of 72 individual faecal samples were collected from 25 species of wild mammals. Routine qualitative (e.g. direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation) and quantitative (e.g. McMaster technique) tests were performed to identify the eggs or oocysts of helminths and protozoa. Results demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo were infected with a total of 17 genera/species of helminths and protozoa. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals of both zoological parks was 65.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.14-76.12), whereas it was 72.4% (95% CI: 52.76-87.27) in the BSM safari park and 60.5% (95% CI: 44.41-75.02) in the CTG zoo. In both zoological parks, infection with nematodes was more frequent compared to other helminth into the wild mammals. The herbivores were more infected with GI parasites than carnivores and omnivores of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo. The mean eggs/oocysts per gram of faeces was the highest in the carnivores compared to herbivores and omnivores of both enclosures. The findings of the current study demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo suffered from various GI parasitic infections. Regular monitoring along with proper therapeutic measures may reduce the severe consequences of GI parasitic infections in captive wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ferdous
- Department of Clinical Courses, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gono University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Joya Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Courses, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gono University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjila Hasan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Pronesh Dutta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rayhan Faruque
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdul Alim
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Hernández-Calva LM, Villalobos-Peñalosa P, Cortés-Roldán P, Montalvo-Aguilar G, Galaviz-Rodríguez R. Determinación de los principales parásitos intestinales en perros de Unidades Habitacionales y Parques en Apizaco, Tlaxcala, México. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2023. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e33175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
El vínculo entre perros y humanos es un fenómeno complejo y multidimensional, que, además de biológico es social y llega a ser un problema de Salud Pública. El concepto de dueño de una mascota ha evolucionado al término de tutor, por la relación de las personas con los perros, quienes además poseen derechos y están protegidos por leyes internacionales de protección animal. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el manejo de las heces y evaluar la presencia de helmintos en las Unidades Habitacionales y Parques (UHyPR) recreativos de Apizaco, Tlaxcala, México. Se empleó un estudio descriptivo transversal. El 75 % de las personas con perros recogen las heces en bolsas y las depositan en basureros. Hubo diferencias significativas (P<0,05) a presencia de parásitos, 66 % de perros con tutores y 89 % perros sin tutor. Los parásitos identificados fueron Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Cystoisospora y Uncinaria stenocephala. Los perros sin tutor fueron los más parasitados 90 % (P<0,05), prevaleciendo T. canis (36 %) y A. caninum (56 %). Se encontró que los perros con tutor y acceso a vía pública presentaron T. canis (73 %) y A. caninum (77 %). Perros con tutor sin acceso a vía pública tuvieron: 49 % T. canis y 15 % A. caninum. Los perros sin dueño se asociaron (P=0,046) con mayor número de nemátodos intestinales. En conclusión, en las UHyPR en Apizaco, Tlaxcala se presenta un problema de manejo de excretas de perros, que al estar expuestas son causa de zoonosis por parásitos, lo que muestra la necesidad de un programa integral de salud pública hacia la tenencia responsable de mascotas, que abarque todos los sectores de la sociedad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Marina Hernández-Calva
- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Facultad de Agrobiología, Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Huamantla, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Patricia Villalobos-Peñalosa
- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Facultad de Agrobiología, Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Huamantla, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Pablo Cortés-Roldán
- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Facultad de Agrobiología, Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Huamantla, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Gabriela Montalvo-Aguilar
- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Facultad de Agrobiología, Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Huamantla, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Reyes Galaviz-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Facultad de Agrobiología, Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Huamantla, Tlaxcala, México
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Merigueti YFFB, Giuffrida R, da Silva RC, Kmetiuk LB, Santos APD, Biondo AW, Santarém VA. Dog and Cat Contact as Risk Factor for Human Toxocariasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:854468. [PMID: 35836995 PMCID: PMC9273826 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, has been reportedly associated to different risk factors in several epidemiological and meta-analysis studies. However, dog and cat contact (environmental and animal exposure) as isolated associated risk factor for children and adults remains to be fully established. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis has aimed to directly assess dog and cat contact for toxocariasis seropositivity in under-18 and adult persons, using a survey strategy of PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Scielo Databases, from January 2009 to December 2021. A meta-analysis model of random effects was applied to estimate odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by the Cochran Q-Test and I2 values. A total of 41 transversal studies (n = 20.515 individuals) from different geographic regions (classified by the World Health Organization) were included herein. In overall, 1,882/13,496 (13.95%; 95% IC = 13.4–14.5) youngers and 513/7.019 (7.3%; 95% CI = 6.7–7.9) adults in contact with dogs or cats were serologically reagent for anti-Toxocara antibodies. Association of dog and cat contact was observed only in youngers, with both dogs (OR = 1.53; p < 0.0001) and cats (OR = 1.64; p = 0.0001). In addition, association of dog and contact and serology was statistically significant in populations of Americas (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.1–1.7), Middle East (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.6–5.1) and West Pacific (OR = 1.6; 95% IC = 1.3–1.9). In conclusion, contact with dogs and cats, particularly by younger individuals and in regions such as Americas, Middle East, and West Pacific, should be always a public health concern for toxocariasis. Moreover, dogs and cats should be periodically dewormed, washed and hair cleaned prior to contact with youngers. Finally, robust statistical results herein may serve as basis for future strategies and preventive measures for safer dog and cat contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rogerio Giuffrida
- Graduate College of Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Graduate College of Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Graduate College of Animal Science, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vamilton Alvares Santarém
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Chieffi PP, Zevallos Lescano SA, Rodrigues E Fonseca G, Dos Santos SV. Human Toxocariasis: 2010 to 2020 Contributions from Brazilian Researchers. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:81-91. [PMID: 34040480 PMCID: PMC8141392 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a review of the published contributions made by Brazilian researchers between 2010 and 2020 on the natural history of human toxocariasis and the effects of human toxocariasis on nonhuman paratenic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Chieffi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Santa Casa Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Rodrigues E Fonseca
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leon IF, Strothmann AL, Islabão CL, Jeske S, Villela MM. Geohelminths in the soil of the Laguna dos Patos in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 80:839-843. [PMID: 31826079 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.222590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the prevalence of eggs and larvae of parasites - that may cause diseases to humans and other animals - in the soil of public squares located on the shore of Laranjal beaches, in the Laguna dos Patos, in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Four fieldwork trips - one per season - were taken to collect samples on six squares built on the shore of these beaches. Five samples of soil were collected on every square on every fieldwork trip. The material was processed by Caldwell & Caldwell's technique. Four squares (66.7%) were positive for helminth eggs and sample positivity was 8.3% (10). Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. were the main genera found in these places. Even though prevalence was lower than the one observed by other studies which were carried out in the area, helminths with zoonotic potential were found in the soil of the squares. It should be highlighted that measures to control dogs in these areas must be implemented and public policies must be put forth to make pets' owners and beach goers aware of the need to mitigate environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Leon
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - A L Strothmann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - C L Islabão
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - S Jeske
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M M Villela
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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8
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Kladkempetch D, Tangtrongsup S, Tiwananthagorn S. Ancylostoma ceylanicum: The Neglected Zoonotic Parasite of Community Dogs in Thailand and Its Genetic Diversity among Asian Countries. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112154. [PMID: 33228101 PMCID: PMC7699415 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic helminth that is commonly found in domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia but is largely neglected in many countries. This study aimed to confirm the species of hookworm in dogs and soil environments and investigate the evolutionary analyses of A. ceylanicum among Thai and Asian populations. In a total of 299 dog fecal samples and 212 soil samples from 53 temples, the prevalence rates of hookworm infection by microscopic examination were 26.4% (79/299) and 10.4% (22/212) in dog and soil samples, respectively. A PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS region was then utilized to identify the hookworm species. In dogs, A. ceylanicum was the main hookworm species, and the rates of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum infections were 96.6% and 3.5%, respectively. The genetic characterization and diversity indices of the A. ceylanicumcox1 gene among Thai and Asian populations were evaluated. Nine haplotypes were identified from Thai A. ceylanicum, in which the haplotype diversity and the nucleotide diversity were 0.4436 and 0.0036, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity of Chinese A. ceylanicum populations suggested that it could be the ancestor of the populations. Pairwise fixation indices indicated that Thai A. ceylanicum was closely related to the Malaysian population, suggesting a gene flow between these populations. The temples with hookworm-positive dogs were associated with the presence of hookworm-contaminated soil, as these levels showed an approximately four-fold increase compared with those in temples with hookworm-negative dogs (OR = 4.38, 95% CI: 1.55-12.37). Interestingly, the genotypes of A. ceylanicum in the contaminating soil and infecting dogs were identical. Therefore, increased awareness and concern from the wider public communities with regard to the responsibility of temples and municipal offices to provide proper deworming programs to community dogs should be strongly endorsed to reduce the risk of the transmission of this zoonotic disease. In addition, parasitic examination and treatment should be strongly implemented before dogs are imported and exported worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doolyawat Kladkempetch
- Master’s Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Excellent Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948-046 or +66-95-446-5955
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Abstract
I herein review published studies reporting the prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats in Brazil. Based on data gathered from faecal examinations of approximately 38,940 dogs and 5600 cats from different Brazilian studies, the mean prevalence of Toxocara infection is 11.4% (range: 0.7-48.9%) in dogs and 16.7% (0.3-43.1%) in cats. These mean values based on faecal examinations should be interpreted with cautious, considering the obvious differences in terms of sample size, diagnostic tests and animal populations. Accordingly, necropsy investigations reveal higher mean prevalence values (21.9% for Toxocara canis and 27.6% Toxocara cati in dogs and cats, respectively). The contamination with Toxocara eggs in different environments and the significance of these parasites from a public health perspective in Brazil are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Shirvani G, Abdizadeh R, Manouchehri Naeini K, Mortezaei S, Khaksar M. The Study of Soil Contamination by Toxocara spp. Eggs in Different Areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Southwest Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijer.2019.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Toxocariasis caused by the larvae of Toxocara spp. is a zoonotic infection with global distribution that is considered an important health problem in the humans. The soil is regarded as the main source of the transmission of Toxocara infection to susceptible hosts. This study investigated the existence of Toxocara spp. ova in rural and urban public areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: A total of 180 soil samples were randomly collected from 74 public places from urban and rural areas of nine counties of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province during May to September, 2017. The samples were examined for Toxocara spp. eggs by the modified sucrose flotation method. Results: The contamination rate of the soil samples with Toxocara spp. ova varied within 0%-18.1% in different counties. Overall, 9 (5%) out of 180 examined soil samples were found positive for Toxocara spp. ova. Of nine investigated districts, Toxocara spp. ova were observed in four counties and the highest rate of soil contamination was found in Farsan county with 18.1%. Finally, the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs was more in the rural areas (6.7%) compared to the urban ones (3.3%). Conclusion: This study was the first investigation regarding the contamination of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public places in rural and urban areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. According to the results, the rate of soil contamination in this region was lower compared with the other parts of Iran. Therefore, a further study is required to determine factors that may be involved in the distribution of Toxocara spp. in different areas of this province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Shirvani
- Medical Parasitology, Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital of Farsan, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rahman Abdizadeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Koroush Manouchehri Naeini
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seifollah Mortezaei
- Medical Parasitology, Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital of Farsan, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mina Khaksar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Coello RD, Pazmiño BJ, Reyes EO, Rodríguez EX, Rodas EI, Rodas KA, Dávila AX, Rodas JP, Cedeño PP. A Case of Cutaneous Larva Migrans in a Child from Vinces, Ecuador. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:1402-1406. [PMID: 31543509 PMCID: PMC6777378 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.915154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 8 Final Diagnosis: Cutaneous larva migrans Symptoms: Acute pain in the foot • itching Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Treatment, ivermectin in a single dose of 200 μg/kg Specialty: General and Internal Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto D Coello
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Betty J Pazmiño
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, State University of Milagro, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Enrique O Reyes
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Enrique X Rodríguez
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Edgar I Rodas
- Department of Microbiology, Pazmiño Clinical and Microbiological Laboratory, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Karen A Rodas
- Department of Microbiology, Pazmiño Clinical and Microbiological Laboratory, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Alfredo X Dávila
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jennifer P Rodas
- Department of Microbiology, Pazmiño Clinical and Microbiological Laboratory, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Pedro P Cedeño
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Maleki B, Khorshidi A, Gorgipour M, Mirzapour A, Majidiani H, Foroutan M. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil of public areas in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Maleki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khorshidi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gorgipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliyar Mirzapour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Marques SR, Alves LC, Faustino MADG. Análise epistemológica dos conhecimentos científicos sobre Toxocara sp. com ênfase na infecção humana. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:219-228. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018241.20262016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Este artigo objetivou analisar a evolução do conhecimento sobre Toxocara sp. em seu aspecto zoonótico por meio de dados científicos entre os anos de 1996 a 2015 utilizando a epistemologia como ferramenta. A análise epistemológica da evolução do conhecimento sobre o aspecto zoonótico de Toxocara sp. no Brasil demonstrou que, de uma maneira geral, foram agregadas poucas novas informações as quais tiveram, ao longo do período estudado, absorção lenta, descontínua, e não foram inseridas na realidade social do ponto de vista de Saúde Pública.
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14
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Stray Dog Population in a City of Southern Mexico and Its Impact on the Contamination of Public Areas. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:2381583. [PMID: 30356356 PMCID: PMC6176319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2381583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission as function of stray dog presence and health status, a cross-sectional study was carried out in a large city of southern Mexico that lacks comprehensive strategies for the control of stray canine populations. The photographic capture-recapture method was used to estimate the density of dogs/km2. In the same way, dog feces from 14 public parks of the city were collected to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal parasites. The canine population was estimated between 65 and 80 thousand dogs, with a population density of 1,081 dogs/km2, mostly males (71.4%). A high proportion of dogs (72.3%) were found to be in good body condition score (BCS 3). The person:dog ratio was 2.3. The likelihood of being in the BCS 2 category was lower in areas with a higher density of dogs. All feces collected from the parks contained eggs of intestinal parasites, most of them with a medium (42.9%) to high (35.7%) infection intensity, notably Ancylostoma caninum. It was recorded that cases with a low-intensity of GI infection showed polyparasitism (35.7%) associated with A. caninum. There is a large population of stray dogs that roam freely in the streets of Campeche city with access to sources of food, which is reflected by their good BCS, and dogs do not have access to preventive medicine programs (de-worming) and thus contaminate public parks with feces with significant parasitic egg loads of zoonotic importance.
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15
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Mota KCP, Grama DF, Fava NMN, Úngari LP, Faria ESM, Cury MC. Distribution and risk factors of Ascarididae and other geohelminths in the soil of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e17. [PMID: 29694601 PMCID: PMC5956571 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the geohelminths, parasites from the Ascarididae family have a significant
role in the human and animal health. This research aims to determine the
prevalence of Ascarididae species in the soil in different areas located in a
city of Minas Gerais State, Brazil (South America). The study was developed in
squares, parks, sports clubs, orchards and municipal children's schools. Samples
of sand/soil/grass were collected from January to August 2014. The optical
microscope screening was performed through formal-ether and spontaneous
sedimentation techniques. Out of the 183 collected samples, eight (4.4%)
belonged to parks, 16 (8.7%) to sports clubs, 76 (41.5%) to squares, 23 (12.6%)
to orchards, and 60 (32.8%) to schools. Out of the total, 28 (15.3%) contained
Ascarididae eggs. Higher levels of positivity were demonstrated in the raining
season (25.0%), in samples collected in the southern region of the town (25.1%),
on ground soils (27.3%). Twenty-three (12.6%) were detected by the formal-ether
sedimentation technique and 10 (5.5%) by spontaneous sedimentation technique.
Therefore, it was concluded that the soils in the city of Uberlandia are
contaminated with eggs and larvae of geohelminths, enabling dissemination of
illnesses among animals and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daliane Faria Grama
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália M Nasser Fava
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Pereira Úngari
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Simonato G, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Cassini R, Traversa D, Tessarin C, Di Cesare A, Pietrobelli M. Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in canine faecal samples contaminating public areas in Northern Italy. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3411-3418. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Merigueti YFFB, Santarém VA, Ramires LM, da Silveira Batista A, da Costa Beserra LV, Nuci AL, de Paula Esposte TM. Protective and risk factors associated with the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in dog hair. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:39-43. [PMID: 28917315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic zoonoses in the world. The disease is principally caused by the nematode Toxocara canis, whose definitive host is the dog. The transmission of toxocariasis to humans is mainly caused by accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs of the parasite, present in the soil. Studies have shown that dog hair has the capacity to harbor eggs of the parasite and represents a risk for transmission of the zoonosis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency and factors associated with the contamination of dog hair by Toxocara spp. of animals attended and/or abandoned at a Veterinary-Teaching Hospital in Southeast Brazil. The hair samples were collected from the perineal region, and upper and lower tail regions. For analysis of the samples and recovery of Toxocara spp., the material was washed in Tween 20 and then filtered through sieves of 300μm, 212μm, and 38μm. Hair samples from 165 dogs were analyzed. Of the analyzed samples, 59 (35.8%) were from puppies and 106 (64.2%) from adult animals. In the sample evaluation, 6.7% of the dogs (11/165) were contaminated, with a mean of 12.2 eggs per animal (1-70 eggs/animal) and 57.5 eggs/gram of hair. All the recovered eggs were not embryonated. There was an influence of age (puppies), breed (without defined breed), and origin (stray) of the dogs. On the other hand, deworming was a protective factor. Our results show that the risk of transmission of toxocariasis by direct contact, mainly in well-cared dogs, is low. Thus, prophylactic anthelmintic treatment and correct care regarding the hygiene of animals, especially puppies, should be recommended to reduce any risk of transmission of toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yslla Fernanda Fitz Balo Merigueti
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Magosso Ramires
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline da Silveira Batista
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layron Vinícus da Costa Beserra
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amábyle Lopes Nuci
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Mirella de Paula Esposte
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching-Hospital, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Duarte LFDA, Souza CAD, Nobre CR, Pereira CDS, Pinheiro MAA. Multi-level biological responses in Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Brachyura, Ucididae) as indicators of conservation status in mangrove areas from the western atlantic. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:176-187. [PMID: 27448958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a global lack of knowledge on tropical ecotoxicology, particularly in terms of mangrove areas. These areas often serve as nurseries or homes for several animal species, including Ucides cordatus (the uçá crab). This species is widely distributed, is part of the diet of human coastal communities, and is considered to be a sentinel species due to its sensitivity to toxic xenobiotics in natural environments. Sublethal damages to benthic populations reveal pre-pathological conditions, but discussions of the implications are scarce in the literature. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo offers an interesting scenario for ecotoxicology and population studies: it is easy to distinguish between mangroves that are well preserved and those which are significantly impacted by human activity. The objectives of this study were to provide the normal baseline values for the frequency of Micronucleated cells (MN‰) and for neutral red retention time (NRRT) in U. cordatus at pristine locations, as well to indicate the conservation status of different mangrove areas using a multi-level biological response approach in which these biomarkers and population indicators (condition factor and crab density) are applied in relation to environmental quality indicators (determined via information in the literature and solid waste volume). A mangrove area with no effects of impact (areas of reference or pristine areas) presented a mean value of MN‰<3 and NRRT>120min, values which were assumed as baseline values representing genetic and physiological normality. A significant correlation was found between NRRT and MN, with both showing similar and effective results for distinguishing between different mangrove areas according to conservation status. Furthermore, crab density was lower in more impacted mangrove areas, a finding which also reflects the effects of sublethal damage; this finding was not determined by condition factor measurements. Multi-level biological responses were able to reflect the conservation status of the mangrove areas studied using information on guideline values of MN‰, NRRT, and density of the uçá crab in order to categorize three levels of human impacts in mangrove areas: PNI (probable null impact); PLI (probable low impact); and PHI (probable high impact). Results confirm the success of U. cordatus species' multi-level biological responses in diagnosing threats to mangrove areas. Therefore, this species represents an effective tool in studies on mangrove conservation statuses in the Western Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe de Almeida Duarte
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Araújo de Souza
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- UNISANTA - Univ Santa Cecília, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- UNIFESP - Univ Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Avenida Almirante Saldanha da Gama 89, Ponta da Praia, 11030400 Santos, SP, Brasil.
| | - Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Schmidt EMS, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martinez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Eckersall PD. Changes in biochemical analytes in female dogs with subclinical Ancylostoma spp. infection. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:203. [PMID: 27623952 PMCID: PMC5022191 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ancylostoma spp. is one of the most prevalent canine intestinal nematode infections which usually causes subclinical disease in adult dogs and has zoonotic implications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore and evaluate the possible pathophysiological changes that Ancylostoma spp. could produce in female dogs naturally infected but without clinical signs of disease, by screening a wide variety of biochemical markers for potential changes. Samples of feces and blood of 45 dogs were collected and fecal flotation and zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation were performed. The biochemical analytes determined were: the acute-phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp); the lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL); the serum iron profile: iron, unsaturated iron binding-capacity (UIBC), and ferritin; the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChe); the pancreatic profile: amylase, lipase, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI); the oxidative stress markers: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and paraoxonase −1 (PON-1), along with total protein, albumin, and insulin-like growth factor – 1 (IGF – 1). Ancylostoma spp. eggs were detected in 29/45 dogs (64.4 %). Dogs were divided into two groups according to the results of fecal flotation methods. Group 1: negative fecal floatation (n = 16), and Group 2: subclinical infection with the observation of Ancylostoma spp. type eggs/x 40 objective fields (n = 29). Results Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the biochemical analyte results between the two groups (P < 0.05). Significant increases in CRP (μg/mL) (median): non-infected dogs: 5.5; subclinically infected dogs 18.7; P = 0.03, Hp (g/L) (median): G1: 2.4; G2: 3.3; P = 0.03, and UIBC (μg/dL) (median): non-infected dogs: 139.4; subclinically infected dogs: 216; P = 0.0015, and significantly decreased iron (μg/dL) (median): non-infected dogs: 202.5; subclinically infected dogs: 125.7; P = 0.0041, IGF-1 (ng/mL) (median): non-infected dogs: 224; subclinically infected dogs: 123; P = 0.02, and albumin (g/dL) (median): non-infected dogs: 2.8; subclinically infected dogs: 2.5; P = 0.04 concentrations were observed in dogs with subclinical Ancylostoma spp. infection when compared to non-infected dogs. Conclusion These findings provide an overview of the biochemical effects produced by patent Ancylostoma spp. in naturally infected dogs without any evident clinical signs of disease, which could be considered in differential diagnosis, especially in an endemic area for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M S Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ -UNESP), Campus Botucatu. Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n. 18.618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Peter D Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hookworm-Related Cutaneous Larva Migrans (HrCLM) in a Resource-Poor Community in Manaus, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004514. [PMID: 27010204 PMCID: PMC4807001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM) is a neglected tropical skin disease associated with significant clinical pathology. Little knowledge exists about prevalence and risk factors of HrCLM in endemic regions. Methodology/ Principal Findings To understand the epidemiology of HrCLM in Amazonia, we conducted a cross-sectional study in a resource-poor township in Manaus, Brazil. HrCLM was diagnosed in 8.2% (95% CI, 6.3–10.1%) of the study population (N = 806) with a peak prevalence of 18.2% (95% CI, 9.3–27.1%) in children aged 10–14. Most of the tracks (62.4%) were located on the feet, and 10.6% were superinfected. HrCLM was associated independently with age under 15, male sex, presence of animal faeces on the compound, walking barefoot on sandy ground and poverty. Conclusions/ Significance HrCLM is common in resource-poor communities in Amazonia and is related to poverty. To reduce the disease burden caused by HrCLM, living conditions have to be improved. Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM) is a parasitic skin disease caused by the penetration of animal hookworm larvae into the human skin. In this compartment the larvae cannot pass the basal membrane and reproduce, but migrate in the outer skin layer for several weeks, causing skin inflammation and intense itching. Thus, humans are a biological impasse. Although HrCLM is a common skin disease in tropical and subtropical regions, studies on prevalence and risk factors are scarce. We clinically examined the population of a resource-poor neighbourhood in Manaus, capital of Amazonas State, Brazil, and investigated HrCLM-associated risk factors. HrCLM was very common with an overall prevalence of 8.2%. Children in general, and boys in particular, were most frequently infected. We could confirm that walking barefoot on sandy ground is a significant risk factor, and we identified the presence of animal faeces on the compound as another important predictive factor. Clearly, HrCLM was associated with low income and poverty-related living conditions. The poorest of the poor were identified as the most vulnerable population group.
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Molecular identification of Ancylostoma species from dogs and an assessment of zoonotic risk in low-income households, São Paulo State, Brazil. J Helminthol 2016; 91:14-19. [PMID: 26752269 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infection stands out for its worldwide distribution and for its veterinary and public health relevance. Based on copromicroscopic examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, we assessed, respectively, the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the identification of canine hookworm species in faeces recovered from 278 dogs living in households of an inland municipality of São Paulo State, Brazil. Intestinal parasites were found in 67.3% of dogs and hookworm infection was found at the highest prevalence rate (56.6%), followed by Toxocara canis (11.9%), Isospora spp. (11.9%), Giardia spp. (5.8%), Sarcocystis spp. (4.0%), 'Hammondia-like' (1.4%), Dipylidium caninum (1.1%) and Trichuris vulpis (0.7%). Of 158 samples positive for hookworm eggs, 106 (67.1%) were amplified by PCR and, of those, 88 (55.7%) were successfully sequenced for species identification. Single infections with Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense were recorded in 61.4% and 12.5%, respectively, and mixed infections were found in 26.1%. The nucleotide sequences of both species showed high identity rates (98-100%) when compared with reference sequences. Although A. caninum was the most prevalent hookworm in the dogs assessed, the occurrence of both A. caninum and A. braziliense in single and/or mixed infections poses a potential risk for the local population in a low-income area, especially children, to acquire cutaneous larva migrans (CLM).
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Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs and seroprevalence of toxocariasis in children of northeastern Poland. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:205-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sprenger LK, Green KT, Molento MB. Geohelminth contamination of public areas and epidemiological risk factors in Curitiba, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:69-73. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the frequency of geohelminthic contamination of public parks and squares in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, between August and December 2010. A total of 345 samples were collected from 69 sandboxes in different areas and were tested using the Faust, Lutz and Baermann parasitological techniques. Potential risk factors associated with soil contamination were also analyzed. A total of 36% of the samples (124/345) were positive for helminths and 65.2% of the areas (45/69) were classified as contaminated in one or more samples. The most commonly identified parasite eggs were Ancylostoma sp. (14.5%; 50/345); followed by Toxocara sp. (9.6%; 33/345) and the Strongyloidea superfamily (excluding hookworms) (2.3%; 8/345). The analysis on the epidemiological risk factors indicated that the presence of dogs and feces in the sandboxes increased the chances of contamination of the site. Use of fences had a protective positive impact that reduced soil contamination. Health education programs should be applied within the community to minimize the risk of human contact with dogs' feces. Use of fencing in these areas is highly recommended to prevent or reduce the users' contact with animal excrement.
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Traversa D, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Di Cesare A, La Torre F, Drake J, Pietrobelli M. Environmental contamination by canine geohelminths. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:67. [PMID: 24524656 PMCID: PMC3929561 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal nematodes affecting dogs, i.e. roundworms, hookworms and whipworms, have a relevant health-risk impact for animals and, for most of them, for human beings. Both dogs and humans are typically infected by ingesting infective stages, (i.e. larvated eggs or larvae) present in the environment. The existence of a high rate of soil and grass contamination with infective parasitic elements has been demonstrated worldwide in leisure, recreational, public and urban areas, i.e. parks, green areas, bicycle paths, city squares, playgrounds, sandpits, beaches. This review discusses the epidemiological and sanitary importance of faecal pollution with canine intestinal parasites in urban environments and the integrated approaches useful to minimize the risk of infection in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:22. [PMID: 24423244 PMCID: PMC3914713 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats in Brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. These may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). While some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Felicola subrostratus for cats, and Angiostrongylus vasorum and Trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other hosts, including humans. In fact, several dog and cat parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara canis) are important not only from a veterinary perspective but also from a medical standpoint. In addition, some of them (e.g., Lynxacarus radovskyi on cats and Rangelia vitalii in dogs) are little known to most veterinary practitioners working in Brazil. This article is a compendium on dog and cat parasites in Brazil and a call for a One Health approach towards a better management of some of these parasites, which may potentially affect humans. Practical aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife Pernambuco 50670420, Brazil.
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