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Vasconcelos ADO, Bedoya-Pacheco SJ, Cunha E Silva RR, Magalhães MDAFM, de Sá TPSO, Dias CMG, Meneguete PS, de Almeida PMP, Pimentel MIF. Spatial-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2001-2020: expansion and challenges. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:448-457. [PMID: 38517304 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis results from complex interactions among humans, dogs and environment. Brazil accounts for 97% of cases in the Americas. METHODS Twenty years (2001-2020) of the endemic disease in the state of Rio de Janeiro were studied. Incidence, lethality, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated, complemented with spatial methodologies (kernel and clusters). RESULTS Ninety-seven human cases and 625 dogs were reported. Of the 92 cities, 22 were human endemic areas. The state had a low incidence level (0.6 per 100 000). Lethality was higher compared with the Brazilian average. More than 90% of infections occurred in urban areas. Most cases (66%) occurred in men. The predominant age groups were 0-4 y (28.7%) and 20-39 y (32.9%). Fever (89.5%), splenomegaly (83.2%) and hepatomegaly (76.8%) were the main clinical manifestations. Spatial analysis showed a displacement of the human endemic: in the first decade (2001-2010), cases were concentrated in the Metropolitan region, and in the second decade (2011-2020) in the Médio Paraíba region of the state. Most of the endemic area (56.4%) had canine infections without reported human cases. CONCLUSIONS Disorderly urbanisation and precarious living conditions favour the transmission of the disease. Changes in the environment and migratory processes contribute to its expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de O Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro J Bedoya-Pacheco
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Cunha E Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica de A F M Magalhães
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Técnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Haity Moussatché, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tayana P S O de Sá
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristina M G Dias
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua México 128 sala 420, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20031-142, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Meneguete
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua México 128 sala 420, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20031-142, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula M P de Almeida
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua México 128 sala 420, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20031-142, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês F Pimentel
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Técnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Haity Moussatché, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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Vilas-Boas DF, Nakasone EKN, Gonçalves AAM, Lair DF, de Oliveira DS, Pereira DFS, Silva GG, Conrado IDSS, Resende LA, Zaldívar MF, Mariano RMDS, Dutra WO, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Galdino AS, Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC. Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease. Pathogens 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38921753 PMCID: PMC11206782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous insects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main urban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sandfly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are considered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs, with their errant behavior, and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materials, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries, with the number of infected dogs reaching millions. However, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL, there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as reasons for the expansion into areas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas, (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and the spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernandes Vilas-Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Eiji Kevin Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Geralda Gabriele Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ingrid dos Santos Soares Conrado
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
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Occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Central-West region of Brazil: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ferreira HRP, Cabral RLB, Queiroga TBD, Guedes PMM, Lourenço de Assis AB, de Moura Barbosa T, do Nascimento JHO, Gama RA. The repellency effect of icaridin nanostructural solution applied on cotton knitting fabric against Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2673-2681. [PMID: 35821144 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of repellents is considered an alternative against biting insects, including Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the main vector of the protozoan Leishmania infantum, visceral leishmaniasis's (VL) etiologic agent in the Americas. This study aimed to evaluate the repellent efficacy of icaridin nanostructured solution applied on cotton knitting fabric against L. longipalpis. Arm-in-cage tests were performed in eight volunteers at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 25%, and 50%), using L. longipalpis (n = 30). The bioassay was performed in 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h after impregnation and one test after washing the fabrics with icaridin. The total repellency rate (%R) > 95% was used as a reference to define a minimum effective concentration (MEC). The results revealed that the insects' landing mean decreased significantly in different icaridin concentrations, compared with the control tests (p < 0.05) and the 25% and 50% concentrations compared to lower concentration (5%) (p < 0.05). The higher concentrations (25% and 50%) provided longer complete protection times (CPTs) with 120 and 144 h of protection, respectively and the %R of 100% for 72 and 96 h after impregnation, respectively. The 25% was the MEC (%R Total = 98.18%). Our results indicate, for the first time, that icaridin nanostructured solution applied on cotton knitting fabric proved to be an efficient repellent against L. longipalpis with the presence of repellent action even after washing. The concentration of 25% showed better efficiency and may become an efficient method for L. longipalpis biting control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Rafael Pontes Ferreira
- Parasitary Biology Post-Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Candelária, RN 59.072-970, Brazil.
| | - Rivaldo Leonn Bezerra Cabral
- IMNG - Innovation in Micro and Nanotechnologies Group, Center of Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte - UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tamyres Bernadete Dantas Queiroga
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Candelária, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes
- Parasitary Biology Post-Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Candelária, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Lourenço de Assis
- Parasitary Biology Post-Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Candelária, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - Taciano de Moura Barbosa
- Parasitary Biology Post-Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Candelária, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - José Heriberto Oliveira do Nascimento
- IMNG - Innovation in Micro and Nanotechnologies Group, Center of Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte - UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Renata Antonaci Gama
- Parasitary Biology Post-Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Candelária, RN 59.072-970, Brazil
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Gonzalez Britez NE, Boy Britos LG, Benitez SR, Ferreira Coronel MC, Ortiz Rolón AC, Estigarribia Sanabria GM, Ruoti de García de Zúñiga MM. Características clínico-epidemiológicas de leishmaniasis visceral canina en un área endémica de Paraguay. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v23n5.97799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas asociadas a la transmisión de leishmaniosis visceral canina en un área endémica del departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay.
Materiales y Métodos El estudio fue descriptivo observacional, de corte transversal. Se evaluaron 324 caninos seleccionados de 110 viviendas. Se realizó el examen clínico; se obtuvo aspirado de ganglio para el examen directo y muestra de sangre para la posterior detección de anticuerpos anti-Leishmania revelados en tiras inmunocromatográfias.
Resultados El 4,9% de la población canina dio positivo con antígeno recombinante rK39. Por la técnica de tinción con Giemsa, se obtuvo 4,3% de canes positivos, de los cuales 37,5% presentaron signos clínicos evidentes. Los signos más frecuentes encontrados en los perros infectados fueron adelgazamiento, onicogrifosis y alopecia (25%). La seroprevalencia fue mayor en perros entre 2 y 4 años de raza mestiza.
Conclusiones Los signos clínicos presentes confirmaron la infección parasitaria y el hallazgo indica el rol de los caninos en la epidemiologia de la leishmaniosis en Caaguazú, así como el riesgo que representan para la transmisión. Los resultados obtenidos podrían ayudar a formular un sistema de monitoreo y contribuir con la vigilancia de la leishmaniosis canina en la zona.
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Batista-Santos F, Dória DA, Sincurá YR, Rosário SS, Fujiwara RT, Barata RA. Eco-epidemiological Aspects of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Municipality of Diamantina, Jequitinhonha Valley (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:209-215. [PMID: 34211342 PMCID: PMC8223551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present study was carried out in the rural and urban area of Diamantina/Minas Gerais (MG), an endemic municipality for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. Methods: Patient notification records, canine prevalence, and phlebotomine fauna were evaluated. Results: In the period from 2016 to 2018, eight human cases were confirmed, with three deaths, predominantly in males. In the same period, a total of 1,388 dogs resided in the rural and urban area of the municipality were submitted to the DPP® and ELISA, with a percentage of confirmed canine cases of 29.9% and 29.4%, respectively. The entomological study conducted in the municipality revealed the presence of 10 species of sand flies, with a predominance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (55.75%), mainly in the rural area. Conclusions: Unlike what is happening in urban centers, the results of this study suggest that the VL in Diamantina is in the process of urbanization, given the high percentage of confirmed canine cases and the high density of Lu. longipalpis in the rural area of the municipality. These risk factors warn about the need for continuous surveillance and the need to control actions of VL in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Batista-Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal dos
Vales dos Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Yrllan R. Sincurá
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal dos
Vales dos Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Barata
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal dos
Vales dos Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
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Chagas ÚMR, de Avelar DM, Marcelino AP, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF. Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109368. [PMID: 33556846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
qPCR is being used for the quantification of parasite load in different tissues of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum with or without clinical manifestations. It may be employed in the diagnosis, monitoring of the infection during treatment, and clinical studies for validation of vaccines. Aimed at enhancing the molecular diagnosis and the subsequent monitoring of the infection, this study evaluated the parasite load in several tissues from dogs infected by Leishmania infantum, showing different clinical status. Thus, the qPCR was performed on skin, conjunctival swab, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow puncture samples taken from 65 dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Dogs were divided into three groups per clinical score: group 1 (n = 12), included animals with zero points and no clinical manifestations of the disease; group 2 (n = 35), included animals with a score ranging from 1 to 5 points and moderate clinical manifestations; and group 3 (n = 18), included dogs with a score ranging from 6 to 11 points and intensive clinical manifestations. Another analysis was performed classifying the animals into two groups, considering the presence of, or lack of clinical signs of the disease. Analyses of these results showed that the skin was the tissue with a higher parasite load, followed by popliteal lymph node and bone marrow punctures, and conjunctival swab samples having the lowest loads. Furthermore, the skin was also the tissue with the highest parasite load when evaluating the groups individually. Animals in group 3, with intensive clinical manifestations, showed a higher parasite load in different tissues when compared to animals from groups 1 and 2. Finally, animals with clinical manifestations of the disease showed a higher parasite load when compared to dogs with no manifestations. The importance of the dog as a reservoir of L. infantum in nature is reinforced by the demonstration of skin having the highest amount of parasites/μL in this study's analysis, as well as the fact that skin is the main point of access to the parasite vector. Also, a strong and positive correlation between the intensity of clinical manifestations and the increase of parasite load in the skin was observed. In conclusion, skin was the tissue that was demonstrated to be the best option for the molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs with varying clinical statuses used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Maira Russo Chagas
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Clinical Research and Public Politics Group in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Clinical Research and Surveillance Laboratory in Leishmaniosis, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RJ), 4365 Brasil Avenue, Pavilhão Maria Deane, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), CEP 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
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Clinical, epidemiological and transmission cycle aspects of leishmaniasis urbanization in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2020; 36:100395. [PMID: 33509434 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains one of the world's leading infectious diseases and a public health problem for Bahia and Brazil. We made a retrospective cohort study of leishmaniasis cases reported between 2007 and 2016 in the Barreiras city, an important agribusiness city whose urbanization process was recent. Leishmaniasis presented epidemiological data with similar characteristics of the disease in other regions of the Brazil, that is, with the highest prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis found in children, while cutaneous leishmaniais was found in adults. The disease presented an urban configuration with wide distribution in the Barreiras city. We found the vectors of the different clinical forms of the disease occurring in the urban area of Barreiras city, particularly the sand fly of the Lutzmyia longipalpis, Evandromyia sallesi and Nyssomyia intermedia species. More studies will be necessary to indentify whether these species are really incriminated in the urban transmission of the parasites in the urban areas. This study indicates the places of the spatio-temporal greatest occurrence and transmission of the disease in the urban zones of Barreiras city.
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9
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da Silva WJ, Cardoso DT, Morais MHF, Carneiro M, Moraga P, Barbosa DS. Spatiotemporal patterns and integrated approach to prioritize areas for surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis in a large metropolitan area in Brazil. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105615. [PMID: 32621931 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease with worldwide distribution. Brazil is the country with the largest number of cases in the Americas, and the state of Minas Gerais presents a high VL-related burden and a high case fatality rate. We aimed to analyse the spatial and spatiotemporal patterns of VL occurrence and to identify priority risk areas for surveillance and control in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte-MG, the third largest metropolitan area in Brazil. An ecological study was conducted considering all cases of VL in humans confirmed from 2006 to 2017. The crude and smoothed incidence rates were used to analyse the distribution patterns of the disease (dispersed, random, or clustered) based on global and local indicators of spatial association and space-time risk assessment. Positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial dependence were found between incidence rates. It was possible to observe a high concentration of VL cases in the metropolitan core area, with the identification of two high-risk clusters in strictly urban areas, showing an urban association with the disease. Ten municipalities were categorised as high risk for VL occurrence. Our results provide evidence for making decisions in surveillance programs, suggesting the prioritisation of the municipalities with more risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Junior da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Tavares Cardoso
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Franco Morais
- Belo Horizonte Health Department, Avenida Afonso Pena 2336, 30130-012, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Moraga
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, North Rd, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, WC1E 7HT, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Ataíde LMS, Resende MC, Lopes SR, Catapreta CAA, Simões DA, Tavares KG. Communities of arthropods associated with the composting process of the organic solid waste produced in a landfill in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:492. [PMID: 32638158 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a process recommended as a way to recycle the organic part of the solid waste in which several micro and macroorganisms act as decomposers of the organic matter, in a process that takes around 120 days and faces roughly three different phases. Because we do not know the community of arthropods associated with the compost produced in one of the biggest landfills placed in Brazil, here we collected and identified the community of arthropods present in each phase of the organic compost. Our hypothesis is that the abundance and diversity of arthropods are different within each phase of the compost and we hope to find particular groups of arthropods that can be used as indicator of specific phases. In total, we identified the taxa of 1204 arthropods (insects, arachnidan and diplopods). We found that diversity and abundancy of arthropods were indeed different for each maturation phase of the compost, but we did not find families that are good indicators of each phase. In addition, to be certain about the safety of the compost produced, we investigated the presence of microorganisms in the final product and we found considerable levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in some samples. Finally, we argue that the presence of these macro and microorganisms during the process may be beneficial or harmful. Since their presence decreased greatly by the end of the process, we acknowledge that composting works efficiently as a way to recycle the organic part of the waste generated in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maria Silva Ataíde
- Urban Cleansing Authority, Waste Treatment and Final Disposal Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Carvalho Resende
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sofia Regina Lopes
- Urban Cleansing Authority, Waste Treatment and Final Disposal Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cícero A A Catapreta
- Urban Cleansing Authority, Waste Treatment and Final Disposal Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Karla G Tavares
- Urban Cleansing Authority, Waste Treatment and Final Disposal Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Cavalcante FRA, Cavalcante KKDS, Florencio CMGD, Moreno JDO, Correia FGS, Alencar CH. Human visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiological, temporal and spacial aspects in Northeast Brazil, 2003-2017. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e12. [PMID: 32074215 PMCID: PMC7032011 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a highly lethal zoonosis transmitted by a sandfly. It
is caused by a Leishmania protozoan parasite and dogs are the
main reservoir. Ceara State is endemic to visceral leishmaniasis and it is
considered a high risk transmission area. Temporal and spatial epidemiological
studies have been used as tools to analyze the distribution and frequency of
human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). This study aimed to characterize HVL in its
epidemiological andtemporal aspects in Ceara State, from 2003 to 2017, as this
is a neglected disease and a public health problem. This is an ecological study
carried out with HVL confirmed cases in Ceara, using three blocks of years (2003
to 2007, 2008 to 2012 and 2013 to 2017). The disease presented an endemic
behavior, affecting mainly male residents in the urban area, especially children
under five and young adults between 30 and 49 years old. HVL is recorded in all
the municipalities, for more than 10 years, with a growing trend and territorial
expansion to the Central and Eastern regions of the State. The results of this
study indicated the increase in the incidence and lethality, as well as the
expansion of leishmaniasis in Ceara State.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Henrique Alencar
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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12
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Pinheiro ADC, Costa ASVD, Oliveira RSD, Reis MLC. Epidemiological aspects and spatial distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Governador Valadares, Brazil, between 2008 and 2012. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 53:e20190216. [PMID: 31859947 PMCID: PMC7083389 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0216-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important parasitic disease. We evaluated
the epidemiological aspects and spatial distribution of visceral
leishmaniasis in Governador Valadares, Brazil. METHODS: All cases of VL, registered by the municipal health department, were
analyzed and georeferenced. RESULTS: The human mortality rate was 15% and canine seroprevalence rate was 29.0%.
Higher numbers of canine VL cases correlated with higher incidence of human
cases. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of canine seroprevalence, resurgence of the human disease, and
correlation between canine and human VL reinforces the role of the dog in
disease transmission within the municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimara da Costa Pinheiro
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Governador Valadares, MG, Brasil.,Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Governador Valadares, MG, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Sylvio Vieira da Costa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Letícia Costa Reis
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Faculdade de Medicina, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
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13
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Space-time analysis of the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and prevalence of canine VL in a municipality of southeastern Brazil: Identification of priority areas for surveillance and control. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105052. [PMID: 31233726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (HVL and CVL, respectively) represent serious public health issues in Brazil. The surveillance and control measures currently employed have had limited effect in impeding the territorial expansion of the disease and in reducing the number of cases. We have investigated the space-time distribution of HVL incidence rates and CVL prevalence in the coverage areas of the 148 primary healthcare units in Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil) during a 6-year period in order to identify those that should be prioritized for disease control actions. Data were smoothed using the empirical Bayes method and analyzed by space-time scanning and application of univariate global Moran's I index and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) statistics to identify spatial autocorrelations. Point data of CVL were analyzed using the Kernel method. Bivariate global Moran's I and LISA techniques were employed to identify spatial correlations between HVL and CVL. Based on our results, we were able to formulate two proposals for establishing the prioritization of coverage areas, namely: (i) classification of maximum priority areas as identified by bivariate LISA for HVL and CVL, and (ii) combination of maximum priority areas with high priority areas as identified by univariate LISA for HVL. According to our proposals, 27 coverage areas in Belo Horizonte were categorized as maximum priority and a further 13 were classified as high priority. Our proposals, which are based on practical, feasible and inexpensive statistical tools, will contribute to a better understanding of VL distribution in urban settings and improving the efficiency of governmental control programs.
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14
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Al-Jabi SW. Arab world's growing contribution to global leishmaniasis research (1998-2017): a bibliometric study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:625. [PMID: 31118003 PMCID: PMC6532175 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan of the Leishmania genus, and is considered a neglected tropical disease. It still remains a main public health concern at global level and in Arab world mainly in low-income countries. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the Arab world's growing contribution to global leishmaniasis research. METHODS This study describes a bibliometric review of all leishmaniasis research publications published between January 1998 and December 2017 indexed on the Scopus database. RESULTS The total number of publications published at global level was 17,570 papers, which achieves an average annual productivity of 878.50 papers publications. Brazil was responsible for the greatest output with the total number of publications of 3865 followed by the Unites States (n = 2729), India (n = 2119), the United Kingdom (n = 1363), and Spain (n = 1274). By limiting the analysis to the publications that have been published by Arab world, the research productivity was 993 papers, which represents 5.65% of total research output at global level in research regarding leishmaniasis. Tunisia was responsible for the greatest output from Arab world with the total number of publications of 297 followed by Sudan (n = 192), Saudi Arabia (n = 131), Morocco (n = 119) and Egypt (n = 67). Since 1998, the growth of publications on leishmaniasis fluctuates, overall showing a rising trend in both global and Arab world. There is a highly significant correlation between publication productivity related to leishmaniasis at global level and the Arab world (r = 0.936; p-value< 0.001). Leishmaniasis treatment, intracellular mechanism of infection, and lifecycle of leishmania are the major current hot topics for the research in this subject at global level and the Arab world. CONCLUSIONS The current study presents a novel review of the current Arab leishmaniasis-related research, and how these results are related to worldwide output. In comparison to the global research output, the Arab world produced less leishmaniasis research. The data presented in the current study by this innovative approach may serve relevant researchers to direct the global leishmaniasis research to Arab counties in which leishmaniasis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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15
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Bell MJ, Sedda L, Gonzalez MA, de Souza CF, Dilger E, Brazil RP, Courtenay O, Hamilton JGC. Attraction of Lutzomyia longipalpis to synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone: Effect of release rate and proximity of adjacent pheromone sources. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007007. [PMID: 30566503 PMCID: PMC6300254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In South America, the Protist parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, a potentially fatal human disease, is transmitted by blood-feeding female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. A synthetic copy of the male produced sex-aggregation pheromone offers new opportunities for vector control applications. We have previously shown that the pheromone placed in plastic sachets (lures) can attract both females and males to insecticide treated sites for up to 3 months. To use the pheromone lure in a control program we need to understand how the application of lures in the field can be optimised. In this study we investigated the effect of increasing the number of lures and their proximity to each other on their ability to attract Lu. longipalpis. Also for the first time we applied a Bayesian log-linear model rather than a classic simple (deterministic) log-linear model to fully exploit the field-collected data. We found that sand fly response to pheromone is significantly related to the quantity of pheromone and is not influenced by the proximity of other pheromone sources. Thus sand flies are attracted to the pheromone source at a non-linear rate determined by the amount of pheromone being released. This rate is independent of the proximity of other pheromone releasing traps and indicates the role of the pheromone in aggregation formation. These results have important implications for optimisation of the pheromone as a vector control tool and indicate that multiple lures placed in relatively close proximity to each other (5 m apart) are unlikely to interfere with one another. Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies are the insect vectors of the Protist parasite Leishmania infantum which causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. Control of VL has focussed on vector and infected reservoir control, but despite the sustained efforts of the Brazilian Health authorities the disease burden doubled between 1990 to 2016. New approaches to VL control are urgently needed. We previously demonstrated that Lu. longipalpis synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone placed alongside insecticide sprayed surfaces can attract and kill female sand flies. However, before the synthetic pheromone can be effectively exploited in any VL control program it is essential to understand how it might be deployed. In this study we investigated the effect of different amounts of pheromone and the spatial relationship between different pheromone sources on Lu. longipalpis catches. We developed a robust Bayesian analysis to fully exploit the field data which showed that optimal use of the pheromone could be achieved by placing individual or small numbers of pheromone releasing devices (lures) within the peridomestic environment and these can be positioned relatively closely without competing with each other. The results also revealed the significance of the pheromone in maintaining aggregations of Lu. longipalpis and suggested that Lu. longipalpis may be more evenly distributed in the peridomestic environment than previously recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Bell
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Centre for Health Informatics Computation and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Mikel A. Gonzalez
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian F. de Souza
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erin Dilger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Lopes VV, Belo VS, Pereira DA, Coelho MB, Pena HP, Alves NR, de Carvalho Júnior CG, Werneck GL, Paz GF, de Azambuja Ribeiro RIM, da Silva ES, Teixeira-Neto RG. IgG avidity index and complete blood count as biomarkers of clinical disease in naturally infected dogs with Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:96-103. [PMID: 30253858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL), a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, may evolve to a chronic condition and lead to death. Evaluation of infected dogs is important to establish the clinical and laboratory parameters involved in the evolution of the disease. The objectives of the present study were to discriminate a canine population (n = 52) into sub-clinical and clinically affected dogs based on signs and scores, to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, histopathological and parasitological parameters of the two dog groups, and to analyze the results by multivariate regression analysis with the aim of establishing biomarkers of CVL clinical disease. The most common signs observed in the clinically affected dogs (n = 29) were hyperkeratosis, weight loss, onychogryphosis, pale mucosa and lymphadenomegaly. In the multivariate analysis, animals presenting high IgG avidity index and low red blood, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, and low serum urea concentration had an increased probability of being classified as clinically affected (p < 0.05). All five parameters were considered to be strong biomarkers for monitoring the clinical disease, while IgG avidity percentage was strongly correlated with the number of clinical signs and could function as an indicator of the duration of infection. This is the first report on the application of IgG avidity and of multivariate regression analysis in establishing associations between the clinical signs of CVL and host biomarkers. Since avidity index (AI) percentages were strongly correlated with the number of clinical signs, it could be useful in clinical practice for auxiliary diagnosis of CVL and monitoring disease progression. A limitation of this study is the lack of information on co-infections by Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis. Therefore future studies should evaluate the influence of such co-infections on the associations studied using multivariate methods with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriana Valadares Lopes
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Silva Belo
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Diego Andrade Pereira
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Bellico Coelho
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Heber Paulino Pena
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Ribeiro Alves
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Sergio da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Tinoco HP, da Costa MELT, Pessanha AT, Coelho CM, de Carvalho TF, Mol JPDS, Viana AG, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Santos RL. Visceral leishmaniasis in an infant gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla
): Clinical signs, diagnosis, and successful treatment with single-dose liposomal amphotericin B. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:416-418. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herlandes Penha Tinoco
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Angela Tinoco Pessanha
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Carlyle Mendes Coelho
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Tatiane Furtado de Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias; Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Juliana Pinto da Silva Mol
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias; Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias; Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
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18
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Luz JGG, Naves DB, Carvalho AGD, Meira GA, Dias JVL, Fontes CJF. Visceral leishmaniasis in a Brazilian endemic area: an overview of occurrence, HIV coinfection and lethality. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018. [PMID: 29538509 PMCID: PMC5962093 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian municipality of Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso State,
represents an important visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic area. This study
described epidemiological and clinical aspects of the occurrence, VL/HIV coinfection
and lethality related to VL in Rondonópolis. Data from autochthonous
cases reported between 2011 and 2016 were obtained from official information systems.
During this period, 81 autochthonous cases were reported, with decreasing incidence
through 2016. Contrastingly, the lethality rate was 8.6% overall, but varied widely,
reaching a peak (20%) in 2016. Almost 10% of patients had VL/HIVcoinfection. The
occurrence of VL prevailed among men (56.8%), brown-skinned (49.4%), urban residents
(92.6%), aged 0-4 years (33.3%). Housewives or retired (29.6%) were the most affected
occupational groups. Lower age was the main difference among the total VL cases and
those who were coinfected or died. Clinically, fever, weakness and splenomegaly were
more frequent among all VL cases and VL/HIV coinfected individuals. Bacterial
infections (p=0.001) and bleeding (p<0.001) were associated with death due to VL.
Pentavalent antimonial and liposomal amphotericin B were the first choices for
treatment among all VL cases (71.6%) and those who died (71.4%), respectively. VL/HIV
patients were equally treated with both drugs. These findings may support control
measures and demonstrate the need for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel Guimarães Luz
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Curso de Medicina, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bueno Naves
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Curso de Medicina, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gabriela de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Curso de Medicina, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Gilvani Alves Meira
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Rondonópolis, Gerência de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - João Victor Leite Dias
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cor Jesus Fernandes Fontes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Hospital Júlio Müller, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Blom K, Elshafie AI, Jönsson UB, Rönnelid J, Håkansson LD, Venge P. The genetically determined production of the alarmin eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is reduced in visceral leishmaniasis. APMIS 2017; 126:85-91. [PMID: 29193305 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Recent findings indicate that dendritic cells have a key role in the defense against the Leishmania parasite and that the activity of this cell may be modified by the eosinophil secretory protein eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). We hypothesized that the interactions between dendritic cells and EDN might be of importance in the disease development. Cellular content of EDN was analyzed by ELISA. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms at positions 405, 416, and 1122 in the EDN gene were analyzed by real-time PCR with TaqMan® reagents. The study cohorts comprised 239 Sudanese subjects (65 healthy controls and 174 with VL) and 300 healthy Swedish controls. The eosinophil content of EDN was lower in VL as compared with controls (p < 0.0001). The EDN405 (G>C) genotype distribution was similar among Swedish and Sudanese controls, whereas VL subjects had a higher prevalence of the EDN405-GG genotype (p < 0.0001). The content of EDN in the eosinophils was closely linked to the EDN405 polymorphism (p = 0.0002). Our findings suggest that the predisposition to acquire VL is related to the genetic polymorphism of the EDN gene and the reduced production by the eosinophil of this gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amir I Elshafie
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, Alribat University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla-Britt Jönsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Douhan Håkansson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Venge
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Rodrigues ACM, Melo ACF, Júnior AD, Franco SO, Rondon FC, Bevilaqua CM. Epidemiologia da leishmaniose visceral no município de Fortaleza, Ceará. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar os dados relacionados à transmissão da leishmaniose visceral (LV), no município de Fortaleza, e discutir a respeito da distribuição do vetor, reservatório doméstico e casos humanos ocorridos no período de 2009 a 2013. O presente estudo é do tipo descritivo realizado por meio de levantamento de dados secundários. A correlação entre casos humanos, caninos e número de flebotomíneos foi feita pelo teste de correlação de Spearman, com nível de significância de 5%. No período de 2009 a 2013 foram confirmados 941 casos e 55 óbitos. A letalidade média no período foi de 5,84%. Na distribuição por sexo, houve uma maior proporção de casos no sexo masculino em todos os anos analisados. A faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos apresentou a maior porcentagem de casos, destacando-se o ano de 2010 com 31,5% dos casos. A distribuição média de casos por regional demonstrou um predomínio nas regionais I, V e VI. Em relação aos flebotomíneos, a espécie encontrada em maior abundância foi Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis, seguido de Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) migonei e Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) lenti. Segundo os registros da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza, 39.626 cães foram soro reagentes para LV nos anos de 2009 a 2013, destes 14.313 foram eutanasiados. O ano de 2013 destacou-se com 17.808 cães soro reagentes, sendo 1.273 da SER (Secretaria Executiva Regional) III, 2.572 da SER V e 1.909 da SER VI. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre o número de flebotomíneos capturados e o número de casos caninos de LV(p>0,05). Houve correlação negativa entre casos humanos e caninos (r=-0,0388) e correlação positiva entre casos humanos e número de flebotomíneos (r=0,7469). Os achados criam perspectivas para a identificação de outros fatores que podem influenciar a incidência de casos humanos e caninos, como a participação de outros possíveis reservatórios e vetores na cadeia de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral no município de Fortaleza.
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21
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Andrade-Filho JD, Scholte RGC, Amaral ALG, Shimabukuro PHF, Carvalho OS, Caldeira RL. Occurrence and Probability Maps of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia cruzi (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1430-1434. [PMID: 28472338 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are serious diseases caused by trypanosomatid protozoans of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. We analyzed records pertaining to Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) and Lutzomyia cruzi (Mangabeira, 1938) in Brazil from the following sources: the collection of phlebotomine sand flies of the Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz (FIOCRUZ-COLFLEB), the "SpeciesLink" (CRIA) database, from systematic surveys of scientific articles and gray literature (dissertations, theses, and communications), and disease data obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases/Ministry of Health (SINAN/MS). Environmental data and ecological niche modeling (ESMS) using the approach of MaxEnt algorithm produced maps of occurrence probability for both Lu. longipalpis and Lu. cruzi. Lutzomyia longipalpis was found in 229 Brazilian municipalities and Lu. cruzi in 27. The species were sympatric in 16 municipalities of the Central-West region of Brazil. Our results show that Lu. longipalpis is widely distributed and associated with the high number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis reported in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Andrade-Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30190-002, Brasil
| | - R G C Scholte
- Eliminar Dengue: Desafio Brasil, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A L G Amaral
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - P H F Shimabukuro
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30190-002, Brasil
| | - O S Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - R L Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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22
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Teixeira DG, Monteiro GRG, Martins DRA, Fernandes MZ, Macedo-Silva V, Ansaldi M, Nascimento PRP, Kurtz MA, Streit JA, Ximenes MFFM, Pearson RD, Miles A, Blackwell JM, Wilson ME, Kitchen A, Donelson JE, Lima JPMS, Jeronimo SMB. Comparative analyses of whole genome sequences of Leishmania infantum isolates from humans and dogs in northeastern Brazil. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:655-665. [PMID: 28606698 PMCID: PMC5641220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genomic sequences of 20 Leishmania infantum isolates collected in northeastern Brazil were compared with each other and with the available genomic sequences of 29 L. infantum/donovani isolates from Nepal and Turkey. The Brazilian isolates were obtained in the early 1990s or since 2009 from patients with visceral or non-ulcerating cutaneous leishmaniasis, asymptomatic humans, or dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Two isolates were from the blood and bone marrow of the same visceral leishmaniasis patient. All 20 genomic sequences display 99.95% identity with each other and slightly less identity with a reference L. infantum genome from a Spanish isolate. Despite the high identity, analysis of individual differences among the 32 million base pair genomes showed sufficient variation to allow the isolates to be clustered based on the primary sequence. A major source of variation detected was in chromosome somy, with only four of the 36 chromosomes being predominantly disomic in all 49 isolates examined. In contrast, chromosome 31 was predominantly tetrasomic/pentasomic, consistent with its regions of synteny on two different disomic chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. In the Brazilian isolates, evidence for recombination was detected in 27 of the 36 chromosomes. Clustering analyses suggested two populations, in which two of the five older isolates from the 1990s clustered with a majority of recent isolates. Overall the analyses do not suggest individual sequence variants account for differences in clinical outcome or adaptation to different hosts. For the first known time, DNA of isolates from asymptomatic subjects were sequenced. Of interest, these displayed lower diversity than isolates from symptomatic subjects, an observation that deserves further investigation with additional isolates from asymptomatic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - G R G Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - D R A Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - M Z Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - V Macedo-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - M Ansaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - P R P Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - M A Kurtz
- Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J A Streit
- Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M F F M Ximenes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - R D Pearson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A Miles
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - J M Blackwell
- Telethon Institute for Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M E Wilson
- Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J E Donelson
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J P M S Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - S M B Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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23
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Silveira JAG, D'Elia ML, de Oliveira Avelar I, de Almeida LR, dos Santos HA, de Magalhães Soares DF, Ribeiro MFB, dos Santos Lima W, Ecco R. Rangelia vitalii in a free-ranging maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus) and co-infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 5:280-285. [PMID: 27761403 PMCID: PMC5065047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An adult free-ranged female maned wolf was rescued from a periurban area subject to anthropogenic disturbances in the Minas Gerais, Brazil. The animal presented poor body condition and anemia. The clinical condition rapidly deteriorated culminating in dead and a necropsy was performed. The main gross lesions were marked anemia and blood content in the intestines accompanied by many types of parasites. The protozoa Rangelia vitalii was identified by histopathological analysis predominantly within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of capillaries of the small intestine. The lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, dermis, lungs and kidney had similar protozoal forms but with mild or moderate intensity. Rangelia vitalii was confirmed by molecular assays. Hepatozoon sp., Leishmania sp., and Entamoeba spp., apparently not related to the clinical signs were also detected. The myriad parasites found in the intestines included nematodes (Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliensis,, Molineus sp., Pterygodermatites sp., and Trichuris sp.), cestodes (Spirometra sp.) and (acanthocephalans. To our knowledge, R. vitalii was identified in C. brachyurus for the first time. These findings emphasize the fragility of Brazilian ecosystems, especially in disturbed areas, reinforcing the necessity of efforts to preserve these areas and wild carnivores, some of which are threatened with extinction, such as the maned wolf. Rangelia vitalii was found in Chrysocyon brachyurus, especially in small intestine. Co-infections with other parasites were found, including some with zoonotic potential. Anemia was likely linked to R. vitalii, Ancylostoma spp and perhaps Spirometra. Health status of the near threatened maned wolf reflects anthropogenic disturbed of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirella Lauria D'Elia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roselene Ecco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Laboratório de Patologia, Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Laboratório de PatologiaDepartamento de Clinica e Cirurgia VeterináriasEscola de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Antonio Carlos, 6627Belo HorizonteMinas Gerais31270901Brazil
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24
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Tanure A, Peixoto JC, Afonso MMDS, Duarte R, Pinheiro ADC, Coelho SVB, Barata RA. IDENTIFICATION OF SANDFLIES (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) BLOOD MEALS IN AN ENDEMIC LEISHMANIASIS AREA IN BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:321-4. [PMID: 26422156 PMCID: PMC4616917 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify blood meals of female sandflies captured in the municipality of Governador Valadares, an endemic area of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. From May 2011 to January 2012, captures were performed using HP light traps in four districts. There were 2,614 specimens (2,090 males and 524 females) captured; 97 engorged females were identified belonging to the species Lutzomyia longipalpis (82.1%) and Lutzomyia cortelezzii (17.9%). Considering simple and mixed feeding, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a predominance of chicken blood (43.6%) in Lutzomyia longipalpis, showing the important role that chickens exert around the residential areas of Governador Valadares. This finding increases the chances of sandflies contact with other vertebrates and consequently the risk of leishmaniasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Tanure
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, BR
| | | | | | - Rosemere Duarte
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, BR
| | | | - Suedali Villas Bôas Coelho
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, BR
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25
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Vianna EN, Morais MHF, de Almeida AS, Sabroza PC, Reis IA, Dias ES, Carneiro M. Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in urban households as risk factor of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:302-10. [PMID: 27223866 PMCID: PMC4878299 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is linked to households with characteristics conducive to the presence of sand flies. This study proposes an ad hoc classification of households according to the environmental characteristics of receptivity to phlebotominae and an entomological study to validate the proposal. Here we describe the phlebotominae population found in intra- and peridomiciliary environments and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the VL vector Lutzomyia longipalpis of households receptive to VL. In the region, 153 households were classified into levels of receptivity to VL followed by entomological surveys in 40 of those properties. Kruskal-Wallis verified the relationship between the households' classification and sand fly abundance and Kernel analysis evaluated L. longipalpis spatial distribution: of the 740 sand flies were captured, 91% were L. longipalpis; 82% were found peridomiciliary whilst the remaining 18% were found intradomiciliary. No statistically significant association was found between sandflies and households levels. L. longipalpis counts were concentrated in areas of high vulnerability and some specific households were responsible for the persistence of the infestation. L. longipalpis prevails over other sand fly species for urban VL transmission. The entomological study may help target the surveillance and vector control strategies to domiciles initiating and/or maintaining VL outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Neves Vianna
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte,
MG, Brasil
| | | | - Andréa Sobral de Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Doenças
Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo Chagastelles Sabroza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Doenças
Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ilka Afonso Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas,
Departamento de Estatística, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de
Leishmanioses, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte,
MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,
Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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26
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Alves EB, Costa CHN, de Carvalho FAA, Pires E Cruz MDS, Werneck GL. Risk Profiles for Leishmania infantum Infection in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1276-81. [PMID: 27114290 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize risk profiles for Leishmania infantum infection in a population living in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. A cohort study was conducted between January 2004 and December 2006 with the participation of 430 individuals living in the city of Teresina, northeast Brazil, who were initially negative for the Montenegro test. Data analysis was performed using the classification and regression tree method. The cumulative incidence (CI) of Montenegro's test conversion was 35% at 18-month follow-up. Eight different risk profiles for L. infantum infection were identified. The profile with the highest risk (CI = 75%) comprised individuals with less than 4 years of education who had never lived outside Teresina. The profile with the lowest risk (CI = 5%) included highly educated subjects who had owned a dog for 5 years or more and lived in areas that received some type of intervention. These results show that there is a high degree of complexity involved in the risk for L. infantum infection and point out the need of developing new studies to perform a comprehensive analysis focused on investigating the interrelation between risk factors rather than their isolated roles on the determination of infection levels in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Barretto Alves
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Fernando Aécio Amorim de Carvalho
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Maria do Socorro Pires E Cruz
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Menon SS, Rossi R, Nshimyumukiza L, Zinszer K. Decentralized control of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic urban areas of Brazil: a literature review. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:9. [PMID: 27433128 PMCID: PMC4940922 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human migration and concomitant HIV infections are likely to bring about major changes in the epidemiology of some parasitic infections in Brazil. Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) control is particularly fraught with intricacies. It is against a backdrop of decentralized health care that the complex HVL control initiatives are brought to bear. This comprehensive review aims to explore the obstacles facing decentralized HVL control in urban endemic areas in Brazil. METHOD A literature search was carried out in December 2015 by means of three databases: MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. RESULTS Although there have been many strides that have been made in elucidating the eco-epidemiology of Leishmania infantum, which forms the underpinnings of the national control program, transmission risk factors for HVL are still insufficiently elucidated in urban settings. Decentralized HVL epidemiological surveillance and control for animal reservoirs and vectors may compromise sustainability. In addition, it may hamper timely human HVL case management. With the burgeoning of the HIV-HVL co-infection, the potential human transmission may be underestimated. CONCLUSION HVL is a disease with focal transmission at a critical juncture, which warrants that the bottlenecks facing the control program within contexts of decentralized healthcare systems be taken into account. In addition, HIV-driven HVL epidemics may substantially increase the transmission potential of the human reservoir. Calculating the basic reproductive number to fine-tune interventions will have to take into consideration the specific socio-economic development context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S. Menon
- />International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 P3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Leon Nshimyumukiza
- />Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Boston, USA
| | - Kate Zinszer
- />Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Benício E, Cordeiro M, Monteiro H, Saboia Moura MA, Oliveira C, Nunes Gadelha EP, Chrusciak-Talhari A, Talhari C, de Lima Ferreira LC, Mira MT, Lima Machado PR, Talhari S, Schriefer A. Sustained Presence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Urban Manaus, the Largest Human Settlement in the Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1208-13. [PMID: 26483119 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazon is responsible for approximately 40% of the American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil. Herein the sustained presence of ATL in Manaus, the largest settlement in the Amazon, was investigated. Records of notification of historic cases, and data from cases prospectively enrolled in the Tropical Medicine Foundation of the Amazonas State were used. Geographic coordinates of prospective patients' living sites were used to detect inner-city clusters of ATL. Infecting Leishmania species was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Among prospectively enrolled subjects, 94.8% were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, 76.7% were male, 30.2% were 0-20 years old, and 69.8% had an urban residence. Historic cases showed a profile similar to that of prospectively enrolled subjects. Several clusters of ATL, widely distributed within the city of Manaus, could be detected. In conclusion, there was a high frequency of disease in young age groups and cases clustered in urban neighborhoods. It cannot be determined from these data whether transmission of these cases occurred within or outside the city of Manaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednelza Benício
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mayara Cordeiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hannah Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Saboia Moura
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cintia Oliveira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ellen Pricilla Nunes Gadelha
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Anette Chrusciak-Talhari
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carolina Talhari
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Lima Ferreira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Távora Mira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sinésio Talhari
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
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Barbosa IR, Carlota FC, de Andrade-Neto VF. Seroepidemiological Survey of Canine Leishmania Infections from Peripheral Areas in Natal, Northeast Brazil. Open Microbiol J 2015; 9:43-7. [PMID: 26668661 PMCID: PMC4676052 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801509010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Natal, northeast of Brazil, where the domestic dog is an important parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania spp. In this study, was evaluated the antileishmanial IgG antibody and epidemiological factors related to canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). METHODS Sera samples obtained by venipuncture of 1,426 dogs living in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence were tested for detection of IgG anti-leishmania antibodies with Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay (IFA) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Chi-square (x(2)) and Odds Ratio (OR) were calculated. Differences were considered statistically significant at p≤0.05. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was 10.30% (147/1,426); prevalence increased when the samples were found to be positive at least for one technique ([417/1,426] 29.3%). The high percentage of seroprevalence was observed in Nova República (15.35%), Nova Natal I (12.7%) and Lagoa Azul (11.4%) neighborhoods. In the Planalto, Soledade and Brasil Novo, the infection rates ranged from 7.5 at 8.06%. (p=0.00051). There was neither statistically significant difference between leishmanial infection nor clinical signs of disease (p=0.84; OR=1.0 [0.41; 2.3]), sex (p=0.78, OR=0.94 [0.66; 1.28]); and breed (p=0.92; OR=1.0 [0.65; 1.54]) were observed. CONCLUSION The RESULTS suggest that CVL is widely distributed in Natal, may be increasingly urbanizing and will spread through neighborhoods but not endemic, resulting in a serious public health problem, emphasizing the need for epidemiological studies to a greater understanding of the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in these specific areas and contribute proactively to the public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Departamento de Vigilância à Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Natal/RN,Brazil
| | - Francisco Canindé Carlota
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Departamento de Vigilância à Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Natal/RN,Brazil
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Pimentel DDS, Ramos RAN, Santana MDA, Maia CS, Carvalho GAD, Silva HPD, Alves LC. Prevalence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in an endemic area of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:491-3. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0224-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ferreira EDC, Cruz I, Cañavate C, de Melo LA, Pereira AAS, Madeira FAM, Valério SAN, Cunha HM, Paglia AP, Gontijo CMF. Mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in rodents from endemic urban area of the New World. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:71. [PMID: 25890323 PMCID: PMC4374209 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Brazil Leishmania braziliensis and L. infantum are the principal species responsible for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases, respectively. Domestic dogs are the main reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis, while rodents and marsupials are the main reservoirs for cutaneous leishmaniasis. It has also been suggested that dogs could play a role in transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The identification of the species of Leishmania, the reservoirs, and the vectors involved in each particular transmission cycle is critical for the establishment of control activities. Belo Horizonte has emerged as an endemic region for leishmaniases, however, epidemiological studies assessing the contribution of wild reservoirs to transmission are scarce in the area. The aim of this study was to investigate Leishmania spp. infection in possible reservoirs of an urbanized area. Results A high rate of infection was found in small mammals (64.9%) and dogs (DG1 30.4% and DG2 48.6%). The presence of L. infantum and L. braziliensis was detected in small mammals and dogs, and mixed infections by both species were detected in rodents which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first description of this phenomenon in an urban area. Additionally, L. amazonensis was detected in the canine samples. Conclusion The possible role of these animals as a source of infection of the vector of each species of Leishmania identified should not be overlooked and should be taken into account in future control activities. The results of mixed infection by L. braziliensis and L. infantum in cosmopolitan rodents as M. musculus and R. rattus, may have important implications in the context of the control of leishmaniasis in urban areas, especially when considering that these rodents live in close relationship with human dwellings, especially those in more precarious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel Cruz
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madri, Espanha.
| | - Carmen Cañavate
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madri, Espanha.
| | - Lutiana Amaral de Melo
- Serviço de Biologia Molecular e Bioinformática, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Agnes Antônia Sampaio Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | - Adriano Pereira Paglia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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Cuervo-Escobar S, Losada-Barragán M, Umaña-Pérez A, Porrozzi R, Saboia-Vahia L, Miranda LHM, Morgado FN, Menezes RC, Sánchez-Gómez M, Cuervo P. T-cell populations and cytokine expression are impaired in thymus and spleen of protein malnourished BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114584. [PMID: 25535967 PMCID: PMC4275170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infectious disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Although infections with visceralizing Leishmania may be asymptomatic, factors such as undernutrition increase the likelihood of progressing to clinical disease. Protein malnutrition, the most deleterious cause of malnutrition in developing countries, has been considered as a primary risk factor for the development of clinical VL. However, data regarding the immunological basis of this association are scarce. With the aim to analyze the effects of protein malnutrition on Leishmania infantum infection, we used BALB/c mice subjected to control or low protein isocaloric diets. Each animal group was divided into two subgroups and one was infected with L. infantum resulting in four study groups: animals fed 14% protein diet (CP), animals fed 4% protein diet (LP), animals fed 14% protein diet and infected (CPi), and animals fed 4% protein diet and infected (LPi).The susceptibility to L. infantum infection and immune responses were assessed in terms of body and lymphoid organ weight, parasite load, lymphocyte subpopulations, and cytokine expression. LPi mice had a significant reduction of body and lymphoid organ weight and exhibited a severe decrease of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. Moreover, LPi animals showed a significant decrease in CD4+CD8+ T cells in the thymus, whereas there was an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells percentages in the spleen. Notably, the cytokine mRNA levels in the thymus and spleen of protein malnourished-infected animals were altered compared to the CP mice. Protein malnutrition results in a drastic dysregulation of T cells and cytokine expression in the thymus and spleen of L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice, which may lead to defective regulation of the thymocyte population and an impaired splenic immune response, accelerating the events of a normal course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cuervo-Escobar
- Laboratorio de Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Monica Losada-Barragán
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Adriana Umaña-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luisa H M Miranda
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Myriam Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Spada JCP, Silva DTD, Martins KRR, Rodas LAC, Alves ML, Faria GA, Buzutti MC, Silva HR, Starke-Buzetti WA. Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Phlebotominae) and canine visceral leishmaniasis in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 23:456-62. [PMID: 25517523 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and also the canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo. Blood samples were collected from 32 dogs from different rural properties (small farms) and were analyzed by ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in order to diagnose CVL. From these serological tests, 31.25% of the dogs were positive for CVL and these were distributed in 66.7% (8/12) of the rural properties, which were positive for L. longipalpis. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) light traps were installed in 12 properties (one per property) and insects were caught on three consecutive days per month for one year. L. longipalpis was present on 100% of the rural properties visited, at least once during the twelve-month interval, totaling 64 males and 25 females. The insects were more numerous after the peak of the rain, but the association between prevalence of peridomestic vectors and the climatic data (precipitation, relative air humidity and temperature) and the occurrences of CVL among dogs on each rural property were not statistical significant (p <0.05). However, the occurrence of CVL cases in dogs and the presence of L. longipalpis indicate that more attention is necessairy for the control of this disease in the rural area studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Diogo Tiago da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Luana Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Glaucia Amorim Faria
- Departamento de Matemática, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Costa Buzutti
- Departamento de Fitossanidade e Engenharia Rural de Solos, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Hélio Ricardo Silva
- Departamento de Fitossanidade e Engenharia Rural de Solos, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilma Aparecida Starke-Buzetti
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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Teixeira-Neto RG, da Silva ES, Nascimento RA, Belo VS, de Oliveira CDL, Pinheiro LC, Gontijo CMF. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban setting of Southeastern Brazil: an ecological study involving spatial analysis. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:485. [PMID: 25326767 PMCID: PMC4209036 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The physical characteristics of the environment influence the composition, distribution and behavior of the vectors and mammalian hosts involved in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), thereby affecting the epidemiology of the disease. In Brazil, urbanization of human VL is a recent phenomenon and represents an issue of particular concern to local health authorities. The present study aimed to establish the degree of spatial dependency between canine and human VL in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to identify priority risk areas in which stricter control measures should be implemented. Methods The selected canine population comprised 3,652 dogs distributed within 11 strata and 1,247 urban blocks. Serum samples were collected between March 2013 and February 2014. Serodiagnosis of dogs was performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. The blocks sampled for canine VL and the addresses of the 16 confirmed cases of human VL notified in Divinópolis during the period 2007–2013 were georeferenced. Spatial analysis of the data was performed using Kernel density estimation, Ripley’s bivariate K-function and directional distribution methods. Results The overall prevalence of seropositive animals was 4.63% (range 3.95 - 5.31) (n =169) and varied in different strata between 0.9 (range 0.0 - 1.91) and 8.73% (range 5.65 - 11.81). A positive spatial dependency was detected between human and canine VL in which the occurrence of human cases of the disease tended to concentrate in locations that were close to areas with a higher incidence of canine VL. The priority risk area could be clearly distinguished from Kernel density estimation and standard deviational ellipse plots in which the human VL ellipse was totally enclosed within the canine VL ellipse. Conclusions The results presented herein will enable the Municipal Health Office of Divinópolis to devise a more effective management plan for human VL in which specific strategies would be applied to areas presenting different levels of risk. This spatial evaluation of leishmaniasis model could be applied in other urban areas of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonçalves Teixeira-Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Sérgio da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renata Aparecida Nascimento
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Silva Belo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, FIOCRUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Rua Israel Pinheiro 2000, 35020-220, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia di Lorenzo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Dona Lindu, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Cavalari Pinheiro
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Kamhawi S, Aslan H, Valenzuela JG. Vector saliva in vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis: a brief encounter of high consequence? Front Public Health 2014; 2:99. [PMID: 25152872 PMCID: PMC4126209 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and remains the most serious form of the disease with no available human vaccine. Repeatedly, studies have demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a number of sand fly salivary proteins against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. All Leishmania species including agents of VL are co-deposited into the skin together with vector saliva. Generally, the immune response to a protective salivary protein in vaccinated animals is rapid and possibly acts on the parasites soon after delivery into the skin by the bite of an infective sand fly. This is followed by the development of a stronger Leishmania-specific immunity in saliva-vaccinated animals compared to controls. Considering that several of the most efficacious protective molecules were identified from a proven vector of VL, we put forward the notion that a combination vaccine that includes a Leishmania antigen and a vector salivary protein has the potential to improve vaccine efficacy by targeting the parasite at it most vulnerable stage just after transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hamide Aslan
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Silva RDCN, Ramos RAN, Pimentel DDS, Oliveira GMDA, Carvalho GAD, Santana MDA, Faustino MADG, Alves LC. Detection of antibodies against Leishmania infantum in cats (Felis catus) from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:108-9. [PMID: 24603746 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0005-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little information is available concerning infection by Leishmania infantum in cats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a serological study in domestic cats. METHODS Serum samples (n=153) obtained from animals living in the Cities of Recife and Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, were tested by ELISA/S7® (Biogene). RESULTS Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in 3.9% (6/153) of the cats. All seroreagent animals were from Petrolina. CONCLUSIONS These results serve as an important alert, and future studies are needed to better understand the possible role of cats in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Nascimento Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifePE, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
| | - Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifePE, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
| | - Danillo de Souza Pimentel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifePE, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
| | | | - Gílcia Aparecida de Carvalho
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, GaranhunsPE, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, PE
| | - Marília de Andrade Santana
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifePE, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
| | - Maria Aparecida da Glória Faustino
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifePE, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
| | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, RecifePE, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
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de Campos MP, da Silva DA, Madeira MDF, Velho AAM, Figueiredo FB. First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 22:424-6. [PMID: 24142177 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and its main vector is Lutzomyia longipalpis. Cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in non-endemic areas have been reported over the last few years throughout the country. The objective of this research note is to describe an autochthonous case of CVL that occurred in the municipality of Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro, an area where the disease is not endemic, alerting veterinarians and the scientific community to the expansion of this important zoonosis and advising veterinary practitioners on how to deal with a suspicion of CVL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis can be misdiagnosed within a broad spectrum of canine diseases based on clinical and laboratory findings. Therefore, knowledge of its clinical manifestations, specific and sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests and parasitological procedures are of the utmost importance for rapid confirmation and notification of a case, thus contributing directly to the control of a focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Paiva de Campos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brasil
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do Nascimento PRP, Martins DRA, Monteiro GRG, Queiroz PV, Freire-Neto FP, Queiroz JW, Morais Lima ÁL, Jeronimo SMB. Association of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) with Leishmania burden in canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73873. [PMID: 24146743 PMCID: PMC3795717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum infection in humans and dogs can evolve with a wide range of clinical presentations, varying from asymptomatic infections to visceral leishmaniasis. We hypothesized that the immune response elicited by L. infantum infection could modulate whether the host will remain asymptomatic or progress to disease. A total of 44 dogs naturally infected with L. infantum were studied. Leishmania burden was estimated in the blood and spleen by qPCR. The expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and Iron Regulatory Protein 2 (IRP2) were determined in the spleen by quantitative PCR. Sera cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. Dogs were grouped in quartiles according parasite burden. Increased expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α was associated with reduced Leishmania burden, whereas increased IL-10 and IRP2 expressions were associated with higher Leishmania load. Increased plasma albumin and IFN-γ expression explained 22.8% of the decrease in parasite burden in the spleen. These data confirm that lower IFN-γ response and higher IL-10 correlated with increased parasite load and severity of the visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. The balance between the branches of immune response and the intracellular iron availability could determine, in part, the course of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo Porfírio do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Daniella Regina Arantes Martins
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Glória Regina Góis Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Health Graduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paula Vivianne Queiroz
- College of Medicine, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Francisco Paulo Freire-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - José Wilton Queiroz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ádila Lorena Morais Lima
- Health Graduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma Maria Bezerra Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Health Graduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in a reemerging focus of intense transmission in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:405083. [PMID: 24000322 PMCID: PMC3755404 DOI: 10.1155/2013/405083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was developed in the urban area of Governador Valadares, a reemerging focus of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, presenting 86 human cases of VL from 2008 to 2011. The disease prevailed in males (73.2%) with most patients between 0 and 9 years (44.1%) and a lethality rate of 16.2%. A canine survey was carried out on 16,529 domestic dogs in 35 districts in the area and it showed that 30.2% of them (4,992 dogs) were positive for VL by serum assays. Prevalence ratios for canine VL varied between 13.6% and 53.4%. The clinical exam of 343 seropositive dogs showed that 49.9% of them were considered symptomatic, with larger prevalence of canine VL being in short-furred animals (90%). The entomological survey was performed in eight districts, where 2,539 phlebotomines were captured, preferentially in the peridomicile (84.5%). Lutzomyia longipalpis was the predominant species (90%) suggesting its participation in the VL transmission in the area. The correlation between canine prevalence and L. longipalpis density was evaluated.
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Nascimento BWL, Saraiva L, Neto RGT, Meira PCLSE, Sanguinette CDC, Tonelli GB, Botelho HA, Belo VS, Silva ESD, Gontijo CMF, Filho JDA. Study of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis areas in the central-western state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Trop 2013. [PMID: 23178219 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of Leishmania involves several species of sand flies that are closely associated with various parasites and reservoirs, with differing transmission cycles in Brazil. A study on the phlebotomine species composition has been conducted in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which has intense occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. In order to study the sand flies populations and their seasonality, CDC light traps (HP model) were distributed in 15 houses which presented at least one case of CL or VL and in five urban parks (green areas). Collections were carried out three nights monthly from September 2010 to August 2011. A total of 1064 phlebotomine specimens were collected belonging to two genera and seventeen species: Brumptomyia brumpti, Lutzomyia bacula, Lutzomyia cortelezzii, Lutzomyia lenti, Lutzomyia sallesi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia intermedia, Lutzomyia neivai, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia christenseni, Lutzomyia monticola, Lutzomyia pessoai, Lutzomyia aragaoi, Lutzomyia brasiliensis, Lutzomyia lutziana, and Lutzomyia sordellii. L. longipalpis, the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil, was the most frequent species, accounting for 76.9% of the total, followed by L. lenti with 8.3%, this species is not a proven vector. Green and urban areas had different sand flies species composition, whereas the high abundance of L. longipalpis in urban areas and the presence of various vector species in both green and urban areas were also observed. Our data point out to the requirement of control measures against phlebotomine sand flies in the municipality of Divinópolis and adoption of strategies aiming entomological surveillance.
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Public Knowledge about and Detection of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Urban Divinópolis, Brazil. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:429586. [PMID: 22991521 PMCID: PMC3443989 DOI: 10.1155/2012/429586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Leishmaniases are diseases with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) forms. Many factors may affect their occurrence and expansion including environmental, geographic, and social conditions. In the past two decades, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, has exhibited the potential for a disease outbreak, with the appearance of CL, and VL cases (human and canine). Hence, this study was initiated to monitor public knowledge of the disease. Questionnaires were administered in four neighborhoods (Jardim Belvedere, Esplanada, Danilo Passos I and II) where most of the human and canine cases have been reported. The analyses demonstrated that public knowledge of the disease is sparse and fragmented. A strong perception of the dog as the main reservoir was observed. Five veterinary clinics were evaluated for the presence of canine VL using serological (RIFI and ELISA) and molecular (PCR-RFLP) techniques. This is the first study demonstrating the occurrence of Leishmania infantum in Divinópolis, suggesting a possible urbanization of VL.
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Osorio Y, Rodriguez LD, Bonilla DL, Peniche AG, Henao H, Saldarriaga O, Travi BL. Congenital transmission of experimental leishmaniasis in a hamster model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:812-20. [PMID: 22556079 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on transplacental transmission of Leishmania spp. We determined the frequency and impact of congenital infection caused by Leishmania panamensis or L. donovani in experimentally infected hamsters. A polymerase chain reaction showed that congenital transmission occurred in 25.8% (24 of 93) of offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters and 14.6% (11 of 75) offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters. Mortality during lactation was higher in offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters and offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters than controls, and lymphoproliferation to Leishmania was more frequent in offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters (17.4%, 11 of 63) than in offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters (8.5%, 3 of 35). After weaning, only offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters had lower weight gain (P < 0.001) and hematocrit levels (P = 0.0045) than controls. Challenge of offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters with L. panamensis showed no differences in lesion evolution, and offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters were more susceptible to L. donovani challenge than controls. Consequently, prenatal exposure of hamsters to L. donovani significantly increased the mortality risk and susceptibility to secondary homologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaneth Osorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Ferreira GEM, dos Santos BN, Dorval MEC, Ramos TPB, Porrozzi R, Peixoto AA, Cupolillo E. The genetic structure of Leishmania infantum populations in Brazil and its possible association with the transmission cycle of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36242. [PMID: 22606248 PMCID: PMC3350531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas, Mediterranean basin and West and Central Asia. Although the geographic structure of L. infantum populations from the Old World have been described, few studies have addressed the population structure of this parasite in the Neotropical region. We employed 14 microsatellites to analyze the population structure of the L. infantum strains isolated from humans and dogs from most of the Brazilian states endemic for VL and from Paraguay. The results indicate a low genetic diversity, high inbreeding estimates and a depletion of heterozygotes, which together indicate a predominantly clonal breeding system, but signs of sexual events are also present. Three populations were identified from the clustering analysis, and they were well supported by F statistics inferences and partially corroborated by distance-based. POP1 (111 strains) was observed in all but one endemic area. POP2 (31 strains) is also well-dispersed, but it was the predominant population in Mato Grosso (MT). POP3 (31 strains) was less dispersed, and it was observed primarily in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Strains originated from an outbreak of canine VL in Southern Brazil were grouped in POP1 with those from Paraguay, which corroborates the hypothesis of dispersal from Northeastern Argentina and Paraguay. The distribution of VL in MS seems to follow the west-east construction of the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline from Corumbá municipality. This may have resulted in a strong association of POP3 and Lutzomyia cruzi, which is the main VL vector in Corumbá, and a dispersion of this population in this region that was shaped by human interference. This vector also occurs in MT and may influence the structure of POP2. This paper presents significant advances in the understanding of the population structure of L. infantum in Brazil and its association with eco-epidemiological aspects of VL.
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Longoni SS, López-Cespedes A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Sauri-Arceo CH, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Marín C. Detection of different Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in cats from the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) using an iron superoxide dismutase excreted as antigen. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:469-76. [PMID: 22560557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although human leishmaniasis has been reported in 20 states in Mexico, no case of leishmaniasis has been reported in cats to date. In the Yucatan Peninsula, it has been found that dogs may act as reservoirs for at least three Leishmania species (Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania panamensis). In this study we identified specific antibodies against these three Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi in the sera from 95 cats from two States on the Yucatan Peninsula, namely Quintana Roo and Yucatan, by ELISA and Western blot techniques using whole extract and an iron superoxide dismutase excreted by the parasites as antigens. As well as demonstrating the presence of trypanosomatid antibodies in the feline population on the Yucatan Peninsula, we were also able to confirm the high sensitivity and specificity of the iron superoxide dismutase antigen secreted by them, which may prove to be very useful in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Longoni
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Lima ID, Queiroz JW, Lacerda HG, Queiroz PVS, Pontes NN, Barbosa JDA, Martins DR, Weirather JL, Pearson RD, Wilson ME, Jeronimo SMB. Leishmania infantum chagasi in northeastern Brazil: asymptomatic infection at the urban perimeter. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:99-107. [PMID: 22232458 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.10-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in large cities in Brazil, including Natal. We determined the prevalence of asymptomatic human infection with Leishmania infantum chagasi and associated environmental risks around Natal. Infection was detected by Leishmania skin test (LST) and anti-leishmanial antibodies in humans and anti-leishmanial antibodies in dogs. Amongst 345 humans, 24.6% were seropositive, and 38.6% were LST-positive. Prevalence of positive serology was similar in both sexes and across all ages. However, positive LST responses increased with age, suggesting that LST is long-lasting and cumulative. Multinomial logistic analysis showed that LST response varied with location (P = 0.007) and that males were more frequently LST-positive (P = 0.027). Indicators of lower socioeconomic status associated significantly with human infection. Furthermore, there was geographic coincidence of seropositive humans and dogs (r = 0.7926, P = 0.011). These data suggest that dog and human L. i. chagasi infection are intimately interrelated in environmental conditions associated with low income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraci D Lima
- Health Post-Graduate Program, Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Brazil RP, Pontes MCDQ, Passos WL, Fuzari AA, Brazil BG. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in the region of Saquarema: potential area of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:120-1. [PMID: 22370841 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi in the Americas. METHODS Phlebotomine captures were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in a rural area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis located in the municipality of Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS Among other species captured, we observed the presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in this region, demonstrating the potential risk of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the coastal area of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, active vigilance by all municipalities in the area is necessary.
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is considered a wild reservoir of many zoonotical diseases, particularly VL. This study reported the presence of Leishmania infantum amastigotes in different organs of one captive C. thous found dead in a zoo. This animal was positive by the indirect fluorescence antibody test and had many clinical signs of VL. Intracellular amastigote forms of L. infantum were seen in neutrophils and macrophages in sample tissues from skin, lymph nodes (popliteal, submandibular, prescapular, and mesenteric), spleen, and liver. The numbers of positive cells and intracellular parasites were higher in macrophages than in neutrophils. In addition, polymerase chain reaction demonstrated extensive distribution of Leishmania DNA in C. thous tissues from multiple organs. The presence of intracellular amastigotes in neutrophils and macrophages as well as DNA of the parasite in tissues, specifically skin demonstrate that this crab-eating fox is an adequate host for L. infantum and reinforce the importance of VL for symptomatic wild canids kept in captivity in endemic areas.
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Silva JS, Andrade AC, Santana CC, Santos LQ, de Oliveira CI, Veras PST, Vassallo J, dos-Santos WLC. Low CXCL13 expression, splenic lymphoid tissue atrophy and germinal center disruption in severe canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29103. [PMID: 22242159 PMCID: PMC3252310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with atrophy and histological disorganization of splenic compartments. In this paper, we compared organized and disorganized splenic lymphoid tissue from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum assessing the size of the white pulp compartments, the distribution of T, B and S100+ dendritic cells, using immunohistochemistry and morphometry and the expression of CCR7 and the cytokines, CXCL13, lymphotoxin (LT)-α, LT-β, CCL19, CCL21, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ and TGF-β, using by real time RT-PCR. The lymphoid follicles and marginal zones were smaller (3.2 and 1.9 times, respectively; Mann-Whitney, P<0.02) in animals with disorganized splenic tissue in comparison to those with organized splenic lymphoid tissue. In spleens with disorganized lymphoid tissue, the numbers of T cells and S100+ dendritic cells were decreased in the follicles, and the numbers of B cells were reduced in both the follicles and marginal zones. CXCL13 mRNA expression was lower in animals with disorganized lymphoid tissue (0.5±0.4) compared to those with organized lymphoid tissue (2.7±2.9, both relative to 18S expression, P = 0.01). These changes in the spleen were associated with higher frequency of severe disease (7/12) in the animals with disorganized than in animals with organized (2/13, Chi-square, P = 0.01) splenic lymphoid tissue. The data presented herein suggest that natural infection with Leishmania infantum is associated with the impairment of follicular dendritic cells, CXCL13 expression, B cell migration and germinal center formation and associates these changes with severe clinical forms of visceral leishmaniasis. Furthermore the fact that this work uses dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum emphasizes the relevance of the data presented herein for the knowledge on the canine and human visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselli S. Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alan C. Andrade
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Claudia C. Santana
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública - Biomedicina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leina Q. Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S. T. Veras
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pinto AJW, Figueiredo MM, Silva FL, Martins T, Michalick MSM, Tafuri WL, Tafuri WL. Histopathological and parasitological study of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:67. [PMID: 22166041 PMCID: PMC3269393 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to provide a systematic pathological and parasitological overview of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon, of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania. Methods Twenty mongrel dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and obtained from the Control Zoonosis Center of the Municipality of Ribeirão das Neves, Belo Horizonte Metropolitan area, Minas Gerais (MG) state, Brazil, were analyzed. The dogs were divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised nine clinically normal dogs and group 2 comprised 11 clinically affected dogs. After necropsy, one sample was collected from each GIT segment, namely the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon. Furthermore, paraffin-embedded samples were used for histological and parasitological (immunohistochemistry) evaluation and a morphometrical study were carried out to determine the parasite load (immunolabeled amastigote forms of Leishmania). The Friedman and the Mann Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. The Friedman test was used to analyze each segment of the GIT within each group of dogs and the Mann Whitney test was used to compare the GIT segments between clinically unaffected and affected dogs. Results The infected dogs had an increased number of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, but lesions were generally mild. Parasite distribution in the GIT was evident in all intestinal segments and layers of the intestinal wall (mucosal, muscular and submucosal) irrespective of the clinical status of the dogs. However, the parasite load was statistically higher in the caecum and colon than in other segments of the GIT. Conclusion The high parasite burden evident throughout the GIT mucosa with only mild pathological alterations led us to consider whether Leishmania gains an advantage from the intestinal immunoregulatory response (immunological tolerance).
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Drumond KO, Costa FAL. Forty years of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Piaui: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:3-11. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to occur in the state of Piauí since 1934. The typically rural disease began to appear in urban areas over time, being concentrated mainly in Teresina, the capital of Piauí. Teresina was also affected by the first urban epidemic of VL in Brazil. Over 1,000 cases of the disease were reported during urbanization (1981-1986). Human population growth and migration led to land occupation on the outskirts of Teresina. These factors have contributed to vector proliferation, increasing the incidence of VL. At present, the incidence of human and canine disease is quite high and uncontrolled in Piauí. It seems that some measures, such as the elimination of seropositive dogs, failed to significantly reduce the number of new VL cases in Teresina. Despite previously conducted studies, little is known about VL epidemiology in urban areas. The aim of this review is to reveal the situation of VL in Teresina during the last 40 years, focusing on the major factors that may contribute to the high incidence and persistence of VL infection.
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