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Sampaio TBP, Costa BB, Moreira TA, Cabral LM, Silva LCRP, Mourão PAS, Vilanova E, Cinelli LP. Insights on chemical-biological correlations learned from investigations on the sulfated galactan from the marine alga Bothryocladia occidentalis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:471-476. [PMID: 32376249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms have been proven to be a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Among them, we highlight the sulfated galactans (SGs) from seaweeds, which besides being massively exploited as industrial thickening and gelling agents (agarans and carrageenans), have also shown promising pharmacological properties. Investigations on the non-agaran/-carrageenan SG from the red algae Bothryocladia occidentalis (SGBo) have demonstrated clear correlations between physical-chemical features and biological activities. SGBo is composed of 2,3-disulfated (~33%) or 2-sulfated (33%) α-D-galactose linked to non- or 2-sulfated β-D-galactose repetitive disaccharide units. The notable serpin-dependent/-independent anticoagulant activity of SGBo (~130 international units [IU]/mg) is higher than those of other SGs containing less 2,3-disulfated α-D-galactose units and their low-molecular-weight derivatives, and thus is directly correlated to its high molecular mass (>200 kDa) and sulfation pattern. Although SGBo has antithrombotic efficacy equivalent to heparin and decreased bleeding potential at low-doses, high-doses substantially increase thrombus formation in animal models. Such an odd dose-dependent dual antithrombotic/prothrombotic activity has been attributed to the ability of SGBo to activate factor XII. In addition to anticoagulant properties, SGBo also exerts antimalarial, antileishmanial and antiophidic activities, and, therefore, has a remarkable potential for the research and development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris B P Sampaio
- Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Campus Professor Aloisio Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27930-560, Brazil
| | - Bianca B Costa
- Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Campus Professor Aloisio Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27930-560, Brazil
| | - Thamyris A Moreira
- Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Campus Professor Aloisio Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27930-560, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica, Departamento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Luiz C R P Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica, Departamento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Vilanova
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo P Cinelli
- Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Campus Professor Aloisio Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27930-560, Brazil.
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Chahed L, Balti R, Elhiss S, Bouchemal N, Ajzenberg N, Ollivier V, Chaubet F, Maaroufi RM, Mansour MB. Anticoagulant activity of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate isolated from Cucumaria syracusana. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Chen X, Song L, Wang H, Liu S, Yu H, Wang X, Li R, Liu T, Li P. Partial Characterization, the Immune Modulation and Anticancer Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Filamentous Microalgae Tribonema sp. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020322. [PMID: 30658396 PMCID: PMC6359046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Tribonema sp., a kind of filamentous microalgae, has been studied for biofuel production due to its accumulation of triacylglycerols. However, the polysaccharides of Tribonema sp. and their biological activities have rarely been reported. In this paper, we extracted sulfated polysaccharides from Tribonema sp. (TSP), characterized their chemical composition and structure, and determined their immunostimulation and anticancer activities on RAW264.7 macrophage cells and HepG2 cells. The results showed that TSP is a sulfated polysaccharide with a Mw of 197 kDa. TSP is a heteropolysaccharide that is composed mainly of galactose. It showed significant immune-modulatory activity by stimulating macrophage cells, such as upregulating interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In addition, TSP also showed significant dose-dependent anticancer activity (with an inhibition rate of up to 66.8% at 250 µg/mL) on HepG2 cells as determined by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cycle analysis indicated that the anticancer activity of TSP is mainly the result of induced cell apoptosis rather than affecting the cell cycle and mitosis of HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that TSP might have potential as an anticancer resource, but further research is needed, especially in vivo experiments, to explore the anticancer mechanism of TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of biochemical engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Tianzhong Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Soares PAG, Ribeiro KA, Valente AP, Capillé NV, Oliveira SNMCG, Tovar AMF, Pereira MS, Vilanova E, Mourão PAS. A unique fucosylated chondroitin sulfate type II with strikingly homogeneous and neatly distributed α-fucose branches. Glycobiology 2018; 28:565-579. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A G Soares
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia A Ribeiro
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas - CENABIO I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nina V Capillé
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephan-Nicollas M C G Oliveira
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M F Tovar
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Pereira
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Vilanova
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mourão PAS, Vilanova E, Soares PAG. Unveiling the structure of sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Corfield A. Eukaryotic protein glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:119-147. [PMID: 28012131 PMCID: PMC5306191 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins undergo co- and posttranslational modifications, and their glycosylation is the most frequent and structurally variegated type. Histochemically, the detection of glycan presence has first been performed by stains. The availability of carbohydrate-specific tools (lectins, monoclonal antibodies) has revolutionized glycophenotyping, allowing monitoring of distinct structures. The different types of protein glycosylation in Eukaryotes are described. Following this educational survey, examples where known biological function is related to the glycan structures carried by proteins are given. In particular, mucins and their glycosylation patterns are considered as instructive proof-of-principle case. The tissue and cellular location of glycoprotein biosynthesis and metabolism is reviewed, with attention to new findings in goblet cells. Finally, protein glycosylation in disease is documented, with selected examples, where aberrant glycan expression impacts on normal function to let disease pathology become manifest. The histological applications adopted in these studies are emphasized throughout the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Wippler J, Kleiner M, Lott C, Gruhl A, Abraham PE, Giannone RJ, Young JC, Hettich RL, Dubilier N. Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into innate immunity and adaptations to a symbiotic lifestyle in the gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:942. [PMID: 27871231 PMCID: PMC5117596 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis has a completely reduced digestive and excretory system, and lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with bacterial symbionts. While considerable knowledge has been gained of the symbionts, the host has remained largely unstudied. Here, we generated transcriptomes and proteomes of O. algarvensis to better understand how this annelid worm gains nutrition from its symbionts, how it adapted physiologically to a symbiotic lifestyle, and how its innate immune system recognizes and responds to its symbiotic microbiota. Results Key adaptations to the symbiosis include (i) the expression of gut-specific digestive enzymes despite the absence of a gut, most likely for the digestion of symbionts in the host's epidermal cells; (ii) a modified hemoglobin that may bind hydrogen sulfide produced by two of the worm’s symbionts; and (iii) the expression of a very abundant protein for oxygen storage, hemerythrin, that could provide oxygen to the symbionts and the host under anoxic conditions. Additionally, we identified a large repertoire of proteins involved in interactions between the worm's innate immune system and its symbiotic microbiota, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins, lectins, fibrinogen-related proteins, Toll and scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial proteins. Conclusions We show how this worm, over the course of evolutionary time, has modified widely-used proteins and changed their expression patterns in adaptation to its symbiotic lifestyle and describe expressed components of the innate immune system in a marine oligochaete. Our results provide further support for the recent realization that animals have evolved within the context of their associations with microbes and that their adaptive responses to symbiotic microbiota have led to biological innovations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wippler
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Energy Bioengineering and Geomicrobiology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
| | - Christian Lott
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034, Campo nell' Elba, (LI), Italy
| | - Alexander Gruhl
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard J Giannone
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jacque C Young
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Present Address: Saul Ewing LLP, 1500 Market Street, 37th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-2186, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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Antioxidant activity and growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells by crude and purified fucoidan preparations extracted from Sargassum cristaefolium. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:766-777. [PMID: 28911494 PMCID: PMC9345455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides, also termed “fucoidans”, which are known to possess antioxidant, anticoagulant, anticancer, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties, are normally isolated from brown algae via various extraction techniques. In the present study, two methods (SC1 and SC2) for isolation of fucoidan from Sargassum cristaefolium were compared, with regard to the extraction yields, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of growth of human colon cancer cells exhibited by the respective extracts. SC1 and SC2 differ in the number of extraction steps and concentration of ethanol used, as well as the obtained sulfated polysaccharide extracts, namely, crude fucoidan preparation (CFP) and purified fucoidan preparation (PFP), respectively. Thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and measurements of fucose and sulfate contents revealed that the extracts were fucoidan. There was a higher extraction yield for CFP, which contained less fucose and sulfate but more uronic acid, and had weaker antioxidant activity and inhibition of growth in human colon cancer cells. In contrast, there was a lower extraction yield for PFP, which contained more fucose and sulfate but less uronic acid, and had stronger antioxidant activity and inhibition of growth in human colon cancer cells. Thus, since the difference in bioactive activities between CFP and PFP was not remarkable, the high extraction yield of SC1 might be favored as a method in industrial usage for extracting fucoidan.
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Mourão PAS. Perspective on the use of sulfated polysaccharides from marine organisms as a source of new antithrombotic drugs. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2770-84. [PMID: 25955754 PMCID: PMC4446605 DOI: 10.3390/md13052770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic diseases are increasing worldwide and always require anticoagulant therapy. We still need safer and more secure antithrombotic drugs than those presently available. Sulfated polysaccharides from marine organisms may constitute a new source for the development of such drugs. Investigation of these compounds usually attempts to reproduce the therapeutic effects of heparin. However, we may need to follow different routes, focusing particularly in the following aspects: (1) defining precisely the specific structures required for interaction of these sulfated polysaccharides with proteins of the coagulation system; (2) looking for alternative mechanisms of action, distinct from those of heparin; (3) identifying side effects (mostly pro-coagulant action and hypotension rather than bleeding) and preparing derivatives that retain the desired antithrombotic action but are devoid of side effects; (4) considering that sulfated polysaccharides with low anticoagulant action on in vitro assays may display potent effects on animal models of experimental thrombosis; and finally (5) investigating the antithrombotic effect of these sulfated polysaccharides after oral administration or preparing derivatives that may achieve this effect. If these aspects are successfully addressed, sulfated polysaccharides from marine organisms may conquer the frontier of antithrombotic therapy and open new avenues for treatment or prevention of thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A S Mourão
- Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68041, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil .
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10
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Pomin VH. Sulfated glycans in sea urchin fertilization. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:9-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Şener E, Deveci R. Determining the monosaccharides of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) coelomocytes via the CapLC-ESI-MS/MS system and the lectin histochemistry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:34-40. [PMID: 25449704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The essential mechanism within immune systems is the recognition of pathogens and parasites by the immune system cells, which attach to their targets and destroy them. Glycans are fundamental macromolecular components of all cells, and are important in the vertebrate immunity. But, glycans have been investigated rarely in coelomocytes of echinoids. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the monosaccharides which form glycan chains on the sea urchin immune system cells, coelomocytes, via analytical and lectin histochemistry methods. The study material is the coelomocytes obtained from adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. In order to analyze the monosaccharides with the Capillary Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (CapLC-ESI-MS/MS) system, the samples underwent hydrolysation, reacetylation and derivatization steps. In order to determine the monosaccharides with the lectin histochemistry, the cells were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated PNA, HPA, WGA-suc, WGA, and PSL lectins and then photographed with the fluorescence microscope. As a result of the CapLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis; mannose, ribose, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, arabinose, xylose and fucose monosaccharides were detected. A peak area calculation analysis revealed the most prevalent saccharides as glucose, galactose and fucose, respectively. Lectin histochemistry came out with higher intensity emission signals obtained from the FITC-conjugated lectin WGA, which is specific to N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid in comparison to the emission obtained from the sialic acid unspecific WGA-suc lectin. This finding indicates the existence of sialic acid within coelomocytes. Fluorescent emissions from other lectins were detected at lower levels. Determination of the monosaccharides which form glycan chains of the sea urchin coelomocytes and elucidating their similarities among other invertebrate and vertebrate systems is vital in terms of understanding the uncovered complex features of the immune systems of higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Şener
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Remziye Deveci
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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12
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Queiroz INL, Wang X, Glushka JN, Santos GRC, Valente AP, Prestegard JH, Woods RJ, Mourão PAS, Pomin VH. Impact of sulfation pattern on the conformation and dynamics of sulfated fucan oligosaccharides as revealed by NMR and MD. Glycobiology 2014; 25:535-47. [PMID: 25527427 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated fucans from sea urchin egg jelly express well-defined chemical structures that vary with species. This species specificity regulates the sperm acrosome reaction, a critical step to assure intra-specific fertilization. In addition, these polysaccharides are involved in other biological activities such as anticoagulation. Although sulfation patterns are relevant to the levels of response in both activities, conformation and dynamics of these glycans are also contributing factors. However, data about these features of sulfated fucans are very rare. To address this, we have employed nuclear magnetic resonance experiments combined with molecular dynamics on structurally defined oligosaccharides derived from two sulfated fucans. The results have indicated that the oligosaccharides are flexible in solution. Ring conformation of their composing units displays just the (1)C4 chair configuration. In a particular octasaccharide, composed of two tetrasaccharide sequences, inter-residual hydrogen bonds play a role to decrease dynamics in these repeating units. Conversely, the linking disaccharide [-3)-α-L-Fucp-2(OSO3(-))-(1-3)-α-L-Fucp-4(OCO3(-))-(1-] located right between the two tetrasaccharide units has amplified motions suggested to be promoted by electrostatic repulsion of sulfates on opposite sides of the central glycosidic bond. This conjunction of information about conformation and dynamics of sulfated fucan oligosaccharides provides new insights to explain how these glycans behave free in solution and influenced by sulfation patterns. It may also serve for future studies concerning structure-function relationship of sulfated fucans, especially those involving sea urchin fertilization and anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael N L Queiroz
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John N Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Nuclear Magnética de Macromoléculas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brasil
| | - James H Prestegard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil
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Cho M, Lee DJ, Kim JK, You S. Molecular characterization and immunomodulatory activity of sulfated fucans from Agarum cribrosum. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 113:507-14. [PMID: 25256513 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The sulfated-fucans, known as fucoidans, were isolated from Agarum cribrosum and fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography to determine their molecular characteristics and in vitro immunomodulatory activity. The crude and fractionated fucoidans (F1 and F2) consisted mostly of carbohydrates (52.4-56.0%), sulfates (12.7-23.0%) and uronic acid (14.1-21.8%), with a small amount of proteins (3.9-9.3%), and included various levels of fucose (44.0-46.7%), mannose (18.9-26.8%), galactose (16.8-33.0%), xylose (10.7-17.0%) and glucose (3.5-9.5%). The crude and fractionated fucans contained one or two subfractions with average molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 110.1 × 10(3) to 2420 × 10(3)g/mol. The fractionated fucoidan, especially the F1 fraction, strongly stimulated murine macrophages (Raw 264.7 cells), producing a considerable amount of nitric oxide (NO) and inducing expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) transcripts by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways. The maximally immunoenhancing F1 fraction was mainly composed of (1 → 3)-linked fucose, (1 → 2)-linked mannose and (1 → 4)-linked glucuronic acid with sulfates at C-2 or both the C-2 and C-4 positions in (1 → 2,3)- and (1 → 2,3,4)-linked fucose residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyoungLae Cho
- East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin 767-813, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Lee
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.
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Myron P, Siddiquee S, Al Azad S. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate diversity in sea cucumbers: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Gao R, Wu N, Li Y, Chen S. Structures and Anticoagulant Activities of the Partially Mild Acidic Hydrolysis Products of the Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate from Sea CucumberPearsonothuria graeffei. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.965780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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A role for carbohydrate recognition in mammalian sperm-egg binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Glauser BF, Mourão PAS, Pomin VH. Marine sulfated glycans with serpin-unrelated anticoagulant properties. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 62:269-303. [PMID: 24772670 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800096-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are a rich source of sulfated polysaccharides with unique structures. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FucCS) from the sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea and sulfated galactan from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis are one of these unusual molecules. Besides their uncommon structures, they also exhibit high anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. Earlier, it was considered that the anticoagulant activities of these two marine glycans were driven mainly by a catalytic serpin-dependent mechanism likewise the mammalian heparins. Its serpin-dependent anticoagulant action relies on promoting thrombin and/or factor Xa inhibition by their specific natural inhibitors (the serpins antithrombin and heparin cofactor II). However, as opposed to heparins, these two previously mentioned marine glycans were proved still capable in promoting coagulation inhibition using serpin-free plasmas. This puzzle observation was further investigated and clearly demonstrated that the cucumber FucCS and the red algal sulfated galactan have an unusual serpin-independent anticoagulant effect by inhibiting the formation of factor Xa and/or thrombin through the procoagulants tenase and prothrombinase complexes, respectively. These marine polysaccharides with unusual anticoagulant effects open clearly new perspectives for the development of new antithrombotic drugs as well as push the glycomics project.
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Thomas NV, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Potential matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors from edible marine algae: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1090-100. [PMID: 24780533 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases which belong to the group of metalloproteinases that contribute for the extra-cellular matrix degradation, and several tissue remodeling processes. An imbalance in the regulation of these endopeptidases eventually leads to several severe pathological complications like cancers, cardiac, cartilage, and neurological related diseases. Hence inhibitory substances of metalloproteinases (MMPIs) could prove beneficial in the management of above specified pathological conditions. The available synthetic MMPIs that have been reported until now have few shortcomings and thus many of them could not make to the final clinical trials. Hence a growing interest among researchers on screening of MMPIs from different natural resources is evident and especially natural products from marine origin. As there has been an unparalleled contribution of several biologically active compounds from marine resources that have shown profound applications in nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, we have attempted to discuss the various MMPIs from edible sea-weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Vinay Thomas
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Panchanathan Manivasagan
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea; Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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Thomas NV, Kim SK. Fucoidans from marine algae as potential matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 72:177-193. [PMID: 25081083 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800269-8.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases which belong to the group of metalloproteinases that contribute for the extracellular matrix degradation and several tissue remodeling processes. An imbalance in the regulation of these endopeptidases eventually leads to several severe pathological complications like cancers, cardiac, cartilage, and neurological-related diseases. Hence, inhibitory substances of metalloproteinases (MMPIs) could prove beneficial in the management of above specified pathological conditions. The available synthetic MMPIs that have been reported until now have few shortcomings, and thus many of them could not make to the final clinical trials. Hence, a growing interest among researchers on screening of MMPIs from different natural resources is evident and especially natural products from marine origin. As there has been an unparalleled contribution of several biologically active compounds from marine resources that have shown a profound applications in nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, we have attempted to discuss the various MMPIs from edible seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Vinay Thomas
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine-bio Convergence Science, Specialized Graduate School Science and Technology Convergence, Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.
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20
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Ahmed ABA, Adel M, Karimi P, Peidayesh M. Pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and traditional applications of marine carbohydrates. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 73:197-220. [PMID: 25300548 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800268-1.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine carbohydrates are most important organic molecules made by photosynthetic organisms. It is very essential for humankind: the role in being an energy source for the organism and they are considered as an important dissolve organic compound (DOC) in marine environment's sediments. Carbohydrates found in different marine environments in different concentrations. Polysaccharides of carbohydrates play an important role in various fields such as pharmaceutical, food production, cosmeceutical, and so on. Marine organisms are good resources of nutrients, and they are rich carbohydrate in sulfated polysaccharide. Seaweeds (marine microalgae) are used in different pharmaceutical industries, especially in pharmaceutical compound production. Seaweeds have a significant amount of sulfated polysaccharides, which are used in cosmeceutical industry, besides based on the biological applications. Since then, traditional people, cosmetics products, and pharmaceutical applications consider many types of seaweed as an important organism used in food process. Sulfated polysaccharides containing seaweed have potential uses in the blood coagulation system, antiviral activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, immunomodulating activity, antilipidepic activity, etc. Some species of marine organisms are rich in polysaccharides such as sulfated galactans. Various polysaccharides such as agar and alginates, which are extracted from marine organisms, have several applications in food production and cosmeceutical industries. Due to their high health benefits, compound-derived extracts of marine polysaccharides have various applications and traditional people were using them since long time ago. In the future, much attention is supposed to be paid to unraveling the structural, compositional, and sequential properties of marine carbohydrate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohaddeseh Adel
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pegah Karimi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahvash Peidayesh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Lipinska AP, D’hondt S, Van Damme EJM, De Clerck O. Uncovering the genetic basis for early isogamete differentiation: a case study of Ectocarpus siliculosus. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:909. [PMID: 24359479 PMCID: PMC3879662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of sexual reproduction characterizes nearly all eukaryotes, with anisogamy being the most prevalent form of gamete discrimination. Since dimorphic gametes most likely descend from equal-sized specialized germ cells, identifying the genetic bases of the early functional diversification in isogametes can provide better understanding of the evolution of sexual dimorphism. However, despite the potential importance to the evolutionary biology field, no comprehensive survey of the transcriptome profiling in isomorphic gametes has been reported hitherto. RESULTS Gamete differentiation on the genomic level was investigated using Ectocarpus siliculosus, a model organism for brown algal lineage which displays an isogamous sexual reproduction cycle. Transcriptome libraries of male and female gametes were generated using Next Generation Sequencing technology (SOLiD) and analyzed to identify differentially regulated genes and pathways with potential roles in fertilization and gamete specialization. Gamete transcriptomes showed a high level of complexity with a large portion of gender specific gene expression. Our results indicate that over 4,000 of expressed genes are differentially regulated between male and female, including sequences related to cell movement, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, signaling, transport and RNA processing. CONCLUSIONS This first comprehensive transcriptomic study of protist isogametes describes considerable adaptation to distinct sexual roles, suggesting that functional anisogamy precedes morphological differentiation. Several sex-biased genes and pathways with a putative role in reproduction were identified, providing the basis for more detailed investigations of the mechanisms underlying evolution of mating types and sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka P Lipinska
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie D’hondt
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els JM Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Pérez-Recalde M, Matulewicz MC, Pujol CA, Carlucci MJ. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of sulfated polysaccharides from red seaweed Nemalion helminthoides. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 63:38-42. [PMID: 24444887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Nemalion helminthoides: two xylomannan fractions (N3 and N4) and a mannan fraction (N6) were investigated to determine their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities. N3 and N4 induced in vitro proliferation of macrophages of the murine cell line RAW 264.7 and significantly stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in the same cells, whereas this response was not observed with the mannan N6. The cytokine production was also stimulated by sulfated xylomannans in vivo in BALB/c mice inoculated intravenously with these polysaccharides. Remarkably, when mice were treated with N3 and N4 for 1 h before being infected with Herpes simplex virus type 2, they remained asymptomatic with no signs of disease. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that sulfated xylomannans could be strong immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Pérez-Recalde
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias. Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Matulewicz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias. Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Carlucci
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mayakrishnan V, Kannappan P, Abdullah N, Ahmed ABA. Cardioprotective activity of polysaccharides derived from marine algae: An overview. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Monsefi M, Zahmati M, Masoudi M, Javidnia K. Effects of Anethum graveolens L. on fertility in male rats. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2012; 16:488-97. [PMID: 22066892 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2011.622815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of Anethum graveolens seed extract on fertility of male rats were investigated. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups according to the treatment they received during 42 days: control, low dose (0.5 g/kg) and high dose (5 g/kg) of aqueous extracts, and low dose (0.045 g/kg) and high dose (0.45 g/kg) of ethanol extracts of Anethum graveolens seed. Sperm count and motility and testosterone concentration were measured. Sections of the testes, epididymis, and seminal vesicles were stained with peroxidase-conjugated lectins of Ulex europaeus agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, soy bean agglutinin and concanavalin A. The treated male rats were mated with females and the crown-rump lengths and weights of their newborn pups were measured. RESULTS No significant differences in sperm count, sperm motility or testosterone concentration were observed in the experimental groups. However, female rats did not become pregnant after mating with rats given the high dose of the ethanol extract. The distribution of terminal sugars on the epithelial surface of the reproductive structures decreased in the experimental groups. CONCLUSION Anethum graveolens extract decreased fertility rate by modifying some terminal sugars on the cell surface of male reproductive organs involved in sperm maturation, capacitation and oocyte recognition.
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25
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Pomin VH. Structure-function relationship of anticoagulant and antithrombotic well-defined sulfated polysaccharides from marine invertebrates. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:195-209. [PMID: 22361188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine sulfated polysaccharides (MSPs), such as sulfated fucans (SFs), sulfated galactans (SGs), and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from invertebrate animals, are highly anionic polysaccharides capable of interacting with certain cationic proteins, such as (co)-factors of the coagulation cascade during clotting-inhibition process. Primarily, these molecular complexes between MSPs and coagulation-related proteins seem to be driven mostly by electrostatic interactions. However, through a systematic comparison using several novel well-defined sulfated polysaccharides composed of repetitive oligosaccharides with clear sulfation patterns, it was proved that those molecular interactions are essentially regulated by the stereochemistry of the glycans (which depends on a conjunction of anomeric configurations, sugar types, conformational preferences, glycosylation, and sulfation sites), rather than just a mere consequence of the electronegative density charges (mainly from number of sulfate groups). Here, we present an overview about the structure-function relationship of the invertebrate MSPs with regular structures as potential anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents, as pathologies related to the cardiovascular system are one of the major causes of mortality in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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26
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Li YX, Kim SK. Utilization of seaweed derived ingredients as potential antioxidants and functional ingredients in the food industry: An overview. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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27
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Kim JK, Cho ML, Karnjanapratum S, Shin IS, You SG. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:1051-8. [PMID: 21907732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Enteromorpha prolifera and fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography (crude, F(1), F(2) and F(3) fractions) were investigated to determine their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities. The sulfated polysaccharides, especially the F(1) and F(2) fractions, stimulated a macrophage cell line, Raw 264.7, inducing considerable nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokine production via up-regulated mRNA expression. The in vivo experiment results show that the sulfated polysaccharides (the crude and F(2) fractions) significantly increased Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation, revealing their potential comitogenic activity. In addition, IFN-γ and IL-2 secretions were considerably increased by the F(2) fraction without altering the release of IL-4 and IL-5. This implies that the F(2) fraction can activate T cells by up-regulating Th-1 response and that Th-1 cells might be the main target cells of the F(2) fraction. These in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the sulfated polysaccharides are strong immunostimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-702, Korea
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28
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Sulfation of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju alters its antioxidant, anticoagulant and antiproliferative properties in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Ngo DH, Wijesekara I, Vo TS, Van Ta Q, Kim SK. Marine food-derived functional ingredients as potential antioxidants in the food industry: An overview. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Wijesekara I, Pangestuti R, Kim SK. Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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31
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Kim SK, Li YX. Medicinal benefits of sulfated polysaccharides from sea vegetables. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 64:391-402. [PMID: 22054963 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387669-0.00030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The cell walls of sea vegetables or marine algae are rich in sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) such as fucoidans in brown algae, carrageenans in red algae, and ulvans in green algae. These SPs exhibit various biological activities such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidative, and anticancer activities with potential health benefits. Therefore, SPs derived from sea vegetables have great potential in further development as nutraceuticals and medicinal foods. This chapter presents an overview of biological activities and potential medicinal benefits of SPs derived from sea vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Almeida-Lima J, Costa LS, Silva NB, Melo-Silveira RF, Silva FV, Felipe MBMC, Medeiros SRB, Leite EL, Rocha HAO. Evaluating the possible genotoxic, mutagenic and tumor cell proliferation-inhibition effects of a non-anticoagulant, but antithrombotic algal heterofucan. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:708-15. [PMID: 20589741 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fucan is a term used to denominate a family of sulfated polysaccharides rich in L-fucose. They are extracted mainly from brown seaweeds and echinoderms. The brown seaweed Spatoglossum schröederi (Dictyotaceae) synthesizes three heterofucans named A, B and C. Our research group purified a non-anticoagulant heterofucan (fucan A) which displays antithrombotic activity in vivo. However, its in vitro toxicity has yet to be determined. This work presents the evaluation of the potential cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of this fucan. After 48 h incubation fucan A cytotoxicity was determinate using MTT assay. Tumor-cell (HeLa, PC3, PANC, HL60) proliferation was inhibited 2.0-43.7%; at 0.05-1 mg ml⁻¹ of the heterofucan, the 3T3 non-tumor cell line proliferation was also inhibited (3.3-22.0%). On the other hand, the CHO tumorigenic and RAW non-tumor cell lines proliferation were not affected by this molecule (0.05-1 mg ml⁻¹). We observed no mutagenic activity in Salmonella reversion assay when bacterial strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 (with and without S9) were used.Comet assay showed that fucan A had no genotoxic effect (from 20 to 1000 mg ml⁻¹) on CHO cells. In conclusion, this study indicates that the S. schröederi fucan A was not found to be genotoxic or mutagenic compound; thus it could be used in new antithrombotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jailma Almeida-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
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Caldwell GS, Pagett HE. Marine glycobiology: current status and future perspectives. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:241-252. [PMID: 20390314 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycobiology, which is the study of the structure and function of carbohydrates and carbohydrate containing molecules, is fundamental to all biological systems.Progress in glycobiology has shed light on a range of complex biological processes associated with, for example,disease and immunology, molecular and cellular communication,and developmental biology. There is an established,if rather modest, tradition of glycobiology research in marine systems that has primarily focused on reproduction,biofouling, and chemical communication. The current status of marine glycobiology research is primarily descriptive with very limited progress on structural elucidation and the subsequent definition of precise functional roles beyond a small number of classical examples, e.g., induction of the acrosome reaction in echinoderms. However, with recent advances in analytical instrumentation, there is now the capacity to begin to characterize marine glycoconjugates,many of which will have potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. The analytical approach to glycoscience has developed to such an extent that it has acquired its own "-omics" identity. Glycomics is the quest to decipher the complex information conveyed by carbohydrate molecules--the carbohydrate code or glycocode. Due to the paucity of structural information available, this article will highlight the fundamental importance of glycobiology for many biological processes in marine organisms and will draw upon the best defined systems. These systems therefore may prove genuine candidates for full carbohydrate characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Caldwell
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU, England, UK.
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Costa LS, Fidelis GP, Cordeiro SL, Oliveira RM, Sabry DA, Câmara RBG, Nobre LTDB, Costa MSSP, Almeida-Lima J, Farias EHC, Leite EL, Rocha HAO. Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:21-8. [PMID: 19766438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides from 11 species of tropical marine algae (one edible specie of Rhodophyta, six species of Phaeophyta and four species of Chlorophyta) collected from Natal city coast (Northeast of Brazil) were evaluated for their anticoagulant, antioxidant and antiproliverative in vitro activities. In the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test, which evaluates the intrinsic coagulation pathway, seven seaweeds presented anticoagulant activity. Dictyota cervicornis showed the highest activity, prolonging the coagulation time to double the baseline value in the APTT with only 0.01 mg/100 microl of plasma, 1.4-fold lesser than Clexane, a low molecular weight heparin. In the protrombin time (PT) test, which evaluates the extrinsic coagulation pathway, only Caulerpa cupresoides showed anticoagulant activity. All species collected showed antioxidant activities. This screening emphasized the great antioxidant potential (total capacity antioxidant, power reducing and ferrous chelating) of four species: C. sertularioide; Dictyota cervicornis; Sargassum filipendula and Dictyopteris delicatula. After 72 h incubation, HeLa cell proliferation was inhibited (p<0.05) between 33.0 and 67.5% by S. filipendula; 31.4 and 65.7% by D. delicatula; 36.3 and 58.4% by Caulerpa prolifera and 40.2 and 61.0% by Dictyota menstrualis at 0.01-2mg/mL algal polysaccharides. The antiproliferative efficacy of these algal polysaccharides were positively correlated with the sulfate content (r=0.934). Several polysaccharides demonstrated promising antioxidant, antiproliferative an/or anticoagulant potential and have been selected for further studies on bioguided fractionation, isolation and characterization of pure polysaccharides from these species as well as in vivo experiments are needed and are already in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Costa
- UFRN, Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais-Biopol, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, 59072970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Pomin VH. Review: An overview about the structure-function relationship of marine sulfated homopolysaccharides with regular chemical structures. Biopolymers 2009; 91:601-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Structural and functional insights into sulfated galactans: a systematic review. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Castro MO, Pomin VH, Santos LL, Vilela-Silva ACES, Hirohashi N, Pol-Fachin L, Verli H, Mourão PAS. A unique 2-sulfated {beta}-galactan from the egg jelly of the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis: conformation flexibility versus induction of the sperm acrosome reaction. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18790-800. [PMID: 19403528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides from the egg jelly of sea urchins act as species-specific inducers of the sperm acrosome reaction, which is a rare molecular mechanism of carbohydrate-induced signal-transduction event in animal cells. The sea urchin polysaccharides differ in monosaccharide composition (l-fucose or l-galactose), glycosylation, and sulfation sites, but they are always in the alpha-anomeric configuration. Herein, structural analysis of the polysaccharide from the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis surprisingly revealed a unique sulfated beta-d-galactan composed by (3-beta-d-Galp-2(OSO(3))-1-->3-beta-d-Galp-1)(n) repeating units. Subsequently, we used the G. crenularis galactan to compare different 2-sulfated polysaccharides as inducers of the acrosome reaction using homologous and heterologous sperm. We also tested the effect of chemically over-sulfated galactans. Intriguingly, the anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage rather than the monosaccharide composition (galactose or fucose) is the preferential structural requirement for the effect of these polysaccharides on sea urchin fertilization. Nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics indicate that sulfated alpha-galactan or alpha-fucan have less dynamic structural behavior, exhibiting fewer conformational populations, with an almost exclusive conformational state with glycosidic dihedral angles Phi/Psi = -102 degrees /131 degrees . The preponderant conformer observed in the sulfated alpha-galactan or alpha-fucan is not observed among populations in the beta-form despite its more flexible structure in solution. Possibly, a proper spatial arrangement is required for interaction of the sea urchin-sulfated polysaccharides with the specific sperm receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O Castro
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Brazil
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Pomin VH, Mourão PAS. Structure, biology, evolution, and medical importance of sulfated fucans and galactans. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1016-27. [PMID: 18796647 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated fucans and galactans are strongly anionic polysaccharides found in marine organisms. Their structures vary among species, but their major features are conserved among phyla. Sulfated fucans are found in marine brown algae and echinoderms, whereas sulfated galactans occur in red and green algae, marine angiosperms, tunicates (ascidians), and sea urchins. Polysaccharides with 3-linked, beta-galactose units are highly conserved in some taxonomic groups of marine organisms and show a strong tendency toward 4-sulfation in algae and marine angiosperms, and 2-sulfation in invertebrates. Marine algae mainly express sulfated polysaccharides with complex, heterogeneous structures, whereas marine invertebrates synthesize sulfated fucans and sulfated galactans with regular repetitive structures. These polysaccharides are structural components of the extracellular matrix. Sulfated fucans and galactans are involved in sea urchin fertilization acting as species-specific inducers of the sperm acrosome reaction. Because of this function the structural evolution of sulfated fucans could be a component in the speciation process. The algal and invertebrate polysaccharides are also potent anticoagulant agents of mammalian blood and represent a potential source of compounds for antithrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68041, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
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Medeiros VP, Queiroz KCS, Cardoso ML, Monteiro GRG, Oliveira FW, Chavante SF, Guimaraes LA, Rocha HAO, Leite EL. Sulfated galactofucan from Lobophora variegata: anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2008; 73:1018-24. [PMID: 18976219 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908090095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides (fucans and fucoidans) from brown algae show several biological activities, including anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. We have extracted a sulfated heterofucan from the brown seaweed Lobophora variegata by proteolytic digestion, followed by acetone fractionation, molecular sieving, and ion-exchange chromatography. Chemical analyses and 13C-NMR and IR spectroscopy showed that this fucoidan is composed of fucose, galactose, and sulfate at molar ratios of 1 : 3 : 2. We compared the anticoagulant activity of L. variegata fucoidan with those of a commercial sulfated polysaccharide (also named fucoidan) from Fucus vesiculosus and heparin. The experimental inflammation models utilized in this work revealed that fucoidan from L. variegata inhibits leukocyte migration to the inflammation site. Ear swelling caused by croton oil was also inhibited when sulfated polysaccharides from F. vesiculosus and L. variegata were used. The precise mechanism of different action between homo- and heterofucans is not clear; nevertheless, the polysaccharides studied here may have therapeutic potential in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Pasini ME, Intra J, Pavesi G. Expression study of an α-l-fucosidase gene in the Drosophilidae family. Gene 2008; 420:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Márton ML, Dresselhaus T. A comparison of early molecular fertilization mechanisms in animals and flowering plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-007-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Farias EHC, Pomin VH, Valente AP, Nader HB, Rocha HAO, Mourão PAS. A preponderantly 4-sulfated, 3-linked galactan from the green alga Codium isthmocladum. Glycobiology 2008; 18:250-9. [PMID: 18174311 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The green algae of the genus Codium have recently been demonstrated to be an important source of sulfated galactans from the marine environment. Here, a sulfated galactan was isolated from the species Codium isthmocladum and its structure was studied by a combination of chemical analyses and NMR spectroscopy. Two fractions (SG 1, approximately 14 kDa, and SG 2, approximately 20 kDa) were derived from this highly polydisperse and heterogeneous polysaccharide. Both exhibited similar structures in (1)H 1D NMR spectra. The structural features of SG 2 and its desulfated derivative were analyzed by COSY, TOCSY, DEPT-HSQC, HSQC, and HMBC. This sulfated galactan is composed preponderantly of 4-sulfated, 3-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl units. In minor amounts, it is sulfated and glycosylated at C-6. Pyruvate groups are also found, forming five-membered cyclic ketals as 3,4-O-(1'carboxy)-ethylidene-beta-D-galactose residues. A comparison of sulfated galactans from different marine taxonomic groups revealed similar backbones of 3-beta-D-Galp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo H C Farias
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
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Cinelli LP, Castro MO, Santos LL, Garcia CR, Vilela-Silva ACES, Mourão PAS. Expression of two different sulfated fucans by females of Lytechinus variegatus may regulate the seasonal variation in the fertilization of the sea urchin. Glycobiology 2007; 17:877-85. [PMID: 17550940 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The egg jellies of sea urchins contain sulfated polysaccharides with unusual structures, composed of linear chains of l-fucose or l-galactose with well-defined repetitive units. The specific pattern of sulfation and the position of the glycosidic bond vary among sulfated polysaccharides from different species. These polysaccharides show species specificity in inducing the acrosome reaction, which is a critical event for fertilization. Females of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus spawn eggs containing a sulfated fucan with the repetitive sequence [3-alpha-L-Fucp-2(OSO(3))-1 --> 3-alpha-L-Fucp-4(OSO(3))-1 --> 3-alpha-L-Fucp-2,4(OSO(3))-1 --> 3-alpha-L-Fucp-2(OSO(3))-1](n). We now observe that, close to winter, a period of decreased fertility for the sea urchin, the females synthesize a distinct sulfated fucan with a simple structure, composed of 4-sulfated, 3-linked alpha-fucose residues. This sulfated fucan is inactive when tested in vitro for the acrosome reaction using homologous sperm. The amount of egg jellies spawned by females (and their constituent sulfated polysaccharides) varied greatly throughout the year. Apparently, there is a correlation between the temperature of the sea water and the expression of the 4-sulfated, 3-linked sulfated fucan. Overall, we described the occurrence of two isotypes of sulfated fucan in the egg jelly of the sea urchin L. variegatus, which differ in their biological activity and may be involved in the periodicity of the reproductive cycle of the invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Cinelli
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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Gaboriau D, Howes EA, Clark J, Jones R. Binding of sperm proacrosin/β-acrosin to zona pellucida glycoproteins is sulfate and stereodependent. Synthesis of a novel fertilization inhibitor. Dev Biol 2007; 306:646-57. [PMID: 17482590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific binding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida that surrounds mammalian eggs is a key step in the fertilization process. However, the sperm proteins that recognise zona pellucida receptors remain contentious despite longstanding research efforts to identify them. Here we present evidence that proacrosin, a tissue-specific protein found within the acrosomal vesicle of all mammalian spermatozoa, is a multifunctional protein that mediates binding of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa to zona glycoproteins via a stereospecific polysulfate recognition mechanism. Using sulfated versus non-sulfated forms of chemically defined compounds in binding assays employing native proteins in their normal cellular location or conjugated to FluoSpheres, we have attempted to identify the sulfation "code" required for recognition. Results show that protein conformation is important for specificity and that at least 2 sulfate groups are required to cross-link spatially separated docking sites on proacrosin. The consistently most effective inhibitory compounds were suramin and quercetin-3beta-d-glucoside sulfate. The results support our hypothesis that proacrosin is one of several proteins in the acrosomal matrix that retain acrosome reacted spermatozoa on the zona surface prior to penetration. They also establish, as a proof-of-principle, the feasibility of synthesising sulfated compounds of high specificity as antifertility agents for human or animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gaboriau
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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