1
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Buj-Acosta C, García-Sanz V, Hakobyan L, Tarazona-Álvarez B, Molins-Legua C, Campins-Falcó P, Paredes-Gallardo V, Tortajada-Girbés M. Volatile sulfur compounds in asthmatic children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study in breath and saliva. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024. [PMID: 38514460 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis in children implies psychosocial repercussions. Risk factors associated with this condition are unclear, and detection methods are inaccurate. AIM To quantify the levels of sulfur-like compounds in children with asthma and healthy children from a novel validated assay, and to establish the risk factors related to halitosis. DESIGN One hundred and twenty-eight individuals (63 healthy and 65 asthmatic) from 3 to 17 years of age were tested using a passive colorimetric sensor to measure the levels of sulfur-like compounds in breath and saliva. Information was collected on oral hygiene habits, gingival and dental health, breathing type, and dental malocclusion. RESULTS The mean values of hydrogen sulfide were 4.0 ± 6.8 and 19.7 ± 12.2 ppbv (parts per billion in volume) in the control and asthmatic groups, respectively (p < .001). The presence of higher concentrations of sulfur compounds was significantly associated (p < .05) with the presence of gingival inflammation, tongue coating, dental plaque, mouth breathing, hypomineralization, age, tongue brushing, and the use of dental floss. CONCLUSION The level of sulfur in breath and saliva was significantly higher in patients with asthma. These results can serve as a precedent to raise awareness among paediatricians and parents about oral hygiene care in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Buj-Acosta
- Department of Stomatology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Lusine Hakobyan
- MINTOTA Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Molins-Legua
- MINTOTA Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Campins-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Lee YH, Hong JY. Oral microbiome as a co-mediator of halitosis and periodontitis: a narrative review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1229145. [PMID: 37719278 PMCID: PMC10500072 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1229145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Halitosis or oral malodor is an unpleasant odor from the oral cavity. However, although patients with periodontitis often complain of halitosis, their relationship has not been fully elucidated. We reviewed previous literature based on the hypothesis that the relationship between halitosis and periodontitis is mediated by the oral microbiome. Materials and methods This narrative review sought to provide insight into the causative role of the oral microbiome in influencing halitosis and periodontitis. In addition, we tried to deepen knowledge related to the relationship between halitosis and periodontitis generated by the oral microbiome accumulated over the past 40 years. Results From 1984 to 2023, a total of 106 papers that carefully and scientifically dealt with halitosis and periodontitis were included in this narrative review. Based on previous results, halitosis and periodontitis were closely related. For decades, researchers have taken an intriguing approach to the question of whether there is a relationship between halitosis and periodontitis. Central factors in the relationship between halitosis and periodontitis include volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), the oral microbiota that produce VSCs, and the inflammatory response. Conclusions Taken together, the more severe periodontitis, the higher the level of VSC in halitosis, which may be mediated by oral microbiome. However, the relationship between the occurrence, maintenance, and exacerbation of periodontitis and halitosis is not a necessary and sufficient condition for each other because they are complex interplay even in one individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Hong
- Department of Periodontology, Periodontal-Implant Clinical Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Bruno LH, Sobral APT, Gonçalves MLL, Fossati AL, Santos EM, Gallo JMAS, Ferri EP, Motta PDB, Prates RA, Deana AM, Horliana ACRT, Motta LJ, Bussadori SK. Comparative study between photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics in the reduction of halitosis in mouth breathing children: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33512. [PMID: 37058047 PMCID: PMC10101314 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a term that defines any odor or foul smell the emanates from the oral cavity, the origin of which may be local or systemic. One of the causes of local or oral halitosis is low salivary flow and dry mouth, which is also one of the complaints of individuals with the mouth-breathing habit. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and the use of probiotics for the treatment of halitosis in mouth-breathing children. METHODS Fifty-two children between 7 and 12 years of age with a diagnosis of mouth breathing and halitosis determined through an interview and clinical examination will be selected. The participants will be divided into 4 groups: Group 1-treatment with brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper; Group 2-brushing, dental floss and aPDT applied to the dorsum and middle third of the tongue; Group 3-brushing, dental floss and probiotics; Group 4-brushing, dental floss, aPDT and probiotics. The use of a breath meter and microbiological analysis of the tongue coating will be performed before, immediately after treatment and 7 days after treatment. The quantitative analysis will involve counts of colony-forming bacteria per milliliter and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The normality of the data will be determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric data will be submitted to analysis of variance and nonparametric data will be compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of each treatment in the different periods of the study will be compared using the Wilcoxon test. DISCUSSION Due to the low level of evidence, studies are needed to determine whether treatment with aPDT using annatto as the photosensitizer and blue led as the light source is effective at diminishing halitosis in mouth-breathing children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hermida Bruno
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Paula Taboada Sobral
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Marcela Leticia Leal Gonçalves
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Fossati
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Elaine Marcilio Santos
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Elza Padilha Ferri
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Pamella de Barros Motta
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Au S, Baraniya D, Dao J, Awan SB, Alvarez J, Sklar S, Chen T, Puri S, Al-Hebshi NN. Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1039811. [PMID: 36439237 PMCID: PMC9684305 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1039811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread use of N95 respirators and surgical masks, with anecdotal reports among healthcare providers and the public of xerostomia, halitosis, and gingivitis, a consortium of symptoms colloquially termed “mask mouth”. However, this has not been scientifically verified. The aim of this study was to assess changes in salivary flow rate, gingival health status and oral microbiome associated with prolonged mask use. A total of 25 dental students (mean age = 26.36 ± 1.58) were included in the study and evaluated at three time points: T1, at the end of at least 2 months of full-day mask wear (7.26 ± 1.56 hours/day); T2, at the end of a period of minimal mask use (1.13 ± 1.13 hours/day); and T3, at the end of 2-3 weeks of resuming full-day mask wear (6.93 ± 1.80 hours/day). Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate, xerostomia (on a quantitative scale of 10), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed at each time point. The salivary microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, UWS flow rates were normal (mean of 0.679 ml/min) and xerostomia, PI and GI scores were low (Mean of 3.11, 0.33 and 0.69, respectively) with no significant differences as a result of prolonged mask wearing. Similarly, there were no significant microbial changes at a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. However, some trends were identified using a nominal p-value cut-off of ≤ 0.01, namely Gemella sanguinis, Streptococcus sp. Oral taxon 066 and Oral taxon 058 were associated with prolonged mask wear. Trends were also seen by gender, race and age, for example an increase in P. gingivalis and P. intermedia with age. In conclusion, we found no evidence that prolonged mask wear adversely affects oral health. The findings support that the oral microbiome of healthy individuals is resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheralyn Au
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Divyashri Baraniya
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason Dao
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shehar Bano Awan
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jenelle Alvarez
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shari Sklar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nezar N. Al-Hebshi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nezar N. Al-Hebshi,
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5
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Lin L, Zhao T, Qin D, Hua F, He H. The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: A concise review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:929165. [PMID: 36159237 PMCID: PMC9498581 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.929165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouth breathing is one of the most common deleterious oral habits in children. It often results from upper airway obstruction, making the air enter completely or partially through oral cavity. In addition to nasal obstruction caused by various kinds of nasal diseases, the pathological hypertrophy of adenoids and/or tonsils is often the main etiologic factor of mouth breathing in children. Uncorrected mouth breathing can result in abnormal dental and maxillofacial development and affect the health of dentofacial system. Mouth breathers may present various types of growth patterns and malocclusion, depending on the exact etiology of mouth breathing. Furthermore, breathing through the oral cavity can negatively affect oral health, increasing the risk of caries and periodontal diseases. This review aims to provide a summary of recent publications with regard to the impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development, describe their consistencies and differences, and briefly discuss potential reasons behind inconsistent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhuo Lin
- Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Center for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danchen Qin
- Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Center for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Center for Evidence-Based Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Fang Hua
| | - Hong He
- Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Center for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hong He
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6
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Silva CR, Silva CC, Rodrigues R. Etiology of halitosis in pediatric dentistry. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:467-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Firmino RT, Granville-Garcia AF, Paiva SM, Campos PHD, Oliveira AV, Diniz MB. Shame from Smiling and Speaking Due to Oral Health Problems in Brazilian Adolescents: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2022.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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8
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Almadhi NA, Sulimany AM, Alzoman HA, Bawazir OA. Knowledge and perception of parents regarding halitosis in their children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:574-580. [PMID: 34803303 PMCID: PMC8589593 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate parents’ knowledge about halitosis, and to compare parents’ perception of halitosis in their children to the presence of halitosis clinically. Methods Children between 3 and 8 years attended to Dental University Hospital, King Saud University, were screened. Children satisfying inclusion criteria and their parents agreed to participate were included. Questionnaires regarding parents’ knowledge and perception about halitosis in their children were filled by attending parents. Then, the assessment of halitosis in the participating children carried out by portable gas chromatograph device (OralChromaTM). Results A total of 67 children (44 girls and 23 boys) were included in this study with a mean age of 5.3 years (SD = 1.7). The majority of the questionnaires (n = 44, 65.7%) were filled by accompanying fathers. One in two (52.2%) parents obtained high knowledge score about halitosis. Parents’ knowledge was significantly associated with the mean age of the children (P = 0.02). Thirty-nine (58.2%) parents perceived halitosis in their children. Gender, child’s age, parents’ education level, or family income were not associated with parents’ perception of halitosis. Halitosis was detected clinically in 58 children (86.6%). Thirty-eight (57%) of parents’ perception of halitosis was in consistency with OralChromaTM readings; however, there was no significant association between parents’ perception and the OralChromaTM score. Conclusion Half of the parents had good knowledge about halitosis and 6 in 10 parents perceived halitosis in their children which is quite less than the presence of halitosis detected clinically. Moreover, parents’ perception was not associated with the OralChromaTM score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura A Almadhi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Sulimany
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Bawazir
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Sônego MV, de Moraes Melo Neto CL, Dos Santos DM, de Melo Moreno AL, de Magalhães Bertoz AP, Goiato MC. Quality of Life, Satisfaction, Occlusal Force, and Halitosis after Direct and Indirect Relining of Inferior Complete Dentures. Eur J Dent 2021; 16:215-222. [PMID: 34428849 PMCID: PMC8890934 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to compare the direct relining technique with the indirect relining technique in relation to quality of life, satisfaction with the relining, occlusal force, and halitosis of users of acrylic complete dentures.
Materials and Methods
Twenty bimaxillary edentulous individuals were selected. They had to use the same pair of complete dentures for a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of 5 years. The subjects were randomly divided in groups of direct relining and indirect relining of the inferior denture (
n
= 10). Both groups received the same silicone-based relining. The clinical tests verified the quality of life (Oral Health Impact Profile in edentulous individuals), the satisfaction with the relining, the occlusal force, and halitosis. The tests (halitosis and occlusal force) were performed initially (before the relining), immediately after the relining, and 30, 60, 90, and 180 days after the relining. The questionnaires (quality of life and satisfaction with the relining) were performed initially (before the relining), and 30, 60, 90, and 180 days after the relining.
Statistical Analysis
Analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used (
p
< 0.05).
Results
There was no statistical difference comparing the two techniques in all the evaluations (
p
< 0.05). There was a significant statistical difference for the factor of time in all clinical tests for each relining technique (
p
< 0.05). The quality of life and satisfaction with the relining increased significantly 30 days after the relining when compared with the initial time point, for both techniques (
p
< 0.05). The occlusal force increased significantly after 90 and 180 days when compared with the initial time point, for both techniques (
p
< 0.05). Halitosis decreased significantly immediately after the relining when compared with the initial time point, for both techniques (
p
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Independent of the relining technique used, there was an increase in the quality of life, satisfaction with the relining, and occlusal force, as well as a reduction in the level of halitosis. Both techniques generated similar results and therefore can be options in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vilela Sônego
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Micheline Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oral Oncology Center, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luiz de Melo Moreno
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oral Oncology Center, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Motta PDB, Motta LJ, Costa da Mota AC, Leal Gonçalves ML, Silva T, Momolli M, de Andrade DC, Santos Fernandes KP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Deana AM, Wainwright M, Prates RA, Horliana ACRT, Bussadori SK. Comparative study between photodynamic therapy with urucum + Led and probiotics in halitosis reduction-protocol for a controlled clinical trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247096. [PMID: 33989296 PMCID: PMC8121297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Halitosis is a term that defines any foul odor emanating from the oral cavity. The origin may be local or systemic. The aim of the proposed protocol is to determine whether treatment with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and treatment with probiotics are effective at eliminating halitosis. Materials and methods Eighty-eight patients, from 18 to 25 years old with a diagnosis of halitosis (H2S≥112 ppb, determined by gas chromatography) will be randomly allocated to four groups (n = 22) that will receive different treatments: Group 1 –treatment with teeth brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper; Group 2 –brushing, dental floss and aPDT; Group 3 –brushing, dental floss and probiotics; Group 4 –brushing, flossing, aPDT and probiotics. The results of the halimetry will be compared before, immediately after, seven days and thirty days after treatment. The microbiological analysis of the coated tongue will be performed at these same times. The normality of the data will be determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data with normal distribution will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-parametric data will be analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Wilcoxon test will be used to analyze the results of each treatment at the different evaluation periods. Clinical trail registration NCT03996044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamella de Barros Motta
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Costa da Mota
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Letícia Leal Gonçalves
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Dentistry College, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Momolli
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Dentistry College, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos, SP, Brazil
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11
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İnönü-Sakallı N, Sakallı C, Tosun Ö, Akşit-Bıçak D. Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy on Oral Health in Children. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5550267. [PMID: 33884263 PMCID: PMC8041545 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5550267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the oral health of children in terms of the presence of dental caries, periodontal health, halitosis, and dentofacial changes in patients who had adenotonsillar hypertrophy related to mouth breathing and compared these findings with nasal breathing healthy and adenotonsillectomy-operated children. The patient group comprised 40 mouth-breathing children who were diagnosed with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, while the control group consisted of 40 nasal breathing children who had no adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Forty children who had undergone an adenotonsillectomy operation at least 1 year prior to the study were included in the treatment group. Oral examinations of all children were conducted, and the parents were asked about medical and dental anamnesis, demographic parameters, toothbrushing and nutrition habits, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and symptoms of their children. Demographic parameters, toothbrushing and nutrition habits, and the presence of bad oral habits did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Adenotonsillectomy is associated with a remarkable improvement in symptoms; however, some symptoms persist in a small number of children. The salivary flow rate, dmft/s, DMFT/S index, plaque, and gingival index scores did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). The patient group showed higher rates of halitosis when compared with the treatment and control groups (p < 0.001). Mouth breathing due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy caused various dentofacial changes and an increase in Class II division 1 malocclusion (p < 0.001). It was shown that adenotonsillar hypertrophy does not negatively affect OHRQoL, it could be a risk factor for dental caries, periodontal diseases, and halitosis, but by ensuring adequate oral health care, it is possible to maintain oral health in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Also, it is recommended that orthodontic treatment should start as soon as possible if it is required. In this context, otorhinolaryngologists, pedodontists, and orthodontists should work as a team in the treatment of children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilsu İnönü-Sakallı
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Near East University Faculty of Dentistry, Nicosia/ TRNC, 99138 Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Cemal Sakallı
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Near East University Training and Research Hospital, Nicosia/ TRNC, 99138 Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Özgür Tosun
- Department of Biostatistics, Near East University Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia/ TRNC, 99138 Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Damla Akşit-Bıçak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Near East University Faculty of Dentistry, Nicosia/ TRNC, 99138 Mersin 10, Turkey
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12
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Inada E, Saitoh I, Kaihara Y, Yamasaki Y. Factors related to mouth-breathing syndrome and the influence of an incompetent lip seal on facial soft tissue form in children. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhu C, Cao G, Zhan J, Feng X, Chen X. Dynamic Alterations of Oral Microbiota Related to Halitosis in Preschool Children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:599467. [PMID: 33718263 PMCID: PMC7952759 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.599467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This longitudinal study was aimed to evaluate the dynamic shift in oral microbiota during the process of halitosis progression among preschool children. Methods The oral examinations, questionnaires and tongue coating specimens were collected at the baseline and 12-month follow-up. All children were oral healthy at the enrollment. At the 12-month follow-up, children who developed halitosis were included to the halitosis group (n = 10). While children who matched the age, gender, kindergarten and without halitosis were included to the control group (n = 10). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to reveal the shift of the tongue coating microbiome in these children during the 12- month period with the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Results A remarkable shift in relative abundance of specific bacteria was observed prior to halitosis development. The principal coordinates and alpha diversity analyses revealed different shifting patterns of halitosis and the healthy participants’ microbiome structures and bacterial diversity over the 12-month follow-up. Both groups showed variable microbiota community structures before the onset of halitosis. Halitosis-enriched species Prevotella melaninogenica, Actinomyces sp._HMT_180 and Saccharibacteria TM7_G-1_bacterium_HMT_352 were finally selected as biomarkers in the halitosis-onset prediction model after screening, with a prediction accuracy of 91.7%. Conclusions The microbiome composition and relative abundance of the tongue coatings in the halitosis and control groups remarkably differed, even prior to the onset of the clinical manifestations of halitosis. The halitosis prediction model constructed on the basis of tongue coating microbiome biomarkers indicated the microbial shifts before the halitosis onset. Therefore, this can be considered for the timely detection and intervention of halitosis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhi Cao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zhan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiping Feng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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14
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Do breastfed children have a lower chance of developing mouth breathing? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:1641-1654. [PMID: 33506425 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the association between breastfeeding and the development of mouth breathing in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven databases were searched for studies investigating the association between the type of feeding and the development of the breathing pattern in children. Descriptive analysis and meta-analysis were performed, with the calculation of the prevalence and likelihood (odds ratios (95% CI)) of mouth breathing according to the duration of breastfeeding. RESULTS The overall prevalence of mouth breathing was 44% (95% CI: 38-49) (N total = 1182). Breastfeeding was a protection factor against the development of mouth breathing (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.41-0.93). The likelihood of developing mouth breathing was 41% and 34% lower among children that were breastfed for more than 12 and more than 24 months, respectively. No association was found between exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months and the occurrence of mouth breathing (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.31-1.18). CONCLUSIONS Due to the scarcity of cohort studies that met the inclusion criteria and the low certainty of the evidence, no strong evidence-based conclusion can be drawn. However, breastfeeding should be encouraged due to its possible protective effect, evidenced by the substantial reduction in the prevalence of mouth breathing pattern when performed for up to 2 years. Exclusive breastfeeding was not associated with the development of the breathing pattern. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results reveal that breastfeeding can protect children from the development of mouth breathing. Thus, healthcare providers should offer support so that mothers feel prepared and encouraged to perform breastfeeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registry: CRD42017062172.
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15
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Moriyama CM, Santos EM, Gonçalves MLL, Tubel CA, da Silva MP, Nascimento VAW, Teixeira VP, Sobral APT, Horliana ACRT, Motta LJ, de Paula EA, Magalhães GTZDA, Magalhães JCDA, Deana AM, Sakiyama KI, Bussadori SK. Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercially available regimen vs brushing alone on established plaque and gingivitis on adolescents: Study protocol for a randomized, controlled, blind clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23092. [PMID: 33157981 PMCID: PMC7647623 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental biofilm accumulation and poor personal oral hygiene are known major risk factors for gingivitis and halitosis. However, it is not clear how studies compare the effectiveness of hygiene regimens, associated with outcomes centered on patients. METHODS A randomized, blind, controlled clinical trial involving 58 participants aged from 12 to 17 years, who search the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, will be conducted. Immediately, the volunteers will be inserted into Group 1 (commercially available hygiene regimen) or Group 2 (tooth brushing alone). In Group 1, participants will receive Colgate Total 12 toothpastes, Plax mouthwashes and Colgate Ultrasoft toothbrushes, while Group 2 will use Colgate Cavity Protection toothpastes and Colgate Ultrasoft toothbrushes. The interventions will be conducted in the periods of 1, 3, and 6 months after the baseline, when the evaluations will also be performed. Biofilm and halitosis indexes will be evaluated. Data regarding discomfort, satisfaction and the socioeconomic/individual characteristics will also be computed. DISCUSSION Although toothbrushing has shown positive effects in decreasing biofilm and in gingival health, there is no comparison in the literature of different brushing regimens with halitosis measurement in adolescents. In addition, the effectiveness of these protocols would be confirmed from the acceptability of the volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcela Leticia Leal Gonçalves
- Dentistry College, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos - UNIMES
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Dentistry College, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos - UNIMES
- Dentistry College Students, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos - UNIMES, Santos
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16
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Barrak I, Stájer A, Gajdács M, Urbán E. Small, but smelly: the importance of Solobacterium moorei in halitosis and other human infections. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05371. [PMID: 33163658 PMCID: PMC7610269 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solobacterium moorei (S. moorei) has been described as Gram-positive, non spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacillus from human feces. The traditional culture and identification of these strains is very difficult (as the strains are often not cultivable or they grow only relatively slowly, in addition to producing only a very few positive biochemical reactions in commercially available identification kits); thus, reliable identification may only be carried out using methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing. Regarding its pathogenic role, the relevance of S. moorei in halitosis (oral malodor) has a good standing, as it has been suggested by multiple studies, while the isolation of these bacteria from invasive infections is very rare; there are only a few reports available in the literature, regarding infections outside the oral cavity. Based on these reports, affected patients are predominantly characterized compromised immunity and are frequently associated with a dental focus of infection. The aim of our present review is to summarize the currently available knowledge on the pathogenic role of S. moorei in halitosis and other infections and to emphasize the relevance of this neglected anaerobic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Barrak
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anette Stájer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhu C, Feng X, Chen X. Microbiome variations in preschool children with halitosis. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1059-1068. [PMID: 32790926 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the bacterial characteristics associated with intra-oral halitosis among Chinese preschool children. METHODS An epidemiological study was conducted among 273 preschool children (aged 3-4 years) in Shanghai, China, followed by the collection of 16 samples from the tongue coating of caries-free healthy and halitosis participants. The characterization of associated microbial communities was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the MiSeq. RESULTS Halitosis was observed in 13.2% of the preschool children. No significant difference in terms of microbial diversity (p > .05) was detected in the control and halitosis groups. The dominant bacterial genera observed in both groups included Prevotella, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, and Leptotrichia. The relative proportions of thirteen species (including Leptotrichia sp. HMT_417, Prevotella Pallens, and Alloprevotella rava) were significantly higher in the halitosis group compared with the control group, whereas the distribution of seventeen species from genera Streptococcus, Gemella, and Kingella showed a higher abundance in the control group. Further investigation of interactions among species demonstrated obvious differences in two groups, indicating that various microorganisms interact to produce halitosis in preschool children. CONCLUSIONS Overall, halitosis is associated with multi-microbial mutual interactions. The oral flora microorganisms may exert potentiating or inhibiting effects on each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiping Feng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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18
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Abstract
Lip muscle strength has been shown to influence daily functional activities such as facial expression, speech production, and eating. In this review, recent literature regarding lip strength and exercise training responses are summarized, highlighting the influence of sex, age, and disease (e.g., stroke). A search using five electronic databases was conducted. Twelve studies were identified from the search, which included five studies using healthy adults and seven studies using patients with diseases or chronic ailments. Regardless of the population, lip strength training multiple times a day for a relatively short term (<24 weeks) has resulted in improvements of lip muscle strength. This change in lip strength has been observed in both young and old participants. Although changes in strength have been observed in both men and women, we are unaware of any studies that have tested whether there are sex differences in this response. The same directional change can be expected for patients with stroke and patients with lip incompetence, but the magnitude of the training effect seems to be higher in healthy people.
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19
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Guedes CC, Bussadori SK, Garcia ACM, Motta LJ, Gomes AO, Weber R, Amancio OMS. Accuracy of a portable breath meter test for the detection of halitosis in children and adolescents. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1764. [PMID: 32935823 PMCID: PMC7470429 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the Breath-Alert™ portable breath meter (BA) for the detection of halitosis in children and adolescents, considering the organoleptic test (OT) as the gold standard in this assessment. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 children (aged 6-12 years). OT was performed by three independent examiners on a single occasion, obtaining three scores of 0-5 points on the Rosenberg's organoleptic scale. The median of the three evaluations for each child was used for analysis. BA was used according to the manufacturer's instructions, with breath odor scored from 0-5 points. Scores ≥2 on both tests were considered indicative of halitosis. RESULTS A total of 26 (17.3%) and 23 (15.3%) children were detected with halitosis on the OT and BA tests, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the BA scores for the detection of halitosis were 80.76% and 98.38%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for BA were 91.3% and 96.06%, respectively. CONCLUSION In the present study involving children, who require fast, practical examinations, BA proved to be an auxiliary tool to OT for the detection of halitosis in the practice of pediatric dentistry, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raimar Weber
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Infantil Sabara, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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20
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Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L. Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature. Aust Dent J 2019; 65:4-11. [PMID: 31610030 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis, an offensive breath odour, has multiple sources and negative impacts on people's social interactions and quality of life. It is important for health care professionals, including general physicians and dental professionals, to understand its aetiology and risk factors in order to diagnose and treat patients appropriately. In this study, we have reviewed the current literature on halitosis regarding its prevalence, classification, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L Mei
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Guedes CC, Bussadori SK, Weber R, Motta LJ, Costa da Mota AC, Amancio OMS. Halitosis: prevalence and association with oral etiological factors in children and adolescents. J Breath Res 2019; 13:026002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aafc6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Oh MY, Cho MK. Effects of Gargling with an Aroma Solution on Xerostomia, Halitosis, and Salivary pH in Hemodialysis Patients – A Randomized Controlled Trial. Open Nurs J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874434601913010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Despite developments in renal replacement therapy, therapeutic fluid restriction reportedly induces xerostomia in 28.2~85.5% of hemodialysis patients, which causes serious inconveniences in their daily living and is detrimental to their quality of life.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of gargling with an aroma solution (A-Solution) on xerostomia, halitosis, and salivary pH in hemodialysis patients.
Methods:
This study design was a randomized controlled trial. The participants of this study were 56 hemodialysis patients of E General Hospital in Seoul, Korea. They were divided into an experimental group (n=28) treated by gargling with 20 ml of A-Solution for 15 seconds and a control group (n=28) where pateints did not gargle with A-Solution, and data were collected from October 1 to November 15, 2013. The outcome variables were measured in the pretest and at 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes in the two groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (version 18.0 for Windows).
Results:
Xerostomia was lower in the experimental group than in the control group at each time point apart from the pretest and differed significantly in the interaction between groups and time points. Salivary pH and halitosis differed significantly between the experimental and control groups, across time points, and in the interaction between group and time point.
Conclusion:
The findings of this study suggest that aroma gargling is a useful oral-care intervention for solving oral problems experienced by hemodialysis patients such as xerostomia and halitosis.
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Ballikaya E, Guciz Dogan B, Onay O, Uzamis Tekcicek M. Oral health status of children with mouth breathing due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 113:11-15. [PMID: 30173966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mouth breathing is an important health problem, commonly encountered in children. In children, adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy is the main reason causing partial or complete upper airway obstruction and reduction in airflow. This study aimed to determine the oral health status of children aged 3-15 years, with mouth breathing who were due to have surgery for adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy and referred to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Children's Hospital of a University in Ankara, Turkey between January-July 2015. METHODS The approval of the Non-Interventional Clinical Researches Ethics Board of Hacettepe University and written informed consents from the parents were obtained. The parents completed a questionnaire before the surgery. The children were examined using dental mirror and explorer under dental unit lighting. Oral health status was evaluated with DMFT/S, dmft/s, ICDAS II, dental plaque and gingival indices. The chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests were used to statistically analyse the results, with statistical significance p<0.05. RESULTS Of the 170 children who had adenotonsillar hypertrophy with mouth breathing, 150 the parents agreed to participate the study. 77 of the children (51.3%) were male; the mean age was 5.9 ± 2.6. Mean dmft was 3.8 ± 3.6, dmfs 9.7 ± 1.1, DMFT 0.4 ± 1.0 and DMFS 0.6 ± 1.5 respectively. Among the children, 101 (67.3%) had cavitated dental caries, and according to ICDAS II, none had healthy teeth, 15 (10.0%) had initial, 42 (28.0%) had moderate and 93 (62.0%) had advanced caries. Of the children, 89.3% had gingivitis and the proportion of gingivitis in posterior region was found to be significantly higher than anterior region (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONS The oral health status of mouth breathing in children with adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy was poor. To reduce the risk of dental caries and periodontal disease among these children, regular dental follow-up and preventive programmes for oral health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ballikaya
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
| | - Bahar Guciz Dogan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Ovsen Onay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Meryem Uzamis Tekcicek
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
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Otorhinolaryngological symptoms among smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) users. North Clin Istanb 2018; 6:284-292. [PMID: 31650117 PMCID: PMC6790918 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2018.50024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between smokeless tobacco (maras powder) consumption and otorhinolaryngological symptoms. METHODS: This descriptive study was carried out on 599 participants. The participants were divided into two groups. Of these, 299 (49.9%) patients aged over 18 years were the first group; they used smokeless tobacco for at least 5 years. The remaining patients comprised the second group, which included 300 (50.1%) healthy volunteers who did not use tobacco or its products and demonstrated some similarities with the first group. For the purpose of data collection, a questionnaire consisting of 45 questions was administered to the participants. RESULTS: Cough, sputum, shortness of breath, dysphagia, snoring, and apnea-hypopnea were found to be significantly increased in smokeless tobacco users. The highest odds ratio (OR) found was for sputum at 2.615. Similarly, other oral cavity symptoms such as mouth tickling, dryness of throat, mouth sores, halitosis, taste disorders, and toothache were found to be significantly increased in smokeless tobacco users. It is noteworthy that halitosis was 9.4 times more prevalent among smokeless tobacco users than in the non-tobacco users. Sinonasal symptoms such as sneezing, headache, facial fullness, and anorexia were found to be significantly increased in smokeless tobacco users. However, there were no differences between the groups in terms of ear symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the negative effects of smokeless tobacco consumption were particularly higher in the oral cavity, which in turn gave rise to a number of serious upper respiratory tract complaints.
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25
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Bicak DA. A Current Approach to Halitosis and Oral Malodor- A Mini Review. Open Dent J 2018; 12:322-330. [PMID: 29760825 PMCID: PMC5944123 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis, in other words, oral malodor is an important multifactorial health problem affecting the psychological and social life of individuals and is the most common reason for referral to dentists after dental caries and periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to present and discuss conventional and recently introduced information about the types, causes, detection and treatment methods of halitosis. METHODS An expanded literature review was conducted which targeted all articles published in peer-reviewed journals relating to the topic of halitosis. Only articles written in Turkish and English languages were considered. The review itself began with a search of relevant subject headings such as 'halitosis, oral malodor, volatile sulfur compounds in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar and Tubitak Ulakbim databases. A hand search of references was also performed. RESULTS When search results are combined, the total number of relevant literature was found to be 4646 abstracts and 978 full-text articles. Abstracts, editorial letters were not included and about half of full-text articles were not related to dental practice. Among the remaining 124 full-text articles, duplicated articles and articles written other than Turkish and English languages were removed and 54 full-text articles were used for this review. DISCUSSION According to the reviewed articles, both conventional and new methods were introduced in the management of halitosis. However, conventional methods seem to be more effective and widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. CONCLUSION As being first line professionals, dentists must analyze and treat oral problems which may be responsible for the patient's malodor, and should inform the patient about halitosis causes and oral hygiene procedures (tooth flossing, tongue cleaning, appropriate mouthwash and toothpaste selection and use) and if the problem persists, they should consult to a medical specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Aksit Bicak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia / TRNC Mersin 10 - Turkey
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26
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Saitoh I, Inada E, Kaihara Y, Nogami Y, Murakami D, Kubota N, Sakurai K, Shirazawa Y, Sawami T, Goto M, Nosou M, Kozai K, Hayasaki H, Yamasaki Y. An exploratory study of the factors related to mouth breathing syndrome in primary school children. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 92:57-61. [PMID: 29753207 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mouth breathing syndrome (MBS) is defined as a set of signs and symptoms that may be completely or incompletely present in subjects who, for various reasons, replace the correct pattern of nasal breathing with an oral or mixed pattern. It is important to identify the relevant factors affecting MBS in order to diagnose its cause since breathing obstructions can result from multiple factors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relevant factors and the interrelationships between factors affecting MBS among children. DESIGN We surveyed 380 elementary school children from 6 to 12 years in age. The questionnaire consisted of 44 questions regarding their daily health conditions and lifestyle habits and was completed by the children's guardians. A factor analysis was performed to classify closely related questions into their respective factors and to examine the strength of the correlation between the newly revealed factors. RESULTS Twenty-six out of the 44 questions were selected, and they were classified into seven factors. Factors 1-7 were defined as "Incompetent lip seal", "Diseases of the nose and throat", "Eating and drinking habits", "Bad breath", "Problems with swallowing and chewing", "Condition of teeth and gums", and "Dry lips", respectively. There were also correlations between these factors themselves. CONCLUSION MBS was categorized according to 7 major factors. Because Factor 1 was defined as "Incompetent lip seal", which was representative of the physical appearance of mouth breathers and correlated with other factors, we suggested that MBS should consist of 7 factors in total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kaihara
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nogami
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubota
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakurai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshito Shirazawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sawami
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Miyuki Goto
- Shinonome Elementary School attached to Hiroshima University, 3-1-33 Shinonome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0022, Japan
| | - Maki Nosou
- Department of Public Oral Health Integrated Health Sciences Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kozai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hayasaki
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Youichi Yamasaki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Abstract
This paper attempts to identify the sources and evaluate the prevalence of halitosis in children with adenoid hypertrophy. The study included pediatric patients admitted for adenoidectomy due to obstructive symptoms. Patients with possibly other causes of halitosis, were excluded from the study. Halitosis was detected in 30 out of 136 children (22.1%). The effect of adenoid hypertrophy on halitosis was confirmed by the significant reduction in the organoleptic score rated according to the Rosenberg scale (on average by 2°) and the levels of volatile sulfur compounds (on average 84 ppb) post-adenoidectomy, as compared to pre-surgery results. In total, we reported a statistically significant decrease in the abovementioned values in 90% of patients with halitosis. It was found that in patients with halitosis, as compared to patients with no oral malodor, anaerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus were more frequently observed in the adenoid tissue. Streptococcus oralis strains were more commonly reported in the material taken during adenoidectomy in children without oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Sikorska-Żuk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland. Department of Otolaryngology, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Legnica, Poland
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Herman S, Lisowska G, Herman J, Wojtyna E, Misiołek M. Genuine halitosis in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of mouth odor: severity and role of oral hygiene behaviors. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:101-109. [PMID: 29392764 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the severity of halitosis and the association between oral hygiene practices and the severity of malodor in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of genuine halitosis. Thirty-five laryngological and 40 dental patients with halitosis completed a structured interview and underwent laryngological and dental examinations. Halitosis was assessed using organoleptic and halimeter tests. Greater halitosis severity in laryngological patients was associated with worse clinical status of the palatine tonsils, less frequent toothbrushing, less frequent use of tongue cleaners, fewer daily meals, and increased use of mouthrinses. Among dental patients, more severe halitosis was associated with worse clinical status of the periodontium, more tongue coating, less saliva secretion, and less frequent use of dental floss, interdental toothbrushes, and tongue cleaners. Oral hygiene was found to be a key moderator of the relationship between status of the periodontium or tonsils and severity of halitosis. The severity of halitosis in laryngological patients and dental patients is essentially similar; however, oral hygiene routines are associated with different effects in each group. Consequently, individual recommendations for patients with halitosis should be adjusted for the underlying disease and emphasize the role of effective specific hygiene behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grażyna Lisowska
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Wojtyna
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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Falcão DP, Miranda PC, Almeida TFG, Scalco MGDS, Fregni F, Amorim RFBD. Assessment of the accuracy of portable monitors for halitosis evaluation in subjects without malodor complaint. Are they reliable for clinical practice? J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:559-565. [PMID: 29069154 PMCID: PMC5804393 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is defined as a foul odor emanated from the oral cavity, with great impact in quality of life and social restraints. Recently, the use of Breath Alert™ in research increased significantly. Halimeter™, another portable device, is often used in clinical practice. Nevertheless, not many studies have verified the accuracy and compared the results of both devices simultaneously. Objective: To verify the accuracy of Breath Alert™ and Halimeter™ in patients without chief complaint of halitosis, using the organoleptic test (OT) as "gold standard." The second aim was to verify whether their concomitant use could enhance the diagnostic accuracy of halitosis. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed. The quality of expired air of 34 subjects without chief complaint of halitosis was assessed. Two experienced examiners carried out the OT. Afterward, a third blinded examiner performed Halimeter™ (HT) and Breath Alert™ (BA) tests. Results: The OT identified halitosis in 21 subjects (62%). The area under the ROC curve (95% confidence interval) was 0.67 (0.48-0.85) and 0.54 (0.34-0.75) for HT and BA, respectively. The accuracy for HT and BA was 59% and 47%, respectively. The combined usage of HT and BA provided 11 positive results, being 9 subjects (43%) out of the total of 21 positive cases. Conclusions: Halimeter™ and Breath Alert™ were not able to diagnose halitosis in non-complainer subjects at the same level as the organoleptic examination, since their accuracy were low. Our results suggest that such portable devices are not reliable tools to assess halitosis and may neglect or misdiagnose a considerable number of patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pinheiro Falcão
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Priscila Carvalho Miranda
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Monique Gomes da Silva Scalco
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Harvard Medical School, Laboratory of Neuromodulation & Center for Clinical Research Learning, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
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Patil S, Acharya S, Hathiwala S, Singhal DK, Srinivasan SR, Khatri S. Evaluation of the Efficacy of G32 (Commercially Available Ayurvedic Preparation) in Reducing Halitosis - A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC79-ZC83. [PMID: 29207840 PMCID: PMC5713862 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27380.10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral malodour is a social malady affecting people of all the age groups. Effective management of oral malodour is the key to improve the quality of life of such people. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of ayurvedic medication, G32 in controlling oral malodour and comparing the effects with Chlorhexidine (CHX). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a single blind randomized controlled trial with parallel study design conducted at a hospital in the city of Udupi in Southern India. A total of 40 patients suffering with oral malodour, aged 17-35 years, were included in this trial. After inclusion into the study, the subjects were examined twice, with a one-week interval between both examinations. Volatile Sulphur Compounds (VSCs), gingival, plaque and tongue coating scores were assessed at both examinations. Subjects were randomly allocated to G32 group - ayurvedic formulation (intervention group) and CHX group (control group), and were provided with the respective formulations enough to be used twice daily for a period of one week. The difference between the mean scores of VSCs, plaque, and gingivitis and tongue coating were compared within the intervention and control groups, respectively, using paired t-test. RESULTS Both test and control groups showed a significant reduction in VSCs, plaque and gingivitis levels. The percentage reductions in VSCs, plaque and gingivitis were found to be similar among the two groups. There was no significant difference between the preintervention and postintervention scores in both the groups. CONCLUSION G32, an ayurvedic medication, can be an effective tool to deal with oral malodour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Patil
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Western Maharashtra, India
| | - Shashidhar Acharya
- Professor and Head, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
| | - Siddhi Hathiwala
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Guru Gobind Dental College and Research Centre, Burhanpur, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Singhal
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
| | - Samuel Raj Srinivasan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Thaimoogambika Dental College, Chennai, India
| | - Sachin Khatri
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College, Nagpur, India
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Associations between Malocclusion and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Mongolian Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14080902. [PMID: 28796181 PMCID: PMC5580605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malocclusion may affect oral health-related quality of life (OHR-QoL), however, the previously detected associations were affected by confounding factors. We hypothesized that there is indeed an association between OHR-QoL and malocclusion and investigated in a population-based study of 420 Mongolian adolescents mean age: 12.6 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.09) years from two secondary schools, located in an urban and a suburban area. We randomly selected two classes from each school. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to assess malocclusion. OHR-QoL was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ). Multivariate analysis was used to determine whether malocclusion had an independent effect on OHR-QoL. Overall, the existence of any type of malocclusion was not significantly associated with CPQ results. However, increased overjet was significantly associated with oral symptoms (coefficient: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.14–1.19), functional limitations (coefficient: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.17–1.08), and social well-being (coefficient: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.06–0.93). Deep bite was also significantly associated with oral symptoms (coefficient: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.23–0.84) and functional limitations (coefficient: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19–0.72). Although malocclusion per se was not significantly associated with OHR-QoL, specific types of malocclusion, i.e., increased overjet and deep bite, were associated with OHR-QoL.
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Pacheco MCT, Casagrande CF, Teixeira LP, Finck NS, de Araújo MTM. Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children. Dental Press J Orthod 2017; 20:39-44. [PMID: 26352843 PMCID: PMC4593528 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Mouth breathing (MB) is an etiological factor for sleep-disordered breathing
(SDB) during childhood. The habit of breathing through the mouth may be
perpetuated even after airway clearance. Both habit and obstruction may cause
facial muscle imbalance and craniofacial changes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to propose and test guidelines for clinical recognition
of MB and some predisposing factors for SDB in children. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 110 orthodontists regarding their
procedures for clinical evaluation of MB and their knowledge about SDB during
childhood. Thereafter, based on their answers, guidelines were developed and
tested in 687 children aged between 6 and 12 years old and attending elementary
schools. RESULTS: There was no standardization for clinical recognition of MB among orthodontists.
The most common procedures performed were inefficient to recognize differences
between MB by habit or obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines proposed herein facilitate clinical recognition of MB, help
clinicians to differentiate between habit and obstruction, suggest the most
appropriate treatment for each case, and avoid maintenance of mouth breathing
patterns during adulthood.
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Pacheco MCT, Fiorott BS, Finck NS, Araújo MTMD. Craniofacial changes and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in healthy children. Dental Press J Orthod 2016; 20:80-7. [PMID: 26154460 PMCID: PMC4520142 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.3.080-087.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The main cause of mouth breathing and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in
childhood is associated with upper airway narrowing to varying degrees. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of morphological and
functional craniofacial changes and the main clinical symptoms of SDB in healthy
children. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. A sample comprising 687
healthy schoolchildren, aged 7-12 years old and attending public schools, was
assessed by medical history, clinical medical and dental examination, and
respiratory tests. The self-perceived quality of life of mouth breathing children
was obtained by a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Out of the total sample, 520 children were nose breathers (NB) while 167 (24.3%)
were mouth breathers (MB); 32.5% had severe hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils,
18% had a Mallampati score of III or IV, 26.1% had excessive overjet and 17.7% had
anterior open bite malocclusion. Among the MB, 53.9% had atresic palate, 35.9% had
lip incompetence, 33.5% reported sleepiness during the day, 32.2% often sneezed,
32.2% had a stuffy nose, 19.6% snored, and 9.4% reported having the feeling to
stop breathing while asleep. However, the self-perception of their quality of life
was considered good. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of facial changes as well as signs and symptoms of mouth
breathing were found among health children, requiring early diagnosis and
treatment to reduce the risk of SDB.
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34
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Dinc ME, Altundag A, Dizdar D, Avincsal MO, Sahin E, Ulusoy S, Paltura C. An objective assessment of halitosis in children with adenoid vegetation during pre- and post-operative period. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 88:47-51. [PMID: 27497386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although most specialists in otorhinolaryngology and pediatrics find halitosis to be a common problem in children with adenoid hypertrophy, there are no objective data on this topic in the literature. Whether adenoid hypertrophy is a risk factor for halitosis or whether halitosis is a sign of adenoid hypertrophy remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether children diagnosed with adenoid hypertrophy have a higher probability of halitosis than do children in the normal population and whether adenoidectomy can decrease oral malodor. METHODS Forty children with adenoid hypertrophy and 40 healthy subjects aged 5-15 years were included in the study. The children with adenoid hypertrophy underwent adenoidectomy operations and were followed for 3 months. We measured volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S using an objective method, a portable gas chromatograph (OralChroma; AbiMedical, Osaka, Japan). RESULTS The mean CH3SH and (CH3)2S levels were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the adenoid hypertrophy group and the controls. The H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)2S levels in the third postoperative month were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in the preoperative period, and there was no significant difference postoperatively between the patients with adenoid hypertrophy and controls. There was a positive correlation between age and VSC levels, and CH3SH levels were significantly higher in patients with ventilation tube insertion, rather than just adenoidectomy. CONCLUSIONS There was a statistically significant association between halitosis and adenoid hypertrophy, and a significant improvement in halitosis was obtained following adenoidectomy. The present study provides an association between halitosis and adenoid hypertrophy. If there is no other oral pathology causing halitosis, halitosis can be a sign of adenoid hypertrophy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Dinc
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Denizhan Dizdar
- Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozgur Avincsal
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ethem Sahin
- Bayındır Hospital Icerenkoy, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seckin Ulusoy
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceki Paltura
- Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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de Castilho LS, Abreu MHNG, de Oliveira RB, Souza E Silva ME, Resende VLS. Factors associated with mouth breathing in children with -developmental -disabilities. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 36:75-9. [PMID: 26763202 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with mouth breathing among patients with developmental disabilities of a dental service. METHODS We analyzed 408 dental records. Mouth breathing was reported by the patients' parents and from direct observation. Other variables were as -follows: history of asthma, bronchitis, palate shape, pacifier use, thumb -sucking, nail biting, use of medications, gastroesophageal reflux, bruxism, gender, age, and diagnosis of the patient. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis with ratio calculation and multiple logistic regression. Variables with p < 0.25 were included in the model to estimate the adjusted OR (95% CI), calculated by the forward stepwise method. Variables with p < 0.05 were kept in the model. RESULTS Being male (p = 0.016) and use of centrally acting drugs (p = 0.001) were the variables that remained in the model. CONCLUSION Among patients with -developmental disabilities, boys and psychotropic drug users had a greater chance of being mouth breathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Silva de Castilho
- Professor Doctor, Department of Restorative Dentistry of Dental School, Coordinator of the Extension Project "Dental Care for disabled, Federal University of Minas Gerais State, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Elisa Souza E Silva
- Professor Doctor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais State, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Silva Resende
- Professor Doctor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais State, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Madhushankari GS, Yamunadevi A, Selvamani M, Mohan Kumar KP, Basandi PS. Halitosis - An overview: Part-I - Classification, etiology, and pathophysiology of halitosis. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:S339-43. [PMID: 26538874 PMCID: PMC4606616 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.163441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is a condition where the breath is altered in an unpleasant manner for the affected individuals and impairs them socially as well as psychologically. Halitosis can be clinically classified as real halitosis, pseudohalitosis, and halitophobia. Real halitosis has oral and extra-oral etiologies and the pathophysiology involves interaction of anaerobic microbes (mainly) with the proteins present in the oral cavity fluids and contents, resulting in production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). These VSCs, beyond responsible for halitosis, can also initiate and accelerate periodontal disease progression. Thus, this review is about the pathophysiology and various etiologies of halitosis, the knowledge of which can help in the betterment of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Madhushankari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Andamuthu Yamunadevi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Selvamani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Mahe Institute of Dental Science and Hospital, Mahe, U.T. of Puducherry, India
| | - K P Mohan Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen S Basandi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Lopes RG, da Mota ACC, Soares C, Tarzia O, Deana AM, Prates RA, França CM, Fernandes KPS, Ferrari RAM, Bussadori SK. Immediate results of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 31:41-7. [PMID: 26510574 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Light with or without chemical agents has been used to induce therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. With photodynamic therapy, the antimicrobial effect is confined to areas covered by a photosensitive dye and irradiated with light. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents through the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds, especially sulfide. A controlled, clinical trial was conducted with 45 adolescents randomly allocated to three groups: group 1, photodynamic therapy administered to the dorsum of the tongue; group 2, treatment with a tongue scraper; and group 3, treatment with a tongue scraper combined with photodynamic therapy. The diagnosis of halitosis was performed using gas chromatography before and after treatment. Comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, with the level of significance set at 5 % (p < 0.05). After treatment, a statistically significant reduction in halitosis was found in all groups (p < 0.001). The greatest reduction in total sulfides (median = 0) occurred with the combination of tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy. The present study describes a novel option for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents with an immediate effect that does not involve the mechanical aggression of the lingual papillae that occurs with conventional treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Photodynamic Therapy in Adolescents Halitosis ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02007993?term=NCT02007993&rank=1 )Number: NCT02007993FUNDING:FAPESPNumber: 2013/13032-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Garcia Lopes
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health Post Graduation Program, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Costa da Mota
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health Post Graduation Program, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Soares
- Center of Excellence in the Treatment of Halitosis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olinda Tarzia
- Center of Excellence in the Treatment of Halitosis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health Post Graduation Program, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Araújo Prates
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health Post Graduation Program, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Miranda França
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health Post Graduation Program, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health Post Graduation Program, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kim SY, Sim S, Kim SG, Park B, Choi HG. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Subjective Halitosis in Korean Adolescents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140214. [PMID: 26461837 PMCID: PMC4603949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of subjective halitosis in adolescents. In total, 359,263 participants were selected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) from 2009 through 2013. Demographic data including age, sex, obesity and residency; psychosocial factors such as subjective health, stress, and economic levels; and dietary factors such as alcohol consumption; smoking; and fruit, soda, fast food, instant noodle, confection, and vegetable consumption were analyzed for correlations with halitosis using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses with complex sampling. In total, 23.6% of the participants reported the presence of halitosis. The following subjectively assessed factors were related to halitosis: poor health status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.56), overweight or obese (AOR = 1.37), stress (AOR = 2.56), and lower economic levels (AOR = 1.85). The high intake of fast food (AOR = 1.15), instant noodles (AOR = 1.17), and confections (AOR = 1.17) and the low intake of fruits (AOR = 1.22) and vegetables (AOR = 1.19) were also related to halitosis. The prevalence of subjective halitosis in the studied adolescents was 23.6%. Specific psychosocial factors and dietary intake were related to halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songyong Sim
- Department of Statistics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyo Geun Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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SUHANI RALUCADIANA, SUHANI MIHAIFLAVIU, MUNTEAN ALEXANDRINA, MESAROS MICHAELA, BADEA MINDRAEUGENIA. Deleterious oral habits in children with hearing impairment. CLUJUL MEDICAL (1957) 2015; 88:403-7. [PMID: 26609277 PMCID: PMC4632903 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Deleterious oral habits represent a serious public health issue. The information available about this problem in children with hearing impairment is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of deleterious oral habits among children with hearing impairment and comparing results against children without hearing impairment. METHOD This epidemiological study was carried out in a sample size of 315 children. We used a random sampling technique that included 150 children with hearing impairment and 165 without hearing impairment. All subjects were submitted to a clinical examination. The parents/legal guardians were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the deleterious habits of their children. RESULTS The data collected indicated a higher prevalence of deleterious oral habits among children with hearing impairment: 53.3% as opposed to 40.6% among children without hearing impairment. There was a higher incidence of malocclusion in children with hearing impairment (79.3%) compared to children without hearing impairment (57%). CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the need to establish protocols for preventive orthodontic treatment at an early age, in order to reduce the deleterious oral habits and prevent malocclusion. Dental institutions/clinicians need to implement oral care programs including proper oral education aiming to promote oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- RALUCA DIANA SUHANI
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - ALEXANDRINA MUNTEAN
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - MICHAELA MESAROS
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - MINDRA EUGENIA BADEA
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Lopes RG, de Godoy CHL, Deana AM, de Santi MESO, Prates RA, França CM, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK. Photodynamic therapy as a novel treatment for halitosis in adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:443. [PMID: 25394474 PMCID: PMC4236439 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Halitosis is a common problem that affects a large portion of the population worldwide. The origin of this condition is oral in 90% and systemic in 10% of cases. The unpleasant odor is mainly the result of volatile sulfur compounds produced by Gram-negative bacteria. However, it has recently been found that anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria also produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the presence of amino acids, such as cysteine. Light, both with and without the use of chemical agents, has been used to induce therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. In photodynamic therapy, the antimicrobial effect is confined to areas covered by photosensitizing dye. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy on halitosis in adolescents through the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds measured using gas chromatography and microbiological analysis of coated tongue. Methods/Design A quantitative clinical trial will be carried out involving 60 adolescents randomly divided into the following groups: group 1 will receive treatment with a tongue scraper, group 2 will receive photodynamic therapy applied to the posterior two-thirds of the dorsum of the tongue, and group 3 will receive combined treatment (tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy). Gas chromatography (OralChromaTM) and microbiological analysis will be used for the diagnosis of halitosis at the beginning of the study. Post-treatment evaluations will be conducted at one hour and 24 hours after treatment. The statistical analysis will include the Shapiro-Wilk test for the determination of the distribution of the data. If normal distribution is demonstrated, analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test will be used to compare groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test will be used for data with non-normal distribution. Either the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test will be used to compare data before and after treatment, depending on the distribution of the data. Discussion The results of this trial will determine the efficacy of using photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with a tongue scraper to treat bad breath in adolescents. Trial registration The protocol for this study was registered with Clinical Trials (registration number NCT02007993) on 10 December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- University Nove de Julho, Rua Vergueiro, 235, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-000, Brazil.
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Abstract
Rhinosinusitis is a very common condition which is normally readily recognizable. Given the intimate anatomic relationship between the antrum and the posterior maxillary teeth, maxillary sinusitis can present as odontalgia. Distinguishing between odontogenic orofacial pain and pain associated with maxillary sinusitis is important to prevent unnecessary dental intervention and to direct patients to medical colleagues. Conversely, odontogenic infection can spread to involve the antrum, termed odontogenic sinusitis, or maxillary sinusitis of dental origin. Odontogenic sinusitis accounts for about 10-40% of all cases of sinusitis, and usually requires combined dental and medical treatment. Maxillary sinusitis can also be a complication of exodontia, resulting from tuberosity fractures, displaced teeth or root fragments and the creation of oroantral communications and fistulae. Dental implants and endodontic materials can also impinge on the maxillary sinus, and are rare causes of sinusitis. Often it is stated that rhinosinusitis may contribute to a halitosis complaint, and widely used diagnostic protocols for rhinosinusitis sometimes list halitosis as a minor criterion. However, gold standards in halitotosis research such as organoleptic assessment or gas chromatography have not been used to validate a correlation between objective (genuine) halitosis and sinusitis. The pathophysiology of this mechanism is unclear, and the relative importance of this alongside other causes of extraoral halitosis is debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferguson
- Marfleet Primary Healthcare Centre, Hull, United Kingdom
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Lopes RG, de Santi MESO, Franco BE, Deana AM, Prates RA, França CM, Fernandes KPS, Ferrari RAM, Bussadori SK. Photodynamic therapy as novel treatment for halitosis in adolescents: a case series study. J Lasers Med Sci 2014; 5:146-152. [PMID: 25653814 PMCID: PMC4281993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a common problem that affects a large portion of the population worldwide. The origin of this condition is oral in 90% of cases and systemic in 10% of cases. The foul odor is caused mainly by volatile sulfur compounds produced by Gram-negative bacteria. However, it has recently been found that anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria also produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the presence of amino acids, such as cysteine. Light with and without the combination of chemical agents has been used to induce therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. In photodynamic therapy, the antimicrobial effect is confined to areas covered by the photosensitizing dye. The aim of the present case series study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy on halitosis in adolescents through the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds measured using a sulfide meter (Halimeter®). METHODS Five adolescents aged 14 to 16 years were evaluated using a sulfide meter before and one hour after photodynamic therapy, which involved the use of methylene blue 0.005% on the middle third and posterior thirds of the dorsum of the tongue and nine points of laser irradiation in the red band (660 nm) with an energy dose of 9 J, power output of 100 mW and 90-seconds exposure time. RESULTS A 31.8% reduction in the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds was found in the comparison of the initial and final readings. The statistically significant reduction (p = 0.0091) led to an absence of halitosis following treatment (mean: 58.2 ppb). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy seems to be effective on reduction the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds.Considering the positive effects of photodynamic therapy in this case series, further studies involving microbiological analyses should be conducted to allow comparisons of the results.
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Abstract
Halitosis is formed by volatile molecules which are caused because of pathological or nonpathological reasons and it originates from an oral or a non-oral source. It is very common in general population and nearly more than 50% of the general population have halitosis. Although halitosis has multifactorial origins, the source of 90% cases is oral cavity such as poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, tongue coat, food impaction, unclean dentures, faulty restorations, oral carcinomas, and throat infections. Halitosis affects a person's daily life negatively, most of people who complain about halitosis refer to the clinic for treatment but in some of the people who can suffer from halitosis, there is no measurable halitosis. There are several methods to determine halitosis. Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected rightly. The most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detection etiology or determination its source by detailed clinical examination. Management may include simple measures such as scaling and root planning, instructions for oral hygiene, tongue cleaning, and mouth rinsing. The aim of this review was to describe the etiological factors, prevalence data, diagnosis, and the therapeutic mechanical and chemical approaches related to halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadır Uğur Aylıkcı
- Department of Periodontology, Kirikkale University Dental Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Harvey-Woodworth CN. Dimethylsulphidemia: the significance of dimethyl sulphide in extra-oral, blood borne halitosis. Br Dent J 2013; 214:E20. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rocha e Silva M. Pediatrics in Clinics: highlights. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:859-64. [PMID: 22948450 PMCID: PMC3416888 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(08)01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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