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Seydi-Gazafi K, Tavassoli M, Mardani K. Investigation of pyrethroid resistance mutations in Linognathus stenopsis lice collected from goats in western and northwestern Iran. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1380328. [PMID: 38948670 PMCID: PMC11212121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1380328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Linognathus stenopsis lice are an extensive parasitic concern in goat populations worldwide, posing significant economic and health risks. This study examined the identification of alleles of resistance to pyrethroid and mutations in L. stenopsis samples obtained from goats in five provinces in western and northwestern Iran. Methods Morphological and molecular techniques were employed to identify the louse species. Molecular identification methods and gene sequencing were used to identify resistance-associated mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. Results and discussion The results revealed that six amino acid substitutions, including threonine-to-isoleucine (T917I), leucine-to-phenylalanine (L920F), isoleucine-to-phenylalanine (I927F), phenylalanine-to-alanine (F928A), valine-to-arginine (V929R), and arginine-to-leucine (R930L) mutations, were present in the VGSC gene of L. stenopsis lice from various regions of Iran. These findings suggest the potential for pyrethroid resistance development in this louse species, highlighting the importance of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Such strategies, which combine selective insecticides, regular grooming, and environmental sanitation, are crucial for effectively managing L. stenopsis infestations and preserving the efficacy of pyrethroids for pest control. Moreover, the emergence of novel kdr mutations underscores the need for ongoing research into the molecular mechanisms underlying these mutations. This research is vital for developing strategies to combat pyrethroid resistance and maintaining the efficacy of insecticides in controlling lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Seydi-Gazafi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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2
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Moural TW, Koirala B K S, Bhattarai G, He Z, Guo H, Phan NT, Rajotte EG, Biddinger DJ, Hoover K, Zhu F. Architecture and potential roles of a delta-class glutathione S-transferase in protecting honey bee from agrochemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141089. [PMID: 38163465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, serves as the principle managed pollinator species globally. In recent decades, honey bee populations have been facing serious health threats from combined biotic and abiotic stressors, including diseases, limited nutrition, and agrochemical exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying xenobiotic adaptation of A. mellifera is critical, considering its extensive exposure to phytochemicals and agrochemicals present in the environment. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive structural and functional characterization of AmGSTD1, a delta class glutathione S-transferase (GST), to unravel its roles in agrochemical detoxification and antioxidative stress responses. We determined the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of a honey bee GST using protein crystallography for the first time, providing new insights into its molecular structure. Our investigations revealed that AmGSTD1 metabolizes model substrates, including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNA), phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), propyl isothiocyanate (PITC), and the oxidation byproduct 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Moreover, we discovered that AmGSTD1 exhibits binding affinity with the fluorophore 8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS), which can be inhibited with various herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and their metabolites. These findings highlight the potential contribution of AmGSTD1 in safeguarding honey bee health against various agrochemicals, while also mitigating oxidative stress resulting from exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Moural
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Sonu Koirala B K
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gaurab Bhattarai
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ziming He
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Haoyang Guo
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Ngoc T Phan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, AR 72701, USA; Research Center for Tropical Bees and Beekeeping, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Edwin G Rajotte
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - David J Biddinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Penn State Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA.
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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3
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Sim YW, Cho S, Lee SH, Kim JH, Lee J, Park S. Characterization of the common bed bug's eggshell and egg glue proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126004. [PMID: 37517751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
An insect egg is one of the most vulnerable stages of insect life, and the evolutionary success of a species depends on the eggshell protecting the embryo and the egg glue securing the attachment. The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius), notorious for its painful and itchy bites, infests human dwellings to feed on blood. They are easier to find these days as they adapt to develop resistance against commonly used insecticides. In this study, we identify and characterize the eggshell protein and the probable egg glue protein (i.e. keratin associated protein 5-10 like protein) of the bed bug by using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, by using transcription profiling and in vivo RNA interference, we show evidences that the keratin associated protein 5-10 like protein functions as the glue protein. Finally, structural characterizations on the two proteins are performed using recombinant proteins. Amino acid sequences of various insect eggshell and egg glue proteins support their independent evolution among different insect groups. Hence, inhibiting the function of these proteins related to the earliest stage of life can achieve species-specific population control. In this respect, our results would be a starting point in developing new ways to control bed bug population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Won Sim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Susie Cho
- Entomology Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Entomology Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Julian Lee
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - SangYoun Park
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Cho S, Shin EH, Ju HC, Jeong ES, Lee SH, Kim JH. The first recent case of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) with super-kdr mutations in the Republic of Korea. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:822-827. [PMID: 37074230 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in international travel and trade, in conjunction with the development of insecticide resistance, infestations of Cimex lectularius (L.) and Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) have resurged globally in the last 2 decades. Recently, it was reported that C. hemipterus was also found in temperate regions, indicating the possibility of its expansion outside tropical regions. Cimex hemipterus has not been officially recorded in Korea since its initial description in 1934. Here, we report the first recent case of C. hemipterus in Korea based on morphological and molecular identification. Partial sequencing of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene revealed super-kdr mutations (M918I and L1014F) that are associated with pyrethroid resistance. This case report serves as a warning to intensify the bed bug surveillance system in Korea regarding the presence of C. hemipterus and to prepare effective alternative insecticides for pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - E-Hyun Shin
- Research Institute, Korea Pest Control Association, Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Ju
- Research Institute, Korea Pest Control Association, Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Seok Jeong
- Research Institute, Korea Pest Control Association, Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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5
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Gao R, Lu R, Qiu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Wu S. Detection of Putative Mutation I873S in the Sodium Channel of Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Which May Be Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance. INSECTS 2023; 14:388. [PMID: 37103203 PMCID: PMC10143160 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance of thrips has been reported in many countries, and knockdown resistance (kdr) has been identified as a main mechanism against pyrethroids in many insects. To characterize pyrethroid resistance in Megalurothrips usitatus from the Hainan Province of China, we conducted a biological assay and sequenced the voltage-gated sodium channel gene domain II from M. usitatus field populations. It showed high resistance to the pyrethroids for 2019 and 2020, in which LC50 to lambda-cyhalothrin of M. usitatus was 1683.521 mg/L from Sanya in 2020. The LC50 value of deltamethrin was lower in Haikou than in other locations, which mean the south of Hainan has higher resistance than the north of Hainan. Two mutations of I873S and V1015M were detected in the domain II region of the sodium channel in M. usitatus; however, the mutation frequency of V1015M was only 3.33% and that of I873S was 100%. One is homozygous and the other is a heterozygous mutant type. The three thrips-sensitive strains of sodium channel 873 are highly conserved in amino acids (isoleucine), while the M. usitatus pyrethroid-resistant strains are all serine, so I873S may be related to the resistance of M. usitatus to pyrethroids. The present study will contribute to the understanding of the evolution of pyrethroids resistance and contribute to the development of resistance management of M. usitatus in Hainan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Gao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Rongcai Lu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xinyao Qiu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Likui Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Shaoying Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
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6
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Cáceres M, Drago A, Orihuela PS, Vassena C. Metabolic resistance to deltamethrin is mediated by P450 and esterases in common bed bugs Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023. [DOI: 10.52004/jemca2022.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The infestations of Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) registered in the last decades have been influenced by several human activities, including international tourism and commerce. Moreover, the development of insecticide resistance and careless pest control strategies contributed to the dispersal of bed bugs. Given the complexity of the topic, distinguishing physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in resistance can help design proper control tools and limit the resistance spread. Here we determined the susceptibility to deltamethrin and imidacloprid in bed bugs collected in Italy. Also, we assessed the role of esterases and P450 monooxygenases by direct enzymatic activity measurement and inhibition by synergism bioassays. Our results showed that the field-collected colony exhibited high resistance ratios to imidacloprid and deltamethrin (757 and >60,000 times, respectively) compared to the susceptible colony. Moreover, resistant bed bugs showed increased activity of esterases and P450 monooxygenases. The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) suggests the significant contribution of both enzymatic groups as detoxification pathways implicated in pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs. Further investigations are needed to unravel the biochemical and molecular basis involved in the resistant phenotype for developing novel strategies for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cáceres
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas – UNIDEF – CONICET, San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, 1603 Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Drago
- Entostudio S.R.L. Viale del Lavoro 66, 35020 Ponte San Nicolò, Italy
| | - P.L. Santo Orihuela
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas – UNIDEF – CONICET, San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, 1603 Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, 1113 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C.V. Vassena
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas – UNIDEF – CONICET, San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, 1603 Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ingeniería e Investigaciones Ambientales, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Ramos RS, Cooper R, Dasgupta T, Pashley NE, Wang C. Comparative Efficacy of Superheated Dry Steam Application and Insecticide Spray Against Common Bed Bugs Under Simulated Field Conditions. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:12-18. [PMID: 35607829 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., is a difficult urban pest to control. A simulated field study was conducted to compare the efficacy of steam application and an insecticide mixture spray (0.05% acetamiprid and 0.06% bifenthrin mixture) against C. lectularius. Three types of furniture (desk chair, upholstered armchair, and wooden table) were treated in the laboratory. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by visual inspection and placement of interceptor traps under the legs of the furniture. One hundred mixed stages of an insecticide-resistant population of C. lectularius were released onto each furniture item. After a 10-day acclimation period, each furniture item received steam treatment, insecticide spray, or no treatment. The second application of treatment was conducted 14 d later. Bed bug counts from interceptors and visual inspections were recorded at 13 d and 28 d after the initial treatment. At 28 d, the mean (± SE) live bed bug count in the steam, spray, and control group was 1 ± 0, 2 ± 1, and 83 ± 10, respectively. Both treatment methods were highly effective in controlling bed bugs on furniture. The mean bed bug count from interceptors in the steam, spray, and control groups were 0.3 ± 0.2, 11 ± 7, and 47 ± 9, respectively. There was no significant difference in the efficacy between steam and spray treatments based on either visual inspection or bed bug counts from interceptors. However, based on interceptor counts, the steam treatment caused faster bed bug population reduction than insecticide sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Soares Ramos
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Tirthankar Dasgupta
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, 110 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nicole E Pashley
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, 110 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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8
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Yu JJ, Ranabhat S, Wang C. Insecticide Resistance of Cimex lectularius L. Populations and the Performance of Selected Neonicotinoid-Pyrethroid Mixture Sprays and an Inorganic Dust. INSECTS 2023; 14:133. [PMID: 36835701 PMCID: PMC9966739 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is one of the factors contributing to the resurgence of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. This study aimed to profile the resistance levels of field-collected C. lectularius populations to two neonicotinoids and one pyrethroid insecticide and the performance of selected insecticide sprays and an inorganic dust. The susceptibility of 13 field-collected C. lectularius populations from the United States to acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and deltamethrin was assessed by topical application using a discriminating dose (10 × LD90 of the respective chemical against a laboratory strain). The RR50 based on KT50 values for acetamiprid and imidacloprid ranged from 1.0-4.7 except for the Linden 2019 population which had RR50 of ≥ 76.9. Seven populations had RR50 values of > 160 for deltamethrin. The performance of three insecticide mixture sprays and an inorganic dust were evaluated against three C. lectularius field populations. The performance ratio of Transport GHP (acetamiprid + bifenthrin), Temprid SC (imidacloprid + β-cyfluthrin), and Tandem (thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin) based on LC90 were 900-2017, 55-129, and 100-196, respectively. Five minute exposure to CimeXa (92.1% amorphous silica) caused > 95% mortality to all populations at 72 h post-treatment.
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9
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Capone D, Adriano Z, Cumming O, Irish SR, Knee J, Nala R, Brown J. Urban Onsite Sanitation Upgrades and Synanthropic Flies in Maputo, Mozambique: Effects on Enteric Pathogen Infection Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:549-560. [PMID: 36516327 PMCID: PMC9835884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synanthropic filth flies transport enteric pathogens from feces to food, which upon consumption poses an infection risk. We evaluated the effect of an onsite sanitation intervention─including fly control measures─in Maputo, Mozambique, on the risk of infection from consuming fly-contaminated food. After enumerating flies at intervention and control sites, we cultured fecal indicator bacteria, quantified gene copies for 22 enteric pathogens via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and developed quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models to estimate annual risks of infection attributable to fly-contaminated foods. We found that the intervention reduced fly counts at latrine entrances by 69% (aRR = 0.31, [0.13, 0.75]) but not at food preparation areas (aRR = 0.92, [0.33, 2.6]). Half of (23/46) of individual flies were positive for culturable Escherichia coli, and we detected ≥1 pathogen gene from 45% (79/176) of flies, including enteropathogenic E. coli (37/176), adenovirus (25/176), Giardia spp. (13/176), and Trichuris trichiura (12/176). We detected ≥1 pathogen gene from half the flies caught in control (54%, 30/56) and intervention compounds (50%, 17/34) at baseline, which decreased 12 months post-intervention to 43% (23/53) at control compounds and 27% (9/33) for intervention compounds. These data indicate flies as a potentially important mechanical vector for enteric pathogen transmission in this setting. The intervention may have reduced the risk of fly-mediated enteric infection for some pathogens, but infrequent detection resulted in wide confidence intervals; we observed no apparent difference in infection risk between groups in a pooled estimate of all pathogens assessed (aRR = 0.84, [0.61, 1.2]). The infection risks posed by flies suggest that the design of sanitation systems and service delivery should include fly control measures to prevent enteric pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Capone
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 2719 E 10th St, Bloomington, Indiana47401, United States
| | - Zaida Adriano
- WE
Consult ltd, 177 Rua
Tomas Ribeiro, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United
Kingdom
| | - Seth R. Irish
- Epidemiology
and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical
and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil4123, Switzerland
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United
Kingdom
| | - Rassul Nala
- Ministério
da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde
Maputo, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brown
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
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10
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Zhorov BS, Dong K. Pyrethroids in an AlphaFold2 Model of the Insect Sodium Channel. INSECTS 2022; 13:745. [PMID: 36005370 PMCID: PMC9409284 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides stabilize the open state of insect sodium channels. Previous mutational, electrophysiological, and computational analyses led to the development of homology models predicting two pyrethroid receptor sites, PyR1 and PyR2. Many of the naturally occurring sodium channel mutations, which confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids, are located within or close to these receptor sites, indicating that these mutations impair pyrethroid binding. However, the mechanism of the state-dependent action of pyrethroids and the mechanisms by which kdr mutations beyond the receptor sites confer resistance remain unclear. Recent advances in protein structure prediction using the AlphaFold2 (AF2) neural network allowed us to generate a new model of the mosquito sodium channel AaNav1-1, with the activated voltage-sensing domains (VSMs) and the presumably inactivated pore domain (PM). We further employed Monte Carlo energy minimizations to open PM and deactivate VSM-I and VSM-II to generate additional models. The docking of a Type II pyrethroid deltamethrin in the models predicted its interactions with many known pyrethroid-sensing residues in the PyR1 and PyR2 sites and revealed ligand-channel interactions that stabilized the open PM and activated VSMs. Our study confirms the predicted two pyrethroid receptor sites, explains the state-dependent action of pyrethroids, and proposes the mechanisms of the allosteric effects of various kdr mutations on pyrethroid action. The AF2-based models may assist in the structure-based design of new insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology & Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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11
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Tiotour M, Shaddel M, Aminianfar M, Mirahmadi H, Barzegar G, Solgi R, Darvishi M. Identification of Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:204-207. [PMID: 35895369 PMCID: PMC9294690 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide resurgence of tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus beginning in the late 1990s has led to growing concern. Molecular data on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the control strategies, is unknown for C. hemipterus in Iran. The current study evaluated the deltamethrin resistance status of C. hemipterus by bioassay and molecular tests. Live bed bugs were collected from sleeping quarters (dormitories) in the city of Tehran and used for insecticide bioassay tests. For bioassay evaluation, mixed-sex pools of adult bugs were exposed to deltamethrin (0.025%)-treated paper. Polymerase chain reaction assay evaluated resistance-related mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) gene of studied populations. On the basis of the bioassay test within the 48-h exposure to deltamethrin, C. hemipterus were determined to be resistant. Knockdown time ratios (KR50) in the studied populations of C. hemipterus was 5.5-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Teh strain. DNA sequencing of the VGSC gene revealed the presence of mutations at M918I and L1014 in C. hemipterus. According to the bioassay and molecular results of current study, C. hemipterus showed a high degree of pyrethroid resistance. The application of multiple approaches including physical, biological, and chemical tests should be regarded in future bed bug control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Tiotour
- Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Shaddel
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aminianfar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Mirahmadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Barzegar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahmat Solgi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Loudon C. Perspectives On Bioinspired Product Development: Entrapping Surfaces Based On Leaf Microstructures. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac051. [PMID: 35612994 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists who work on bioinspired systems may see the potential for products resulting from their research, but are often unaware of the various steps or issues related to commercialization or product development. Commercialization topics lie outside the usual training of a basic biologist, and therefore much of their exposure to these topics is adventitious, such as from casual conversations at meetings. Thus, the information gleaned may be somewhat piecemeal. In this paper, I briefly summarize some of what I have learned over the last ten years about commercialization from a variety of different sources, related to a bioinspired project in which I am involved. My collaborators and I have invented and patented a technology to entrap insect pests by a purely physical mechanism (a "physical insecticide" that does not involve a chemical insecticide). This bioinspired technology is based on a historical control method, in which leaves from bean plants were used to capture bed bugs for hundreds of years in parts of Eastern Europe. Sharp recurved microstructures (nonglandular trichomes) on the leaf surfaces irreversibly impale the tarsi (feet) of the bed bugs as they walk over the surfaces, trapping them in place. Pest professionals have identified bed bugs as the most difficult pest to control; there is a clear need for new methods of control for this pest. There are societal benefits and consumer demand for products that are sustainable, without regulatory constraints, and that minimize insecticide exposure for humans. But how would these products be developed from this starting point of a bioinspired invention? I will briefly share some of our experiences in the early and ongoing product development of entrapping surfaces, with the hope that this might interest or aid others who are considering entrepreneurial activities. Unfamiliar topics such as intellectual property, customer segmentation, value propositions, business models, conflict of interest, and conflict of commitment may require some attention from prospective entrepreneurs. This brief and introductory overview is intended for those academic scientists with little to no experience or knowledge in the area of commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Loudon
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 321 Steinhaus Hall, U. of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697-2525 USA
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13
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Moshaverinia A, Raouf-Rahmati A, Jarahi L, Bergquist R, Zorrilla-Vaca A, Kiani F, Jadidoleslami A, Doggett SL, Zarean M, Majma A, Reza Youssefi M, Moghaddas E, Kiani B. Geographical patterns and mechanisms of Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758, and Cimex hemipterus Fabricius, 1803 (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) resistance to insecticides: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1817-1827. [PMID: 35524788 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to review published scientific literature on bed bugs in countries where insecticide resistance has been reported worldwide from 2000 to 2021. Electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and WOS, were searched. Out of 606 articles found in the initial search, we selected 57 articles, of which 40 articles had reported on Cimex lectularius (C. lectularius), and 22 papers had reported on Cimex hemipterus (C. hemipterus). Most studies on insecticide resistance were carried out on C. lectularius in North America (14, 35%) and C. hemipterus in Asia (16, 72.7%). The most common method used to detect bed bug resistance to insecticides was toxicological bioassay with an overall random pooled effect size of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.23-0.53) in C. lectularius and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.27-0.65) in C. hemipterus. Resistance to pyrethroids was reported against C. lectularius with an overall pooled effect size of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.56-0.94) and C. hemipterus with an overall pooled effect size of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.57-0.93) in 33.40 (82.5%) and 19.22 (86.3%) published articles, respectively. A very high resistance level to pyrethroids in both studied species was observed, and resistance ratios at the highest level were 76389.3 and 315.5 in C. lectularius and C. hemipterus, respectively. Resistance mechanisms against pyrethroids were reported from most locations except Iran and Thailand, but these mechanisms were not studied in other insecticide groups. These reports indicate that chemical control options for bed bugs are limited. Therefore, a combination of chemical and non-chemical strategies is recommended for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moshaverinia
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amene Raouf-Rahmati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Jadidoleslami
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Zarean
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Majma
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol-Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Dang K, Doggett SL, Leong XY, Veera Singham G, Lee CY. Multiple Mechanisms Conferring Broad-Spectrum Insecticide Resistance in the Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2473-2484. [PMID: 34693975 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The modern resurgence of the common (Cimex lectularius L.) and tropical bed bugs (C. hemipterus [F.]) is thought to be primarily due to insecticide resistance. While there are many reports on insecticide resistance mechanisms in C. lectularius, such information in C. hemipterus is limited. We examined dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin resistance, and the underlying mechanisms in several C. hemipterus strains (Australia: Queensland [QLD-AU]; Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur [KL-MY], Tanjung Tokong [TT-MY], Christian [CH-MY], and Green Lane [GL-MY]). We used a surface contact method, synergism studies (utilizing piperonyl butoxide [PBO], S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate [DEF], and diethyl maleate [DEM]), and molecular detection of kdr mutations. Results demonstrated that all C. hemipterus strains possessed high resistance to DDT and the pyrethroids and moderate to high resistance to malathion. Synergism studies showed that deltamethrin resistance in all strains was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by PBO. In contrast, deltamethrin resistance was not affected in DEF or DEM. Similar findings were found with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. Malathion resistance was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by DEF in all strains. Resistance to DDT was not affected by DEM in all strains. Multiple kdr mutations (M918I, D953G, and L1014F) were detected by molecular analyses. TT-MY strain was found with individuals possessing three kdr mutation combinations; D953G + L1014F (homozygous susceptible: M918), M918I + D953G + L1014F (heterozygous resistant: I918), and M918I + D953G + L1014F (homozygous resistant: I918). Individuals with M918I + D953G + L1014F (homozygous resistant: I918) survived longer on deltamethrin (>12 h) than those (≤1 h) with other combinations. M918I + L1014F mutations most likely conferred super-kdr characteristic toward pyrethroids and DDT in C. hemipterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Yeng Leong
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Ecolab Malaysia, Level 12, The Pinnacle Persiaran Lagoon, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 46150, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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15
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Ghahvechi Khaligh F, Djadid ND, Farmani M, Asadi Saatlou Z, Frooziyan S, Abedi Astaneh F, Farnoosh F, Sofizadeh A, Naseri F, Adib D, Taheri M, Lalehzari E, Pashaei S, Soltanbeiglou S, Soltani A, Khooban H, Abbasi E, Aivazi AA, Saeedi S, Taghilou B, Jafari A, Dashti Khavidak K, Toloza AC, Gholizadeh S. Molecular Monitoring of Knockdown Resistance in Head Louse (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) Populations in Iran. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2321-2329. [PMID: 34106252 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a common mechanism of insecticide resistance in head lice to the conventionally used pyrethroid pediculosis and can be the result of various amino acid substitutions within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). In this study, 54 sequences from varied specimens were investigated to monitor well-known resistance mutations and probable new mutations. The Pediculus humanus capitis de Geer specimens were collected from 13 provinces in Iran. The specimens were stored in 70% ethanol until DNA extraction and PCR amplification of ~900-bp fragment of VSSC. The sequences were analyzed using different bioinformatics software for the detection of well-known kdr substitutions and additional mutations potentially associated with kdr resistance in head lice. There were six new and an old (haplotype I) kdr haplotypes within the Iranian head louse population. K794E, F815I, and N818D amino acid substitutions were reported for the first time. The P813H mutation was the most prevalent amino acid substitution in eight provinces. Among 53 sequences, 26 (49%) were homozygous susceptible, and 27 (51%) were heterozygotes. Thus, 51% of the head lice collected in Iran harbored only the P813H allele. The exact test for the Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium showed that genotype frequencies differed significantly from the expectation in East-Azerbaijan and Tehran provinces. Moreover, these populations had an inbreeding coefficient (Fis) <0, indicating the excess of heterozygotes. This observation suggests that the populations of head lice from Iran are currently under active selective pressure. For the rest of the populations, H-W equilibrium and the expectations were significantly in harmony. The results of the current study highlight molecular techniques in the accurate detection of resistance genotypes before their establishment within the head louse population. Accurate detection of resistant genotypes seems to be helpful in decision-making on lice control programs and resistance monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghahvechi Khaligh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, National Insectarium, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farmani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadi Saatlou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samira Frooziyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abedi Astaneh
- Department of Communicable Disease, Deputy of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Fariba Farnoosh
- Deputy of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aioub Sofizadeh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Naseri
- Medical Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Delnia Adib
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Emran Lalehzari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shabnam Pashaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadiyeh Soltanbeiglou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Khooban
- Department of Communicable Disease, Deputy of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abbasi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali-Ashraf Aivazi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Samrand Saeedi
- Department of Communicable Disease, Deputy of Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghilou
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kamal Dashti Khavidak
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-WHO). Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397. Villa Martelli. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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16
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Ghavami MB, Ghahremani Z, Raeisi N, Taghiloo B. High levels of pyrethroid resistance and super-kdr mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, in Iran. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:470. [PMID: 34521460 PMCID: PMC8439044 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is an important ectoparasite causing various health problems. This species is mainly confined to tropical regions; however, insecticide resistance, global warming, and globalization have changed its distribution map. Molecular information on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the development of control programs, is unknown for C. hemipterus in expanded areas. The present study was designed to determine the permethrin resistance status, characterize the pyrethroid receptor sites in voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene, and identify the resistance-related mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug in Iran. Methods Live bed bugs were collected, and adults of C. hemipterus were selected for bioassay and molecular surveys. Bioassay was performed by tarsal contact with permethrin 0.75% in mixed-sex of samples. Conventional and quantitative TaqMan and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays were conducted to characterize the vgsc gene and genotypes of studied populations. Results In the bioassay tests, the mortality rates were in the range of 30.7–38.7% and 56.2–77.4% in 24 and 48 h, respectively. The knockdown rates of studied populations were in the range of 32.2–46.6% and 61.5–83.8% in the first and second days, respectively. The KT50 and KT90 values in the Cimex lectularius Kh1 strain were presented as 5.39 and 15.55 h, respectively. These values in the selected populations of C. hemipterus varied from 27.9 to 29.5 and from 82.8 to 104.4 h, respectively. Knockdown time ratios (KR50 and KR90) in these populations varied from 5.17 to 6.17-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Kh1 strain. Fragments of vgsc gene with 355 bp and 812 bp were amplified. Analysis of sequences revealed the A468T substitution, kdr-associated D953G, and super-kdr M918I and L1014F mutations in all populations. Conclusions The specific/sensitive, safe, and rapid diagnostic assays developed in this study are recommended for detection of kdr/super-kdr mutations and frequency of mutant alleles. The presence of super-kdr mutations and high resistance to permethrin in all the populations necessitate the reconsideration of control approaches against C. hemipterus. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Ghavami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Zarafat Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Raeisi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghiloo
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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17
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Liu F, Chen Z, Ye Z, Liu N. The Olfactory Chemosensation of Hematophagous Hemipteran Insects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:703768. [PMID: 34434117 PMCID: PMC8382127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.703768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant insect orders on earth, most Hemipteran insects are phytophagous, with the few hematophagous exceptions falling into two families: Cimicidae, such as bed bugs, and Reduviidae, such as kissing bugs. Many of these blood-feeding hemipteran insects are known to be realistic or potential disease vectors, presenting both physical and psychological risks for public health. Considerable researches into the interactions between hemipteran insects such as kissing bugs and bed bugs and their human hosts have revealed important information that deepens our understanding of their chemical ecology and olfactory physiology. Sensory mechanisms in the peripheral olfactory system of both insects have now been characterized, with a particular emphasis on their olfactory sensory neurons and odorant receptors. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies of both kissing bugs (including Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), focusing on their chemical ecology and peripheral olfactory systems. Potential chemosensation-based applications for the management of these Hemipteran insect vectors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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18
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Deku G, Combey R, Doggett SL, Mensah BA. Assessment of Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), Infestations in Cape Coast, Ghana: Household Control Practices and Efficacy of Commercial Insecticides and Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Against Field Bed Bugs. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1788-1797. [PMID: 33822124 PMCID: PMC8557806 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first baseline information on tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), infestations in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to assess bed bug infestation levels, and the efficacy of locally available insecticides and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in controlling field bed bugs populations in the Cape Coast region. A survey was undertaken to assess bed bug infestation levels and current control practices by residents. In total, 205 bed bug affected households were identified in 20 communities and live bed bug infestations were associated with most of these premises. Many homeowners knew of other households (from 1 to 3) with a bed bug infestation. Residents reported itching and swelling of the skin from the bed bug bites and the bites were considered severe. The most common household bed bug control strategy was the application of insecticides. However, LLINs and commercially formulated insecticides commonly used by households (notably chloropyrifos and pyrethroid-based formulations) did not efficaciously suppress field collected strains of C. hemipterus. Using a dipping bioassay, mean mortality ranged from 0 to 60% for eggs, nymphs, and adults, and less than 40% mortality was observed in bed bugs placed on insecticide-treated filter paper. Each LLINs (all are pyrethroid based) produced a mean mortality of less than 20% in adult bed bugs. For a more effective response to the global bed bug resurgence in developing countries, government and supporting agencies need to render assistance to bed bug affected residents through the provision of improved pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Deku
- Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Rofela Combey
- Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin A Mensah
- Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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19
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González-Morales MA, DeVries Z, Sierras A, Santangelo RG, Kakumanu ML, Schal C. Resistance to Fipronil in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1798-1807. [PMID: 33822102 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cimex lectularius L. populations have been documented worldwide to be resistant to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, insecticides that have been widely used to control bed bugs. There is an urgent need to discover new active ingredients with different modes of action to control bed bug populations. Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole that targets the GABA receptor, has been shown to be highly effective on bed bugs. However, because fipronil shares the same target site with dieldrin, we investigated the potential of fipronil resistance in bed bugs. Resistance ratios in eight North American populations and one European population ranged from 1.4- to >985-fold, with highly resistant populations on both continents. We evaluated metabolic resistance mechanisms mediated by cytochrome P450s, esterases, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases using synergists and a combination of synergists. All four detoxification enzyme classes play significant but variable roles in bed bug resistance to fipronil. Suppression of P450s and esterases with synergists eliminated resistance to fipronil in highly resistant bed bugs. Target-site insensitivity was evaluated by sequencing a fragment of the Rdl gene to detect the A302S mutation, known to confer resistance to dieldrin and fipronil in other species. All nine populations were homozygous for the wild-type genotype (susceptible phenotype). Highly resistant populations were also highly resistant to deltamethrin, suggesting that metabolic enzymes that are responsible for pyrethroid detoxification might also metabolize fipronil. It is imperative to understand the origins of fipronil resistance in the development or adoption of new active ingredients and implementation of integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Angela Sierras
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Richard G Santangelo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Madhavi L Kakumanu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Yousafi Q, Sarfaraz A, Saad Khan M, Saleem S, Shahzad U, Abbas Khan A, Sadiq M, Ditta Abid A, Sohail Shahzad M, ul Hassan N. In silico annotation of unreviewed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in some lepidopteran insect pest species reveals the causes of insecticide resistance. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2197-2209. [PMID: 33911936 PMCID: PMC8071828 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidoptera is the second most diverse insect order outnumbered only by the Coeleptera. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the major target site for insecticides. Extensive use of insecticides, to inhibit the function of this enzyme, have resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. Complete knowledge of the target proteins is very important to know the cause of resistance. Computational annotation of insect acetylcholinesterase can be helpful for the characterization of this important protein. Acetylcholinesterase of fourteen lepidopteran insect pest species was annotated by using different bioinformatics tools. AChE in all the species was hydrophilic and thermostable. All the species showed lower values for instability index except L. orbonalis, S. exigua and T. absoluta. Highest percentage of Arg, Asp, Asn, Gln and Cys were recorded in P. rapae. High percentage of Cys and Gln might be reason for insecticide resistance development in P. rapae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the AChE in T. absoluta, L. orbonalis and S. exigua are closely related and emerged from same primary branch. Three functional motifs were predicted in eleven species while only two were found in L. orbonalis, S. exigua and T. absoluta. AChE in eleven species followed secretory pathway and have signal peptides. No signal peptides were predicted for S. exigua, L. orbonalis and T. absoluta and follow non secretory pathway. Arginine methylation and cysteine palmotylation was found in all species except S. exigua, L. orbonalis and T. absoluta. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor was predicted in only nine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudsia Yousafi
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ayesha Sarfaraz
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahzad Saleem
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umbreen Shahzad
- College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Campus, Layyah, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Abbas Khan
- College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Campus, Layyah, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Sadiq
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
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21
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Widespread Mutations in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Populations in Paris. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020407. [PMID: 33419204 PMCID: PMC7825569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus, are common blood-sucking ectoparasites of humans with a large geographical distribution, worldwide. In France, little is known about the status of bed bugs’ infestation and their resistance to insecticides, particularly, pyrethroids. Here, we aimed to find mutations in the kdr gene, known to be involved in resistance to insecticides. We gathered bed bugs from various infested locations, including 17 private houses, 12 HLM building complex, 29 apartments, 2 EHPAD, and 2 immigrants’ residences. A total of 1211 bed bugs were collected and morphologically identified as C. lectularius. Two fragments of the kdr gene, encompassing codons V419L and L925I, were successfully amplified for 156 specimens. We recorded sense mutation in the first amplified fragment (kdr1) in 89 out of 156 (57%) samples, in which in 61 out of 89 (68.5%) sequences, a change of valine (V) into leucine (L) V419L was observed. Within the second fragment (kdr2), a homozygous mutation was recorded in 73 out of 156 (46.7%) specimens at the codon 925. At this position, 43 out of 73 (58.9%) specimens had a sense mutation leading to the replacement of leucine (L) by isoleucine (I). Among 162 mutant sequences analyzed (89 for the kdr1 fragment and 73 for the kdr2 one), we detected single point mutation in 26.6%, while 73.4% presented the mutation in both kdr1 and kdr2 fragments. All modifications recorded in bed bug populations of Paris are described to be involved in the knockdown resistance (kdr) against pyrethroids.
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22
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Vander Pan A, Kuhn C, Schmolz E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. Detection of target-site and metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in the bed bug Cimex lectularius in Berlin, Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:274-283. [PMID: 33310450 PMCID: PMC7726451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Knockdown-resistance (kdr) against pyrethroids in bed bugs (Cimex lectularis) is associated with the presence of several point mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit gene and/or an increased metabolic detoxification by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In the present study, pyrosequencing assays were developed to quantify the presence of the kdr substitutions (V419L or L925I substitution) in bed bugs in Berlin, Germany. In 14 of 17 bed bug field strains, pyrosequencing revealed the presence of the substitution L925I with allele frequencies between 30% and 100%. One field strain additionally carried the substitution V419L with allele frequencies of 40% in males and 96% in females. In seven of the 17 field strains, mRNA levels of four CYP genes were examined using RT-qPCR. Relative to a susceptible laboratory reference strain, five field strains showed significantly higher mRNA levels of cyp397a1 with 7.1 to 56-fold increases. One of these strains additionally showed a 4.9-fold higher mRNA level of cyp398a1 compared to the reference strain, while cyp4cm1 and cyp6dn1 showed no significant differences. Our findings indicate that multiple resistance mechanisms are present in German C. lectularius populations simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Vander Pan
- German Environment Agency, Boetticher Str. 2 Haus 23, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carola Kuhn
- German Environment Agency, Boetticher Str. 2 Haus 23, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Schmolz
- German Environment Agency, Boetticher Str. 2 Haus 23, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Gaire S, Lewis CD, Booth W, Scharf ME, Zheng W, Ginzel MD, Gondhalekar AD. Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., exhibiting metabolic and target site deltamethrin resistance are susceptible to plant essential oils. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104667. [PMID: 32828373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance has been a major hurdle limiting the effective control of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). Alternative approaches that include the use of plant essential oils (EOs) have been proposed for effective management of bed bugs. However, EO resistance level comparisons between pyrethroid susceptible and resistant bed bug populations have not been previously conducted. The goal of this study was twofold: (i) determine deltamethrin resistance levels and associated resistance mechanisms in the field-collected Knoxville strain and (ii) quantify resistance levels of the Knoxville strain to five EOs (thyme, oregano, clove, geranium and coriander), their major insecticidal constituents (thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol and linalool) and an EO-based product (EcoRaider®). First, we found that the Knoxville strain was 72,893 and 291,626 fold more resistant to topically applied deltamethrin in comparison to the susceptible Harlan strain at the LD25 and LD50 lethal dose levels, respectively. Synergist bioassays and detoxification enzyme assays revealed significantly higher activity of cytochrome P450 and esterase enzymes in the resistant Knoxville strain. Further, Sanger sequencing revealed the presence of the L925I mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α subunit gene. The Knoxville strain that possesses both enzymatic and target site deltamethrin resistance, however, did not show any resistance to EOs, their major insecticidal constituents and EcoRaider® in topical bioassays (resistance ratio of ~1). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a deltamethrin-resistant strain of bed bugs is susceptible to EOs and their insecticidal constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Cari D Lewis
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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24
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Samiei A, Tavassoli M, Mardani K. The Phylogenetic Analysis of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Isolated from Different Regions of Iran Using Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I Gene. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020; 14:239-249. [PMID: 33644237 PMCID: PMC7903362 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i3.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bedbugs are blood feeding ectoparasites of humans and several domesticated animals. There are scarcity of information about the bed bugs population throughout Iran and only very limited and local studies are available. The aim of this study is to assess the phylogenetic relationships and nucleotide diversity using partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) among the populations of tropical bed bugs inhabiting Iran. Methods: The bedbugs were collected from cities located in different geographical regions of Iran. After DNA extraction PCR was performed for COI gene using specific primers. Then DNA sequencing was performed on PCR products for the all 15 examined samples. Results: DNA sequencing analysis showed that the all C. hemipterus samples were similar, despite the minor nucleotide variations (within the range of 576 to 697bp) on average between 5 and 10 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Subsequently, the results were compared with the database in gene bank which revealed close similarity and sequence homology with other C. hemipterus from other parts of the world. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the ability of the COI gene to differentiate between the C. hemipterus populations from a few different locations in Iran. The current research is the first report of phylogenetic and genetic species diversity analysis conducted on C. hemipterus in Iran. These results provided basic information for further studies of molecular epidemiology, public health and pest control operators in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awat Samiei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
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25
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Samiei A, Tavassoli M, Mardani K. Molecular analysis of pyrethroid resistance in Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) collected from different parts of Iran. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:243-248. [PMID: 33133461 PMCID: PMC7597795 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.90574.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess the bedbugs susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides using molecular analysis. With the aid of pest control companies, adult bedbugs were collected from various places such as hotels, residential houses, and industrial buildings in seven cities highly crowded with domestic and foreign tourists in Iran from May 2016 to August 2017. Bedbugs were colonized in the laboratory to evaluate their resistance to pyrethroid using insecticide resistance bioassay. Genomic DNA was extracted from susceptible and resistant bedbugs. At first, specie specific primers targeting cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was performed to confirm Cimexhemipterus species. Then, kdr-like gene was examined for point mutation using PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Bioassay showed that 11 out of 35 examined bedbugs were resistant to pyrethroids (31.43%; 95.00% confidence interval: 29.48-33.08%). The DNA sequencing showed that all examined bedbugs collected from Tehran province had homozygous V419L kdr-like gene mutations. The level of pyrethroid resistance found in the collected bugs from Tehran province indicated that this phenomenon has already been prevailed in the site and prompts the need to reevaluate the large use of pyrethroids to control the bedbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awat Samiei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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26
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Zhao Y, Feng X, Li M, Qiu X. The double-mutation(M918I + L1014F) kdr allele is fixed in Cimex hemipterus populations in Guangxi, China. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:506-511. [PMID: 32037993 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four putative knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations have been documented in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene of Cimex hemipterus from several countries. However, no information regarding kdr mutations in any Chinese tropical bed bug population is available to date. In this study, a double-mutation(M918I + L1014F)kdr allele was identified in six C. hemipterus populations across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. The frequency of this allele was 100% in all the six examined populations. In addition, only two cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene haplotypes, with one synonymous nucleotide variation, were identified in a total of 48 individuals from six locations. The fixation and broad geographic distribution of this resistant allele questions the continued use of pyrethroids in the treatment of tropical bed bug infestations. The very low genetic diversity within and among these populations indicates that these bed bugs may have a single origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiangyang Feng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning530028, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
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27
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Fronza G, Roca-Acevedo G, Mougabure-Cueto GA, Sierra I, Capriotti N, Toloza AC. Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae: Triatominae): The Putative Role of Enhanced Detoxification and Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele in a Resistant Hotspot From the Argentine Chaco. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:837-844. [PMID: 31901169 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease affects around 6 million people in the world, and in Latin America, it is mainly transmitted by the kissing bug. Chemical control of the vector with pyrethroid insecticides has been the most frequently used tool to reduce the disease incidence. Failures of field control have been detected in areas of the Argentinian Gran Chaco that correlate with high levels of insecticide resistance. Here, we provide evidence of the mechanisms involved in the resistance to insecticides of field populations of T. infestans from General Güemes Department (Chaco Province, Argentina). The biochemical analysis suggests the increase in the activity of the degradative enzymes P450 oxidases and esterases as a minor contributive mechanism in low-resistance populations. The molecular study revealed high frequencies of the kdr L925I mutation at the voltage-gated sodium channel as responsible for the high resistance ratios detected. This knowledge contributes to the generation of comprehensive vector control strategies that reduce the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fronza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (UNSAM/CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gaston A Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Triatominos, Centro de Referencia de Vectores (Coordinación de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social), Pabellón Rawson s/n, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ivana Sierra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Boulevard 120 1461, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Capriotti
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Boulevard 120 1461, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Weeks ENI, Logan JG, Birkett MA, Caulfield JC, Gezan SA, Welham SJ, Brugman VA, Pickett JA, Cameron MM. Electrophysiologically and behaviourally active semiochemicals identified from bed bug refuge substrate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4590. [PMID: 32165700 PMCID: PMC7067832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs are pests of public health importance due to their relentless biting habits that can lead to allergies, secondary infections and mental health issues. When not feeding on human blood bed bugs aggregate in refuges close to human hosts. This aggregation behaviour could be exploited to lure bed bugs into traps for surveillance, treatment efficacy monitoring and mass trapping efforts, if the responsible cues are identified. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the bed bug aggregation pheromone. Volatile chemicals were collected from bed bug-exposed papers, which are known to induce aggregation behaviour, by air entrainment. This extract was tested for behavioural and electrophysiological activity using a still-air olfactometer and electroantennography, respectively. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) was used to screen the extract and the GC-EAG-active chemicals, benzaldehyde, hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, heptanal, (R,S)-1-octen-3-ol, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, (3E,5E)-octadien-2-one, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-decanone, dodecane, nonanoic acid, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, (E)-2-undecanal and (S)-germacrene D, were identified by GC-mass spectrometry and quantified by GC. Synthetic blends, comprising 6, 16, and 18 compounds, at natural ratios, were then tested in the still-air olfactometer to determine behavioural activity. These aggregation chemicals can be manufactured into a lure that could be used to improve bed bug management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - J G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M A Birkett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - J C Caulfield
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - S A Gezan
- VSN International Ltd, 2 Amberside House, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 4TP, UK
| | - S J Welham
- Stats4biol Consultancy, 31 Longcroft Lane, Welwyn Garden City, AL8 6EB, UK
| | - V A Brugman
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - J A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - M M Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Vecotech Ltd, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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29
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Cho S, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Kwon DH, Lee SH, Kim JH. Monitoring of Pyrethroid Resistance Allele Frequency in the Common Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) in the Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:99-102. [PMID: 32145735 PMCID: PMC7066440 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are known to confer pyrethroid resistance. To determine the status of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Korea, resistance allele frequencies of bed bug strains collected from several US military installations in Korea and Mokpo, Jeollanam-do, from 2009–2019 were monitored using a quantitative sequencing. Most bed bugs were determined to have both of the point mutations except a few specimens, collected in 2009, 2012 and 2014, having only a single point mutation (L925I). No susceptible allele was observed in any of the bed bugs examined, suggesting that pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea has reached a serious level. Large scale monitoring is required to increase our knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea. Based on present study, it is urgent to restrict the use of pyrethroids and to introduce effective alternative insecticides. A nation-wide monitoring program to determine the pyrethroid resistance level in bed bugs and to select alternative insecticides should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Deok Ho Kwon
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Baraka GT, Nyundo BA, Thomas A, Mwang'onde BJ, Kweka EJ. Susceptibility Status of Bedbugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Against Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:524-528. [PMID: 31602482 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cimex hemipterus resistance to residual insecticides is a growing public health concern worldwide. Herein, we report the susceptibility status of C. hemipterus against pyrethroid (permethrin) and organophosphate (dichlorvos) insecticides in Dar es Salaam. The knockdown efficacy of dichlorvos (99%) was greater than that of permethrin (43%), and mortality at the end of 24 h was also greater for dichlorvos than for permethrin. Mortality in recommended concentration of permethrin was lower than manufacturer's expectations. In contrast, similar concentrations in dichlorvos resulted into mortality of 100% at the end of 24 h. LC50 and LC95 values for permethrin were 3.36 (2.356-4.364) and 2,887.39 (2,886.37-2,888.39), respectively, whereas those of dichlorvos were 7.91 (3.85-11.97) and 44.39 (40.33-48.45). Dar es Salaam city has high coverage and usage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for prevent malaria. The resistance in bedbugs to permethrin may be related to the widespread use of the insecticide in LLINs. We recommend of the change from pyrethroids dichlorvos for the control of bedbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana T Baraka
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bruno A Nyundo
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Adelina Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Beda J Mwang'onde
- Department of Biosciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eliningaya J Kweka
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha Tanzania
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Kumar R, Klafke GM, Miller RJ. Voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutations and pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101404. [PMID: 32035899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticides are extensively used to manage animal and human disease vectors including the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini). The indiscriminate and incorrect use of pyrethroids has led to the almost ubiquitous development of resistance to this pesticide class for this tick species. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na-channels) are the primary target-site of pyrethroids and several studies on the involvement of mutations in the coding gene among pyrethroid-resistant R. microplus populations from different parts of the world have shown that there are various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with resistance to pyrethroids. Identification of the exact location of the mutations in the protein coding regions of the targeted gene facilitates the design of various molecular tools for genotyping the resistant populations and thus promotes the rapid detection of resistance. This review aims to provide an update on the identification of pyrethroid resistance-associated Na-channel mutations from R. microplus.The database of diverse mutations from different regions of the world helped us to develop the molecular markers for resistance monitoring in a rapid and efficient manner. Their role and the development of different forms of molecular tools for genotyping ticks for mutations in the Na-channel gene are also discussed. In this review, the word mutation is used interchangeably with SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, 486001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, USA
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Holleman JG, Robison GA, Bellovich IJ, Booth W. Knockdown Resistance-Associated Mutations Dominate Populations of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Across the South Central United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1678-1683. [PMID: 31245823 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite awareness of the mutations conferring insecticide resistance in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), within the United States few studies address the distribution and frequency of these. Within the United States, studies have focused on collections made along the East Coast and Midwest, documenting the occurrence of two mutations (V419L and L925I) within the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene shown to be associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids. Here, the distribution and frequency of the V419L and L925I site variants is reported from infestations sampled within Oklahoma and its immediately adjacent states. Additionally, the presence of a mutation previously undocumented in the United States (I935F) is noted. While novel in the United States, this mutation has previously been reported in Australian and Old World populations. No infestations were found to harbor wild-type individuals, and hence susceptible, at each of the three sites. Instead, ~21% were found to possess the resistant mutation at the L925I site (haplotype B), ~77% had mutations at both the V419L and L925I sites (haplotype C), and 2% possessed the mutation at the L936F site (haplotype Ab). The high frequency of haplotype C corresponds to previous studies in the United States, and contrasts dramatically with those of the Old World and Australia. The data presented here provide insight into the contemporary occurrence of kdr-associated insecticide resistance in the South Central United States, a region for which data have previously been absent. These data suggest that New World and Old World/Australian infestations are likely to have originated from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Holleman
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Grant A Robison
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ian J Bellovich
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Yuan L, Lin J, Xu Y, Peng Y, Clark JM, Gao R, Park Y, Sun Q. Deltamethrin promotes adipogenesis via AMPKα and ER stress-mediated pathway in 3T3- L1 adipocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110791. [PMID: 31476344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that deltamethrin, a Type-II pyrethroid, increases fat accumulation in adipocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans. The underlying mechanisms on how deltamethrin promotes fat accumulation, however, are unknown. The aim of the current study was therefore to determine the possible mechanisms through which deltamethrin increases fat accumulation in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C. elegans. Deltamethrin (10 μM) significantly increased fat accumulation, and the expression of adipogenic regulators, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Deltamethrin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase α (AMPKα), while it increased protein expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C. elegans. The activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or the inhibition of ER stress with 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) abolished the effects of deltamethrin on adipogenesis. Further study reveals that 4-PBA recovered the decreased AMPK phosphorylation induced by deltamethrin. These results suggest that deltamethrin promotes adipogenesis through an ER stress-AMPKα mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Jie Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Yuejia Xu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Ye Peng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Ruichang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
| | - Quancai Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China.
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Punchihewa R, de Silva WAPP, Weeraratne TC, Karunaratne SHPP. Insecticide resistance mechanisms with novel 'kdr' type gene mutations in the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:310. [PMID: 31227020 PMCID: PMC6588899 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is a serious indoor public health pest in tropical regions causing intense physical discomfort and mental distress to humans. At present, the application of insecticides is the major control strategy. The present study was designed to evaluate the development of resistance and resistance mechanisms in Cimex hemipterus from Kandy district, Sri Lanka. METHODS The resistance status of the collected bed bugs was determined against the discriminative dosages of DDT, malathion, propoxur, deltamethrin and permethrin by conducting bioassays according to World Health Organization guidelines. Activities of insecticide metabolizing enzymes, i.e. esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and monooxygenases, and the insensitivity of organophosphate/carbamate target site acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were evaluated by biochemical assays. Regions of the gene of the pyrethroid/DDT target site, the voltage-gated sodium channel regulatory protein (VGSC), were sequenced for possible kdr mutations. RESULTS Survival percentages of bed bug population were 71, 68 and 51% for DDT, malathion and propoxur respectively. KT50 and KT90 values, calculated using log-probit mortality curves for deltamethrin were 62.55 and 123.96 h, respectively. These values were much higher for permethrin where KT50 was 201.10 h and the KT90 was beyond the detectable range. Results were compared with previous values reported for the same population in 2002. Resistance to propoxur has increased significantly from 11 to 51% with about a 20-fold increase in the number of individuals with elevated esterase mechanism. No significant change has occurred in malathion and DDT resistance, in GST and monooxygenase activities, and in AChE sensitivity for the past 14 years. Six kdr associated mutations (Y/L995H, V1010L, I1011F, L1014F, V1016E, L1017F/S) and a non-kdr associated mutation (A1007S mutation) were found from the α-region of the VGSC gene. Out of the kdr type mutations, only L1014F has been reported previously form C. hemipterus while the others have been reported from other insects. CONCLUSIONS The bed bug population has developed high resistance to propoxur with increased esterase activities. KT50 for deltamethrin and permethrin has increased 125- and 20-fold, respectively, over the period 2002 to 2016. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the possible involvement of a kdr type mutation in developing pyrethroid resistance in C. hemipterus has been shown in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranindra Punchihewa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka
| | | | - Thilini C. Weeraratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka
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Khalid MF, Lee CY, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G. Circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, metabolic enzyme activity, and gene expression in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218343. [PMID: 31206537 PMCID: PMC6576784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insect species display daily variation of sensitivity to insecticides when they are exposed to the same concentration at different times during the day. To date, this has not been investigated in bed bugs. To address this, we explored circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, xenobiotic metabolizing (XM) gene expressions, and metabolic detoxification in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. An insecticide susceptible Monheim strain of C. lectularius was most tolerant of deltamethrin during the late photophase at ZT9 (i.e. nine hours after light is present in the light-dark cycle (LD) cycle) and similarly repeated at CT9 (i.e. nine hours into the subjective day in constant darkness (DD)) suggesting endogenous circadian involvement in susceptibility to deltamethrin. No diel rhythm was observed against imidacloprid insecticide despite significant daily susceptibility in both LD and DD conditions. Rhythmic expressions of metabolic detoxification genes, GSTs1 and CYP397A1 displayed similar expression patterns with total GST and P450 enzyme activities in LD and DD conditions, respectively. The oscillation of mRNA levels of GSTs1 and CYP397A1 was found consistent with peak phases of deltamethrin susceptibility in C. lectularius. This study demonstrates that circadian patterns of metabolic detoxification gene expression occur within C. lectularius. As a consequence, insecticide efficacy can vary dramatically throughout a 24 hour period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Balvín O, Booth W. Distribution and Frequency of Pyrethroid Resistance-Associated Mutations in Host Lineages of the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Across Europe. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:923-928. [PMID: 29562293 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For over two decades, the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) has been undergoing a dramatic global resurgence, likely in part to the evolution of mechanisms conferring resistance to insecticides. One such mechanism is knock-down resistance (kdr), resulting from nonsynonymous mutations within the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. To date, three mutations have been identified in C. lectularius, V419L, L925I, and I936F. Using Sanger sequencing, the frequency and distribution of these VGSC mutations across 131 populations collected from the bat-associated and human-associated lineages of C. lectularius found in Europe are documented. All populations from the bat-associated lineage lacked mutations at the three sites. In contrast, the majority of populations associated with humans (93.5%) possessed the mutation at the L925I site. The I936F mutation, previously only reported in Israel and Australia, was found in nine populations spread across several European countries, including the Czech Republic and Switzerland. The high frequency of kdr-associated resistance already reported in C. lectularius and the occurrence and broad geographic distribution of this additional VGSC mutation, questions the continued use of pyrethroids in the treatment of infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Balvín
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
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Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Maloof FV, Campbell CL, Garcia-Rejon J, Lenhart A, Penilla P, Rodriguez A, Sandoval AA, Flores AE, Ponce G, Lozano S, Black WC. Parallel evolution of vgsc mutations at domains IS6, IIS6 and IIIS6 in pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6747. [PMID: 29712956 PMCID: PMC5928250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary urban mosquito vector of viruses causing dengue, Zika and chikungunya fevers –for which vaccines and effective pharmaceuticals are still lacking. Current strategies to suppress arbovirus outbreaks include removal of larval-breeding sites and insecticide treatment of larval and adult populations. Insecticidal control of Ae. aegypti is challenging, due to a recent rapid global increase in knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Widespread, heavy use of pyrethroid space-sprays has created an immense selection pressure for kdr, which is primarily under the control of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc). To date, eleven replacements in vgsc have been discovered, published and shown to be associated with pyrethroid resistance to varying degrees. In Mexico, F1,534C and V1,016I have co-evolved in the last 16 years across Ae. aegypti populations. Recently, a novel replacement V410L was identified in Brazil and its effect on vgsc was confirmed by electrophysiology. Herein, we screened V410L in 25 Ae. aegypti historical collections from Mexico, the first heterozygote appeared in 2002 and frequencies have increased in the last 16 years alongside V1,016I and F1,534C. Knowledge of the specific vgsc replacements and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and to develop strategies for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Farah Vera Maloof
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julian Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patricia Penilla
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Americo Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Arturo Acero Sandoval
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Saul Lozano
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
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Locomotion Inhibition of Cimex lectularius L. Following Topical, Sublethal Dose Application of the Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Lufenuron. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030094. [PMID: 28862646 PMCID: PMC5620714 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, few studies have evaluated chitin synthesis inhibitors against bed bugs, although they would provide an alternative mode of action to circumvent insecticide resistance. Acute and sublethal effects of lufenuron were evaluated against two strains of the common bed bug. Combined acute and sublethal effects were used to calculate effective doses. The dose that was effective against 50% of Harlan strain bed bugs was 0.0081% (w/v), and was much higher against Bradenton strain bed bugs (1.11% w/v). Sublethal doses were chosen to determine the effect that leg abnormalities had on pulling force. Both Harlan and Bradenton strain bed bugs had significantly lower locomotion ability (p < 0.0001) following topical application of lufenuron. The observed sublethal effects that limit locomotion could prevent bed bugs from moving within a domicile and taking a blood meal, subsequently reducing a bed bug population over time.
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Dang K, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G, Lee CY. Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:318. [PMID: 28662724 PMCID: PMC5492349 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.)] over the past two decades is believed in large part to be due to the development of insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic and genomic studies since 2010, as well as morphological, biochemical and behavioral studies, have helped insecticide resistance research on bed bugs. Multiple resistance mechanisms, including penetration resistance through thickening or remodelling of the cuticle, metabolic resistance by increased activities of detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases), and knockdown resistance by kdr mutations, have been experimentally identified as conferring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Other candidate resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases by point mutations, glutathione S-transferase, target site insensitivity including altered AChEs, GABA receptor insensitivity and altered nAChRs), symbiont-mediated resistance and other potential, yet undiscovered mechanisms may exist. This article reviews recent studies of resistance mechanisms and the genes governing insecticide resistance, potential candidate resistance mechanisms, and methods of monitoring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. This article provides an insight into the knowledge essential for the development of both insecticide resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for successful bed bug management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Liu F, Xia X, Liu N. Molecular Basis of N,N-Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET) in Repelling the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius. Front Physiol 2017; 8:418. [PMID: 28676765 PMCID: PMC5476731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most extensively used chemical repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) displayed repellency to a wide range of insects, including the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. While the neuronal or molecular basis involved in DEET's repellency have been majorly focused on mosquitos and fruit flies, DEET's repellency to the common bed bug is largely unreached. To gain new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms in DEET's repellency to the common bed bug, we characterized the neuronal response of bed bugs to DEET, identified the olfactory receptors targeted by DEET and demonstrated the interfering effect of DEET on bed bug's responses to human odorants. High doses of DEET were required for activating the olfactory receptor neurons in the sensilla of bed bugs and at least three DEET-sensitive receptors were functionally deciphered. These DEET-sensitive receptors presented even more sensitive to certain botanical terpenes/terpenoids which also displayed repellency at varying levels for bed bugs. In addition, DEET produced a blocking effect on the neuronal responses of bed bugs to specific human odors and showed inhibitory effect on the function of odorant receptors in responding to certain human odors. Taken together, our results indicate that DEET may function as a stimulus that triggers avoidance behaviors and a molecular “confusant” for interrupting the host odor recognition in the odorant receptors of bed bugs. The receptors that coincidently responded to both synthetic DEET and botanical terpenes/terpenoids suggested that DEET probably target on receptors that originally responded to terpenes/terpenoids. This study gave novel insight into the mechanisms of DEET's repellency to bed bugs and also provided valuable information for developing new reagents for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xia
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
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A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:4059-4066. [PMID: 27733453 PMCID: PMC5144974 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.033092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species.
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Novel Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Pyrethroid-Resistant Varroa destructor Populations from the Southeastern USA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155332. [PMID: 27191597 PMCID: PMC4871586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor has a significant worldwide impact on bee colony health. In the absence of control measures, parasitized colonies invariably collapse within 3 years. The synthetic pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin have proven very effective at managing this mite within apiaries, but intensive control programs based mainly on one active ingredient have led to many reports of pyrethroid resistance. In Europe, a modification of leucine to valine at position 925 (L925V) of the V. destructor voltage-gated sodium channel was correlated with resistance, the mutation being found at high frequency exclusively in hives with a recent history of pyrethroid treatment. Here, we identify two novel mutations, L925M and L925I, in tau-fluvalinate resistant V. destructor collected at seven sites across Florida and Georgia in the Southeastern region of the USA. Using a multiplexed TaqMan® allelic discrimination assay, these mutations were found to be present in 98% of the mites surviving tau-fluvalinate treatment. The mutations were also found in 45% of the non-treated mites, suggesting a high potential for resistance evolution if selection pressure is applied. The results from a more extensive monitoring programme, using the Taqman® assay described here, would clearly help beekeepers with their decision making as to when to include or exclude pyrethroid control products and thereby facilitate more effective mite management programmes.
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Lilly DG, Latham SL, Webb CE, Doggett SL. Cuticle Thickening in a Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153302. [PMID: 27073871 PMCID: PMC4830598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the integument as a mechanism of resistance to insecticides is a well recognised phenomenon in the insect world and, in recent times, has been found in insects exhibiting pyrethroid-resistance. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., is widespread and has been frequently inferred as a reason for the pest’s resurgence. Overexpression of cuticle depositing proteins has been demonstrated in pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs although, to date, no morphological analysis of the cuticle has been undertaken in order to confirm a phenotypic link. This paper describes examination of the cuticle thickness of a highly pyrethroid-resistant field strain collected in Sydney, Australia, in response to time-to-knockdown upon forced exposure to a pyrethroid insecticide. Mean cuticle thickness was positively correlated to time-to-knockdown, with significant differences observed between bugs knocked-down at 2 hours, 4 hours, and those still unaffected at 24 hours. Further analysis also demonstrated that the 24 hours survivors possessed a statistically significantly thicker cuticle when compared to a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of C. lectularius. This study demonstrates that cuticle thickening is present within a pyrethroid-resistant strain of C. lectularius and that, even within a stable resistant strain, cuticle thickness will vary according to time-to-knockdown upon exposure to an insecticide. This response should thus be considered in future studies on the cuticle of insecticide-resistant bed bugs and, potentially, other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Lilly
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2415, Australia
| | - Sharissa L. Latham
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Cameron E. Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2415, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, The University of Sydney and Pathology West–ICPMR Westmead, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2415, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cloning and molecular characterization of a putative voltage-gated sodium channel gene in the crayfish. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 27032955 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-016-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel genes and associated proteins have been cloned and studied in many mammalian and invertebrate species. However, there is no data available about the sodium channel gene(s) in the crayfish, although the animal has frequently been used as a model to investigate various aspects of neural cellular and circuit function. In the present work, by using RNA extracts from crayfish abdominal ganglia samples, the complete open reading frame of a putative sodium channel gene has firstly been cloned and molecular properties of the associated peptide have been analyzed. The open reading frame of the gene has a length of 5793 bp that encodes for the synthesis of a peptide, with 1930 amino acids, that is 82% similar to the α-peptide of a sodium channel in a neighboring species, Cancer borealis. The transmembrane topology analysis of the crayfish peptide indicated a pattern of four folding domains with several transmembrane segments, as observed in other known voltage-gated sodium channels. Upon analysis of the obtained sequence, functional regions of the putative sodium channel responsible for the selectivity filter, inactivation gate, voltage sensor, and phosphorylation have been predicted. The expression level of the putative sodium channel gene, as defined by a qPCR method, was measured and found to be the highest in nervous tissue.
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Raab RW, Moore JE, Vargo EL, Rose L, Raab J, Culbreth M, Burzumato G, Koyee A, McCarthy B, Raffaele J, Schal C, Vaidyanathan R. New Introductions, Spread of Existing Matrilines, and High Rates of Pyrethroid Resistance Result in Chronic Infestations of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) in Lower-Income Housing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0117805. [PMID: 26901153 PMCID: PMC4763143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infestations of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) have increased substantially in the United States in the past 10–15 years. The housing authority in Harrisonburg, Virginia, conducts heat-treatments after bed bugs are detected in a lower-income housing complex, by treating each infested unit at 60°C for 4–6 hours. However, a high frequency of recurrent infestations called into question the efficacy of this strategy. Genetic analysis using Bayesian clustering of polymorphic microsatellite loci from 123 bed bugs collected from 23 units from May 2012 to April 2013 in one building indicated that (a) 16/21 (73%) infestations were genetically similar, suggesting ineffective heat-treatments or reintroductions from within the building or from a common external source, followed by local spread of existing populations; and (b) up to 5 of the infestations represented new genotypes, indicating that 5 new populations were introduced into this building in one year, assuming they were not missed in earlier screens. There was little to no gene flow among the 8 genetic clusters identified in the building. Bed bugs in the U.S. often possess one or both point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, termed knockdown resistance (kdr), from valine to leucine (V419L) and leucine to isoleucine (L925I) that confer target-site resistance against pyrethroid insecticides. We found that 48/121 (40%) bed bugs were homozygous for both kdr mutations (L419/I925), and a further 59% possessed at least one of the kdr mutations. We conclude that ineffective heat treatments, new introductions, reintroductions and local spread, and an exceptionally high frequency of pyrethroid resistance are responsible for chronic infestations in lower-income housing. Because heat treatments fail to protect from reintroductions, and pesticide use has not decreased the frequency of infestations, preventing new introductions and early detection are the most effective strategies to avoid bed bug infestations in multistory apartment buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W. Raab
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Moore
- SRI International, Center for Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Vargo
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucy Rose
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Julie Raab
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Madeline Culbreth
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Gracie Burzumato
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Aurvan Koyee
- Harrisonburg High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia United States of America
| | - Brittany McCarthy
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Raffaele
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Vaidyanathan
- SRI International, Center for Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10165. [PMID: 26836814 PMCID: PMC4740739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a ubiquitous human ectoparasite with global distribution. Here, the authors sequence the genome of the bed bug and identify reductions in chemosensory genes, expansion of genes associated with blood digestion and genes linked to pesticide resistance.
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Zhen C, Gao X. A point mutation (L1015F) of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene associated with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) population from the transgenic Bt cotton field of China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 127:82-89. [PMID: 26821662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In China, the green mirid bug, Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür), has caused severe economic damage to many kinds of crops, especially the cotton and jujubes. Pyrethroid insecticides have been widely used for controlling this pest in the transgenic Bt cotton field. Five populations of A. lucorum collected from cotton crops at different locations in China were evaluated for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. The results showed that only the population collected from Shandong Province exhibited 30-fold of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Neither PBO nor DEF had obvious synergism when compared the synergistic ratio between SS and RR strain which was originated from the Shandong population. Besides, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, or 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities between the Shandong population and the laboratory susceptible strain (SS). The full-length sodium channel gene named AlVSSC encoding 2028 amino acids was obtained by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). One single point mutation L1015F in the AlVSSC was detected only in the Shandong population. Our results revealed that the L1015F mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance was identified in A. lucorum populations in China. These results will be useful for the rational chemical control of A. lucorum in the transgenic Bt cotton field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congai Zhen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Liu F, Liu N. Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals. J Vis Exp 2016:e53337. [PMID: 26862929 DOI: 10.3791/53337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house single or multiple neurons inside, are considered to make the major contribution in responding to the chemical stimuli. By directly recording action potential in the olfactory sensillum after exposure to stimuli, single sensillum recording (SSR) technique provides a powerful approach for investigating the neural responses of insects to chemical stimuli. For the bed bug, which is a notorious human parasite, multiple types of olfactory sensillum have been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated neural responses of bed bug olfactory sensilla to two chemical stimuli and the dose-dependent responses to one of them using the SSR method. This approach enables researchers to conduct early screening for individual chemical stimuli on the bed bug olfactory sensilla, which would provide valuable information for the development of new bed bug attractants or repellents and benefits the bed bug control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University;
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Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7010002. [PMID: 26751480 PMCID: PMC4808782 DOI: 10.3390/insects7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased urbanization of a growing global population makes imperative the development of sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for urban pest control. This emphasizes pests that are closely associated with the health and wellbeing of humans and domesticated animals. Concurrently there are regulatory requirements enforced to minimize inadvertent exposures to insecticides in the urban environment. Development of insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies in urban ecosystems involves understanding the status and mechanisms of insecticide resistance and reducing insecticide selection pressure by combining multiple chemical and non-chemical approaches. In this review, we will focus on the commonly used insecticides and molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in six major urban insect pests: house fly, German cockroach, mosquitoes, red flour beetle, bed bugs and head louse. We will also discuss several strategies that may prove promising for future urban IPM programs.
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Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD, Wang C, Buczkowski G, Gibb TJ. Using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:8-14. [PMID: 26251256 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multifamily housing facilities serving low-income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. Research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (IPM) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. Bed bug IPM in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building-wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. Other components of a bed bug IPM program include regular monitoring to detect early-stage bed bug infestations and combined use of non-chemical and chemical interventions. Lastly, to reduce reinfestation rates and costs associated with bed bug control, it is critical to continue periodic monitoring and implement preventive control measures even after successful elimination of bed bugs has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Gibb
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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