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Rasmy S, Mohamed A, Yousef HA. Impact of Exposure to Leaves From Metal-Polluted Sites on the Developmental Parameters of Larvae of the Dark Sword-Grass, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00244-024-01076-8. [PMID: 39046476 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Insects are impacted by pollutants in their environments and food sources. Herein, we set out a semi-field study to assess the impact of environmental heavy metal contamination on developmental parameters, energy reserves, and acidic and alkaline phosphatases in the larval Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Castor leaves from contaminated and uncontaminated (reference site) areas were fed to A. ipsilon larvae in all treatments. The heavy metal concentrations in the plant from different areas (contaminated and reference sites) and in the larvae were analyzed. Toxic effects were observed in the larvae feeding on the leaves from the metal contaminated areas. Larval and pupal weights, growth indices, and larval fitness were all significantly lower than in the reference group. Likewise, in the third and fourth instars, there was a significant decrease in both the survival and moth emergence rates. In contrast, the pupation duration was significantly longer. Total protein, lipid, and glycogen content showed significant reductions in treated larvae. Larval homogenate samples contaminated with heavy metals showed a significant increase in acid- and alkaline- phosphatase levels. The results obtained could provide a basis for a long-term evaluation of the risk associated with heavy metals and their impact on plant populations and important agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrouk Rasmy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Research Fellow, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Hesham A Yousef
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Zou Z, Yang Y, Chen Y, Sun W, Xi J, Zhu P, Min Q, Wang J, Wan B, Xin T, Ruan L, Xia B. Chronic lead exposure prolongs the immature stages of brown-legged grain mite, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, in a long-term population study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122339. [PMID: 37562531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect of environmental pollution, lead contamination is a widespread problem in several ecosystems. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of low concentration lead stress on the development and reproduction of Aleuroglyphus ovatus. They were fed with artificial diet containing four different concentrations of lead (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The results showed that there were both accelerating effect of lead (at low concentrations), as well as retarding effects (at high concentrations) on the development of the mite, and lead stress significantly prolonged the immature stages of A. ovatus and this inhibitory effect was greater with greater lead concentrations. The immature stages in the L group were shorter than those in the S group. In the S and L groups, the oviposition periods were significantly longer in the treatments with lower lead concentrations than in the control, while they were significantly shorter in those treatments of higher lead concentrations. Age-specific survival rate (lx) started to decline earlier in the S group, whereas there were no differences between the L group and CK. Age-specific fecundity rate (mx) peaked earlier in the S group than in CK, while mx peaked later in L1 and L2 than in CK. The rm value and net reproduction rate (R0) of treated A. ovatus decreased with increasing lead concentrations. Lower lead concentrations could promote population expansion while higher concentrations could inhibit population size. These results confirmed the developmental effect of lead stress on A. ovatus, highlighting that heavy metal contamination has negative effects on organisms in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zou
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yuanfa Yang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Wenxuan Sun
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jianfei Xi
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Peipei Zhu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Qiang Min
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Bin Wan
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Tianrong Xin
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Luzhang Ruan
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Kökdener M, Gündüz NEA, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Aykut U, Yılmaz AF. The Effect of Different Heavy Metals on the Development of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1928-1935. [PMID: 36166585 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impacts of three different heavy metals at different concentrations on some life-history traits of Lucilia sericata (Meigen 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). First-instar larvae of L. sericata were reared on a diet containing four concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1, and 2 µg/g) of the heavy metals (cadmium, zinc copper). The parameters measured were larval and pupal mortality, larval length, adult, pupal, and larval weight, and development time. Larval and pupal survival decreased as heavy metal concentrations increased. Pupal weight was significantly different among heavy metals andc oncentrations, but the adult weight was not significantly different among heavy metals and concentrations. The larval length was significantly different among concentrations and heavy metals. This study reveals that the presence of heavy metal in carrion or the carrion environment should be inconsidered when estimating the time of colonization in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kökdener
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Health Science Faculty, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate Education Institute, Forensic Science Program, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Ünal Zeybekoğlu
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Umut Aykut
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Health Science Faculty, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Fazıl Yılmaz
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate Education Institute, Forensic Science Program, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Yang Y, Qi J, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Zhao C, Dong X, Li X, Li C. Evaluating the Effects of Cu2+ on the Development and Reproduction of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Based on the Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:4. [PMID: 36426853 PMCID: PMC9693775 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu2+) is a micronutrient that promotes the development and reproduction of organisms. However, with the rapid expansion of modern industry and agriculture, Cu2+ concentrations are increasing, which might have negative impacts on biological and ecological safety. Spodoptera litura is not only an intermittent outbreak pest but also can be used as a model organism to assess environmental and ecological risks. Therefore, the effects of the life history and population parameters of S. litura fed on artificial diets with different Cu2+ concentrations were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Our results showed that not only the preadult survival rate but also the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly increased under exposure to low Cu2+ concentrations (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg). In addition, the population growth of S. litura was significantly faster, indicating that S. litura can adapt well to low concentrations and is likely to undergo outbreaks of damage. Whereas, in addition to a significant reduction in preadult survival rate, population growth rate, pupal weight, pupal length, adult body weight, and oviposition were also significantly reduced under exposure to high Cu2+ concentration (32 mg/kg). And when the concentration reached 64 mg/kg, the survival rate of adults was extremely low, suggesting a decrease in the adaptation of S. litura. These results can help to understand the population dynamics of S. litura and predict potential ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jingwei Qi
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Zailing Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Changwei Zhao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolin Dong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Kozlov MV, Castagneyrol B, Zverev V, Zvereva EL. Recovery of moth and butterfly (Lepidoptera) communities in a polluted region following emission decline. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155800. [PMID: 35550902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major drivers of the present-day decline in global biodiversity. However, the links between the effects of industrial pollution on insect communities and the underlying species-specific responses remain poorly understood. We explored the spatial pattern in insect communities by analysing 581 samples of moths and butterflies (containing 25,628 individuals of 345 species) collected along a strong pollution gradient in subarctic Russia, and we recorded temporal changes in these communities during the pollution decline that occurred from 1992 to 2006. In the 1990s, the diversity of the Lepidoptera community was positively correlated with the distance from the copper-nickel smelter at Monchegorsk. The overall abundance of Lepidoptera did not change along the pollution gradient, although the abundance of many species decreased with increasing pollution. The responses of each individual species to pollution were associated with its life history traits. The abundances of monophagous species that fed inside live plant tissues and hibernated as imagoes or pupae were not affected by pollution, whereas the abundances of oligophagous and polyphagous species that fed externally on plants and hibernated as larvae generally declined near the smelter. Substantial decreases in aerial emissions from the smelter between 1992 and 2006 resulted in an increase in the diversity of moths and butterflies in severely polluted habitats, whereas their overall abundance did not change. This recovery of the Lepidoptera community occurred due to the reappearance of rare species that had been previously extirpated by pollution and was observed despite the lack of any signs of recovery of the vegetation in the heavily polluted sites. We conclude that the recovery trajectories of insect communities following emission control can be predicted from studies of their changes along spatial pollution gradients by using space-for-time substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Elena L Zvereva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Tagliaferro M, Rocha C, Marques JC, Gonçalves AMM. Assessment of metal exposure (uranium and copper) in fatty acids and carbohydrate profiles of Calamoceras marsupus larvae (Trichoptera) and Alnus glutinosa leaf litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155613. [PMID: 35523349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physiological changes were explored in fatty acids (FA) and carbohydrate (CHO) composition in the shredder Calamoceras marsupus larvae (Trichoptera) and leaf litter (C. marsupus food) exposed to copper and uranium under natural and experimental conditions. We measured FA and CHO content in leaf litter and larvae specimens from reference and impacted streams, and exposed for 5 weeks to four realistic environmental concentrations of copper (35 μg L-1 and 70 μg L-1) and uranium (25 μg L-1 and 50 μg L-1). Regarding FA, (1) leaf litter had a reduced polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content in metal treatments, s (14 to 33% of total FA), compared to natural conditions (≥39% of total FA). Leaf litter exposed to uranium also differed in saturated FA (SFA) composition, with lower values in natural conditions and higher values under low uranium concentrations. (2) C. marsupus had/showed low PUFA content under Cu and U exposure, particularly in high uranium concentrations. Detritivores also decreased in PUFA under exposure to both metals, particularly in high uranium concentrations. On the other hand, (1) microorganisms of the biofilm colonizing leaf litter differed in CHO composition between natural (impacted and reference) and experimental conditions, with glucose and galactose being consistently the most abundant sugars, found in different amounts under copper or uranium exposure; (2) CHO of detritivores showed similar high galactose and fucose concentrations in contaminated streams and high copper treatments, whereas low copper treatment showed distinct CHO profiles, with higher mannose, glucose, arabinose, and fucose concentrations. Our study provides evidence of metal exposure effects on FA and CHO contents at different trophic levels, which might alter the quality of food flow in trophic webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tagliaferro
- IDEA - Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET), Av, Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000 JJC Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Carolina Rocha
- University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João C Marques
- University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M M Gonçalves
- University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Wang X, Sang W, Xie Y, Xu J, Sun T, Cuthbertson AGS, Wu J, Ali S. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals insights into the response of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri to bottom-up transfer of cadmium and lead across a multi-trophic food chain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113852. [PMID: 36068768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of agro-ecosystems with heavy metals can affect the development and reproduction of insect natural enemies. This study reports a detailed Tandem Mass Tag based quantitative proteomic analysis of underlying mechanisms responsible for stress response of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri against heavy metals (cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)) transported across a multi-trophic food chain. A total of 6639 proteins were detected under Cd as well as Pb stress. In Pb versus the control cluster, 69 proteins (28 up-regulated and 41 down-regulated) were differentially expressed whereas 268 proteins were differentially expressed under Cd versus the control cluster, having 198 proteins up-regulated and 70 down-regulated proteins. The analysis of differentially expressed proteins showed that 27 proteins overlapped in both clusters representing the core proteome to Pb and Cd stress. The bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that these proteins were mapped to 57 and 99 pathways in Pb versus control and Cd versus control clusters, respectively. The functional classification by COG, GO and KEGG databases showed significant changes in protein expression by C. montrouzieri under Pb and Cd stress. The heavy metal stress (Pb and Cd) induced significant changes in expression of proteins like hexokinase (HK), succinyl-CoA, trypsin like proteins, cysteine proteases, cell division cycle proteins, and yellow gene proteins. The results provide detailed information on the protein expression levels of C. montrouzieri and will serve as basic information for future proteomic studies on heavy metal responses of insect predators within a multi-trophic food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Wen Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Yonghui Xie
- Kunming Branch of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company, Kunming 650021, PR China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Tingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | | | - Jianhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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Chen J, Guo Y, Huang S, Zhan H, Zhang M, Wang J, Shu Y. Integration of transcriptome and proteome reveals molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses of the cutworm, Spodoptera litura, exposed to different levels of lead (Pb). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131205. [PMID: 34147986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are major environmental pollutants that affect organisms across different trophic levels. Herbivorous insects play an important role in the bioaccumulation, and eventually, biomagnification of these metals. Although effects of heavy metal stress on insects have been well-studied, the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects remain poorly understood. Here, we used the RNA-Seq profiling and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approaches to unravel these mechanisms in the polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura exposed to lead (Pb) at two different concentrations (12.5 and 100 mg Pb/kg; PbL and PbH, respectively). Altogether, 1392 and 1630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 58, 114 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in larvae exposed to PbL and PbH, respectively. After exposed to PbL, the main up-regulated genes clusters and proteins in S. litura larvae were associated with their metabolic processes, including carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, but the levels of cytochrome P450 associated with the pathway of xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism were found to be decreased. In contrast, the main up-regulated genes clusters and proteins in larvae exposed to PbH were enriched in the metabolism of xenobiotic by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and other drug metabolism enzymes, while the down-regulated genes and proteins were found to be closely related to the lipid (lipase) and protein (serine protease, trypsin) metabolism and growth processes (cuticular protein). These findings indicate that S. litura larvae exposed to PbL could enhance food digestion and absorption to prioritize for growth rather than detoxification, whereas S. litura larvae exposed to PbH reduced food digestion and absorption and channelized the limited energy for detoxification rather than growth. These contrasting results explain the dose-dependent effects of heavy metal stress on insect life-history traits, wherein low levels of heavy metal stress induce stimulation, while high levels of heavy metal stress cause inhibition at the transcriptome and proteome levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yeshan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiru Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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The Fluctuating Asymmetry of the Butterfly Wing Pattern Does Not Change along an Industrial Pollution Gradient. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and selective responses to changes in habitat structure and climate have made butterflies valuable environmental indicators. In this study, we asked whether the decline in butterfly populations near the copper-nickel smelter in Monchegorsk in northwestern Russia is accompanied by phenotypic stress responses to toxic pollutants, expressed as a decrease in body size and an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. We measured the concentrations of nickel and copper, forewing length, and fluctuating asymmetry in two elements of wing patterns in Boloria euphrosyne, Plebejus idas, and Agriades optilete collected 1–65 km from Monchegorsk. Body metal concentrations increased toward the smelter, confirming the local origin of the collected butterflies. The wings of butterflies from the most polluted sites were 5–8% shorter than those in unpolluted localities, suggesting adverse effects of pollution on butterfly fitness due to larval feeding on contaminated plants. However, fluctuating asymmetry averaged across two hindwing spots did not change systematically with pollution, thereby questioning the use of fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of habitat quality in butterfly conservation projects.
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Su H, Wu J, Zhang Z, Ye Z, Chen Y, Yang Y. Effects of cadmium stress at different concentrations on the reproductive behaviors of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:402-410. [PMID: 33661464 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects are exposed to cadmium stress since cadmium pollution has increasingly become a serious global environmental issue. However, until now few studies have paid attention to the effect of heavy metals on insect reproductive behaviors. In our study, the courtship behaviors, mating behaviors and fecundity of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to different concentrations of cadmium in artificial diets at larval stage were studied. The results showed that cadmium stress changed the courtship rhythm by significantly advancing or delaying the courtship starting time. Low dose of cadmium (0.2 mg/kg) increased the courtship frequency in the first two scotophases, but in the fourth phase, the two cadmium treatments reduced the frequency. The total courtship duration was significantly shortened in the first six scotophases except high dose of cadmium treatment (51.2 mg/kg) in the sixth dark phase. Paired adults did not mate after the seventh scotophase under low cadmium exposure, while high cadmium stress made the paired adults just copulate in the first four scotophases. The daily mating rate and total mating rate decreased with the increase in cadmium concentration. The number of eggs of low cadmium treatment was higher than that of control, but the difference was not significant; the number of eggs in high cadmium treatment was lower than that of control and low cadmium treatment. Our results indicate that cadmium exposure can disrupt the courtship rhythm for females and has negative influences on copulation behavior and high cadmium stress can reduce fecundity. Hence, the insect population increase will be affected by heavy metal pollution. Our study will provide scientific reference for environmental risk assessment of heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Su
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Zibo Ye
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yizhong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
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Cleveland D, Hinck JE, Lankton JS. Elemental and radionuclide exposures and uptakes by small rodents, invertebrates, and vegetation at active and post-production uranium mines in the Grand Canyon watershed. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127908. [PMID: 32835973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of breccia pipe uranium mining in the Grand Canyon watershed (Arizona) on ecological and cultural resources are largely unknown. We characterized the exposure of biota to uranium and co-occurring ore body elements during active ore production and at a site where ore production had recently concluded. Our results indicate that biota have taken up uranium and other elements (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, copper, molybdenum, uranium) from exposure to ore and surficial contamination, like blowing dust. Results indicate the potential for prolonged exposure to elements and radionuclides upon conclusion of active ore production. Mean radium-226 in deer mice was up to 4 times greater than uranium-234 and uranium-238 in those same samples; this may indicate a potential for, but does not necessarily imply, radium-226 toxicity. Soil screening benchmarks for uranium and molybdenum and other toxicity thresholds for arsenic, copper, selenium, uranium (e.g., growth effects) were exceeded in vegetation, invertebrates, and rodents (Peromyscus spp., Thomomys bottae, Tamias dorsalis, Dipodomys deserti). However, the prevalence and severity of microscopic lesions in rodent tissues (as direct evidence of biological effects of uptake and exposure) could not be definitively linked to mining. Our data indicate that land managers might consider factors like species, seasonal changes in environmental concentrations, and bioavailability, when determining mine permitting and remediation in the Grand Canyon watershed. Ultimately, our results will be useful for site-specific ecological risk analysis and can support future decisions regarding the mineral extraction withdrawal in the Grand Canyon watershed and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cleveland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Jo Ellen Hinck
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Julia S Lankton
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
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12
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Aziz N, Butt A. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification in Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica exposed to single and binary mixture of copper and lead. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103500. [PMID: 32950716 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms employ various enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification mechanisms to minimize the harmful effects of metal pollution in the terrestrial environment. We examined the effects of copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and their mixture (Cu + Pb) on glutathione (GSH), metallothionein (MTs), cytochrome P450 (CYP 450), carboxylesterase (CarbE), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica via two exposure routes, i.e., soil and food for 10, 20 and 40 days. The present results revealed that the accumulation of Cu and Pb in both spiders' species increase with exposure duration and depend on the route of exposure and type of metal. The activities of CarbE, GST, and MTs significantly increased with increasing metal body burden for all experimental treatments. The CYP 450 activity exhibited a significant time-dependent decrease with increasing Cu concentration in both species. The AchE activity was significantly inhibited on Pb exposure via soil and Cu + Pb exposure via both routes. The decrease in the level of GSH was measured on Cu + Pb exposure via both routes. Thus, all these enzymatic and non-enzymatic responses are sensitive to the metals tested and could serve as early warning indicators for assessing the effects of metal pollution in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Aziz
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Abida Butt
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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13
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Jin P, Chen J, Zhan H, Huang S, Wang J, Shu Y. Accumulation and excretion of zinc and their effects on growth and food utilization of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110883. [PMID: 32570104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By exposing larvae of the holometabolous insect Spodoptera litura to the artificial diets supplemented with a range of Zinc (Zn) contents, we investigated Zn ingestion, excretion and accumulation in the insect throughout its life cycle. The effects of Zn stress on the survival, growth and food utilization of S. litura were also determined. Zn concentrations in the body (larvae, pupae, and adults), faeces, exuviates, puparium, eggs increased with the increasing Zn concentrations in the diets, while Zn excretion and accumulation by S. litura in 750 mg/kg Zn treatments was lower than the 600 mg/kg Zn treatment. In the 450 mg/kg Zn treatment, the Zn accumulation in S. litura at different developmental stages differed as follows: larvae > pupa > adult. S. litura ingested Zn via feeding and could excrete most of the Zn via faeces (compared with Zn excretion via exuviates) to reduce its internal Zn accumulation (compared with Zn ingestion). Survival and weight were significantly inhibited, and the prolonged period of development (larvae, pupae) and shortened longevity of adults were found in S. litura exposed to Zn stress greater than 450 mg Zn/kg. In the 150-450 mg/kg Zn treatments, the 6th instar larvae increased their relative consumption rate (RCR) and approximate digestibility (AD) (namely, food eaten) to gain weight, which resulted in greater Zn accumulation in the body. Therefore, below the threshold level (being close to 450 mg/kg Zn), S. litura seemed to have a strong homeostatic adjustment ability (increase the amount of food eaten, thereby increasing AD, RCR and Zn excretion via faeces and exuviates) to sustain their weight, and Zn was beneficial and harmless. Although larvae treated with 750 mg/kg Zn had a similar RCR and AD as the control, a reduced weight gain and prolonged larval period resulted in significantly lower relative growth rate (RGR), which indicated surviving insects may allocate more energy from foods for detoxification than for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiru Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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14
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Su H, Yang Y, Zou J, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Wu J, Pollak P, Yang Y. Transcriptome analysis of the ovary of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua under different exposures of cadmium stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126372. [PMID: 32169707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem globally, and cadmium pollution ranks first in the world. Reproduction in insects is affected by cadmium stress in a dose-dependent manner. However, no previous studies have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of cadmium exposure on insect reproduction. In this study, RNA-Seq was used to investigate changes in ovary gene expression in newly emerged female beet army worms. The beet armyworms were reared under 4 cadmium concentrations: 0 mg/kg (control), low 0.2 mg/kg (L), medium 12.8 mg/kg (M) and high 51.2 mg/kg (H). Compared with the control (CK), a total of 3453 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in L cadmium stress, including 1791 up-regulated and 1662 down-regulated candidates; in L versus M groups, 982 up-regulated and 658 down-regulated DEGs; and in M versus H groups, 6508 up-regulated and 2000 down-regulated DEGs were identified and the expression patterns of ten genes were verified by q PCR. Many of the identified DEGs were relevant to juvenile hormone and molting hormone biosynthesis, insulin secretion, estrogen signaling, amino acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. These data will provide a molecular prospective to understand the ecological risk of heavy metal pollution and are a resource for selecting key genes as targets in gene-editing/silencing technologies for sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Su
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Jincheng Zou
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yuqing Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Patrick Pollak
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yizhong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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15
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da Silva Júnior NR, Vital CE, de Almeida Barros R, Faustino VA, Monteiro LP, Barros E, de Oliveira EE, de Oliveira Ramos HJ, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Intestinal proteolytic profile changes during larval development of Anticarsia gemmatalis caterpillars. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21631. [PMID: 31587381 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of most consumed and produced grains in the world, and Anticarsia gemmatalis is a pest that causes great damage to this crop due to severe defoliation during its larval phase. Plants have mechanisms that lead to the inhibition of proteases in the intestine of these herbivores, hampering their development. Understanding this complex protease inhibitor is important for pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic profiles of the intestinal proteases of the soybean caterpillar at different instars. For this, the proteolytic profile of the gut in the third, fourth, and fifth instars were analyzed. Irreversible inhibitors of proteases were separately incubated with A. gemmatalis enzyme extracts at the third, fourth, and fifth instar to assess the contribution of these proteases to total proteolytic activity. The enzymatic extracts were also evaluated with specific substrates to confirm changes in the specific activities of trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and cysteine proteases at different instars. The results showed that the protease profile of A. gemmatalis gut changes throughout its larval development. The activity of cysteine proteases was more intense in the first instar. On the contrary, the serine proteases showed major activities in the late stages of the larval phase. Zymogram analysis and protein identification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated serine protease as the main protease class expressed in the fifth instar. These results may shift the focus from the rational development of the protease inhibitor to A. gemmatalis and other Lepidoptera, as the expression of major proteases is not constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilier R da Silva Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Verônica A Faustino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luana P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto J de Oliveira Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Almeida Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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16
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Aziz N, Butt A, Elsheikha HM. Assessment of bioaccumulation of cu and Pb in experimentally exposed spiders, Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica, using different exposure routes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3309-3319. [PMID: 31838701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Major concerns exist regarding the environmental and human health risks caused by exposure to heavy metals. Spiders are often used as a model in ecotoxicological studies to assess soil pollution. Here, we measured the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in spiders, Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We investigated whether Cu and Pb accumulation differs according to different spider species, single versus combined metal exposure, and routes of exposure. Spiders were exposed to 10 mM CuSO4 and 10 mM PbCl2 solutions separately or in combination (10 mM + 10 mM) through different exposure routes (spiked soil and food) for 6 weeks. The effect of metals on the survival and body mass of exposed and unexposed (control) spiders was determined. We found that in both spider species, accumulation of metals increased with exposure time. In single metal exposure, Cu accumulation from food was higher than soil exposure in both spider species, whereas the opposite was observed for Pb. The simultaneous uptake of Cu and Pb significantly decreased from food and soil, respectively. Soil exposure caused more accumulation of metals in L. terrestris than P. birmanica. Metal exposure via contaminated food caused higher mortality compared to soil exposure. Body mass of both spider species was significantly decreased and negatively correlated with metal's concentration. Overall, our results show that bioaccumulation efficiency of Cu and Pb differs significantly in spiders exposed to metal's mixture compared to single metal exposure and is dependent on the exposure route, the type of metal, and spider species. More understanding of the effects of exposure to metal mixture and exposure routes is essential for designing and supporting risk assessment and ecological monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Aziz
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Abida Butt
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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17
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Lu K, Li W, Cheng Y, Ni H, Chen X, Li Y, Tang B, Sun X, Li Y, Liu T, Qin N, Chen D, Zeng R, Song Y. Copper exposure enhances Spodoptera litura larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:127-135. [PMID: 31519247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental xenobiotics can influence the tolerance of insects to chemical insecticides. Heavy metals are widespread distributed, can be easily bio-accumulated in plants and subsequently within phytophagous insects via the food chains. However, less attention has been paid to the effect of heavy metal exposure on their insecticide tolerance. In this study, pre-exposure of copper (Cu, 25-100 mg kg-1) significantly enhanced the subsequent tolerance of Spodoptera litura to β-cypermethrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide in crop field. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) activities were cross-induced in larvae exposed to Cu and β-cypermethrin, while the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE) were not affected. Application of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a P450 synergist, effectively impaired the tolerance to β-cypermethrin in Cu-exposed S. litura larvae with a synergistic ratio of 1.72, indicating that P450s contribute to larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin induced by Cu exposure. Among the four CYP6AB family genes examined, only larval midgut-specific CYP6AB12 was found to be cross-induced by Cu and β-cypermethrin. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of CYP6AB12 effectively decreased the mRNA levels of the target gene, and significantly reduced the larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin following exposure to Cu. These results showed that pre-exposure of heavy metal Cu enhanced larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin in S. litura, possibly through the cross-induction of P450s. Our findings provide new insights on the relationship between heavy metals and chemical insecticides that may benefit both the risk evaluation of heavy metal contamination and development of pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hanfang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bingjie Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Ningning Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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18
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Lu K, Cheng Y, Li W, Ni H, Chen X, Li Y, Tang B, Li Y, Chen D, Zeng R, Song Y. Copper-induced H 2O 2 accumulation confers larval tolerance to xanthotoxin by modulating CYP6B50 expression in Spodoptera litura. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:118-126. [PMID: 31400773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the plant-insect arms race, plants synthesize toxic compounds to defend against herbivorous insects, whereas insects employ cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) to detoxify these phytotoxins. As ubiquitous environmental contaminants, heavy metals can be easily absorbed by plants and further accumulated in herbivorous insects through the food chains, resulting in tangible consequences for plant-insect interactions. However, whether heavy metals can influence P450 activities and thereby cause further effects on larval tolerance to phytotoxins remains unknown. In this study, we shown that prior exposure to copper (Cu) enhanced larval tolerance to xanthotoxin in Spodoptera litura, a major polyphagous pest of agriculture. P450 activities were induced in larvae exposed to Cu or xanthotoxin, and a midgut specific expressed P450 gene, CYP6B50 was cross-induced after exposure to these two toxic xenobiotics. Knocking down CYP6B50 by RNA interference (RNAi) rendered the larvae more sensitive to xanthotoxin. As defense against oxidative stress following metal exposure has been demonstrated to affect insecticide resistance, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Cu exposure caused the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in larval midgut. In addition, two antioxidant response elements (AREs) were identified from the CYP6B50 promoter, indicating that Cu-induced CYP6B50 expression may be related to the ROS burst. Application of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively suppressed CYP6B50 expression, inhibited P450 activities and impaired larval tolerance to xanthotoxin that had been induced by Cu. These results indicate that the increase in CYP6B50 expression regulated by Cu-induced H2O2 generation contributed to the enhancement of larval tolerance to xanthotoxin in S. litura. Ingestion of heavy metals from their host plants can inadvertently boost the counter-defense system of herbivorous insects to protect themselves against plant defensive toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hanfang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bingjie Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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19
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Du C, Wu J, Bashir MH, Shaukat M, Ali S. Heavy metals transported through a multi-trophic food chain influence the energy metabolism and immune responses of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:422-428. [PMID: 30868349 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of environment with heavy metals is increasingly becoming an issue of major concern across the globe. Heavy metals are highly toxic to humans as well as other organisms of the ecosystem. The translocation of heavy metals from soil to predatory insects via multi-tophic food chains can influence the growth, reproduction, metabolism and innate immune systems of the predators. This study was performed to observe the changes in energy metabolism and immune responses of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri feeding on heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn) contaminated pink hibiscus mealybug (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes). The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in mealybugs used for feeding assays were 30.57, 32.64, 31.47 and 33.19 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in total protein, glycogen, cholesterol and triglycerides content of C. montrouzieri feeding on heavy metals contaminated mealybugs compared with control groups. The activities of endogenous enzymes (acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were significantly higher in beetles feeding on heavy metals contaminated mealybugs. Our results provide basic insight into the influences of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Ni) on energy metabolism and the innate immune system of the insect predator (C. montrouzieri) in a multi-trophic food chain. Further research on genetic processes involved in the regulation of metabolism and innate immune system of C. montrouzieri is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailian Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Hamid Bashir
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mobeen Shaukat
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Research Centre of Biological Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Ali S, Ullah MI, Saeed MF, Khalid S, Saqib M, Arshad M, Afzal M, Damalas CA. Heavy metal exposure through artificial diet reduces growth and survival of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14426-14434. [PMID: 30868456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect physiology is affected by the presence of toxins in the surrounding environment of insects as well as their food sources. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heavy metal exposure to two low concentrations (50 μg/g and 150 μg/g) of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) through artificial diet to the larvae on biological parameters of Asian armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both Pb and Zn, even at low concentrations, had relatively high toxic effects on S. litura larvae (P < 0.01). S. litura larval weight and length suffered the maximum reduction when the larvae were fed on diet mixed with the high Pb concentration (150 μg/g) tested compared to the other treatments. At the same Pb concentration (150 μg/g), values of larva growth index, pupa growth index, immature growth index, standardized growth index, and fitness index were 4.66, 7.33, 7.82, 5.35, and 10.00 times lower, respectively, than those of control. At the same Zn concentration (150 μg/g), values of larval growth index, pupal growth index, immature growth index, standardized growth index, and fitness index were 5.61, 3.00, 3.04, 3.23, and 9.24 times lower, respectively, than those of control. The survival rate of S. litura larvae was also lower (12.5%) when the larvae were fed on diet mixed with Pb at 150 μg/g after 10 days of observation. Overall, the presence of those heavy metals in the environment, even at low concentrations, would exert an adverse impact on larvae development of this insect. From this point of view, findings could provide a basis for long-term evaluation of heavy metal risk and its impact on populations of important agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ali
- Department of Entomology, UCA & ES, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Samina Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Christos A Damalas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
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21
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Płachetka-Bożek A, Kafel A, Augustyniak M. Reproduction and development of Spodoptera exigua from cadmium and control strains under differentiated cadmium stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:138-145. [PMID: 30265877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth and development of living organisms is programmed in genes, but exogenous factors (e.g. cadmium) may modulate endogenous information. Heavy metals may disturb physiological functions and accumulate in the tissues. The insects under prolonged heavy metal stress show some modifications in their metabolism management. The aim of this study was to compare the reproduction and development between individuals of S. exigua from the strain, exposed over 130 generations to sublethal concentration of cadmium (44 mg Cd/kg dry weight of larval diet), and the individuals from the control strain, both additionally exposed to different concentration of cadmium (22-704 mg Cd/kg dry weight of larval diet). The exposure to various cadmium concentrations in the diet revealed survival difference between the cadmium and the control animals at the larvae stage. The differences between adults were not evident. The telomere length (responsible for the duration of a lifespan) in the cadmium strain was shorter in the females than in the males and the individuals from the control strain. TERF1 gene expression (indirectly responsible for the telomere length) was higher in the individuals from the cadmium strain 24 hrs after eclosion. The significant reduction in the larvae body mass was observed in both strains, when the metal concentration was equal to or higher than 264 mg/kg dry weight of larval diet. The EC50 values (defined as of body mass loss), calculated 48 hours after cadmium exposure of individuals from control and cadmium strains, were respectively 632 and 725 mg Cd/kg dry weight of diet. However, some difference in reproduction (the total number of eggs laid and the oviposition time) between the strains appeared only in the groups fed on the uncontaminated diet. The control females laid almost two times more eggs than those from the cadmium strain, and the control ones had more than two times longer oviposition time than the females from the cadmium strain. The fluctuation was also noted in the size of eggs and the hatching success on the following days when both strains were compared, while the hatching success was higher for the insects from the cadmium strain. In conclusion, the insects from the cadmium strain are more resistant to cadmium contamination, as it is evidenced by the EC50 parameter. However, the females from the cadmium strain start laying eggs statistically later, have shorter telomeres and slightly reduced TERF1 gene expression, but hutching success in the strain is significantly higher when compared with the control individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Płachetka-Bożek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Alina Kafel
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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22
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Płachetka-Bożek A, Chwiałkowska K, Augustyniak M. Molecular changes in vitellogenin gene of Spodoptera exigua after long-time exposure to cadmium - Toxic side effect or microevolution? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:461-470. [PMID: 28898805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reproduction of pest insects is a continuously ongoing issue, especially in the environmental pollution context. Natural or artificial stressing factors enforce a kind of trade-off, most often between growth/survival and reproduction, which improves fitness of the organism. Harmful factors, such as cadmium, can affect the vitellogenesis leading to reduction of yolk synthesis and egg production. The aim of this study was to assess whether 130-generational selection to cadmium in food might have induced change in vitellogenesis of Spodoptera exigua. We analyzed the level of Vg gene expression in S. exigua from the control and the cadmium strain at regular time intervals within 48h after eclosion. The full sequence of Vg gene was also compared between strains. The vitellogenin gene expression in both strains was time-dependent. This dependence was more visible in the control strain. In the cadmium strain the vitellogenin expression was significantly lower, comparing with the control strain in the first day after eclosion but increased significantly in the second day. The sequenced CDS (5286bp long) of the control and the cadmium strains were translated into protein sequences containing both 1761 aa. The protein sequences comparison revealed that there is one amino acid change at aa position 1282. Multiple alignments of six orthologous proteins from different species showed that amino acid change is located in the conserved position. Long-lasting exposure to cadmium resulted in permanent mutation in vitellogenin gene. We do not know yet if the mutation can improve fitness of the cadmium-selected insects. However, we can suppose that the mutation is neutral or even beneficial. The mutation and most probably additional effects of cadmium exposure have an influence on the vitellogenin expression. Some modification in the expression of the vitellogenin receptor are also likely to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Płachetka-Bożek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Chwiałkowska
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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23
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Kalajdzic P, Kenig B, Andjelkovic M. Drosophila subobscura flies adapted to low lead concentration carry no fitness cost. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:90-98. [PMID: 25935609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a response to the long-term presence of heavy metals in the environment, populations can evolve resistance. Its maintenance may have detrimental effect on population's fitness, causing a fitness cost. Lead is one of the widely distributed elements in the environment exhibiting high toxicity on organisms. By analyzing developmental stages viability and developmental time, we evaluated fitness cost in Drosophila subobscura flies adapted to low lead concentration and control flies derived from the same wild population, as well as their hybrids. Significant changes in specific developmental stages viability were detected in both lines, as well as their hybrids, suggesting complex response to low lead concentration. The results show that a long-term exposure to low lead concentration may have a significant impact on a population's survival, especially in a changing environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Kalajdzic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchesterstr. 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Bojan Kenig
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Andjelkovic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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