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Tandon S, Aggarwal P, Sarkar S. Polyglutamine disorders: Pathogenesis and potential drug interventions. Life Sci 2024; 344:122562. [PMID: 38492921 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyglutamine/poly(Q) diseases are a group nine hereditary neurodegenerative disorders caused due to abnormally expanded stretches of CAG trinucleotide in functionally distinct genes. All human poly(Q) diseases are characterized by the formation of microscopically discernable poly(Q) positive aggregates, the inclusion bodies. These toxic inclusion bodies are responsible for the impairment of several cellular pathways such as autophagy, transcription, cell death, etc., that culminate in disease manifestation. Although, these diseases remain largely without treatment, extensive research has generated mounting evidences that various events of poly(Q) pathogenesis can be developed as potential drug targets. The present review article briefly discusses the key events of disease pathogenesis, model system-based investigations that support the development of effective therapeutic interventions against pathogenesis of human poly(Q) disorders, and a comprehensive list of pharmacological and bioactive compounds that have been experimentally shown to alleviate poly(Q)-mediated neurotoxicity. Interestingly, due to the common cause of pathogenesis, all poly(Q) diseases share etiology, thus, findings from one disease can be potentially extrapolated to other poly(Q) diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tandon
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Prerna Aggarwal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Surajit Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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2
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Li Q, Li W, Hu K, Wang Y, Li Y, Xu J. A de novo variant in RERE causes autistic behavior by disrupting related genes and signaling pathway. Clin Genet 2024; 105:273-282. [PMID: 38018232 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that typically manifests childhood, characterized by a triad of symptoms: impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, and restricted interests with repetitive behaviors. De novo variants in related genes can cause ASD. We present the case of a 6-year-old Chinese boy with autistic behavior, including language communication impairments, intellectual disabilities, stunted development, and irritability in social interactions. Using Sanger sequencing, we confirmed a pathogenic in the RERE gene (NM_012102.4) (c.3732delC, p.Tyr1245Thrfs*12; EX21; Het). Subsequently, we generated an RERE point mutation cell line (ReMut) using CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Genome Editing. Immunofluorescence was conducted to determine the location of the mutant RERE. RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses were performed to elucidate the ASD-related genes and signaling pathways disrupted by this variant in RERE. We identified 3790 differentially expressed genes and 684 differentially expressed proteins. The SHH signaling pathway was found to be downregulated, and the Hippo pathway was upregulated in ReMut. Genes implicated in autism, such as CNTNAP2, STX1A, FARP2, and GPC1, were significantly downregulated. Simultaneously, we noted alterations in HDAC1 and HDAC2, which are members of the WHHERE complex, suggesting their role in the pathogenesis of this patient. In conclusion, we report a de novo variant in RERE associated with autistic behavior. The finding that ASD is associated with RERE variants underscore the role of genetic factors in ASD and provides insights regarding the mechanisms underlying RERE variants in disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyue Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Institute of Reproductive Health, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Felício D, du Mérac TR, Amorim A, Martins S. Functional implications of paralog genes in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1651-1676. [PMID: 37845370 PMCID: PMC10676324 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) comprise a group of autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders caused by (CAG/CAA)n expansions. The elongated stretches of adjacent glutamines alter the conformation of the native proteins inducing neurotoxicity, and subsequent motor and neurological symptoms. Although the etiology and neuropathology of most polyQ SCAs have been extensively studied, only a limited selection of therapies is available. Previous studies on SCA1 demonstrated that ATXN1L, a human duplicated gene of the disease-associated ATXN1, alleviated neuropathology in mice models. Other SCA-associated genes have paralogs (i.e., copies at different chromosomal locations derived from duplication of the parental gene), but their functional relevance and potential role in disease pathogenesis remain unexplored. Here, we review the protein homology, expression pattern, and molecular functions of paralogs in seven polyQ dominant ataxias-SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA17, and DRPLA. Besides ATXN1L, we highlight ATXN2L, ATXN3L, CACNA1B, ATXN7L1, ATXN7L2, TBPL2, and RERE as promising functional candidates to play a role in the neuropathology of the respective SCA, along with the parental gene. Although most of these duplicates lack the (CAG/CAA)n region, if functionally redundant, they may compensate for a partial loss-of-function or dysfunction of the wild-type genes in SCAs. We aim to draw attention to the hypothesis that paralogs of disease-associated genes may underlie the complex neuropathology of dominant ataxias and potentiate new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Felício
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tanguy Rubat du Mérac
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - António Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Riascos-Bernal DF, Ressa G, Korrapati A, Sibinga NES. The FAT1 Cadherin Drives Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration. Cells 2023; 12:1621. [PMID: 37371091 PMCID: PMC10297709 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are normally quiescent and non-migratory, regulating the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels to control the vascular tone. In response to arterial injury, these cells become active; they proliferate, secrete matrix proteins, and migrate, and thereby contribute importantly to the progression of several cardiovascular diseases. VSMC migration specifically supports atherosclerosis, restenosis after catheter-based intervention, transplant vasculopathy, and vascular remodeling during the formation of aneurysms. The atypical cadherin FAT1 is expressed robustly in activated VSMCs and promotes their migration. A positive role of FAT1 in the migration of other cell types, including neurons, fibroblasts, podocytes, and astrocyte progenitors, has also been described. In cancer biology, however, the effect of FAT1 on migration depends on the cancer type or context, as FAT1 either suppresses or enhances cancer cell migration and invasion. With this review, we describe what is known about FAT1's effects on cell migration as well as the factors that influence FAT1-dependent migration. In VSMCs, these factors include angiotensin II, which activates FAT1 expression and cell migration, and proteins of the Atrophin family: Atrophin-1 and the short isoform of Atrophin-2, which promote VSMC migration, and the long isoform of Atrophin-2, which exerts negative effects on FAT1-dependent VSMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario F. Riascos-Bernal
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gaia Ressa
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Anish Korrapati
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Nicholas E. S. Sibinga
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (G.R.); (A.K.)
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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5
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Nowak B, Kozlowska E, Pawlik W, Fiszer A. Atrophin-1 Function and Dysfunction in Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy. Mov Disord 2023; 38:526-536. [PMID: 36809552 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a rare, incurable genetic disease that belongs to the group of polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. DRPLA is the most common in the Japanese population; however, its global prevalence is also increasing due to better clinical recognition. It is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, epilepsy, dementia, and chorea. DRPLA is caused by dynamic mutation of CAG repeat expansion in ATN1 gene encoding the atrophin-1 protein. In the cascade of molecular disturbances, the pathological form of atrophin-1 is the initial factor, which has not been precisely characterized so far. Reports indicate that DRPLA is associated with disrupted protein-protein interactions (in which an expanded polyQ tract plays a crucial role), as well as gene expression deregulation. There is a great need to design efficient therapy that would address the underlying neurodegenerative process and thus prevent or alleviate DRPLA symptoms. An in-depth understanding of the normal atrophin-1 function and mutant atrophin-1 dysfunction is crucial for this purpose. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Nowak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Kozlowska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Pawlik
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Fiszer
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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6
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McNerlin C, Guan F, Bronk L, Lei K, Grosshans D, Young DW, Gaber MW, Maletic-Savatic M. Targeting hippocampal neurogenesis to protect astronauts' cognition and mood from decline due to space radiation effects. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:170-179. [PMID: 36336363 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is an essential, lifelong process during which neural stem cells generate new neurons within the hippocampus, a center for learning, memory, and mood control. Neural stem cells are vulnerable to environmental insults spanning from chronic stress to radiation. These insults reduce their numbers and diminish neurogenesis, leading to memory decline, anxiety, and depression. Preserving neural stem cells could thus help prevent these neurogenesis-associated pathologies, an outcome particularly important for long-term space missions where environmental exposure to radiation is significantly higher than on Earth. Multiple developments, from mechanistic discoveries of radiation injury on hippocampal neurogenesis to new platforms for the development of selective, specific, effective, and safe small molecules as neurogenesis-protective agents hold great promise to minimize radiation damage on neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the effects of space-like radiation on hippocampal neurogenesis. We then focus on current advances in drug discovery and development and discuss the nuclear receptor TLX/NR2E1 (oleic acid receptor) as an example of a neurogenic target that might rescue neurogenesis following radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare McNerlin
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington D.C. 20007, United States of America
| | - Fada Guan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Bronk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Kevin Lei
- Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States of America; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, 1250 Moursund St. Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - David Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Damian W Young
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, 1250 Moursund St. Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States of America
| | - M Waleed Gaber
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, 1250 Moursund St. Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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7
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Luo S, Hu Y, Xiong P, Tan L, Zhao P, Huang Y, Xiao C, Zhu H, He X. A novel variant in the HX repeat motif of ATN1 in a Chinese patient with CHEDDA syndrome and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2068. [PMID: 36251950 PMCID: PMC9747544 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHEDDA syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by heterozygous missense or indel variants in the HX repeat motif of ATN1 gene. To date, CHEDDA has been identified in a few ethnic groups, and only 17 patients have been reported in literature, and no case has been reported in any country or region in Asia. METHODS Trio-exome sequencing (Trio-ES) examination was conducted in a Chinese girl with global developmental delay and in her parents. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the candidate variant. RESULTS This patient presented with mental and motor developmental delay, speech delay, and mild dysmorphic facial features, and had no epilepsy and visual impairment. Brain MRI did not show obvious structural abnormality. Through ES we identified a novel and de novo variant, c.3176_c.3177insGCACCT (p.Ser1059_His1060insHisLeu), within the HX motif of ATN1. No other pathogenic variant in another gene was found to support an alternative clinical and molecular diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first described case of CHEDDA from China. Together with the available literature data, we found that either disruption of HX motif or alteration of the HX repeat number would lead to ATN1-associated CHEDDA. We also noted that CHEDDA is a clinical heterogenous syndrome, and patients carrying the same or similar variant might have different clinical manifestations and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukun Luo
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yanqiu Hu
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ping Xiong
- Rehabilitation DepartmentWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Li Tan
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Peiwei Zhao
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Cuiping Xiao
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hongmin Zhu
- Rehabilitation DepartmentWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xuelian He
- Precision Medical CenterWuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhanChina
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Pedersen S, Kverneland M, Nakken KO, Rudi K, Iversen PO, Gervin K, Selmer KK. Genome-wide decrease in DNA methylation in adults with epilepsy treated with modified ketogenic diet: A prospective study. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2413-2426. [PMID: 35762681 PMCID: PMC9796519 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the modified ketogenic diet on DNA methylation in adults with epilepsy. METHODS In this prospective study, we investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation in whole blood in 58 adults with epilepsy treated with the modified ketogenic for 12 weeks. Patients were recruited from the National Center for Epilepsy, Norway, from March 1, 2011 to February 28, 2017. DNA methylation was analyzed using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Analysis of variance and paired t-test were used to identify differentially methylated loci after 4 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. A false discovery rate approach with a significance threshold of <5% was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS We observed a genome-wide decrease in DNA methylation, both globally and at specific sites, after 4 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. A substantial share of the differentially methylated positions (CpGs) were annotated to genes associated with epilepsy (n = 7), lipid metabolism (n = 8), and transcriptional regulation (n = 10). Furthermore, five of the identified genes were related to inositol phosphate metabolism, which may represent a possible mechanism by which the ketogenic diet attenuates seizures. SIGNIFICANCE A better understanding of the modified ketogenic diet's influence at the molecular level may be the key to unraveling the mechanisms by which the diet can ameliorate seizures and possibly to identifying novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Pedersen
- National Center for EpilepsyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | | | - Knut Rudi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of NutritionUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of HematologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kristina Gervin
- Department of Research and InnovationOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kaja Kristine Selmer
- National Center for EpilepsyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of Research and InnovationOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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9
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. The Immunogenetics of Vitiligo: An Approach Toward Revealing the Secret of Depigmentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:61-103. [PMID: 35286692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic skin disease and considered to be of autoimmune origin due to breaching of immunological self-tolerance, resulting in inappropriate immune responses against melanocytes. The development of vitiligo includes a strong heritable component. Different strategies ranging from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies are used to explore the genetic factors responsible for the disease. Several vitiligo loci containing the respective genes have been identified which contribute to vitiligo and genetic variants for some of the genes are still unknown. These genes include mainly the proteins that play a role in immune regulation and a few other genes important for apoptosis and regulation of melanocyte functions. Despite the available data on genetic variants and risk alleles which influence the biological processes, only few immunological pathways have been found responsible for all ranges of severity and clinical manifestations of vitiligo. However, studies have concluded that vitiligo is of autoimmune origin and manifests due to complex interactions in immune components and their inappropriate response toward melanocytes. The genes involved in the immune regulation and processing the melanocytes antigen and its presentation can serve as effective immune-therapeutics that can target specific immunological pathways involved in vitiligo. This chapter highlights those immune-regulatory genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility and loci identified to date and their implications in vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- In Vitro Specialty Lab Pvt. Ltd, 205-210, Golden Triangle, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
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10
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Palmer EE, Whitton C, Hashem MO, Clark RD, Ramanathan S, Starr LJ, Velasco D, De Dios JK, Singh E, Cormier-Daire V, Chopra M, Rodan LH, Nellaker C, Lakhani S, Mallack EJ, Panzer K, Sidhu A, Wentzensen IM, Lacombe D, Michaud V, Alkuraya FS. CHEDDA syndrome is an underrecognized neurodevelopmental disorder with a highly restricted ATN1 mutation spectrum. Clin Genet 2021; 100:468-477. [PMID: 34212383 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the clinical features of nine unrelated individuals with rare de novo missense or in-frame deletions/duplications within the "HX motif" of exon 7 of ATN1. We previously proposed that individuals with such variants should be considered as being affected by the syndromic condition of congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay, and digital anomalies (CHEDDA), distinct from dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) secondary to expansion variants in exon 5 of ATN1. We confirm that the universal phenotypic features of CHEDDA are distinctive facial features and global developmental delay. Infantile hypotonia and minor hand and feet differences are common and can present as arthrogryposis. Common comorbidities include severe feeding difficulties, often requiring gastrostomy support, as well as visual and hearing impairments. Epilepsy and congenital malformations of the brain, heart, and genitourinary systems are frequent but not universal. Our study confirms the clinical entity of CHEDDA secondary to a mutational signature restricted to exon 7 of ATN1. We propose a clinical schedule for assessment upon diagnosis, surveillance, and early intervention including the potential of neuroimaging for prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Palmer
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chloe Whitton
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mais O Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robin D Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Subhadra Ramanathan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lois J Starr
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Danita Velasco
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - John Karl De Dios
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Singh
- Division of Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin with Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- Service de Génétique Clinique, INSERM UMR 1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut IMAGINE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maya Chopra
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lance H Rodan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoffer Nellaker
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shenela Lakhani
- Centre for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Mallack
- Centre for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karin Panzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alpa Sidhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Oliveira RKDM, Hurtado FA, Gomes PH, Puglia LL, Ferreira FF, Ranjan K, Albuquerque P, Poças-Fonseca MJ, Silva-Pereira I, Fernandes L. Base Excision Repair AP-Endonucleases-Like Genes Modulate DNA Damage Response and Virulence of the Human Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020133. [PMID: 33673204 PMCID: PMC7917787 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes are exposed to a number of potential DNA-damaging stimuli during interaction with the host immune system. Microbial survival in this situation depends on a fine balance between the maintenance of DNA integrity and the adaptability provided by mutations. In this study, we investigated the association of the DNA repair response with the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycete that causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. We focused on the characterization of C. neoformansAPN1 and APN2 putative genes, aiming to evaluate a possible role of the predicted Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases 1 and 2 of the base excision repair (BER) pathway on C. neoformans response to stress conditions and virulence. Our results demonstrated the involvement of the putative AP-endonucleases Apn1 and Apn2 in the cellular response to DNA damage induced by alkylation and by UV radiation, in melanin production, in tolerance to drugs and in virulence of C. neoformans in vivo. We also pointed out the potential use of DNA repair inhibitor methoxy-amine in combination with conventional antifungal drugs, for the development of new therapeutic approaches against this human fungal pathogen. This work provides new information about the DNA damage response of the highly important pathogenic fungus C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa Karla de Medeiros Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (R.K.d.M.O.); (F.A.H.); (P.H.G.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Fabián Andrés Hurtado
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (R.K.d.M.O.); (F.A.H.); (P.H.G.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Gomes
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (R.K.d.M.O.); (F.A.H.); (P.H.G.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Luiza Lassi Puglia
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (R.K.d.M.O.); (F.A.H.); (P.H.G.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Fernanda Fonsêca Ferreira
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (F.F.F.); (K.R.)
| | - Kunal Ranjan
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (F.F.F.); (K.R.)
| | | | - Márcio José Poças-Fonseca
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (F.F.F.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.P.-F.); (I.S.-P.); (L.F.)
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (R.K.d.M.O.); (F.A.H.); (P.H.G.); (L.L.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.P.-F.); (I.S.-P.); (L.F.)
| | - Larissa Fernandes
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília 72.220-275, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (M.J.P.-F.); (I.S.-P.); (L.F.)
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12
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CHEDDA syndrome: a case report and review of the literature for this newly described entity. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:1446-1449. [PMID: 32642015 PMCID: PMC7334555 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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La Rosa P, Petrillo S, Bertini ES, Piemonte F. Oxidative Stress in DNA Repeat Expansion Disorders: A Focus on NRF2 Signaling Involvement. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050702. [PMID: 32369911 PMCID: PMC7277112 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repeat expansion disorders are a group of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases that arise from the inheritance of long tracts of nucleotide repetitions, located in the regulatory region, introns, or inside the coding sequence of a gene. Although loss of protein expression and/or the gain of function of its transcribed mRNA or translated product represent the major pathogenic effect of these pathologies, mitochondrial dysfunction and imbalance in redox homeostasis are reported as common features in these disorders, deeply affecting their severity and progression. In this review, we examine the role that the redox imbalance plays in the pathological mechanisms of DNA expansion disorders and the recent advances on antioxidant treatments, particularly focusing on the expression and the activity of the transcription factor NRF2, the main cellular regulator of the antioxidant response.
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14
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Pascini TV, Ramalho-Ortigão M, Ribeiro JM, Jacobs-Lorena M, Martins GF. Transcriptional profiling and physiological roles of Aedes aegypti spermathecal-related genes. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:143. [PMID: 32041546 PMCID: PMC7011475 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful mating of female mosquitoes typically occurs once, with the male sperm being stored in the female spermatheca for every subsequent oviposition event. The female spermatheca is responsible for the maintenance, nourishment, and protection of the male sperm against damage during storage. Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses, including Yellow Fever, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika. Vector control is difficult due to this mosquito high reproductive capacity. RESULTS Following comparative RNA-seq analyses of spermathecae obtained from virgin and inseminated females, eight transcripts were selected based on their putative roles in sperm maintenance and survival, including energy metabolism, chitin components, transcriptional regulation, hormonal signaling, enzymatic activity, antimicrobial activity, and ionic homeostasis. In situ RNA hybridization confirmed tissue-specific expression of the eight transcripts. Following RNA interference (RNAi), observed outcomes varied between targeted transcripts, affecting mosquito survival, egg morphology, fecundity, and sperm motility within the spermathecae. CONCLUSIONS This study identified spermatheca-specific transcripts associated with sperm storage in Ae. aegypti. Using RNAi we characterized the role of eight spermathecal transcripts on various aspects of female fecundity and offspring survival. RNAi-induced knockdown of transcript AeSigP-66,427, coding for a Na+/Ca2+ protein exchanger, specifically interfered with egg production and reduced sperm motility. Our results bring new insights into the molecular basis of sperm storage and identify potential targets for Ae. aegypti control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tales Vicari Pascini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigão
- Division of Tropical Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Rm A-3083, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - José Marcos Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rm 2E32D, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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15
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Brandsma CA, Guryev V, Timens W, Ciconelle A, Postma DS, Bischoff R, Johansson M, Ovchinnikova ES, Malm J, Marko-Varga G, Fehniger TE, van den Berge M, Horvatovich P. Integrated proteogenomic approach identifying a protein signature of COPD and a new splice variant of SORBS1. Thorax 2020; 75:180-183. [PMID: 31937552 PMCID: PMC7029225 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Translation of genomic alterations to protein changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is largely unexplored. Using integrated proteomic and RNA sequencing analysis of COPD and control lung tissues, we identified a protein signature in COPD characterised by extracellular matrix changes and a potential regulatory role for SUMO2. Furthermore, we identified 61 differentially expressed novel, non-reference, peptides in COPD compared with control lungs. This included two peptides encoding for a new splice variant of SORBS1, of which the transcript usage was higher in COPD compared with control lungs. These explorative findings and integrative proteogenomic approach open new avenues to further unravel the pathology of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands .,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Guryev
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.,European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Ciconelle
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Johansson
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina S Ovchinnikova
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Malm
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gyorgy Marko-Varga
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas E Fehniger
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Karanji AK, Beasely M, Sharif D, Ranjbaran A, Legleiter J, Valentine SJ. Investigating the interactions of the first 17 amino acid residues of Huntingtin with lipid vesicles using mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4470. [PMID: 31756784 PMCID: PMC7342490 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first 17 amino acid residues of Huntingtin protein (Nt17 of htt) are thought to play an important role in the protein's function; Nt17 is one of two membrane binding domains in htt. In this study the binding ability of Nt17 peptide with vesicles comprised of two subclasses of phospholipids is studied using electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Overall, the peptide is shown to have a greater propensity to interact with vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (PC) rather than phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. Mass spectra show an increase in lipid-bound peptide adducts where the ordering of the number of such specie is 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) > 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) > 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoethanolamine (POPE). MD simulations suggest that the compactness of the bilayer plays a role in governing peptide interactions. The peptide shows greater disruption of the DOPC bilayer order at the surface and interacts with the hydrophobic tails of lipid molecules via hydrophobic residues. Conversely, the POPE vesicle remains ordered and lipids display transient interactions with the peptide through the formation of hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic residues. The POPC system displays intermediate behavior with regard to the degree of peptide-membrane interaction. Finally, the simulations suggest a helix stabilizing effect resulting from the interactions between hydrophobic residues and the lipid tails of the DOPC bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kiani Karanji
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Maryssa Beasely
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Ali Ranjbaran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Justin Legleiter
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 9304, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- NanoSAFE, P.O. Box 6223, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
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17
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Structural analyses of inositol phosphate second messengers bound to signaling effector proteins. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100667. [PMID: 31648945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The higher-order inositol phosphate second messengers inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are important signaling molecules that regulate DNA-damage repair, cohesin dynamics, RNA-editing, retroviral assembly, nuclear transport, phosphorylation, acetylation, crotonylation, and ubiquitination. This functional diversity has made understanding how inositol polyphosphates regulate cellular processes challenging to dissect. However, some inositol phosphates have been unexpectedly found in X-ray crystal structures, occasionally revealing structural and mechanistic details of effector protein regulation before functional consequences have been described. This review highlights a sampling of crystal structures describing the interaction between inositol phosphates and protein effectors. This list includes the RNA editing enzyme "adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA 2" (ADAR2), the Pds5B regulator of cohesin dynamics, the class 1 histone deacetylases (HDACs) HDAC1 and HDAC3, and the PH domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). One of the most important enzymes responsible for higher-order inositol phosphate synthesis is inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), which plays dual roles in both inositol and phosphoinositide signaling. Structures of phosphoinositide lipid binding proteins have also revealed new aspects of protein effector regulation, as mediated by the nuclear receptors Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A2) and Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2). Together, these studies underscore the structural diversity in binding interactions between effector proteins and inositol phosphate small signaling molecules, and further support that detailed structural studies can lead to new biological discovery.
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18
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Jiménez-González V, Ogalla-García E, García-Quintanilla M, García-Quintanilla A. Deciphering GRINA/Lifeguard1: Nuclear Location, Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Vesicle Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164005. [PMID: 31426446 PMCID: PMC6719933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic NMDA-Associated Protein 1 (GRINA) belongs to the Lifeguard family and is involved in calcium homeostasis, which governs key processes, such as cell survival or the release of neurotransmitters. GRINA is mainly associated with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endosome, and the cell surface, but its presence in the nucleus has not been explained yet. Here we dissect, with the help of different software tools, the potential roles of GRINA in the cell and how they may be altered in diseases, such as schizophrenia or celiac disease. We describe for the first time that the cytoplasmic N-terminal half of GRINA (which spans a Proline-rich domain) contains a potential DNA-binding sequence, in addition to cleavage target sites and probable PY-nuclear localization sequences, that may enable it to be released from the rest of the protein and enter the nucleus under suitable conditions, where it could participate in the transcription, alternative splicing, and mRNA export of a subset of genes likely involved in lipid and sterol synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, or cell cycle progression. To support these findings, we include additional evidence based on an exhaustive review of the literature and our preliminary data of the protein–protein interaction network of GRINA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Ogalla-García
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Meritxell García-Quintanilla
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Albert García-Quintanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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19
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Palmer EE, Hong S, Al Zahrani F, Hashem MO, Aleisa FA, Ahmed HMJ, Kandula T, Macintosh R, Minoche AE, Puttick C, Gayevskiy V, Drew AP, Cowley MJ, Dinger M, Rosenfeld JA, Xiao R, Cho MT, Yakubu SF, Henderson LB, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Begtrup A, Hamad M, Shinawi M, Andrews MV, Jones MC, Lindstrom K, Bristol RE, Kayani S, Snyder M, Villanueva MM, Schteinschnaider A, Faivre L, Thauvin C, Vitobello A, Roscioli T, Kirk EP, Bye A, Merzaban J, Jaremko Ł, Jaremko M, Sachdev RK, Alkuraya FS, Arold ST. De Novo Variants Disrupting the HX Repeat Motif of ATN1 Cause a Recognizable Non-Progressive Neurocognitive Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:542-552. [PMID: 30827498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansions in the transcriptional co-repressor Atrophin-1, encoded by ATN1, cause the neurodegenerative condition dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) via a proposed novel toxic gain of function. We present detailed phenotypic information on eight unrelated individuals who have de novo missense and insertion variants within a conserved 16-amino-acid "HX repeat" motif of ATN1. Each of the affected individuals has severe cognitive impairment and hypotonia, a recognizable facial gestalt, and variable congenital anomalies. However, they lack the progressive symptoms typical of DRPLA neurodegeneration. To distinguish this subset of affected individuals from the DRPLA diagnosis, we suggest using the term CHEDDA (congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay, digit abnormalities) to classify the condition. CHEDDA-related variants alter the particular structural features of the HX repeat motif, suggesting that CHEDDA results from perturbation of the structural and functional integrity of the HX repeat. We found several non-homologous human genes containing similar motifs of eight to 10 HX repeat sequences, including RERE, where disruptive variants in this motif have also been linked to a separate condition that causes neurocognitive and congenital anomalies. These findings suggest that perturbation of the HX motif might explain other Mendelian human conditions.
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20
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Kakeda S, Watanabe K, Katsuki A, Sugimoto K, Ueda I, Igata N, Kishi T, Iwata N, Abe O, Yoshimura R, Korogi Y. Genetic effects on white matter integrity in drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study of 17 genetic loci associated with depressive symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:375-383. [PMID: 30774349 PMCID: PMC6357876 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s190268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A genome-wide association study using megadata identified 17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes for major depressive disorder (MDD). These MDD susceptibility polymorphisms may affect white matter (WM) integrity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between WM alterations and 17 SNPs in candidate genes for MDD in the first depressive episode of drug-naive MDD patients using a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method. METHODS Thirty-five drug-naive MDD patients with a first depressive episode and 47 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans and genotyping. The genotype-diagnosis interactions related to WM integrity were evaluated using TBSS for the 17 SNPs. RESULTS For the anterior thalamic radiation, cingulum, corticospinal tract, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, forceps major, and forceps minor, the genotype effect significantly differed between diagnosis groups (P<0.05, family-wise error corrected) in only one SNP, rs301806, in the arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide (RE) repeats (RERE) gene. CONCLUSION The RERE polymorphism was associated with WM alterations in first-episode and drug-naive MDD patients, which may be at least partially related to the manifestation of MDD. Future studies are needed to explore the gene-environment interactions with regard to individual WM integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kakeda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sugimoto
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
| | - Issei Ueda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
| | - Natsuki Igata
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
| | - Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan,
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21
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Cadherins in vascular smooth muscle cell (patho)biology: Quid nos scimus? Cell Signal 2018; 45:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Vilhais-Neto GC, Fournier M, Plassat JL, Sardiu ME, Saraf A, Garnier JM, Maruhashi M, Florens L, Washburn MP, Pourquié O. The WHHERE coactivator complex is required for retinoic acid-dependent regulation of embryonic symmetry. Nat Commun 2017; 8:728. [PMID: 28959017 PMCID: PMC5620087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral symmetry is a striking feature of the vertebrate body plan organization. Vertebral precursors, called somites, provide one of the best illustrations of embryonic symmetry. Maintenance of somitogenesis symmetry requires retinoic acid (RA) and its coactivator Rere/Atrophin2. Here, using a proteomic approach we identify a protein complex, containing Wdr5, Hdac1, Hdac2 and Rere (named WHHERE), which regulates RA signaling and controls embryonic symmetry. We demonstrate that Wdr5, Hdac1, and Hdac2 are required for RA signaling in vitro and in vivo. Mouse mutants for Wdr5 and Hdac1 exhibit asymmetrical somite formation characteristic of RA-deficiency. We also identify the Rere-binding histone methyltransferase Ehmt2/G9a, as a RA coactivator controlling somite symmetry. Upon RA treatment, WHHERE and Ehmt2 become enriched at RA target genes to promote RNA polymerase II recruitment. Our work identifies a protein complex linking key epigenetic regulators acting in the molecular control of embryonic bilateral symmetry.Retinoic acid (RA) regulates the maintenance of somitogenesis symmetry. Here, the authors use a proteomic approach to identify a protein complex of Wdr5, Hdac1, Hdac2 that act together with RA and coactivator Rere/Atrophin2 and a histone methyltransferase Ehmt2 to regulate embryonic symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo C Vilhais-Neto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67400, France.,Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Marjorie Fournier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67400, France
| | - Jean-Luc Plassat
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67400, France
| | - Mihaela E Sardiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Anita Saraf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Garnier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67400, France
| | - Mitsuji Maruhashi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67400, France.,Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Michael P Washburn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, F-67400, France. .,Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Hirvonen EAM, Pitkänen E, Hemminki K, Aaltonen LA, Kilpivaara O. Whole-exome sequencing identifies novel candidate predisposition genes for familial polycythemia vera. Hum Genomics 2017; 11:6. [PMID: 28427458 PMCID: PMC5397753 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycythemia vera (PV), characterized by massive production of erythrocytes, is one of the myeloproliferative neoplasms. Most patients carry a somatic gain-of-function mutation in JAK2, c.1849G > T (p.Val617Phe), leading to constitutive activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Familial clustering is also observed occasionally, but high-penetrance predisposition genes to PV have remained unidentified. Results We studied the predisposition to PV by exome sequencing (three cases) in a Finnish PV family with four patients. The 12 shared variants (maximum allowed minor allele frequency <0.001 in Finnish population in ExAC database) predicted damaging in silico and absent in an additional control set of over 500 Finns were further validated by Sanger sequencing in a fourth affected family member. Three novel predisposition candidate variants were identified: c.1254C > G (p.Phe418Leu) in ZXDC, c.1931C > G (p.Pro644Arg) in ATN1, and c.701G > A (p.Arg234Gln) in LRRC3. We also observed a rare, predicted benign germline variant c.2912C > G (p.Ala971Gly) in BCORL1 in all four patients. Somatic mutations in BCORL1 have been reported in myeloid malignancies. We further screened the variants in eight PV patients in six other Finnish families, but no other carriers were found. Conclusions Exome sequencing provides a powerful tool for the identification of novel variants, and understanding the familial predisposition of diseases. This is the first report on Finnish familial PV cases, and we identified three novel candidate variants that may predispose to the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-017-0102-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A M Hirvonen
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Pitkänen
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Kilpivaara
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Davis SM, Thomas AL, Nomie KJ, Huang L, Dierick HA. Tailless and Atrophin control Drosophila aggression by regulating neuropeptide signalling in the pars intercerebralis. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3177. [PMID: 24495972 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behaviour is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. However, its mechanisms are poorly understood, and the degree of molecular conservation between distantly related species is unknown. Here we show that knockdown of tailless (tll) increases aggression in Drosophila, similar to the effect of its mouse orthologue Nr2e1. Tll localizes to the adult pars intercerebralis (PI), which shows similarity to the mammalian hypothalamus. Knockdown of tll in the PI is sufficient to increase aggression and is rescued by co-expressing human NR2E1. Knockdown of Atrophin, a Tll co-repressor, also increases aggression, and both proteins physically interact in the PI. tll knockdown-induced aggression is fully suppressed by blocking neuropeptide processing or release from the PI. In addition, genetically activating PI neurons increases aggression, mimicking the aggression-inducing effect of hypothalamic stimulation. Together, our results suggest that a transcriptional control module regulates neuropeptide signalling from the neurosecretory cells of the brain to control aggressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Davis
- 1] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2]
| | - Amanda L Thomas
- 1] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2]
| | - Krystle J Nomie
- 1] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2]
| | - Longwen Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Herman A Dierick
- 1] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3] Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [4] Program in Developmental Biology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Ferrari R, Forabosco P, Vandrovcova J, Botía JA, Guelfi S, Warren JD, Momeni P, Weale ME, Ryten M, Hardy J. Frontotemporal dementia: insights into the biological underpinnings of disease through gene co-expression network analysis. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:21. [PMID: 26912063 PMCID: PMC4765225 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In frontotemporal dementia (FTD) there is a critical lack in the understanding of biological and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis. The heterogeneous genetic features associated with FTD suggest that multiple disease-mechanisms are likely to contribute to the development of this neurodegenerative condition. We here present a systems biology approach with the scope of i) shedding light on the biological processes potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of FTD and ii) identifying novel potential risk factors for FTD. We performed a gene co-expression network analysis of microarray expression data from 101 individuals without neurodegenerative diseases to explore regional-specific co-expression patterns in the frontal and temporal cortices for 12 genes (MAPT, GRN, CHMP2B, CTSC, HLA-DRA, TMEM106B, C9orf72, VCP, UBQLN2, OPTN, TARDBP and FUS) associated with FTD and we then carried out gene set enrichment and pathway analyses, and investigated known protein-protein interactors (PPIs) of FTD-genes products. Results Gene co-expression networks revealed that several FTD-genes (such as MAPT and GRN, CTSC and HLA-DRA, TMEM106B, and C9orf72, VCP, UBQLN2 and OPTN) were clustering in modules of relevance in the frontal and temporal cortices. Functional annotation and pathway analyses of such modules indicated enrichment for: i) DNA metabolism, i.e. transcription regulation, DNA protection and chromatin remodelling (MAPT and GRN modules); ii) immune and lysosomal processes (CTSC and HLA-DRA modules), and; iii) protein meta/catabolism (C9orf72, VCP, UBQLN2 and OPTN, and TMEM106B modules). PPI analysis supported the results of the functional annotation and pathway analyses. Conclusions This work further characterizes known FTD-genes and elaborates on their biological relevance to disease: not only do we indicate likely impacted regional-specific biological processes driven by FTD-genes containing modules, but also do we suggest novel potential risk factors among the FTD-genes interactors as targets for further mechanistic characterization in hypothesis driven cell biology work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy.
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | | | | | - Michael E Weale
- King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,King's College London, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell Square House, 9-12 Russell Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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26
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Shen C, Gao J, Sheng Y, Dou J, Zhou F, Zheng X, Ko R, Tang X, Zhu C, Yin X, Sun L, Cui Y, Zhang X. Genetic Susceptibility to Vitiligo: GWAS Approaches for Identifying Vitiligo Susceptibility Genes and Loci. Front Genet 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26870082 PMCID: PMC4740779 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component, characterized by areas of depigmented skin resulting from loss of epidermal melanocytes. Genetic factors are known to play key roles in vitiligo through discoveries in association studies and family studies. Previously, vitiligo susceptibility genes were mainly revealed through linkage analysis and candidate gene studies. Recently, our understanding of the genetic basis of vitiligo has been rapidly advancing through genome-wide association study (GWAS). More than 40 robust susceptible loci have been identified and confirmed to be associated with vitiligo by using GWAS. Most of these associated genes participate in important pathways involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Many susceptible loci with unknown functions in the pathogenesis of vitiligo have also been identified, indicating that additional molecular mechanisms may contribute to the risk of developing vitiligo. In this review, we summarize the key loci that are of genome-wide significance, which have been shown to influence vitiligo risk. These genetic loci may help build the foundation for genetic diagnosis and personalize treatment for patients with vitiligo in the future. However, substantial additional studies, including gene-targeted and functional studies, are required to confirm the causality of the genetic variants and their biological relevance in the development of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbing Shen
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Jinfa Dou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Randy Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xianfa Tang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Genetics and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China; Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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27
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Thomas AL, Davis SM, Dierick HA. Of Fighting Flies, Mice, and Men: Are Some of the Molecular and Neuronal Mechanisms of Aggression Universal in the Animal Kingdom? PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005416. [PMID: 26312756 PMCID: PMC4551476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is widespread in the animal kingdom, but the degree of molecular conservation between distantly related species is still unclear. Recent reports suggest that at least some of the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex behavior in flies show remarkable similarities with such mechanisms in mice and even humans. Surprisingly, some aspects of neuronal control of aggression also show remarkable similarity between these distantly related species. We will review these recent findings, address the evolutionary implications, and discuss the potential impact for our understanding of human diseases characterized by excessive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaun M. Davis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Dierick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Xu Z, Tito AJ, Rui YN, Zhang S. Studying polyglutamine diseases in Drosophila. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:25-41. [PMID: 26257024 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a family of dominantly transmitted neurodegenerative disorders caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the protein-coding regions of the respective disease-causing genes. Despite their simple genetic basis, the etiology of these diseases is far from clear. Over the past two decades, Drosophila has proven to be successful in modeling this family of neurodegenerative disorders, including the faithful recapitulation of pathological features such as polyQ length-dependent formation of protein aggregates and progressive neuronal degeneration. Additionally, it has been valuable in probing the pathogenic mechanisms, in identifying and evaluating disease modifiers, and in helping elucidate the normal functions of disease-causing genes. Knowledge learned from this simple invertebrate organism has had a large impact on our understanding of these devastating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Antonio Joel Tito
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Yan-Ning Rui
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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29
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Schultheiss UT, Teumer A, Medici M, Li Y, Daya N, Chaker L, Homuth G, Uitterlinden AG, Nauck M, Hofman A, Selvin E, Völzke H, Peeters RP, Köttgen A. A genetic risk score for thyroid peroxidase antibodies associates with clinical thyroid disease in community-based populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E799-807. [PMID: 25719932 PMCID: PMC4422885 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAbs) are detected in 90% of all patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. The current knowledge of its genetic underpinnings is limited. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify novel genetic variants associated with TPOAb concentrations and positivity using genome-wide association data and to characterize their association with thyroid function and disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We studied European ancestry participants of 3 independent prospective population-based studies: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study (n = 7524), Study of Health in Pomerania (n = 3803), and Study of Health in Pomerania-TREND (n = 887). EXPOSURE Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), individually and combined into a genetic risk score (GRS), were examined. MAIN OUTCOMES The main outcomes were TPOAb concentrations and positivity, thyroid hormone concentrations (TSH, free T4), and clinical thyroid diseases (subclinical and overt hypothyroidism and goiter). RESULTS Significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (P < 5 · 10(-8)) mapped into 4 genomic regions not previously implicated for TPOAbs (RERE, extended HLA region) and into 5 previously described loci. A higher Genetic Risk Score (GRS) based on these 9 SNPs showed strong and graded associations with higher TPOAb, TSH, and lower free T4 concentrations (P < .001). Compared with individuals in the lowest GRS quartile, those in the highest quartile had 1.80-fold higher odds of subclinical hypothyroidism (95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.55) and 1.89-fold higher odds of overt hypothyroidism (95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.87). CONCLUSION The identification of 4 novel genetic loci associated with TPOAb concentrations and positivity gives further insight into the genetic underpinnings of hypothyroidism. A GRS showed strong and graded associations with markers of thyroid function and disease in independent population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla T Schultheiss
- Renal Division (U.T.S., Y.L., A.K.), Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center (M.M., L.C., A.G.U., R.P.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., A.H.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T., H.V.), Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics (G.H.), and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.N.), University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; and Department of Epidemiology (N.D., E.S., A.K.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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30
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Zhi X, Zhou XE, He Y, Searose-Xu K, Zhang CL, Tsai CC, Melcher K, Xu HE. Structural basis for corepressor assembly by the orphan nuclear receptor TLX. Genes Dev 2015; 29:440-50. [PMID: 25691470 PMCID: PMC4335298 DOI: 10.1101/gad.254904.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX regulates neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult brain and functions primarily as a transcription repressor through recruitment of Atrophin corepressors, which bind to TLX via a conserved peptide motif termed the Atro box. Zhi et al. report crystal structures of the human and insect TLX ligand-binding domain in complex with Atro box peptides. Mutations that weaken the TLX–Atrophin interaction compromise the repressive activity of TLX. In addition, mutations of corresponding residues in other members of this class of receptors diminish their repressor activities. The orphan nuclear receptor TLX regulates neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult brain and functions primarily as a transcription repressor through recruitment of Atrophin corepressors, which bind to TLX via a conserved peptide motif termed the Atro box. Here we report crystal structures of the human and insect TLX ligand-binding domain in complex with Atro box peptides. In these structures, TLX adopts an autorepressed conformation in which its helix H12 occupies the coactivator-binding groove. Unexpectedly, H12 in this autorepressed conformation forms a novel binding pocket with residues from helix H3 that accommodates a short helix formed by the conserved ALXXLXXY motif of the Atro box. Mutations that weaken the TLX–Atrophin interaction compromise the repressive activity of TLX, demonstrating that this interaction is required for Atrophin to confer repressor activity to TLX. Moreover, the autorepressed conformation is conserved in the repressor class of orphan nuclear receptors, and mutations of corresponding residues in other members of this class of receptors diminish their repressor activities. Together, our results establish the functional conservation of the autorepressed conformation and define a key sequence motif in the Atro box that is essential for TLX-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhi
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA; Autophagy Research Center,
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Kelvin Searose-Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Chih-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA; Van Andel Research Institute-Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (VARI/SIMM) Center, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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31
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Xiong Y, Liu C, Zhao Y. Decoding Ci: from partial degradation to inhibition. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 57:98-108. [PMID: 25495033 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog is a morphogen, which is widely involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning during development in both vertebrate and invertebrate, such as in coordination of eye, brain, gonad, gut and tracheal development. In invertebrate, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) modification process is the last identified step before transcriptional activation in the Hh signaling pathway. Ci can form a truncated repressor (Ci(R) /Ci75) or act as an activator (Ci(A) /Ci155) based on Hh gradient to regulate the expressions of target genes. The activity of Ci is mediated by different mechanisms, including processing, trafficking and degradation. While in vertebrate, Glioblastomas (Glis), homologs of Ci, play similar but more complex roles in the regulation of mammals Hh pathway. Hh signaling is responsible for a wide variety of processes during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Malfunction of Hh signaling could cause various diseases including birth defects and cancers. Enormous efforts were made in the past decades to explore the Hh pathway regulation and the results have provided us important insights into disease diagnosis and therapeutic treatment. In this review, we focus on a small branch of Hh pathway regulation based on studies in the Drosophila system, mainly about Ci degradation, aiming to explain how Ci is modified by different ubiquitin ligases due to the strong or moderate Hh signals and then been subjected to complete or partial degradation by proteasomes. Overall, we intend to offer an overview on how Ci responds to and relays Hh signals in a precise manner to control target genes expressions and ensures proper Hh signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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32
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Kumar S, Duester G. Retinoic acid controls body axis extension by directly repressing Fgf8 transcription. Development 2014; 141:2972-7. [PMID: 25053430 DOI: 10.1242/dev.112367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) generated in the mesoderm of vertebrate embryos controls body axis extension by downregulating Fgf8 expression in cells exiting the caudal progenitor zone. RA activates transcription by binding to nuclear RA receptors (RARs) at RA response elements (RAREs), but it is unknown whether RA can directly repress transcription. Here, we analyzed a conserved RARE upstream of Fgf8 that binds RAR isoforms in mouse embryos. Transgenic embryos carrying Fgf8 fused to lacZ exhibited expression similar to caudal Fgf8, but deletion of the RARE resulted in ectopic trunk expression extending into somites and neuroectoderm. Epigenetic analysis using chromatin immunoprecipitation of trunk tissues from E8.25 wild-type and Raldh2(-/-) embryos lacking RA synthesis revealed RA-dependent recruitment of the repressive histone marker H3K27me3 and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) near the Fgf8 RARE. The co-regulator RERE, the loss of which results in ectopic Fgf8 expression and somite defects, was recruited near the RARb RARE by RA, but was released from the Fgf8 RARE by RA. Our findings demonstrate that RA directly represses Fgf8 through a RARE-mediated mechanism that promotes repressive chromatin, thus providing valuable insight into the mechanism of RA-FGF antagonism during progenitor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregg Duester
- Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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33
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Current aspects of vitiligo genetics. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2014; 31:247-55. [PMID: 25254010 PMCID: PMC4171675 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.43497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmentation disorder of the skin manifested by the presence of white macules. The disease occurs at a frequency of approximately 1–4% of the world population. Currently, the most popular theory of vitiligo development is a multifactorial hypothesis according to which genetic conditions predispose vitiligo macules to occur as a result of specific environmental factors. According to the genetic hypothesis, vitiligo inheritance is multigenic. Genetic studies conducted so far concern patients with non-segmental vitiligo. There are three basic techniques of genetic studies: candidate gene association studies, genomewide linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The GWAS are the “gold standard” for detecting susceptibility genes. Up to now, approximately 36 convincing non-segmental vitiligo susceptibility loci have been identified. Approximately 90% of them encode immunoregulatory proteins, while approximately 10% encode melanocyte proteins. The existence of various associations between vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases may provide new knowledge on the causes of many disorders. Examples include the inverse relationship between vitiligo and melanoma and association of vitiligo with other autoimmune diseases. The main goal of all researches is to find new, optimal therapeutic strategies for vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases.
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Mohan RD, Abmayr SM, Workman JL. The expanding role for chromatin and transcription in polyglutamine disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 26:96-104. [PMID: 25108806 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nine genetic diseases arise from expansion of CAG repeats in seemingly unrelated genes. They are referred to as polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases due to the presence of elongated glutamine tracts in the corresponding proteins. The pathologic consequences of polyQ expansion include progressive spinal, cerebellar, and neural degeneration. These pathologies are not identical, however, suggesting that disruption of protein-specific functions is crucial to establish and maintain each disease. A closer examination of protein function reveals that several act as regulators of gene expression. Here we examine the roles these proteins play in regulating gene expression, discuss how polyQ expansion may disrupt these functions to cause disease, and speculate on the neural specificity of perturbing ubiquitous gene regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Mohan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Susan M Abmayr
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| | - Jerry L Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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35
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Islam MM, Zhang CL. TLX: A master regulator for neural stem cell maintenance and neurogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:210-6. [PMID: 24930777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX, also known as NR2E1, is an essential regulator of neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal, maintenance, and neurogenesis. In vertebrates, TLX is specifically localized to the neurogenic regions of the forebrain and retina throughout development and adulthood. TLX regulates the expression of genes involved in multiple pathways, such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, and cell adhesion. These roles are primarily performed through the transcriptional repression or activation of downstream target genes. Emerging evidence suggests that the misregulation of TLX might play a role in the onset and progression of human neurological disorders making this factor an ideal therapeutic target. Here, we review the current understanding of TLX function, expression, regulation, and activity significant to NSC maintenance, adult neurogenesis, and brain plasticity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Islam
- Department of Molecular Biology, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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36
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Matilla-Dueñas A, Ashizawa T, Brice A, Magri S, McFarland KN, Pandolfo M, Pulst SM, Riess O, Rubinsztein DC, Schmidt J, Schmidt T, Scoles DR, Stevanin G, Taroni F, Underwood BR, Sánchez I. Consensus paper: pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 13:269-302. [PMID: 24307138 PMCID: PMC3943639 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intensive scientific research devoted in the recent years to understand the molecular mechanisms or neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are identifying new pathways and targets providing new insights and a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in these diseases. In this consensus manuscript, the authors discuss their current views on the identified molecular processes causing or modulating the neurodegenerative phenotype in spinocerebellar ataxias with the common opinion of translating the new knowledge acquired into candidate targets for therapy. The following topics are discussed: transcription dysregulation, protein aggregation, autophagy, ion channels, the role of mitochondria, RNA toxicity, modulators of neurodegeneration and current therapeutic approaches. Overall point of consensus includes the common vision of neurodegeneration in SCAs as a multifactorial, progressive and reversible process, at least in early stages. Specific points of consensus include the role of the dysregulation of protein folding, transcription, bioenergetics, calcium handling and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression. Unresolved questions include how the dysregulation of these pathways triggers the onset of symptoms and mediates disease progression since this understanding may allow effective treatments of SCAs within the window of reversibility to prevent early neuronal damage. Common opinions also include the need for clinical detection of early neuronal dysfunction, for more basic research to decipher the early neurodegenerative process in SCAs in order to give rise to new concepts for treatment strategies and for the translation of the results to preclinical studies and, thereafter, in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matilla-Dueñas
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Ctra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain,
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37
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Rogers WA, Grover S, Stringer SJ, Parks J, Rebeiz M, Williams TM. A survey of the trans-regulatory landscape for Drosophila melanogaster abdominal pigmentation. Dev Biol 2014; 385:417-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Alkhori L, Öst A, Alenius M. The corepressor Atrophin specifies odorant receptor expression in Drosophila. FASEB J 2013; 28:1355-64. [PMID: 24334704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-240325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In both insects and vertebrates, each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) expresses one odorant receptor (OR) from a large genomic repertoire. How a receptor is specified is a tantalizing question addressing fundamental aspects of cell differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that the corepressor Atrophin (Atro) segregates OR gene expression between OSN classes in Drosophila. We show that the knockdown of Atro result in either loss or gain of a broad set of ORs. Each OR phenotypic group correlated with one of two opposing Notch fates, Notch responding, Nba (N(on)), and nonresponding, Nab (N(off)) OSNs. Our data show that Atro segregates ORs expressed in the Nba OSN classes and helps establish the Nab fate during OSN development. Consistent with a role in recruiting histone deacetylates, immunohistochemistry revealed that Atro regulates global histone 3 acetylation (H3ac) in OSNs and requires Hdac3 to segregate OR gene expression. We further found that Nba OSN classes exhibit variable but higher H3ac levels than the Nab OSNs. Together, these data suggest that Atro determines the level of H3ac, which ensures correct OR gene expression within the Nba OSNs. We propose a mechanism by which a single corepressor can specify a large number of neuron classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Alkhori
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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39
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Rubio M, Montañez R, Perez L, Milan M, Belles X. Regulation of atrophin by both strands of the mir-8 precursor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1009-1014. [PMID: 23974011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, miR-8-3p regulates mRNA levels of atrophin, a factor involved in neuromotor coordination, and we found that Blattella germanica with suppressed atrophin showed motor problems. Bionformatic predictions and luciferase-reporter tests indicated that B. germanica atrophin mRNA contains target sites for miR-8-3p and miR-8-5p. Suppression of miR-8-3p or miR-8-5p appeared to increase atrophin mRNA. The effects of suppression of Argonaute (AGO) 1 or AGO2 expression on miR-8-3p and miR-8-5p suggested that miR-8-3-p might predominantly bind to AGO1, whereas miR-8-5p might bind to a moderate extent to both AGO1 and AGO2 in the respective RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). We propose that the interplay of miR-8-3p, miR-8-5p, AGO1 and AGO2, maintain the appropriate levels of atrophin mRNA. This would be the first example of two strands of the same miRNA precursor regulating a single transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rubio
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 0803 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Mannervik M. Control of Drosophila embryo patterning by transcriptional co-regulators. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:47-57. [PMID: 24157250 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A combination of broadly expressed transcriptional activators and spatially restricted repressors are used to pattern embryos into cells of different fate. Transcriptional co-regulators are essential mediators of transcription factor function, and contribute to selective transcriptional responses in embryo development. A two step mechanism of transcriptional regulation is discussed, where remodeling of chromatin is initially required, followed by stimulation of recruitment or release of RNA polymerase from the promoter. Transcriptional co-regulators are essential for both of these steps. In particular, most co-activators are associated with histone acetylation and co-repressors with histone deacetylation. In the early Drosophila embryo, genome-wide studies have shown that the CBP co-activator has a preference for associating with some transcription factors and regulatory regions. The Groucho, CtBP, Ebi, Atrophin and Brakeless co-repressors are selectively used to limit zygotic gene expression. New findings are summarized which show that different co-repressors are often utilized by a single repressor, that the context in which a co-repressor is recruited to DNA can affect its activity, and that co-regulators may switch from co-repressors to co-activators and vice versa. The possibility that co-regulator activity is regulated and plays an instructive role in development is discussed as well. This review highlights how findings in Drosophila embryos have contributed to the understanding of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes as well as to mechanisms of animal embryo patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Mannervik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Arrheniuslaboratories E3, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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41
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Camero S, Benítez MJ, Jiménez JS. Anomalous Protein–DNA Interactions Behind Neurological Disorders. PROTEIN-NUCLEIC ACIDS INTERACTIONS 2013; 91:37-63. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411637-5.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Reed NP, Henderson MA, Oltz EM, Aune TM. Reciprocal regulation of Rag expression in thymocytes by the zinc-finger proteins, Zfp608 and Zfp609. Genes Immun 2012; 14:7-12. [PMID: 23076336 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1) and Rag2 enzymes are required for T cell receptor assembly and thymocyte development. The mechanisms underlying the transcriptional activation and repression of Rag1 and Rag2 are incompletely understood. The zinc-finger protein, Zfp608, represses Rag1 and Rag2 expression when expressed in thymocytes blocking T-cell maturation. Here we show that the related zinc-finger protein, Zfp609, is necessary for Rag1 and Rag2 expression in developing thymocytes. Zfp608 represses Rag1 and Rag2 expression indirectly by repressing the expression of Zfp609. Thus, the balance of Zfp608 and Zfp609 plays a critical role in regulating Rag1 and Rag2 expression, which may manifest itself not only during development of immature thymocytes into mature T cells but also in generation of the T-cell arm of the adaptive immune system, which does not fully develop until after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Reed
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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43
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Estruch SB, Buzón V, Carbó LR, Schorova L, Lüders J, Estébanez-Perpiñá E. The oncoprotein BCL11A binds to orphan nuclear receptor TLX and potentiates its transrepressive function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37963. [PMID: 22675500 PMCID: PMC3366998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear orphan receptor TLX (NR2E1) functions primarily as a transcriptional repressor and its pivotal role in brain development, glioblastoma, mental retardation and retinopathologies make it an attractive drug target. TLX is expressed in the neural stem cells (NSCs) of the subventricular zone and the hippocampus subgranular zone, regions with persistent neurogenesis in the adult brain, and functions as an essential regulator of NSCs maintenance and self-renewal. Little is known about the TLX social network of interactors and only few TLX coregulators are described. To identify and characterize novel TLX-binders and possible coregulators, we performed yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) screens of a human adult brain cDNA library using different TLX constructs as baits. Our screens identified multiple clones of Atrophin-1 (ATN1), a previously described TLX interactor. In addition, we identified an interaction with the oncoprotein and zinc finger transcription factor BCL11A (CTIP1/Evi9), a key player in the hematopoietic system and in major blood-related malignancies. This interaction was validated by expression and coimmunoprecipitation in human cells. BCL11A potentiated the transrepressive function of TLX in an in vitro reporter gene assay. Our work suggests that BCL11A is a novel TLX coregulator that might be involved in TLX-dependent gene regulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Estruch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine from the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Buzón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine from the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia R. Carbó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine from the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lenka Schorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine from the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine from the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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44
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McKenna NJ. EMBO Retinoids 2011: Mechanisms, biology and pathology of signaling by retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2012; 10:e003. [PMID: 22438793 PMCID: PMC3309077 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is one of the principal active metabolites of vitamin A (retinol) which mediates a spectrum of critical physiological and developmental processes. Transcriptional regulation by RA is mediated primarily by members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. NRs bind specific genomic DNA sequence motifs and engage coregulators and components of the basal transcription machinery to effect transcriptional regulation at target gene promoters. Disruption of signaling by retinoic acid is thought to underlie the etiology of a number of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases including breast cancer and haematological malignancies. A meeting of international researchers in retinoid signaling was convened in Strasbourg in September 2011 under the auspices of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). Retinoids 2011 encompassed myriad mechanistic, biological and pathological aspects of these hormones and their cognate receptors, as well as setting these advances in the context of wider current questions on signaling by members of the NR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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45
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D'Antonio M, Ciccarelli FD. Modification of gene duplicability during the evolution of protein interaction network. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002029. [PMID: 21490719 PMCID: PMC3072358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplications of genes encoding highly connected and essential proteins are selected against in several species but not in human, where duplicated genes encode highly connected proteins. To understand when and how gene duplicability changed in evolution, we compare gene and network properties in four species (Escherichia coli, yeast, fly, and human) that are representative of the increase in evolutionary complexity, defined as progressive growth in the number of genes, cells, and cell types. We find that the origin and conservation of a gene significantly correlates with the properties of the encoded protein in the protein-protein interaction network. All four species preserve a core of singleton and central hubs that originated early in evolution, are highly conserved, and accomplish basic biological functions. Another group of hubs appeared in metazoans and duplicated in vertebrates, mostly through vertebrate-specific whole genome duplication. Such recent and duplicated hubs are frequently targets of microRNAs and show tissue-selective expression, suggesting that these are alternative mechanisms to control their dosage. Our study shows how networks modified during evolution and contributes to explaining the occurrence of somatic genetic diseases, such as cancer, in terms of network perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo D'Antonio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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46
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Gui H, Li ML, Tsai CC. A tale of tailless. Dev Neurosci 2010; 33:1-13. [PMID: 21124006 DOI: 10.1159/000321585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Tailless(Tll) and its vertebrate homologue Tlx are conserved orphan nuclear receptors specifically expressed in the eye and the forebrain. Tll and Tlx act primarily as transcriptional repressors through their interactions with transcriptional corepressors, Atrophin family proteins, and histone-tail/chromatin-modifying factors such as lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 and histone deacetylases. The functional importance of Tll and Tlx is made apparent by the recent discovery that they are expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and are required for self-renewal of these cells in both Drosophila and the mouse. This review provides a snapshot of current knowledge about Tll and Tlx and their transcriptional network, which maintains NSCs in developing and adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Gui
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, N.J., USA.
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47
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Hashimoto JG, Forquer MR, Tanchuck MA, Finn DA, Wiren KM. Importance of genetic background for risk of relapse shown in altered prefrontal cortex gene expression during abstinence following chronic alcohol intoxication. Neuroscience 2010; 173:57-75. [PMID: 21081154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a relapsing disorder associated with excessive consumption after periods of abstinence. Neuroadaptations in brain structure, plasticity and gene expression occur with chronic intoxication but are poorly characterized. Here we report identification of pathways altered during abstinence in prefrontal cortex, a brain region associated with cognitive dysfunction and damage in alcoholics. To determine the influence of genetic differences, an animal model was employed with widely divergent responses to alcohol withdrawal, the Withdrawal Seizure-Resistant (WSR) and Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) lines. Mice were chronically exposed to highly intoxicating concentrations of ethanol and withdrawn, then left abstinent for 21 days. Transcriptional profiling by microarray analyses identified a total of 562 genes as significantly altered during abstinence. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the transcriptional response correlated with genotype/withdrawal phenotype rather than sex. Gene Ontology category overrepresentation analysis identified thyroid hormone metabolism, glutathione metabolism, axon guidance and DNA damage response as targeted classes of genes in low response WSR mice, with acetylation and histone deacetylase complex as highly dimorphic between WSR and WSP mice. Confirmation studies in WSR mice revealed both increased neurotoxicity by histopathologic examination and elevated triidothyronine (T3) levels. Most importantly, relapse drinking was reduced by inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis in dependent WSR mice compared to controls. These findings provide in vivo physiological and behavioral validation of the pathways identified. Combined, these results indicate a fundamentally distinct neuroadaptive response during abstinence in mice genetically selected for divergent withdrawal severity. Identification of pathways altered in abstinence may aid development of novel therapeutics for targeted treatment of relapse in abstinent alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hashimoto
- Research Service, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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48
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Kahle JJ, Gulbahce N, Shaw CA, Lim J, Hill DE, Barabási AL, Zoghbi HY. Comparison of an expanded ataxia interactome with patient medical records reveals a relationship between macular degeneration and ataxia. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:510-27. [PMID: 21078624 PMCID: PMC3016911 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias 6 and 7 (SCA6 and SCA7) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by expansion of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in CACNA1A, the alpha1A subunit of the P/Q-type calcium channel, and ataxin-7 (ATXN7), a component of a chromatin-remodeling complex, respectively. We hypothesized that finding new protein partners for ATXN7 and CACNA1A would provide insight into the biology of their respective diseases and their relationship to other ataxia-causing proteins. We identified 118 protein interactions for CACNA1A and ATXN7 linking them to other ataxia-causing proteins and the ataxia network. To begin to understand the biological relevance of these protein interactions within the ataxia network, we used OMIM to identify diseases associated with the expanded ataxia network. We then used Medicare patient records to determine if any of these diseases co-occur with hereditary ataxia. We found that patients with ataxia are at 3.03-fold greater risk of these diseases than Medicare patients overall. One of the diseases comorbid with ataxia is macular degeneration (MD). The ataxia network is significantly (P= 7.37 × 10−5) enriched for proteins that interact with known MD-causing proteins, forming a MD subnetwork. We found that at least two of the proteins in the MD subnetwork have altered expression in the retina of Ataxin-7266Q/+ mice suggesting an in vivo functional relationship with ATXN7. Together these data reveal novel protein interactions and suggest potential pathways that can contribute to the pathophysiology of ataxia, MD, and diseases comorbid with ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette J Kahle
- Department of Cellular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jin Y, Birlea SA, Fain PR, Gowan K, Riccardi SL, Holland PJ, Mailloux CM, Sufit AJD, Hutton SM, Amadi-Myers A, Bennett DC, Wallace MR, McCormack WT, Kemp EH, Gawkrodger DJ, Weetman AP, Picardo M, Leone G, Taïeb A, Jouary T, Ezzedine K, van Geel N, Lambert J, Overbeck A, Spritz RA. Variant of TYR and autoimmunity susceptibility loci in generalized vitiligo. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1686-97. [PMID: 20410501 PMCID: PMC2891985 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0908547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterized by melanocyte loss, which results in patchy depigmentation of skin and hair, and is associated with an elevated risk of other autoimmune diseases. METHODS To identify generalized vitiligo susceptibility loci, we conducted a genomewide association study. We genotyped 579,146 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1514 patients with generalized vitiligo who were of European-derived white (CEU) ancestry and compared the genotypes with publicly available control genotypes from 2813 CEU persons. We then tested 50 SNPs in two replication sets, one comprising 677 independent CEU patients and 1106 CEU controls and the other comprising 183 CEU simplex trios with generalized vitiligo and 332 CEU multiplex families. RESULTS We detected significant associations between generalized vitiligo and SNPs at several loci previously associated with other autoimmune diseases. These included genes encoding major-histocompatibility-complex class I molecules (P=9.05x10(-23)) and class II molecules (P=4.50x10(-34)), PTPN22 (P=1.31x10(-7)), LPP (P=1.01x10(-11)), IL2RA (P=2.78x10(-9)), UBASH3A (P=1.26x10(-9)), and C1QTNF6 (P=2.21x10(-16)). We also detected associations between generalized vitiligo and SNPs in two additional immune-related loci, RERE (P=7.07x10(-15)) and GZMB (P=3.44x10(-8)), and in a locus containing TYR (P=1.60x10(-18)), encoding tyrosinase. CONCLUSIONS We observed associations between generalized vitiligo and markers implicating multiple genes, some associated with other autoimmune diseases and one (TYR) that may mediate target-cell specificity and indicate a mutually exclusive relationship between susceptibility to vitiligo and susceptibility to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Human Medical Genetics Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, P.O. Box 6511, Mailstop 8300, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Rere controls retinoic acid signalling and somite bilateral symmetry. Nature 2010; 463:953-7. [PMID: 20164929 DOI: 10.1038/nature08763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the most notable features of the vertebrate body plan organization is its bilateral symmetry, evident at the level of vertebrae and skeletal muscles. Here we show that a mutation in Rere (also known as atrophin2) leads to the formation of asymmetrical somites in mouse embryos, similar to embryos deprived of retinoic acid. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that Rere controls retinoic acid signalling, which is required to maintain somite symmetry by interacting with Fgf8 in the left-right signalling pathway. Rere forms a complex with Nr2f2, p300 (also known as Ep300) and a retinoic acid receptor, which is recruited to the retinoic acid regulatory element of retinoic acid targets, such as the Rarb promoter. Furthermore, the knockdown of Nr2f2 and/or Rere decreases retinoic acid signalling, suggesting that this complex is required to promote transcriptional activation of retinoic acid targets. The asymmetrical expression of Nr2f2 in the presomitic mesoderm overlaps with the asymmetry of the retinoic acid signalling response, supporting its implication in the control of somitic symmetry. Misregulation of this mechanism could be involved in symmetry defects of the human spine, such as those observed in patients with scoliosis.
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