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Ikeda T, Jin D, Takai S, Nakamura K, Nemoto E, Kojima S, Oku H. Blastocyst-like Structures in the Peripheral Retina of Young Adult Beagles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6045. [PMID: 38892233 PMCID: PMC11172769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this immunohistological study on the peripheral retina of 3-year-old beagle dogs, excised retina specimens were immunostained with antibodies against nestin, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, CDX2, cytokeratin 18 (CK 18), RPE65, and YAP1, as well as hematoxylin and DAPI, two nuclear stains. Our findings revealed solitary cysts of various sizes in the inner retina. Intriguingly, a mass of small round cells with scant cytoplasms was observed in the cavity of small cysts, while many disorganized cells partially occupied the cavity of the large cysts. The small cysts were strongly positive for nestin, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, CDX2, CK18, and YAP1. RPE65-positive cells were exclusively observed in the tissue surrounding the cysts. Since RPE65 is a specific marker of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the surrounding cells of the peripheral cysts were presumably derived from RPE cells that migrated intraretinally. In the small cysts, intense positive staining for nestin, a marker of retinal stem cells, seemed to indicate that they were derived from retinal stem cells. The morphology and positive staining for markers of blastocyst and RPE cells indicated that the small cysts may have formed structures resembling the blastocyst, possibly caused by the interaction between retinal stem cells and migrated RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Kaisei Hospital, Osaka 532-0003, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Emika Nemoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Shota Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan; (E.N.); (S.K.); (H.O.)
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2
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da Silva MDV, Piva M, Martelossi-Cebinelli G, Stinglin Rosa Ribas M, Hoffmann Salles Bianchini B, K Heintz O, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Stem cells and pain. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:1035-1062. [PMID: 38179216 PMCID: PMC10762525 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i12.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by either actual or potential tissue damage or even resemble that unpleasant experience. For years, science has sought to find treatment alternatives, with minimal side effects, to relieve pain. However, the currently available pharmacological options on the market show significant adverse events. Therefore, the search for a safer and highly efficient analgesic treatment has become a priority. Stem cells (SCs) are non-specialized cells with a high capacity for replication, self-renewal, and a wide range of differentiation possibilities. In this review, we provide evidence that the immune and neuromodulatory properties of SCs can be a valuable tool in the search for ideal treatment strategies for different types of pain. With the advantage of multiple administration routes and dosages, therapies based on SCs for pain relief have demonstrated meaningful results with few downsides. Nonetheless, there are still more questions than answers when it comes to the mechanisms and pathways of pain targeted by SCs. Thus, this is an evolving field that merits further investigation towards the development of SC-based analgesic therapies, and this review will approach all of these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Deroco Veloso da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maiara Piva
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana Martelossi-Cebinelli
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana Stinglin Rosa Ribas
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Hoffmann Salles Bianchini
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Olivia K Heintz
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86038-440, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
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3
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Vu HTH, Scott RL, Iqbal K, Soares MJ, Tuteja G. Core conserved transcriptional regulatory networks define the invasive trophoblast cell lineage. Development 2023; 150:dev201826. [PMID: 37417811 PMCID: PMC10445752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The invasive trophoblast cell lineages in rat and human share crucial responsibilities in establishing the uterine-placental interface of the hemochorial placenta. These observations have led to the rat becoming an especially useful animal model for studying hemochorial placentation. However, our understanding of similarities or differences between regulatory mechanisms governing rat and human invasive trophoblast cell populations is limited. In this study, we generated single-nucleus ATAC-seq data from gestation day 15.5 and 19.5 rat uterine-placental interface tissues, and integrated the data with single-cell RNA-seq data generated at the same stages. We determined the chromatin accessibility profiles of invasive trophoblast, natural killer, macrophage, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and compared invasive trophoblast chromatin accessibility with extravillous trophoblast cell accessibility. In comparing chromatin accessibility profiles between species, we found similarities in patterns of gene regulation and groups of motifs enriched in accessible regions. Finally, we identified a conserved gene regulatory network in invasive trophoblast cells. Our data, findings and analysis will facilitate future studies investigating regulatory mechanisms essential for the invasive trophoblast cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T. H. Vu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Regan L. Scott
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Geetu Tuteja
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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4
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Giuli L, Santopaolo F, Pallozzi M, Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Cellular therapies in liver and pancreatic diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:563-579. [PMID: 36543708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, developments in regenerative medicine in gastroenterology have been greatly enhanced by the application of stem cells, which can self-replicate and differentiate into any somatic cell. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened remarkable perspectives on tissue regeneration, including their use as a bridge to transplantation or as supportive therapy in patients with organ failure. The improvements in DNA manipulation and gene editing strategies have also allowed to clarify the physiopathology and to correct the phenotype of several monogenic diseases, both in vivo and in vitro. Further progress has been made with the development of three-dimensional cultures, known as organoids, which have demonstrated morphological and functional complexity comparable to that of a miniature organ. Hence, owing to its protean applications and potential benefits, cell and organoid transplantation has become a hot topic for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, we describe current knowledge on cell therapies in hepatology and pancreatology, providing insight into their future applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giuli
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pallozzi
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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5
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Vu HTH, Scott RL, Iqbal K, Soares MJ, Tuteja G. CORE CONSERVED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORKS DEFINE THE INVASIVE TROPHOBLAST CELL LINEAGE. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.30.534962. [PMID: 37066272 PMCID: PMC10103937 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.534962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The invasive trophoblast cell lineage in rat and human share crucial responsibilities in establishing the uterine-placental interface of the hemochorial placenta. These observations have led to the rat becoming an especially useful animal model to study hemochorial placentation. However, our understanding of similarities or differences between regulatory mechanisms governing rat and human invasive trophoblast cell populations is limited. In this study, we generated single-nucleus (sn) ATAC-seq data from gestation day (gd) 15.5 and 19.5 rat uterine-placental interface tissues and integrated the data with single-cell RNA-seq data generated at the same stages. We determined the chromatin accessibility profiles of invasive trophoblast, natural killer, macrophage, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells, and compared invasive trophoblast chromatin accessibility to extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell accessibility. In comparing chromatin accessibility profiles between species, we found similarities in patterns of gene regulation and groups of motifs enriched in accessible regions. Finally, we identified a conserved gene regulatory network in invasive trophoblast cells. Our data, findings and analysis will facilitate future studies investigating regulatory mechanisms essential for the invasive trophoblast cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T. H. Vu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Regan L. Scott
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO, 64108
| | - Geetu Tuteja
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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6
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Niti A, Koliakos G, Michopoulou A. Stem Cell Therapies for Epidermolysis Bullosa Treatment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040422. [PMID: 37106609 PMCID: PMC10135837 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) includes a group of rare skin diseases characterized by skin fragility with bullous formation in the skin, in response to minor mechanical injury, as well as varying degrees of involvement of the mucous membranes of the internal organs. EB is classified into simplex, junctional, dystrophic and mixed. The impact of the disease on patients is both physical and psychological, with the result that their quality of life is constantly affected. Unfortunately, there are still no approved treatments available to confront the disease, and treatment focuses on improving the symptoms with topical treatments to avoid complications and other infections. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of producing, maintaining and replacing terminally differentiated cells and tissues. Stem cells can be isolated from embryonic or adult tissues, including skin, but are also produced by genetic reprogramming of differentiated cells. Preclinical and clinical research has recently greatly improved stem cell therapy, making it a promising treatment option for various diseases in which current medical treatments fail to cure, prevent progression, or alleviate symptoms. So far, stem cells from different sources, mainly hematopoietic and mesenchymal, autologous or heterologous have been used for the treatment of the most severe forms of the disease each one of them with some beneficial effects. However, the mechanisms through which stem cells exert their beneficial role are still unknown or incompletely understood and most importantly further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these treatments. The transplantation of skin grafts to patients produced by gene-corrected autologous epidermal stem cells has been proved to be rather successful for the treatment of skin lesions in the long term in a limited number of patients. Nevertheless, these treatments do not address the internal epithelia-related complications manifested in patients with more severe forms.
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7
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An improved in vitro model simulating the feto-maternal interface to study developmental effects of potentially toxic compounds: The example of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 446:116056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Shukla V, Soares MJ. Modeling Trophoblast Cell-Guided Uterine Spiral Artery Transformation in the Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062947. [PMID: 35328368 PMCID: PMC8950824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat possesses hemochorial placentation with deep intrauterine trophoblast cell invasion and trophoblast-guided uterine spiral artery remodeling, which resembles human placentation. Uterine spiral arteries are extensively remodeled to deliver sufficient supply of maternal blood and nutrients to the developing fetus. Inadequacies in these key processes negatively impact fetal growth and development. Recent innovations in genome editing combined with effective phenotyping strategies have provided new insights into placental development. Application of these research approaches has highlighted both conserved and species-specific features of hemochorial placentation. The review provides foundational information on rat hemochorial placental development and function during physiological and pathological states, especially as related to the invasive trophoblast cell-guided transformation of uterine spiral arteries. Our goal is to showcase the utility of the rat as a model for in vivo mechanistic investigations targeting regulatory events within the uterine-placental interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shukla
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (M.J.S.)
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9
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Y Baena AR, Casasco A, Monti M. Hypes and Hopes of Stem Cell Therapies in Dentistry: a Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1294-1308. [PMID: 35015212 PMCID: PMC8748526 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most exciting advances in life science research is the development of 3D cell culture systems to obtain complex structures called organoids and spheroids. These 3D cultures closely mimic in vivo conditions, where cells can grow and interact with their surroundings. This allows us to better study the spatio-temporal dynamics of organogenesis and organ function. Furthermore, physiologically relevant organoids cultures can be used for basic research, medical research, and drug discovery. Although most of the research thus far focuses on the development of heart, liver, kidney, and brain organoids, to name a few, most recently, these structures were obtained using dental stem cells to study in vitro tooth regeneration. This review aims to present the most up-to-date research showing how dental stem cells can be grown on specific biomaterials to induce their differentiation in 3D. The possibility of combining engineering and biology principles to replicate and/or increase tissue function has been an emerging and exciting field in medicine. The use of this methodology in dentistry has already yielded many interesting results paving the way for the improvement of dental care and successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rodriguez Y Baena
- Program in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Andrea Casasco
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Dental & Face Center, CDI, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Trophoblast Regulation in Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070970. [PMID: 34201957 PMCID: PMC8305149 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) are two pregnancy-specific placental disorders with high maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The identification biomarkers involved in the dysregulation of PE and IUGR are fundamental for developing new strategies for early detection and management of these pregnancy pathologies. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as essential regulators of many biological processes in cells and tissues, and the placenta is not an exception. In this review, we summarize the importance of lncRNAs in the regulation of trophoblasts during the development of PE and IUGR, and other placental disorders.
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Sarkar A, Saha S, Paul A, Maji A, Roy P, Maity TK. Understanding stem cells and its pivotal role in regenerative medicine. Life Sci 2021; 273:119270. [PMID: 33640402 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are clonogenic cells that develop into the specialized cells which later responsible for making up various types of tissue in the human body. SCs are not only the appropriate source of information for cell division, molecular and cellular processes, and tissue homeostasis but also one of the major putative biological aids to diagnose and cure various degenerative diseases. This study emphasises on various research outputs that occurred in the past two decades. This will give brief information on classification, differentiation, detection, and various isolation techniques of SCs. Here, the various signalling pathways which includes WNT, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, BMI1 and C-met pathways and how does it effect on the regeneration of various classes of SCs and factors that regulates the potency of the SCs are also been discussed. We also focused on the application of SCs in the area of regenerative medicine along with the cellular markers that are useful as salient diagnostic or curative tools or in both, by the process of reprogramming, which includes diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The biomarkers that are mentioned in various literatures and experiments include PDX1, FOXA2, HNF6, and NKX6-1 (for diabetes); CD33, CD24, CD133 (for cancer); c-Kit, SCA-1, Wilm's tumor 1 (for cardiovascular disorders); and OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, EN1, DAT and VMAT2 (for neurological disorders). In this review, we come to know the advancements and scopes of potential SC-based therapies, its diverse applications in clinical fields that can be helpful in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sanjukta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Puspita Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India.
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12
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Angiogenesis in Regenerative Dentistry: Are We Far Enough for Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020929. [PMID: 33477745 PMCID: PMC7832295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a broad spread term of high interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering including the dental field. In the last two decades, researchers worldwide struggled to find the best ways to accelerate healing, stimulate soft, and hard tissue remodeling. Stem cells, growth factors, pathways, signals, receptors, genetics are just a few words that describe this area in medicine. Dental implants, bone and soft tissue regeneration using autologous grafts, or xenografts, allografts, their integration and acceptance rely on their material properties. However, the host response, through its vascularization, plays a significant role. The present paper aims to analyze and organize the latest information about the available dental stem cells, the types of growth factors with pro-angiogenic effect and the possible therapeutic effect of enhanced angiogenesis in regenerative dentistry.
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Horii M, Touma O, Bui T, Parast MM. Modeling human trophoblast, the placental epithelium at the maternal fetal interface. Reproduction 2020; 160:R1-R11. [PMID: 32485667 PMCID: PMC7286067 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate human trophoblast lineage specification and differentiation is crucial for the establishment of normal placentation and maintenance of pregnancy. However, due to the lack of proper modeling systems, the molecular mechanisms of these processes are still largely unknown. Much of the early studies in this area have been based on animal models and tumor-derived trophoblast cell lines, both of which are suboptimal for modeling this unique human organ. Recent advances in regenerative and stem cell biology methods have led to development of novel in vitro model systems for studying human trophoblast. These include derivation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells and establishment of methods for the differentiation of these cells into trophoblast, as well as the more recent derivation of human trophoblast stem cells. In addition, advances in culture conditions, from traditional two-dimensional monolayer culture to 3D culturing systems, have led to development of trophoblast organoid and placenta-on-a-chip model, enabling us to study human trophoblast function in context of more physiologically accurate environment. In this review, we will discuss these various model systems, with a focus on human trophoblast, and their ability to help elucidate the key mechanisms underlying placental development and function. This review focuses on model systems of human trophoblast differentiation, including advantages and limitations of stem cell-based culture, trophoblast organoid, and organ-on-a-chip methods and their applications in understanding placental development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Horii
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ojeni Touma
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tony Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Bhattacharya B, Home P, Ganguly A, Ray S, Ghosh A, Islam MR, French V, Marsh C, Gunewardena S, Okae H, Arima T, Paul S. Atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCλ/ι) ensures mammalian development by establishing the maternal-fetal exchange interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14280-14291. [PMID: 32513715 PMCID: PMC7322033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920201117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero mammalian development relies on the establishment of the maternal-fetal exchange interface, which ensures transportation of nutrients and gases between the mother and the fetus. This exchange interface is established via development of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cells (SynTs) during placentation. In mice, SynTs develop via differentiation of the trophoblast stem cell-like progenitor cells (TSPCs) of the placenta primordium, and in humans, SynTs are developed via differentiation of villous cytotrophoblast (CTB) progenitors. Despite the critical need in pregnancy progression, conserved signaling mechanisms that ensure SynT development are poorly understood. Herein, we show that atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCλ/ι) plays an essential role in establishing the SynT differentiation program in trophoblast progenitors. Loss of PKCλ/ι in the mouse TSPCs abrogates SynT development, leading to embryonic death at approximately embryonic day 9.0 (E9.0). We also show that PKCλ/ι-mediated priming of trophoblast progenitors for SynT differentiation is a conserved event during human placentation. PKCλ/ι is selectively expressed in the first-trimester CTBs of a developing human placenta. Furthermore, loss of PKCλ/ι in CTB-derived human trophoblast stem cells (human TSCs) impairs their SynT differentiation potential both in vitro and after transplantation in immunocompromised mice. Our mechanistic analyses indicate that PKCλ/ι signaling maintains expression of GCM1, GATA2, and PPARγ, which are key transcription factors to instigate SynT differentiation programs in both mouse and human trophoblast progenitors. Our study uncovers a conserved molecular mechanism, in which PKCλ/ι signaling regulates establishment of the maternal-fetal exchange surface by promoting trophoblast progenitor-to-SynT transition during placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Avishek Ganguly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Ananya Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Valerie French
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Courtney Marsh
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160;
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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15
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Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: The New Frontier for Regenerative Medicine? Cells 2020; 9:cells9051163. [PMID: 32397132 PMCID: PMC7290733 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to repair damaged, tissues or organs for the treatment of various diseases, which have been poorly managed with conventional drugs and medical procedures. To date, multimodal regenerative methods include transplant of healthy organs, tissues, or cells, body stimulation to activate a self-healing response in damaged tissues, as well as the combined use of cells and bio-degradable scaffold to obtain functional tissues. Certainly, stem cells are promising tools in regenerative medicine due to their ability to induce de novo tissue formation and/or promote organ repair and regeneration. Currently, several studies have shown that the beneficial stem cell effects, especially for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in damaged tissue restore are not dependent on their engraftment and differentiation on the injury site, but rather to their paracrine activity. It is now well known that paracrine action of stem cells is due to their ability to release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs play a fundamental role in cell-to-cell communication and are directly involved in tissue regeneration. In the present review, we tried to summarize the molecular mechanisms through which MSCs and iPSCs-derived EVs carry out their therapeutic action and their possible application for the treatment of several diseases.
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16
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Kang JM, Rajangam T, Rhie JW, Kim SH. Characterization of cell signaling, morphology, and differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells based on cell adhesion mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6915-6928. [PMID: 32017071 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to characterize the cellular properties of mesenchymal stem cell populations to maintain quality specifications and control in regenerative medicine. Biofunctional materials have been designed as artificial matrices for the stimulation of cell adhesion and specific cellular functions. We have developed recombinant maltose-binding protein (MBP)-fused proteins as artificial adhesion matrices to control human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) fate by using an integrin-independent heparin sulfate proteoglycans-mediated cell adhesion. In this study, we characterize cell adhesion-dependent cellular behaviors of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs). We used an MBP-fused basic fibroblast growth factor (MF)-coated surface and fibronectin (FN)-coated surface to restrict and support, respectively, integrin-mediated adhesion. The cells adhered to MF exhibited restricted actin cytoskeleton organization and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. The hASCs and hBMSCs exhibited different cytoplasmic projection morphologies on MF. Both hASCs and hBMSCs differentiated more dominantly into osteogenic cells on FN than on MF. In contrast, hASCs differentiated more dominantly into adipogenic cells on MF than on FN, whereas hBMSCs differentiated predominantly into adipogenic cells on FN. The results indicate that hASCs exhibit a competitive differentiation potential (osteogenesis vs. adipogenesis) that depends on the cell adhesion matrix, whereas hBMSCs exhibit both adipogenesis and osteogenesis in integrin-mediated adhesion and thus hBMSCs have noncompetitive differentiation potential. We suggest that comparing differentiation behaviors of hMSCs with the diversity of cell adhesion is an important way to characterize hMSCs for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Kang
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Thanavel Rajangam
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Rhie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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17
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Soares MJ, Varberg KM, Iqbal K. Hemochorial placentation: development, function, and adaptations. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:196-211. [PMID: 29481584 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Placentation is a reproductive adaptation that permits fetal growth and development within the protected confines of the female reproductive tract. Through this important role, the placenta also determines postnatal health and susceptibility to disease. The hemochorial placenta is a prominent feature in primate and rodent development. This manuscript provides an overview of the basics of hemochorial placental development and function, provides perspectives on major discoveries that have shaped placental research, and thoughts on strategies for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA and the Center for Perinatal Research, Children΄s Research Institute, Children΄s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Kaela M Varberg
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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18
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Barzegar M, Kaur G, Gavins FNE, Wang Y, Boyer CJ, Alexander JS. Potential therapeutic roles of stem cells in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101421. [PMID: 30933723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI), produced by an initial interruption of organ blood flow and its subsequent restoration, contributes significantly to the pathophysiologies of stroke, myocardial infarction, renal I/RI, intestinal I/RI and liver I/RI, which are major causes of disability (including transplant failure) and even mortality. While the restoration of blood flow is required to restore oxygen and nutrient requirements, reperfusion often triggers local and systemic inflammatory responses and subsequently elevate the ischemic insult where the duration of ischemia determines the magnitude of I/RI damage. I/RI increases vascular leakage, changes transcriptional and cell death programs, drives leukocyte entrapment and inflammation and oxidative stress in tissues. Therapeutic approaches which reduce complications associated with I/RI are desperately needed to address the clinical and economic burden created by I/RI. Stem cells (SC) represent ubiquitous and uncommitted cell populations with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into one or more developmental 'fates'. Like immune cells, stem cells can home to and penetrate I/R-injured tissues, where they can differentiate into target tissues and induce trophic paracrine signaling which suppress injury and maintain tissue functions perturbed by ischemia-reperfusion. This review article summarizes the present use and possible protective mechanisms underlying stem cell protection in diverse forms of ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barzegar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - F N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - C J Boyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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19
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Davidoff MS. The Pluripotent Microvascular Pericytes Are the Adult Stem Cells Even in the Testis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:235-267. [PMID: 30937872 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pericytes of the testis are part of the omnipresent population of pericytes in the vertebrate body and are the only true pluripotent adult stem cells able to produce structures typical for the tree primitive germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. They originate very early in the embryogenesis from the pluripotent epiblast. The pericytes become disseminated through the whole vertebrate organism by the growing and differentiating blood vessels where they remain in specialized periendothelial vascular niches as resting pluripotent adult stem cells for tissue generation, maintenance, repair, and regeneration. The pericytes are also the ancestors of the perivascular multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). The variable appearance of the pericytes and their progeny reflects the plasticity under the influence of their own epigenetic and the local environmental factors of the host organ. In the testis the pericytes are the ancestors of the neuroendocrine Leydig cells. After activation the pericytes start to proliferate, migrate, and build transit-amplifying cells that transdifferentiate into multipotent stromal cells. These represent progenitors for a number of different cell types in an organ. Finally, it becomes evident that the pericytes are a brilliant achievement of the biological nature aiming to supply every organ with an omnipresent population of pluripotent adult stem cells. Their fascinating features are prerequisites for future therapy concepts supporting cell systems of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Davidoff
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Museum of Medical History, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Okeyo KO, Tanabe M, Kurosawa O, Oana H, Washizu M. Self-organization of human iPS cells into trophectoderm mimicking cysts induced by adhesion restriction using microstructured mesh scaffolds. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:183-194. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy O. Okeyo
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Maiko Tanabe
- Research & Development Group; Hitachi Limited; Saitama Japan
| | - Osamu Kurosawa
- Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program; RIKEN; Kobe Japan
| | - Hidehiro Oana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masao Washizu
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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22
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Stem cells in regenerative medicine - from laboratory to clinical application - the eye. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:173-180. [PMID: 28860936 PMCID: PMC5573891 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.69360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are currently one of the most researched and explored subject in science. They consstitue a very promising part of regenerative medicine and have many potential clinical applications. Harnessing their ability to replicate and differentiate into many cell types can enable successful treatment of diseases that were incurable until now. There are numerous types of stem cells (e.g. ESCs, FSCs, ASCs, iPSCs) and many different methods of deriving and cultivating them in order to obtain viable material. The eye is one of the most interesting targets for stem cell therapies. In this article we summarise different aspects of stem cells, discussing their characteristics, sources and methods of culture. We also demonstrate the most recent clinical applications in ophthalmology based on an extensive current literature review. Tissue engineering techniques developed for corneal limbal stem cell deficiency, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are among those presented. Both laboratory and clinical aspects of stem cells are discussed.
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23
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Xu W, Lakshman N, Morshead CM. Building a central nervous system: The neural stem cell lineage revealed. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1300037. [PMID: 28516107 PMCID: PMC5424705 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a multipotent, self-renewing source of undifferentiated cells in the periventricular region of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Since their original discovery 25 years ago, much has been learned about their development, persistence, localization, properties and potential. Herein we discuss the current state of knowledge pertaining to neural stem cells with a focus on the lineage relationship between two NSC populations along the neuraxis and their regionally distinct niches in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nishanth Lakshman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Nishimura T, Unezaki N, Kanegi R, Wijesekera DPH, Hatoya S, Sugiura K, Kawate N, Tamada H, Imai H, Inaba T. Generation of Canine Induced Extraembryonic Endoderm-Like Cell Line That Forms Both Extraembryonic and Embryonic Endoderm Derivatives. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1111-1120. [PMID: 28474540 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cells are stem cell lines derived from primitive endoderm cells of inner cell mass in blastocysts. These cells have self-renewal properties and differentiate into visceral endoderm (VE) and parietal endoderm (PE) of the yolk sac. Recently, it has been reported that XEN cells can contribute to fetal embryonic endoderm, and their unique potency has been evaluated. In this study, we have described the induction and characterization of new canine stem cell lines that closely resemble to XEN cells. These cells, which we designated canine induced XEN (ciXEN)-like cells, were induced from canine embryonic fibroblasts by introducing four transgenes. ciXEN-like cells expressed XEN markers, which could be maintained over 50 passages in N2B27 medium supplemented with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and transforming growth factor-beta 1. Our ciXEN-like cells were maintained without transgene expression and exhibited upregulated expression of VE and PE markers in feeder-free conditions. The cells differentiated from ciXEN-like cells using a coculture system showed multiple nuclei and expressed albumin protein, similar to characteristics of hepatocytes. Furthermore, these cells expressed the adult hepatocyte marker, CYP3A4. Interestingly, these cells also formed a net structure expressing the bile epithelium capillary marker, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Thus, we have demonstrated the induction of a new canine stem cell line, ciXEN-like cells, which could form an embryonic endodermal cell layer. Our ciXEN-like cells may be a helpful tool to study the canine embryo development and represent a promising cell source for proceeding human and canine regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishimura
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Unezaki
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanegi
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Hatoya
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kawate
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Tamada
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- 2 Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Inaba
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
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25
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Lee CQE, Gardner L, Turco M, Zhao N, Murray MJ, Coleman N, Rossant J, Hemberger M, Moffett A. What Is Trophoblast? A Combination of Criteria Define Human First-Trimester Trophoblast. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:257-72. [PMID: 26862703 PMCID: PMC4750161 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy surrounds reports describing the derivation of human trophoblast cells from placentas and embryonic stem cells (ESC), partly due to the difficulty in identifying markers that define cells as belonging to the trophoblast lineage. We have selected criteria that are characteristic of primary first-trimester trophoblast: a set of protein markers, HLA class I profile, methylation of ELF5, and expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) from the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC). We tested these criteria on cells previously reported to show some phenotypic characteristics of trophoblast: bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-treated human ESC and 2102Ep, an embryonal carcinoma cell line. Both cell types only show some, but not all, of the four trophoblast criteria. Thus, BMP-treated human ESC have not fully differentiated to trophoblast. Our study identifies a robust panel, including both protein and non-protein-coding markers that, in combination, can be used to reliably define cells as characteristic of early trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Q E Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Lucy Gardner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Margherita Turco
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Nancy Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Matthew J Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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26
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Cripto is essential to capture mouse epiblast stem cell and human embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12589. [PMID: 27586544 PMCID: PMC5025790 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Known molecular determinants of developmental plasticity are mainly transcription factors, while the extrinsic regulation of this process has been largely unexplored. Here we identify Cripto as one of the earliest epiblast markers and a key extracellular determinant of the naive and primed pluripotent states. We demonstrate that Cripto sustains mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal by modulating Wnt/β-catenin, whereas it maintains mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) and human ESC pluripotency through Nodal/Smad2. Moreover, we provide unprecedented evidence that Cripto controls the metabolic reprogramming in ESCs to EpiSC transition. Remarkably, Cripto deficiency attenuates ESC lineage restriction in vitro and in vivo, and permits ESC transdifferentiation into trophectoderm lineage, suggesting that Cripto has earlier functions than previously recognized. All together, our studies provide novel insights into the current model of mammalian pluripotency and contribute to the understanding of the extrinsic regulation of the first cell lineage decision in the embryo. Stem cell plasticity is crucial for early embryo development and the differentiation of stem cells. Here, the authors show that the extracellular protein Cripto sustains mouse ESC self-renewal and maintains mouse EpiSC as well as human ESC pluripotency and controls the metabolic reprogramming in ESCs to EpiSC transition.
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27
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Gamage TK, Chamley LW, James JL. Stem cell insights into human trophoblast lineage differentiation. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 23:77-103. [PMID: 27591247 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human placenta is vital for fetal development, yet little is understood about how it forms successfully to ensure a healthy pregnancy or why this process is inadequate in 1 in 10 pregnancies, leading to miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction or preeclampsia. Trophoblasts are placenta-specific epithelial cells that maximize nutrient exchange. All trophoblast lineages are thought to arise from a population of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). However, whilst the isolation of murine TSC has led to an explosion in understanding murine placentation, the isolation of an analogous human TSC has proved more difficult. Consequently, alternative methods of studying human trophoblast lineage development have been employed, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and transformed cell lines; but what do these proxy models tell us about what is happening during early placental development? OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this systematic review, we evaluate current approaches to understanding human trophoblast lineage development in order to collate and refine these models and inform future approaches aimed at establishing human TSC lines. SEARCH METHODS To ensure all relevant articles were analysed, an unfiltered search of Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted for 25 key terms on the 13th May 2016. In total, 47 313 articles were retrieved and manually filtered based on non-human, non-English, non-full text, non-original article and off-topic subject matter. This resulted in a total of 71 articles deemed relevant for review in this article. OUTCOMES Candidate human TSC populations have been identified in, and isolated from, both the chorionic membrane and villous tissue of the placenta, but further investigation is required to validate these as 'true' human TSCs. Isolating human TSCs from blastocyst trophectoderm has not been successful in humans as it was in mice, although recently the first reported TSC line (USFB6) was isolated from an eight-cell morula. In lieu of human TSC lines, trophoblast-like cells have been induced to differentiate from hESCs and iPS. However, differentiation in these model systems is difficult to control, culture conditions employed are highly variable, and the extent to which they accurately convey the biology of 'true' human TSCs remains unclear, particularly as a consensus has not been met among the scientific community regarding which characteristics a human TSC must possess. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Human TSC models have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of trophoblast differentiation, allowing us to make significant gains in understanding the underlying pathology of pregnancy disorders and to test potential therapeutic interventions on cell function in vitro. In order to do this, a collaborative effort is required to establish the criteria that define a human TSC to confirm the presence of human TSCs in both primary isolates and to determine how accurately trophoblast-like cells derived from current model systems reflect trophoblast from primary tissue. The in vitro systems currently used to model early trophoblast lineage formation have provided insights into early human placental formation but it is unclear whether these trophoblast-like cells are truly representative of primary human trophoblast. Consequently, continued refinement of current models, and standardization of culture protocols is essential to aid our ability to identify, isolate and propagate 'true' human TSCs from primary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Kjb Gamage
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Prudhomme J, Morey C. Epigenesis and plasticity of mouse trophoblast stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:757-74. [PMID: 26542801 PMCID: PMC11108370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of the placenta in supporting a healthy pregnancy is mostly ensured by the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage that acts as the interface between the maternal and the foetal compartments. The diverse trophoblast cell subtypes that form the placenta originate from a single layer of stem cells that emerge from the embryo when the earliest cell fate decisions are occurring. Recent studies show that these trophoblast stem cells exhibit extensive plasticity as they are capable of differentiating down multiple pathways and are easily converted into embryonic stem cells in vitro. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms and control of the epigenesis of mouse trophoblast stem cells through a comparison with the corresponding mechanisms in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. To illustrate some of the more striking manifestations of the epigenetic plasticity of mouse trophoblast stem cells, we discuss them within the context of two paradigms of epigenetic regulation of gene expression: the imprinted gene expression of specific loci and the process of X-chromosome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prudhomme
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Murine, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Céline Morey
- CNRS, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, 75013, Paris, France.
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29
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Modern stem cell therapy: approach to disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127 Suppl 5:S199-203. [PMID: 26659705 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various types of stem cells exist, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Considering the current available evidence, important preclinical and clinical studies regarding the therapeutic potential of stem cells, stem cell therapy might be the important strategy for tissue repair. The development of stem cell therapy for tissue repair has primarily relied on stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells. Multilineage differentiation into all of the described cells are considered as important candidates for a range of diseases like neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal cancer and genetic defects, as well as for acute and chronic wounds healing and pharmaceutical treatment. We review the properties and multipotency of stem cells and their differentiation potential, once cultured under specific growth conditions, for use in cell-based therapies and functional tissue replacement.
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30
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Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryonic and Somatic Stem Cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:1-9. [PMID: 26583376 DOI: 10.1159/000441645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of stem cells (SCs) for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, toxicological studies, drug delivery, and as in vitro model for the study of basic developmental processes implies large-scale in vitro culture. Here, after a brief description of the main techniques used for karyotype analysis, we will give a detailed overview of the chromosome abnormalities described in pluripotent (embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs) and somatic SCs, and the possible causes of their origin during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitx00E0; degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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31
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in the germline and imprinting cycle. Germ cells show extensive epigenetic programming in preparation for the generation of the totipotent state, which in turn leads to the establishment of pluripotent cells in blastocysts. The latter are the cells from which pluripotent embryonic stem cells are derived and maintained in culture. Following blastocyst implantation, postimplantation epiblast cells develop, which give rise to all somatic cells as well as primordial germ cells, the precursors of sperm and eggs. Pluripotent stem cells in culture can be induced to undergo differentiation into somatic cells and germ cells in culture. Understanding the natural cycles of epigenetic reprogramming that occur in the germline will allow the generation of better and more versatile stem cells for both therapeutic and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Reik
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute & Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute & Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
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32
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Dynamic Regulation of AP-1 Transcriptional Complexes Directs Trophoblast Differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3163-77. [PMID: 26149388 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00118-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Placentation is a process that establishes the maternal-fetal interface and is required for successful pregnancy. The epithelial component of the placenta consists of trophoblast cells, which possess the capacity for multilineage differentiation and are responsible for placenta-specific functions. FOS-like antigen 1 (FOSL1), a component of AP-1 transcription factor complexes, contributes to the regulation of placental development. FOSL1 expression is restricted to trophoblast giant cells and invasive trophoblast cells. In the present study, we characterized the FOSL1 regulatory pathway in rat trophoblast cells. Transcriptome profiling in control and FOSL1 knockdown cells identified FOSL1-dependent gene sets linked to endocrine and invasive functions. FOSL1 was shown to occupy AP-1 binding sites within these gene loci, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Complementary in vivo experiments using trophoblast-specific lentiviral delivery of FOSL1 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) provided in vivo validation of FOSL1 targets. FOSL1 actions require a dimerization partner. Coimmunoprecipitation, coimmunolocalization, and ChIP analyses showed that FOSL1 interacts with JUNB and, to a lesser extent, JUN in differentiating trophoblast cells. Knockdown of FOSL1 and JUNB expression inhibited both endocrine and invasive properties of trophoblast cells. In summary, FOSL1 recruits JUNB to form AP-1 transcriptional complexes that specifically regulate the endocrine and invasive trophoblast phenotypes.
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Microarray Approach to Identify the Signaling Network Responsible for Self-Renewal of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1307:71-88. [PMID: 25990842 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we introduce the representative method to culture HESCs under the feeder and feeder-free conditions, the former of which is used to maintain or expand undifferentiated HESCs, and the latter can be used for the preparation of pure HESCs RNA samples, or for screening factors influential on self-renewal of HESCs. We also describe a protocol and tips for conducting gene chip analysis focusing on widely used Affymetrix Microarrays. These techniques will provide us unprecedented scale of biological information that would illuminate a key to decipher complex signaling networks controlling pluripotency.
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Lau CGY, Marikawa Y. Morphology-based mammalian stem cell tests reveal potential developmental toxicity of donepezil. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:994-1008. [PMID: 25269881 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds, including therapeutic drugs, can adversely impact the survival and development of embryos in the uterus. Identification of such development-interfering agents is a challenging task, although multi-angle approaches--including the use of in vitro toxicology studies involving embryonic stem cells--should alleviate some of the current difficulties. In the present study, we utilized the in vitro elongation of embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from mouse embryonal carcinoma stem cell line P19C5 as a model of early embryological events, specifically that of gastrulation and axial patterning. From our study, we identified donepezil, a medication indicated for the management of Alzheimer's disease, as a potential developmental toxicant. The extent of P19C5 EB axial elongation was diminished by donepezil in a dose-dependent manner. Although donepezil is a known inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, interference of elongation was not mediated through this enzyme. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR revealed that donepezil altered the expression pattern of a specific set of developmental regulator genes involved in patterning along the anterior-posterior body axis. When tested in mouse whole embryo culture, donepezil caused morphological abnormalities including impaired somitogenesis. Donepezil also diminished elongation morphogenesis of EBs generated from human embryonic stem cells. These results suggest that donepezil interferes with axial elongation morphogenesis of early embryos by altering the expression pattern of regulators of axial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Y Lau
- University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
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35
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Knott JG, Paul S. Transcriptional regulators of the trophoblast lineage in mammals with hemochorial placentation. Reproduction 2014; 148:R121-36. [PMID: 25190503 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction is critically dependent on the trophoblast cell lineage, which assures proper establishment of maternal-fetal interactions during pregnancy. Specification of trophoblast cell lineage begins with the development of the trophectoderm (TE) in preimplantation embryos. Subsequently, other trophoblast cell types arise with the progression of pregnancy. Studies with transgenic animal models as well as trophoblast stem/progenitor cells have implicated distinct transcriptional and epigenetic regulators in trophoblast lineage development. This review focuses on our current understanding of transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms regulating specification, determination, maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Knott
- Developmental Epigenetics LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USADepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineInstitute of Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- Developmental Epigenetics LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USADepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineInstitute of Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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36
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Yoon SW, Kim DK, Kim KP, Park KS. Rad51 regulates cell cycle progression by preserving G2/M transition in mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2700-11. [PMID: 24991985 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) maintains genomic integrity against DNA replication stress and deleterious lesions, such as double-strand breaks (DSBs). Rad51 recombinase is critical for HR events that mediate the exchange of genetic information between parental chromosomes in eukaryotes. Additionally, Rad51 and HR accessory factors may facilitate replication fork progression by preventing replication fork collapse and repair DSBs that spontaneously arise during the normal cell cycle. In this study, we demonstrated a novel role for Rad51 during the cell cycle in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). In mESCs, Rad51 was constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle, and the formation of Rad51 foci increased as the cells entered S phase. Suppression of Rad51 expression caused cells to accumulate at G2/M phase and activated the DNA damage checkpoint, but it did not affect the self-renewal or differentiation capacity of mESCs. Even though Rad51 suppression significantly inhibited the proliferation rate of mESCs, Rad51 suppression did not affect the replication fork progression and speed, indicating that Rad51 repaired DNA damage and promoted DNA replication in S phase through an independent mechanism. In conclusion, Rad51 may contribute to G2/M transition in mESCs, while preserving genomic integrity in global organization of DNA replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Yoon
- 1 Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
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37
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Stem cells as new agents for the treatment of infertility: current and future perspectives and challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:507234. [PMID: 24826378 PMCID: PMC4009115 DOI: 10.1155/2014/507234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are present in the embryonic, fetal, and adult stages of life and give rise to differentiated cells that make up the building blocks of tissue and organs. Due to their unlimited source and high differentiation potential, stem cells are considered as potentially new therapeutic agents for the treatment of infertility. Stem cells could be stimulated in vitro to develop various numbers of specialized cells including male and female gametes suggesting their potential use in reproductive medicine. During past few years a considerable progress in the derivation of male germ cells from pluripotent stem cells has been made. In addition, stem cell-based strategies for ovarian regeneration and oocyte production have been proposed as future clinical therapies for treating infertility in women. In this review, we summarized current knowledge and present future perspectives and challenges regarding the use of stem cells in reproductive medicine.
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38
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Liu Y, Kim H, Liang J, Lu W, Ouyang B, Liu D, Songyang Z. The death-inducer obliterator 1 (Dido1) gene regulates embryonic stem cell self-renewal. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4778-86. [PMID: 24347171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.486290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory network of factors that center on master transcription factors such as Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 help maintain embryonic stem (ES) cells and ensure their pluripotency. The target genes of these master transcription factors define the ES cell transcriptional landscape. In this study, we report our findings that Dido1, a target of canonical transcription factors such as Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, plays an important role in regulating ES cell maintenance. We found that depletion of Dido1 in mouse ES cells led to differentiation, and ectopic expression of Dido1 inhibited differentiation induced by leukemia inhibitory factor withdrawal. We further demonstrated that whereas Nanog and Oct4 could occupy the Dido1 locus and promote its transcription, Dido1 could also target to the loci of pluripotency factors such as Nanog and Oct4 and positively regulate their expression. Through this feedback and feedforward loop, Dido1 is able to regulate self-renewal of mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510275, and
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39
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Abstract
In recent years, a constant growth of knowledge and clinical applications of stem cells have been observed. Mesenchymal stromal cells, also described as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a particular cell type for research and therapy because of their ability to differentiate into mesodermal lineage cells. The most investigated source of MSCs is bone marrow (BM). Yet, collection of BM is an invasive procedure associated with significant discomfort to the patient. The procedure results in a relatively low number of these cells, which can decrease with donor's age. Therefore, it seems to be very important to find other sources of mesenchymal stem cells nowadays. A human placenta, which is routinely discarded postpartum, in spite of its natural aging process, is still a rich source of stem cells capable to proliferate and in vitro differentiate in many directions. Besides homing and differentiation in the area of injury, MSCs there elicit strong paracrine effects stimulating the processes of repair. In this review, we focus on the biology, characteristics and potential clinical applications of cells derived from human fetal membranes: amnion and chorion.
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40
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Li P, Chen Y, Meng X, Kwok KY, Huang X, Choy KW, Wang CC, Lan H, Yuan P. Suppression of malignancy by Smad3 in mouse embryonic stem cell formed teratoma. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:709-20. [PMID: 23794057 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease associated gene deficient embryonic stem cells can serve as valuable in vitro models to study disease mechanisms and screen drugs. Smad3 mediated TGF-β/Activin/Nodal signaling plays important roles in many biological processes. Despite numerous studies regarding Smad3 function, the role of Smad3 in mouse ES cells is not well studied. To understand the function of Smad3 in mouse ES cells, we derived Smad3-/- ES cells and wild type ES cells. Smad3-/- ES cells display no defect on self-renewal. They express similar level of pluripotent genes and lineage genes compared to wild type ES cells. However, Smad3 ablation results in transient difference in germ layer marker expression during embryoid body formation. Mesoderm lineage marker expression is significantly reduced in the embryoid body formed by Smad3-/- ES cells compared to wild type ES cells. Intriguingly, subcutaneous injection of Smad3-/- ES cells into nude mice leads to formation of malignant immature teratomas, whilst wild type ES cells tend to form mature teratomas. Smad3-/- ES cell formed teratomas can therefore provide a new model for the study of the mechanism of malignant teratomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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41
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Orsolits B, Borsy A, Madarász E, Mészáros Z, Kőhidi T, Markó K, Jelitai M, Welker E, Környei Z. Retinoid machinery in distinct neural stem cell populations with different retinoid responsiveness. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2777-93. [PMID: 23734950 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is present at sites of neurogenesis in both the embryonic and adult brain. While it is widely accepted that RA signaling is involved in the regulation of neural stem cell differentiation, little is known about vitamin A utilization and biosynthesis of active retinoids in the neurogenic niches, or about the details of retinoid metabolism in neural stem cells and differentiating progenies. Here we provide data on retinoid responsiveness and RA production of distinct neural stem cell/neural progenitor populations. In addition, we demonstrate differentiation-related changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins of the retinoid machinery, including components responsible for uptake (Stra6) and storage (Lrat) of vitamin A, transport of retinoids (Rbp4, CrbpI, CrabpI-II), synthesis (Rdh10, Raldh1-4), degradation of RA (Cyp26a1-c1) and RA signaling (Rarα,β,γ, Rxrα,β,γ). We show that both early embryonic neuroectodermal (NE-4C) stem cells and late embryonic or adult derived radial glia like progenitors (RGl cells) are capable to produce bioactive retinoids but respond differently to retinoid signals. However, while neuronal differentiation of RGl cells can not be induced by RA, neuron formation by NE-4C cells is initiated by both RA and RA-precursors (retinol or retinyl acetate). The data indicate that endogenous RA production, at least in some neural stem cell populations, may result in autocrine regulation of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Orsolits
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Park S, Koh SE, Hur CY, Lee WD, Lim J, Lee YJ. Comparison of human first and third trimester placental mesenchymal stem cell. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:242-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeyoung Park
- Maria Biotech Co.; 102-9 Sinsuldong; 130-812 Seoul; Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Koh
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medicine; Konkuk University, 4-12 Hwayangdong; Seoul; Korea
| | | | - Won-Don Lee
- Maria Fertility Hospital; 103-10 Sinsuldong; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jinho Lim
- Maria Fertility Hospital; 103-10 Sinsuldong; Seoul; Korea
| | - Young-Jay Lee
- Maria Biotech Co.; 102-9 Sinsuldong; 130-812 Seoul; Korea
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Li P, Chen Y, Mak KK, Wong CK, Wang CC, Yuan P. Functional role of Mst1/Mst2 in embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79867. [PMID: 24224013 PMCID: PMC3818222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionary conserved pathway that involves cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and organ size regulation. Mst1 and Mst2 are central components of this pathway that are essential for embryonic development, though their role in controlling embryonic stem cells (ES cells) has yet to be exploited. To further understand the Mst1/Mst2 function in ES cell pluripotency and differentiation, we derived Mst1/Mst2 double knockout (Mst-/-) ES cells to completely perturb Hippo signaling. We found that Mst-/- ES cells express higher level of Nanog than wild type ES cells and show differentiation resistance after LIF withdrawal. They also proliferate faster than wild type ES cells. Although Mst-/- ES cells can form embryoid bodies (EBs), their differentiation into tissues of three germ layers is distorted. Intriguingly, Mst-/- ES cells are unable to form teratoma. Mst-/- ES cells can differentiate into mesoderm lineage, but further differentiation to cardiac lineage cells is significantly affected. Microarray analysis revealed that ligands of non-canonical Wnt signaling, which is critical for cardiac progenitor specification, are significantly repressed in Mst-/- EBs. Taken together our results showed that Mst1/Mst2 are required for proper cardiac lineage cell development and teratoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kinglun Kingston Mak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells characterized by the ability to extensively proliferate (self-renewal), usually arise from a single cell (clonal), and differentiate into different types of cells and tissue (potent). There are several sources of stem cells with varying potencies. Pluripotent cells are embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the embryo and induced pluripotent cells are formed following reprogramming of somatic cells. Pluripotent cells can differentiate into tissue from all 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Multipotent stem cells may differentiate into tissue derived from a single germ layer such as mesenchymal stem cells which form adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage. Tissue-resident stem cells are oligopotent since they can form terminally differentiated cells of a specific tissue. Stem cells can be used in cellular therapy to replace damaged cells or to regenerate organs. In addition, stem cells have expanded our understanding of development as well as the pathogenesis of disease. Disease-specific cell lines can also be propagated and used in drug development. Despite the significant advances in stem cell biology, issues such as ethical controversies with embryonic stem cells, tumor formation, and rejection limit their utility. However, many of these limitations are being bypassed and this could lead to major advances in the management of disease. This review is an introduction to the world of stem cells and discusses their definition, origin, and classification, as well as applications of these cells in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Wan M, Liang J, Xiong Y, Shi F, Zhang Y, Lu W, He Q, Yang D, Chen R, Liu D, Barton M, Songyang Z. The trithorax group protein Ash2l is essential for pluripotency and maintaining open chromatin in embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5039-48. [PMID: 23239880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.424515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells exhibit general characteristics of open chromatin, a state that may be necessary for ES cells to efficiently self-renew while remaining poised for differentiation. Histone H3K4 and H3K9 trimethylation associate as a general rule, with open and silenced chromatin, respectively, for ES cell pluripotency maintenance. However, how histone modifications are regulated to maintain open chromatin in ES cells remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that trithorax protein Ash2l, homologue of the Drosophila Ash2 (absent, small, homeotic-2) protein, is a key regulator of open chromatin in ES cells. Consistent with Ash2l being a core subunit of mixed lineage leukemia methyltransferase complex, RNAi knockdown of Ash2l was sufficient to reduce H3K4 methylation levels and drive ES cells to a silenced chromatin state with high H3K9 trimethylation. Genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis indicated that Ash2l is recruited to target loci through two distinct modes and enriched at a family of genes implicated in open chromatin regulation, including chromatin remodeler Cdh7, transcription factor c-Myc, and H3K9 demethylase Kdm4c. Our results underscore the importance of Ash2l in open chromatin regulation and provide insight into how the open chromatin landscape is maintained in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Wan
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
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Nazm Bojnordi M, Movahedin M, Tiraihi T, Javan M. A Simple Co-culture System for Generation of Embryonic Stem-Like Cells From Testis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 14:811-5. [PMID: 23483704 PMCID: PMC3587872 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background New research proposes the pluripotency of spermatogonial cells obtained from testis. These spermatogonia-derived stem cells are called embryonic stem-like cells that express embryonic stem cell markers and differentiate to the three germ layers. Objectives The aim of the present study was to generate embryonic stem-like cells from neonatal mouse testis. Materials and Methods The Testis cells were collected from neonatal mouse. After decapsulation, testis was mechanically dissected and dissociated via a two-step mechanical and enzymatic digestion. The spermatogonia and sertoli cells were cultured together in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 15% FBS and LIF. Before one week, several small spermatogonia colonies were observed on top of the monolayer of sertoli cells. These colonies were passaged every four days. ES-Like cells colonies that resembled ES cell was appeared within 2-3 weeks (at passages 5). Real time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of a subset of pluripotency markers, as well as germ cell-specific genes. ES Like cells were confirmed with SSEA1, SOX2 and Oct4 immunofluorescence stainng as pluripotency markers. Results The Results showed that at fifth passages, the pluripotency genes; Nanog and c-myc have significant increase in ES-Like cells in compare with spermatogonia cells, whereas the spermatogonial markers; Stra8, mvh, and piwill2 became downregulated. In addition to these pluripotency genes, the ES cell marker SSEA-1, SOX2 and Oct4 were expressed in the ES-like cells, similar to ES cells. Conclusions This researh indicates pluripotency evidence of ES-like cells derived from testis. ES-like cells shows some molecular characteristics with embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazm Bojnordi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mansoureh Movahedin, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalale-Ale-Ahmad highway, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2182884503, Fax: +98-2182884555, E-mail:
| | - Taki Tiraihi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohamad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
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Desmarais JA, Hoffmann MJ, Bingham G, Gagou ME, Meuth M, Andrews PW. Human embryonic stem cells fail to activate CHK1 and commit to apoptosis in response to DNA replication stress. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1385-93. [PMID: 22553144 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells of the early embryo, to which embryonic stem cells (ESCs) correspond, give rise to all the somatic cells of the developing fetus. Any defects that occur in their genome or epigenome would have devastating consequences. Genetic and epigenetic change in human ESCs appear to be an inevitable consequence of long-term culture, driven by selection of variant cells that have a higher propensity for self-renewal rather than either differentiation or death. Mechanisms underlying the potentially separate events of mutation and subsequent selection of variants are poorly understood. Here, we show that human ESCs and their malignant counterpart, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, both fail to activate critical S-phase checkpoints when exposed to DNA replication inhibitors and commit to apoptosis instead. Human ESCs and EC cells also fail to form replication protein A, γH2AX, or RAD51 foci or load topoisomerase (DNA) II binding protein 1 onto chromatin in response to replication inhibitors. Furthermore, direct measurements of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) show that these cells fail to generate the ssDNA regions in response to replication stress that are necessary for the activation of checkpoints and the initiation of homologous recombination repair to protect replication fork integrity and restart DNA replication. Taken together, our data suggest that pluripotent cells control genome integrity by the elimination of damaged cells through apoptosis rather than DNA repair, and therefore, mutations or epigenetic modifications resulting in an imbalance in cell death control could lead to genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Desmarais
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Climent M, Alonso-Martin S, Pérez-Palacios R, Guallar D, Benito AA, Larraga A, Fernández-Juan M, Sanz M, de Diego A, Seisdedos MT, Muniesa P, Schoorlemmer J. Functional analysis of Rex1 during preimplantation development. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:459-72. [PMID: 22897771 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rex1/Zfp42 is a nuclear protein that is highly conserved in mammals, and widely used as an embryonic stem (ES) cell marker. Although Rex1 expression is associated with enhanced pluripotency, loss-of-function models recently described do not exhibit major phenotypes, and both preimplantation development and ES cell derivation appear normal in the absence of Rex1. To better understand the functional role of Rex1, we examined the expression and localization of Rex1 during preimplantation development. Our studies indicated that REX1 is expressed at all stages during mouse preimplantation development, with a mixed pattern of nuclear, perinuclear, and cytoplasmic localization. Chromatin association seemed to be altered in 8-cell embryos, and in the blastocyst, we found REX1 localized almost exclusively in the nucleus. A functional role for Rex1 in vivo was assessed by gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Embryos with attenuated levels of Rex1 after injection of zygotes with siRNAs did not exhibit defects in preimplantation development in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of Rex1 interfered with cleavage divisions and with proper blastocyst development, although we failed to detect alterations in the expression of lineage and pluripotency markers. Rex1 gain- and loss-of-function did alter the expression levels of Zscan4, an important regulator of preimplantation development and pluripotency. Our results suggest that Rex1 plays a role during preimplantation development. They are compatible with a role for Rex1 during acquisition of pluripotency in the blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Climent
- Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Fonseca BM, Correia-da-Silva G, Teixeira NA. The rat as an animal model for fetoplacental development: a reappraisal of the post-implantation period. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:97-118. [DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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50
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Zhao W, Ji X, Zhang F, Li L, Ma L. Embryonic stem cell markers. Molecules 2012; 17:6196-236. [PMID: 22634835 PMCID: PMC6268870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers are molecules specifically expressed in ES cells. Understanding of the functions of these markers is critical for characterization and elucidation for the mechanism of ESC pluripotent maintenance and self-renewal, therefore helping to accelerate the clinical application of ES cells. Unfortunately, different cell types can share single or sometimes multiple markers; thus the main obstacle in the clinical application of ESC is to purify ES cells from other types of cells, especially tumor cells. Currently, the marker-based flow cytometry (FCM) technique and magnetic cell sorting (MACS) are the most effective cell isolating methods, and a detailed maker list will help to initially identify, as well as isolate ESCs using these methods. In the current review, we discuss a wide range of cell surface and generic molecular markers that are indicative of the undifferentiated ESCs. Other types of molecules, such as lectins and peptides, which bind to ESC via affinity and specificity, are also summarized. In addition, we review several markers that overlap with tumor stem cells (TSCs), which suggest that uncertainty still exists regarding the benefits of using these markers alone or in various combinations when identifying and isolating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiang Ji
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Li
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
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