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Radoszkiewicz K, Hribljan V, Isakovic J, Mitrecic D, Sarnowska A. Critical points for optimizing long-term culture and neural differentiation capacity of rodent and human neural stem cells to facilitate translation into clinical settings. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114353. [PMID: 36841464 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite several decades of research on the nature and functional properties of neural stem cells, which brought great advances in regenerative medicine, there is still a plethora of ambiguous protocols and interpretations linked to their applications. Here, we present a whole spectrum of protocol elements that should be standardized in order to obtain viable cell cultures and facilitate their translation into clinical settings. Additionally, this review also presents outstanding limitations and possible problems to be encountered when dealing with protocol optimization. Most importantly, we also outline the critical points that should be considered before starting any experiments utilizing neural stem cells or interpreting their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Hribljan
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Isakovic
- Omnion Research International Ltd, Heinzelova 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Mitrecic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Radoszkiewicz K, Jezierska-Woźniak K, Waśniewski T, Sarnowska A. Understanding Intra- and Inter-Species Variability in Neural Stem Cells' Biology Is Key to Their Successful Cryopreservation, Culture, and Propagation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030488. [PMID: 36766833 PMCID: PMC9914787 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although clinical trials on human neural stem cells (hNSCs) have already been implemented in the treatment of neurological diseases and they have demonstrated their therapeutic effects, many questions remain in the field of preclinical research regarding the biology of these cells, their therapeutic properties, and their neurorestorative potential. Unfortunately, scientific reports are inconsistent and much of the NSCs research has been conducted on rodents rather than human cells for ethical reasons or due to insufficient cell material. Therefore, a question arises as to whether or which conclusions drawn on the isolation, cell survival, proliferation, or cell fate observed in vitro in rodent NSCs can be introduced into clinical applications. This paper presents the effects of different spatial, nutritional, and dissociation conditions on NSCs' functional properties, which are highly species-dependent. Our study confirmed that the discrepancies in the available literature on NSCs survival, proliferation, and fate did not only depend on intra-species factors and applied environmental conditions, but they were also affected by significant inter-species variability. Human and rodent NSCs share one feature, i.e., the necessity to be cultured immediately after isolation, which significantly maintains their survival. Additionally, in the absence of experiments on human cells, rat NSCs biology (neurosphere formation potential and neural differentiation stage) seems closer to that of humans rather than mice in response to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jezierska-Woźniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells Bank, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Waśniewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-608-6598
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3
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Mitchell E, Tellez G, McGrew MJ. Chicken genome editing for investigating poultry pathogens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:1-11. [PMID: 36278430 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2130173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in pathogen identification, treatment, vaccine development, and avian immunology have enabled the enormous expansion in global poultry production over the last 50 years. Looking forward, climate change, reduced feed, reduced water access, new avian pathogens and restrictions on the use of antimicrobials threaten to hamper further gains in poultry productivity and health. The development of novel in vitro cell culture systems, coupled with new genetic tools to investigate gene function, will aid in developing novel interventions for existing and newly emerging poultry pathogens. Our growing capacity to cryopreserve and generate genome-edited chicken lines will also be useful for developing improved chicken breeds for poultry farmers and conserving chicken genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Mitchell
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Li Q, Feng Y, Xue Y, Zhan X, Fu Y, Gui G, Zhou W, Richard JP, Taga A, Li P, Mao X, Maragakis NJ, Ying M. Edaravone activates the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling pathway and protects mRNA-induced motor neurons from iPS cells. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:8. [PMID: 35012575 PMCID: PMC8751314 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord motor neurons (MNs) from human iPS cells (iPSCs) have wide applications in disease modeling and therapeutic development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other MN-associated neurodegenerative diseases. We need highly efficient MN differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived disease models that closely recapitulate the genetic and phenotypic complexity of ALS. An important application of these models is to understand molecular mechanisms of action of FDA-approved ALS drugs that only show modest clinical efficacy. Novel mechanistic insights will help us design optimal therapeutic strategies together with predictive biomarkers to achieve better efficacy. METHODS We induce efficient MN differentiation from iPSCs in 4 days using synthetic mRNAs coding two transcription factors (Ngn2 and Olig2) with phosphosite modification. These MNs after extensive characterization were applied in electrophysiological and neurotoxicity assays as well as transcriptomic analysis, to study the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms of edaravone, an FDA-approved drug for ALS, for improving its clinical efficacy. RESULTS We generate highly pure and functional mRNA-induced MNs (miMNs) from control and ALS iPSCs, as well as embryonic stem cells. Edaravone alleviates H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and electrophysiological dysfunction in miMNs, demonstrating its neuroprotective effect that was also found in the glutamate-induced miMN neurotoxicity model. Guided by the transcriptomic analysis, we show a previously unrecognized effect of edaravone to induce the GDNF receptor RET and the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a clinically translatable strategy to activate this key neuroprotective signaling. Notably, edaravone can replace required neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) to support long-term miMN survival and maturation, further supporting the neurotrophic function of edaravone-activated signaling. Furthermore, we show that edaravone and GDNF combined treatment more effectively protects miMNs from H2O2-induced neurotoxicity than single treatment, suggesting a potential combination strategy for ALS treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides methodology to facilitate iPSC differentiation and disease modeling. Our discoveries will facilitate the development of optimal edaravone-based therapies for ALS and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, NHC, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yi Feng
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yingchao Xue
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiping Zhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, NHC, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Gege Gui
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Richard
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Arens Taga
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Maragakis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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5
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Sundaravadivelu PK, Raina K, Thool M, Ray A, Joshi JM, Kaveeshwar V, Sudhagar S, Lenka N, Thummer RP. Tissue-Restricted Stem Cells as Starting Cell Source for Efficient Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:151-180. [PMID: 34611861 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have vast biomedical potential concerning disease modeling, drug screening and discovery, cell therapy, tissue engineering, and understanding organismal development. In the year 2006, a groundbreaking study reported the generation of iPSCs from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by viral transduction of four transcription factors, namely, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Subsequently, human iPSCs were generated by reprogramming fibroblasts as a starting cell source using two reprogramming factor cocktails [(i) OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC, and (ii) OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28]. The wide range of applications of these human iPSCs in research, therapeutics, and personalized medicine has driven the scientific community to optimize and understand this reprogramming process to achieve quality iPSCs with higher efficiency and faster kinetics. One of the essential criteria to address this is by identifying an ideal cell source in which pluripotency can be induced efficiently to give rise to high-quality iPSCs. Therefore, various cell types have been studied for their ability to generate iPSCs efficiently. Cell sources that can be easily reverted to a pluripotent state are tissue-restricted stem cells present in the fetus and adult tissues. Tissue-restricted stem cells can be isolated from fetal, cord blood, bone marrow, and other adult tissues or can be obtained by differentiation of embryonic stem cells or trans-differentiation of other tissue-restricted stem cells. Since these cells are undifferentiated cells with self-renewal potential, they are much easier to reprogram due to the inherent characteristic of having an endogenous expression of few pluripotency-inducing factors. This review presents an overview of promising tissue-restricted stem cells that can be isolated from different sources, namely, neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, limbal epithelial stem cells, and spermatogonial stem cells, and their reprogramming efficacy. This insight will pave the way for developing safe and efficient reprogramming strategies and generating patient-specific iPSCs from tissue-restricted stem cells derived from various fetal and adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Sundaravadivelu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Khyati Raina
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Madhuri Thool
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arnab Ray
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jahnavy Madhukar Joshi
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishwas Kaveeshwar
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sudhagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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6
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Bodegraven EJ, Sluijs JA, Tan AK, Robe PAJT, Hol EM. New GFAP splice isoform (GFAPµ) differentially expressed in glioma translates into 21 kDa N‐terminal GFAP protein. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21389. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001767r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Bodegraven
- Department of Translational Neurosciences University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A. Sluijs
- Department of Translational Neurosciences University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A. Katherine Tan
- Department of Translational Neurosciences University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pierre A. J. T. Robe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Translational Neurosciences University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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7
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Reccia MG, Volpicelli F, Benedikz E, Svenningsen ÅF, Colucci-D’Amato L. Generation of High-Yield, Functional Oligodendrocytes from a c- myc Immortalized Neural Cell Line, Endowed with Staminal Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1124. [PMID: 33498778 PMCID: PMC7865411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells represent a powerful tool to study molecules involved in pathophysiology of Nervous System and to discover new drugs. Although they can be cultured and expanded in vitro as a primary culture, their use is hampered by their heterogeneity and by the cost and time needed for their preparation. Here we report that mes-c-myc A1 cells (A1), a neural cell line, is endowed with staminal properties. Undifferentiated/proliferating and differentiated/non-proliferating A1 cells are able to generate neurospheres (Ns) in which gene expression parallels the original differentiation status. In fact, Ns derived from undifferentiated A1 cells express higher levels of Nestin, Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) and glial fibrillary protein (GFAP), markers of stemness, while those obtained from differentiated A1 cells show higher levels of the neuronal marker beta III tubulin. Interestingly, Ns differentiation, by Epidermal Growth Factors (EGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (bFGF) withdrawal, generates oligodendrocytes at high-yield as shown by the expression of markers, Galactosylceramidase (Gal-C) Neuron-Glial antigen 2 (NG2), Receptor-Interacting Protein (RIP) and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP). Finally, upon co-culture, Ns-A1-derived oligodendrocytes cause a redistribution of contactin-associated protein (Caspr/paranodin) protein on neuronal cells, as primary oligodendrocytes cultures, suggesting that they are able to form compact myelin. Thus, Ns-A1-derived oligodendrocytes may represent a time-saving and low-cost tool to study the pathophysiology of oligodendrocytes and to test new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Giovanna Reccia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Eirkiur Benedikz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, J.B. Winsløwsvej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 21.1, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Luca Colucci-D’Amato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
- Interuniversity Center for Research in Neuroscience (CIRN), University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
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8
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de Sonnaville SFAM, van Strien ME, Middeldorp J, Sluijs JA, van den Berge SA, Moeton M, Donega V, van Berkel A, Deering T, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL, Aronica E, Glass R, van de Berg WDJ, Swaab DF, Robe PA, Hol EM. The adult human subventricular zone: partial ependymal coverage and proliferative capacity of cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa150. [PMID: 33376983 PMCID: PMC7750937 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in specialized regions of the brain. One of these regions is the subventricular zone. During brain development, neurogenesis is regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues that control stem-cell survival, renewal and cell lineage specification. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an integral part of the neurogenic niche in development as it is in direct contact with radial glial cells, and it is important in regulating proliferation and migration. Yet, the effect of CSF on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the adult human brain is unknown. We hypothesized a persistent stimulating effect of ventricular CSF on neural stem cells in adulthood, based on the literature, describing bulging accumulations of subventricular cells where CSF is in direct contact with the subventricular zone. Here, we show by immunohistochemistry on post-mortem adult human subventricular zone sections that neural stem cells are in close contact with CSF via protrusions through both intact and incomplete ependymal layers. We are the first to systematically quantify subventricular glial nodules denuded of ependyma and consisting of proliferating neural stem and progenitor cells, and showed that they are present from foetal age until adulthood. Neurosphere, cell motility and differentiation assays as well as analyses of RNA expression were used to assess the effects of CSF of adult humans on primary neural stem cells and a human immortalized neural stem cell line. We show that human ventricular CSF increases proliferation and decreases motility of neural stem cells. Our results also indicate that adult CSF pushes neural stem cells from a relative quiescent to a more active state and promotes neuronal over astrocytic lineage differentiation. Thus, CSF continues to stimulate neural stem cells throughout aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia F A M de Sonnaville
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam E van Strien
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A van den Berge
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Moeton
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Donega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek van Berkel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tasmin Deering
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Glass
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Grasselli C, Carbone A, Panelli P, Giambra V, Bossi M, Mazzoccoli G, De Filippis L. Neural Stem Cells from Shank3-ko Mouse Model Autism Spectrum Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1502-1515. [PMID: 31773410 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprise a complex of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by a variety of genetic defects and characterized by alterations in social communication and repetitive behavior. Since the mechanisms leading to early neuronal degeneration remain elusive, we chose to examine the properties of NSCs isolated from an animal model of ASD in order to evaluate whether their neurogenic potential may recapitulate the early phases of neurogenesis in the brain of ASD patients. Mutations of the gene coding for the Shank3 protein play a key role in the impairment of brain development and synaptogenesis in ASD patients. Experiments here reported show that NSCs derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult Shank3Δ11-/- (Shank3-ko) mice retain self-renewal capacity in vitro, but differentiate earlier than wild-type (wt) cells, displaying an evident endosomal/lysosomal and ubiquitin aggregation in astroglial cells together with mitochondrial impairment and inflammasome activation, suggesting that glial degeneration likely contributes to neuronal damage in ASD. These in vitro observations obtained in our disease model are consistent with data in vivo obtained in ASD patients and suggest that Shank3 deficit could affect the late phases of neurogenesis and/or the survival of mature cells rather than NSC self-renewal. This evidence supports Shank3-ko NSCs as a reliable in vitro disease model and suggests the rescue of glial cells as a therapeutic strategy to prevent neuronal degeneration in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grasselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - A Carbone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - P Panelli
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Via dei Cappuccini 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - V Giambra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Via dei Cappuccini 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - M Bossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - L De Filippis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Via dei Cappuccini 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
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10
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Thansa K, Rungsiwiwut R, Kitiyanant N, Taengchaiyaphum S. Optimisation of electroporation and lipofection protocols to derive the black tiger shrimp cell line (Penaeus monodon). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:204-213. [PMID: 30010016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To achieve in creating permanent shrimp cell lines, cellular arrest of primary cells in the culture is needed to be firstly solved. Considering the insertion of some markers affecting cellular proliferation into primary haemocytes in order to produce the black tiger shrimp cell line and the very low percent of transduced cells previously reported in penaeid shrimps, these paved us the way to set up suitable gene delivery protocols to increase percent of transduced cells in the shrimp as our primary aim. In this study, electroporation and lipofection were used to transfer construct plasmids (pLL3.7 plasmids containing CMV promoters and pGL-IE1-126(A)-EGFP plasmids carrying WSSV IE1 promoters) into primary haemocytes. As it was difficult to distinguish between cells expressing EGFP signal and auto-fluorescence of many dead cells occurred by electroporation during the first 72 h of experiment; so, only lipofection was managed to deliver plasmids into primary cells. Surprisingly, numbers of suspected proliferative cells were derived after electroporation with no insertion of immortalising markers. These cells survived in vitro for up to 45 days with high rate of cell viability, but the number of viable cells decreased throughout the experiment. In addition, these cells expressed genes and proteins closely related to hyaline cells determined using RT-PCR and western blot. For the lipofection experiment, no green fluorescence signal was detected in any primary cell introduced with these plasmids, suggesting that plasmids were not successfully inserted into cells. Also, a number of primary haemocytes had the apoptotic cell death characteristic within 5 days after lipofection. These possibly result from using inappropriate lipofection protocol and chemical substances. In summary, finding out suitable protocols to elevate the percent of transduced cells is still necessary. Additionally, continuous shrimp cell lines would be possibly established by transforming suspected proliferative cells derived from electroporation in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanta Thansa
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
| | - Narisorn Kitiyanant
- Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Suparat Taengchaiyaphum
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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11
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Zarei M, Lal S, Vaziri-Gohar A, O'Hayer K, Gunda V, Singh PK, Brody JR, Winter JM. RNA-Binding Protein HuR Regulates Both Mutant and Wild-Type IDH1 in IDH1-Mutated Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:508-520. [PMID: 30266754 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is the most commonly mutated metabolic enzyme in human malignancy. A heterozygous genetic alteration, arginine 132, promotes the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Although pharmacologic inhibitors of mutant IDH1 are promising, resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy are not understood. Additionally, the role of wild-type IDH1 (WT.IDH1) in cancer requires further study. Recently, it was observed that the regulatory RNA-binding protein, HuR (ELAVL1), protects nutrient-deprived cancer cells without IDH1 mutations, by stabilizing WT.IDH1 transcripts. In the present study, a similar regulatory effect on both mutant (Mut.IDH1) and WT.IDH1 transcripts in heterozygous IDH1-mutant tumors is observed. In ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation assays of IDH1-mutant cell lines, wild-type and mutant IDH1 mRNAs each bound to HuR. Both isoforms were profoundly downregulated at the mRNA and protein levels after genetic suppression of HuR (siRNAs or CRISPR deletion) in HT1080 (R132C IDH1 mutation) and BT054 cells (R132H). Proliferation and invasion were adversely affected after HuR suppression and metabolomic studies revealed a reduction in Pentose Phosphate Pathway metabolites, nucleotide precursors, and 2-HG levels. HuR-deficient cells were especially sensitive to stress, including low glucose conditions or a mutant IDH1 inhibitor (AGI-5198). IDH1-mutant cancer cells were rescued by WT.IDH1 overexpression to a greater extent than Mut.IDH1 overexpression under these conditions. This study reveals the importance of HuR's regulation of both mutant and wild-type IDH1 in tumors harboring a heterozygous IDH1 mutation with implications for therapy. IMPLICATIONS: This study highlights the HuR-IDH1 (mutant and wild-type IDH1) regulatory axis as a critical, actionable therapeutic target in IDH1-mutated cancer, and incomplete blockade of the entire HuR-IDH1 survival axis would likely diminish the efficacy of drugs that selectively target only the mutant isoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Zarei
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shruti Lal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research; Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center; Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Vaziri-Gohar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research; Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center; Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin O'Hayer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research; Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center; Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Venugopal Gunda
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research; Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center; Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan M Winter
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals; Case Western University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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12
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Grasselli C, Ferrari D, Zalfa C, Soncini M, Mazzoccoli G, Facchini FA, Marongiu L, Granucci F, Copetti M, Vescovi AL, Peri F, De Filippis L. Toll-like receptor 4 modulation influences human neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:280. [PMID: 29449625 PMCID: PMC5833460 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation is pivotal to innate immunity and has been shown to regulate proliferation and differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in vivo. Here we study the role of TLR4 in regulating hNSC derived from the human telencephalic-diencephalic area of the fetal brain and cultured in vitro as neurospheres in compliance with Good Manifacture Procedures (GMP) guidelines. Similar batches have been used in recent clinical trials in ALS patients. We found that TLR2 and 4 are expressed in hNSCs as well as CD14 and MD-2 co-receptors, and TLR4 expression is downregulated upon differentiation. Activation of TLR4 signaling by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a positive effect on proliferation and/or survival while the inverse is observed with TLR4 inhibition by a synthetic antagonist. TLR4 activation promotes neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation and/or survival while TLR4 inhibition leads to increased apoptosis. Consistently, endogenous expression of TLR4 is retained by hNSC surviving after transplantation in ALS rats or immunocompromised mice, thus irrespectively of the neuroinflammatory environment. The characterization of downstream signaling of TLR4 in hNSCs has suggested some activation of the inflammasome pathway. This study suggests TLR4 signaling as essential for hNSC self-renewal and as a novel target for the study of neurogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Grasselli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Matias Soncini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Fabio A Facchini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Angelo Luigi Vescovi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy.
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
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Espinosa‐Jeffrey A, Blanchi B, Biancotti JC, Kumar S, Hirose M, Mandefro B, Talavera‐Adame D, Benvenisty N, Vellis J. Efficient Generation of Viral and Integration‐Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Oligodendrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 39:2D.18.1-2D.18.28. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa‐Jeffrey
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Bruno Blanchi
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Juan Carlos Biancotti
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Shalini Kumar
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Megumi Hirose
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
| | | | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Jean Vellis
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles California
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14
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Patnaik R, Padhy RN. Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Neural Stem Cell Line as a Screening Model for Toxicity. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:319-326. [PMID: 27807796 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate whether a human neural stem cell (NSC) line derived from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) can be used for toxicity study. Toxicity of both neurotoxic environmental xenobiotics, methyl mercury chloride (CH3HgCl), lead acetate (CH3COOPb), and chlorpyrifos (CP), and non-neurotoxic insecticide, dichlorvos, as well as non-neurotoxic drugs, theophylline and acetaminophen were assessed. Additionally, differentiation of neuronal and glial cell lines derived from hUCB was elucidated. It was observed that CH3HgCl was more toxic to human NSCs in comparison to CH3COOPb and CP. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against NSCs was 3, 10, and 300 mg/L, in each staining process, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and Hoechst staining, for CH3HgCl, CP, and CH3COOPb, respectively. CH3HgCl had the LC25 value as 10.0, 14.4, and 12.7 mg/L, by staining method mentioned in succession. CP had the LC25 value as 21.9, 23.7, and 18.4 mg/L; similarly, CH3COOPb had LC25 values, successively as 616.9, 719.2, and 890.3 mg/L. LC50 values ranged from 18.2 to 21.7 mg/L for CH3HgCl, 56.4 to 60.2 mg/L for CP, and 1000 to 1460.1 for CH3COOPb. Theophylline, acetaminophen, and dichlorvos had no impact on the viability of NSCs. This work justified that hUCB-NSC model can be used for toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Patnaik
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
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15
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Spina R, Voss DM, Asnaghi L, Sloan A, Bar EE. Atracurium Besylate and other neuromuscular blocking agents promote astroglial differentiation and deplete glioblastoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:459-72. [PMID: 26575950 PMCID: PMC4808011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of about one year. This poor prognosis is attributed primarily to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence after surgical removal, with the root cause suggested to be found in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a reporter of astrocytic differentiation, we isolated multiple clones from three independent GSC lines which express GFAP in a remarkably stable fashion. We next show that elevated expression of GFAP is associated with reduced clonogenicity in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Utilizing this in vitro cell-based differentiation reporter system we screened chemical libraries and identified the non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NNMB), Atracurium Besylate, as a small molecule which effectively induces astroglial but not neuronal differentiation of GSCs. Functionally, Atracurium Besylate treatment significantly inhibited the clonogenic capacity of several independent patient-derived GSC neurosphere lines, a phenomenon which was largely irreversible. A second NNMB, Vecuronium, also induced GSC astrocytic differentiation while Dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, significantly blocked Atracurium Besylate pro-differentiation activity. To investigate the clinical importance of nAChRs in gliomas, we examined clinical outcomes and found that glioma patients with tumors overexpressing CHRNA1 or CHRNA9 (encoding for the AChR-α1 or AChR-α9) exhibit significant shorter overall survival. Finally, we found that ex-vivo pre-treatment of GSCs, expressing CHRNA1 and CHRNA9, with Atracurium Besylate significantly increased the survival of mice xenotransplanted with these cells, therefore suggesting that tumor initiating subpopulations have been reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Spina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dillon M Voss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura Asnaghi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospital-Case Medical Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eli E Bar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Blanchi B, Biancotti JC, Kumar S, Hirose M, Mandefro B, Talavera-Adame D, Benvenisty N, de Vellis J. Efficient Generation of Viral and Integration-Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 38:2D.18.1-2D.18.27. [PMID: 27532816 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we document three highly reproducible protocols: (1) a culture system for the derivation of human oligodendrocytes (OLs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) and their further maturation-our protocol generates viral- and integration-free OLs that efficiently commit and move forward in the OL lineage, recapitulating all the steps known to occur during in vivo development; (2) a method for the isolation, propagation and maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs); and (3) a protocol for the production, isolation, and maintenance of OLs from perinatal rodent and human brain-derived NSCs. Our unique culture systems rely on a series of chemically defined media, specifically designed and carefully characterized for each developmental stage of OL as they advance from OL progenitors to mature, myelinating cells. We are confident that these protocols bring our field a step closer to efficient autologous cell replacement therapies and disease modeling. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Blanchi
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Juan Carlos Biancotti
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shalini Kumar
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megumi Hirose
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jean de Vellis
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:727542. [PMID: 26421301 PMCID: PMC4569757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
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18
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Anderson GW, Deans PJM, Taylor RDT, Raval P, Chen D, Lowder H, Murkerji S, Andreae LC, Williams BP, Srivastava DP. Characterisation of neurons derived from a cortical human neural stem cell line CTX0E16. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:149. [PMID: 26296747 PMCID: PMC4546258 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conditionally immortalised human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) represent a robust source of native neural cells to investigate physiological mechanisms in both health and disease. However, in order to recognise the utility of such cells, it is critical to determine whether they retain characteristics of their tissue of origin and generate appropriate neural cell types upon differentiation. To this end, we have characterised the conditionally immortalised, cortically-derived, human NPC line, CTX0E16, investigating the molecular and cellular phenotype of differentiated neurons to determine whether they possess characteristics of cortical glutamatergic neurons. Methods Differentiated CTX0E16 cells were characterised by assessing expression of several neural fates markers, and examination of developing neuronal morphology. Expression of neurotransmitter receptors, signalling proteins and related proteins were assessed by q- and RT-PCR and complemented by Ca2+ imaging, electrophysiology and assessment of ERK signalling in response to neurotransmitter ligand application. Finally, differentiated neurons were assessed for their ability to form putative synapses and to respond to activity-dependent stimulation. Results Differentiation of CTX0E16 hNPCs predominately resulted in the generation of neurons expressing markers of cortical and glutamatergic (excitatory) fate, and with a typical polarized neuronal morphology. Gene expression analysis confirmed an upregulation in the expression of cortical, glutamatergic and signalling proteins following differentiation. CTX0E16 neurons demonstrated Ca2+ and ERK1/2 responses following exogenous neurotransmitter application, and after 6 weeks displayed spontaneous Ca2+ transients and electrophysiological properties consistent with that of immature neurons. Differentiated CTX0E16 neurons also expressed a range of pre- and post-synaptic proteins that co-localized along distal dendrites, and moreover, displayed structural plasticity in response to modulation of neuronal activity. Conclusions Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the CTX0E16 hNPC line is a robust source of cortical neurons, which display functional properties consistent with a glutamatergic phenotype. Thus CTX0E16 neurons can be used to study cortical cell function, and furthermore, as these neurons express a range of disease-associated genes, they represent an ideal platform with which to investigate neurodevelopmental mechanisms in native human cells in health and disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0136-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg W Anderson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - P J Michael Deans
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Ruth D T Taylor
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Harrison Lowder
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Srishti Murkerji
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Laura C Andreae
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Brenda P Williams
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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19
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Cuadrado E, Michailidou I, van Bodegraven EJ, Jansen MH, Sluijs JA, Geerts D, Couraud PO, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL, Kuijpers TW, Hol EM. Phenotypic variation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome explained by cell-specific IFN-stimulated gene response and cytokine release. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3623-33. [PMID: 25769924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a monogenic inflammatory encephalopathy caused by mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR1, or MDA5. Mutations in those genes affect normal RNA/DNA intracellular metabolism and detection, triggering an autoimmune response with an increase in cerebral IFN-α production by astrocytes. Microangiopathy and vascular disease also contribute to the neuropathology in AGS. In this study, we report that AGS gene silencing of TREX1, SAMHD1, RNASEH2A, and ADAR1 by short hairpin RNAs in human neural stem cell-derived astrocytes, human primary astrocytes, and brain-derived endothelial cells leads to an antiviral status of these cells compared with nontarget short hairpin RNA-treated cells. We observed a distinct activation of the IFN-stimulated gene signature with a substantial increase in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL10 and CCL5). A differential impact of AGS gene silencing was noted; silencing TREX1 gave rise to the most dramatic in both cell types. Our findings fit well with the observation that patients carrying mutations in TREX1 experience an earlier onset and fatal outcome. We provide in the present study, to our knowledge for the first time, insight into how astrocytic and endothelial activation of antiviral status may differentially lead to cerebral pathology, suggesting a rational link between proinflammatory mediators and disease severity in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Cuadrado
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Iliana Michailidou
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J van Bodegraven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Machiel H Jansen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy; and
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy; and
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Human donor cells, including neurally directed embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells with the potential to be used for neural transplantation in a range of neurodegenerative disorders, must first be tested preclinically in rodent models of disease to demonstrate safety and efficacy. One strategy for circumventing the rejection of xenotransplanted human cells is to desensitize the host animal to human cells in the early neonatal period so that a subsequent transplant in adulthood is not immunorejected. This method has been robustly validated in the rat, but currently not in the mouse in which most transgenic models of neurodegeneration have been generated. Thus, we set out to determine whether this could be achieved through modification of the existing rat protocol. Mice were inoculated in the neonatal period with a suspension of human embryonic cortical tissue of varying cell numbers, and received a subsequent human embryonic cortical tissue cell transplant in adulthood. Graft survival was compared with those in mice immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A and those receiving allografts of mouse whole ganglionic eminence tissue. Poor survival was found across all groups, suggesting a general problem with the use of mouse hosts for testing human donor cells.
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21
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López-Ornelas A, Vergara P, Segovia J. Neural stem cells producing an inducible and soluble form of Gas1 target and inhibit intracranial glioma growth. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1011-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kanski R, Sneeboer MAM, van Bodegraven EJ, Sluijs JA, Kropff W, Vermunt MW, Creyghton MP, De Filippis L, Vescovi A, Aronica E, van Tijn P, van Strien ME, Hol EM. Histone acetylation in astrocytes suppresses GFAP and stimulates a re-organization of the intermediate filament network. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4368-80. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is the main intermediate filament in astrocytes and is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms during development. We demonstrate that histone acetylation controls GFAP expression also in mature astrocytes. Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) with Trichostatin-A or Sodium-butyrate reduced GFAP expression in primary human astrocytes and astrocytoma cells. Since splicing occurs co-transcriptional, we investigated whether histone acetylation changes the ratio between the canonical isoform GFAPα and the alternative GFAPδ splice-variant. We observed that decreased transcription of GFAP enhanced alternative isoform expression, as HDAC inhibition increased the GFAPδ/α ratio favouring GFAPδ. Expression of GFAPδ was dependent on the presence and binding of the splicing factors of the SR protein family. Inhibition of HDAC activity also resulted in aggregation of the GFAP network, reminiscent to our earlier findings of a GFAPδ-induced network collapse. Together, our data demonstrate that HDAC inhibition results in changes in transcription, splicing, and organization of GFAP. These data imply that a tight regulation of histone acetylation in astrocytes is essential, since dysregulation of gene expression causes aggregation of GFAP, a hallmark of human diseases like Alexander's disease.
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23
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Maqsood MI, Matin MM, Bahrami AR, Ghasroldasht MM. Immortality of cell lines: challenges and advantages of establishment. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1038-45. [PMID: 23723166 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immortality happens upon impairment of cell-cycle checkpoint pathways (p53/p16/pRb), reactivation or up-regulation of telomerase enzyme, or upregulation of some oncogenes or oncoproteins leading to a higher rate of cell division.There are also some other factors and mechanisms involved in immortalisation, which need to be discovered. Immortalisation of cells derived from different sources and establishment of immortal cell lines has proven useful in understanding the molecular pathways governing cell developmental cascades in eukaryotic, especially human, cells. After the breakthrough of achieving the immortal cells and understanding their critical importance in the field of molecular biology, intense efforts have been dedicated to establish cell lines useful for elucidating the functions of telomerase, developmental lineage of progenitors, self-renewal potency, cellular transformation, differentiation patterns and some bioprocesses, like odontogenesis. Meanwhile, discovering the exact mechanisms of immortality, a major challenge for science yet, is believed to open new gateways toward understanding and treatment of cancer in the long term. This review summarises the methods involved in establishing immortality, its advantages and the challenges still being faced in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Maqsood
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Carlessi L, Fusar Poli E, Delia D. Brain and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells as an in vitro model of neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:301-7. [PMID: 23598976 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213480703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a key transducer of the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks and its deficiency causes ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a pleiotropic genetic disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar neuropathy, immunodeficiency and cancer predisposition. While enormous progress has been achieved in elucidating the biochemical and functional regulation of ATM in DNA damage response, and more recently in redox signalling and antioxidant defence, the factors that make neurons in A-T extremely vulnerable remain unclear. Given also that ATM knockout mice do not recapitulate the central nervous system phenotype, a number of human neural stem cell (hNSC) model systems have been developed to provide insights into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration associated with ATM dysfunction. Here we review the hNSC systems developed by us an others to model A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Carlessi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
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25
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Gorba T, Conti L. Neural stem cells as tools for drug discovery: novel platforms and approaches. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1083-94. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.805199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Carlessi L, Fusar Poli E, De Filippis L, Delia D. ATM-deficient human neural stem cells as an in vitro model system to study neurodegeneration. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:605-11. [PMID: 23707302 PMCID: PMC3732388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Loss of ATM kinase, a transducer of the DNA damage response and redox sensor, causes the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). While a great deal of progress has been made in elucidating the ATM-dependent DNA damage response (DDR) network, a key challenge remains in understanding the selective susceptibility of the nervous system to faulty DDR. Several factors appear implicated in the neurodegenerative phenotype in A-T, but which of them plays a crucial role remains unclear, especially since mouse models of A-T do not fully mirror the respective human syndrome. Therefore, a number of human neural stem cell (hNSC) systems have been developed to get an insight into the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration as consequence of ATM inactivation. Here we review the hNSC systems developed by us an others to model A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Carlessi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
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27
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Cuadrado E, Jansen MH, Anink J, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL, Watts C, Aronica E, Hol EM, Kuijpers TW. Chronic exposure of astrocytes to interferon-α reveals molecular changes related to Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. Brain 2013; 136:245-58. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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28
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Binda E, Visioli A, Giani F, Lamorte G, Copetti M, Pitter KL, Huse JT, Cajola L, Zanetti N, DiMeco F, De Filippis L, Mangiola A, Maira G, Anile C, De Bonis P, Reynolds BA, Pasquale EB, Vescovi AL. The EphA2 receptor drives self-renewal and tumorigenicity in stem-like tumor-propagating cells from human glioblastomas. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:765-80. [PMID: 23238013 PMCID: PMC3922047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In human glioblastomas (hGBMs), tumor-propagating cells with stem-like characteristics (TPCs) represent a key therapeutic target. We found that the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in hGBM TPCs. Cytofluorimetric sorting into EphA2(High) and EphA2(Low) populations demonstrated that EphA2 expression correlates with the size and tumor-propagating ability of the TPC pool in hGBMs. Both ephrinA1-Fc, which caused EphA2 downregulation in TPCs, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of EPHA2 expression suppressed TPCs self-renewal ex vivo and intracranial tumorigenicity, pointing to EphA2 downregulation as a causal event in the loss of TPCs tumorigenicity. Infusion of ephrinA1-Fc into intracranial xenografts elicited strong tumor-suppressing effects, suggestive of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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29
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Li H, Hader AT, Han YR, Wong JA, Babiarz J, Ricupero CL, Godfrey SB, Corradi JP, Fennell M, Hart RP, Plummer MR, Grumet M. Isolation of a novel rat neural progenitor clone that expresses Dlx family transcription factors and gives rise to functional GABAergic neurons in culture. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:805-20. [PMID: 21913335 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic interneurons are lost in conditions including epilepsy and central nervous system injury, but there are few culture models available to study their function. Toward the goal of obtaining renewable sources of GABAergic neurons, we used the molecular profile of a functionally incomplete GABAergic precursor clone to screen 17 new clones isolated from GFP(+) rat E14.5 cortex and ganglionic eminence (GE) that were generated by viral introduction of v-myc. The clones grow as neurospheres in medium with FGF2, and after withdrawal of FGF2, they exhibit varying patterns of differentiation. Transcriptional profiling and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that one clone (GE6) expresses high levels of mRNAs encoding Dlx1, 2, 5, and 6, glutamate decarboxylases, and presynaptic proteins including neuropeptide Y and somatostatin. Protein expression confirmed that GE6 is a progenitor with restricted differentiation giving rise mostly to neurons with GABAergic markers. In cocultures with hippocampal neurons, GE6 neurons became electrically excitable and received both inhibitory and excitatory synapses. After withdrawal of FGF2 in cultures of GE6 alone, neurons matured to express βIII-tubulin, and staining for synaptophysin and vesicular GABA transporter were robust after 1-2 weeks of differentiation. GE6 neurons also became electrically excitable and displayed synaptic activity, but synaptic currents were carried by chloride and were blocked by bicuculline. The results suggest that the GE6 clone, which is ventrally derived from the GE, resembles GABAergic interneuron progenitors that migrate into the developing forebrain. This is the first report of a relatively stable fetal clone that can be differentiated into GABAergic interneurons with functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Li
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA.
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30
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Reekmans K, Praet J, Daans J, Reumers V, Pauwels P, Van der Linden A, Berneman ZN, Ponsaerts P. Current challenges for the advancement of neural stem cell biology and transplantation research. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:262-78. [PMID: 21537994 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) is hoped to become a promising primary or secondary therapy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), as demonstrated by multiple pre-clinical animal studies in which functional recovery has already been demonstrated. However, for NSC therapy to be successful, the first challenge will be to define a transplantable cell population. In the first part of this review, we will briefly discuss the main features of ex vivo culture and characterisation of NSC. Next, NSC grafting itself may not only result in the regeneration of lost tissue, but more importantly has the potential to improve functional outcome through many bystander mechanisms. In the second part of this review, we will briefly discuss several pre-clinical studies that contributed to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of NSC grafts in vivo. However, while many pre-clinical animal studies mainly report on the clinical benefit of NSC grafting, little is known about the actual in vivo fate of grafted NSC. Therefore, the third part of this review will focus on non-invasive imaging techniques for monitoring cellular grafts in the brain under in vivo conditions. Finally, as NSC transplantation research has evolved during the past decade, it has become clear that the host micro-environment itself, either in healthy or injured condition, is an important player in defining success of NSC grafting. The final part of this review will focus on the host environmental influence on survival, migration and differentiation of grafted NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Reekmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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31
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Rogers HA, Kilday JP, Mayne C, Ward J, Adamowicz-Brice M, Schwalbe EC, Clifford SC, Coyle B, Grundy RG. Supratentorial and spinal pediatric ependymomas display a hypermethylated phenotype which includes the loss of tumor suppressor genes involved in the control of cell growth and death. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:711-25. [PMID: 22109108 PMCID: PMC3316934 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including methylation, have been shown to be an important mechanism of gene silencing in cancer. Ependymoma has been well characterized at the DNA copy number and mRNA expression levels. However little is known about DNA methylation changes. To gain a more global view of the methylation profile of ependymoma we conducted an array-based analysis. Our data demonstrated tumors to segregate according to their location in the CNS, which was associated with a difference in the global level of methylation. Supratentorial and spinal tumors displayed significantly more hypermethylated genes than posterior fossa tumors, similar to the ‘CpG island methylator phenotype’ (CIMP) identified in glioma and colon carcinoma. This hypermethylated profile was associated with an increase in expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in methylating DNA, suggesting an underlying mechanism. An integrated analysis of methylation and mRNA expression array data allowed us to identify methylation-induced expression changes. Most notably genes involved in the control of cell growth and death and the immune system were identified, including members of the JNK pathway and PPARG. In conclusion, we have generated a global view of the methylation profile of ependymoma. The data suggests epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of supratentorial and spinal, but not posterior fossa ependymomas. Hypermethylation correlated with a decrease in expression of a number of tumor suppressor genes and pathways that could be playing an important role in tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel A. Rogers
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - John-Paul Kilday
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Cerys Mayne
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Jennifer Ward
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Martyna Adamowicz-Brice
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Ed C. Schwalbe
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steven C. Clifford
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Richard G. Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, D Floor Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
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32
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De Filippis L, Binda E. Concise review: self-renewal in the central nervous system: neural stem cells from embryo to adult. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197809 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain has fostered a plethora of translational and preclinical studies to investigate future therapeutic approaches for the cure of neurodegenerative diseases. These studies are finally at the clinical stage, and some of them are already under way. The definition of a bona fide stem cell has long been the object of much debate focused on the establishment of standard and univocal criteria to distinguish between stem and progenitor cells. It is commonly accepted that NSCs have to fulfill two basic requirements, the capacity for long-term self-renewal and the potential for differentiation, which account for their physiological role, namely central nervous system tissue homeostasis. Strategies such as immortalization or reprogramming of somatic cells to the embryonic-like stage of pluripotency indicate the relevance of extensive self-renewal ability of NSCs either in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the discovery of stem-like tumor cells in brain tumors, such as gliomas, accompanied by the isolation of these cells through the same paradigm used for related healthy cells, has provided further evidence of the key role that self-renewal plays in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this review we provide an overview of the current understanding of the self-renewal capacity of nontransformed human NSCs, with or without immortalization or reprogramming, and of stem-like tumor cells, referring to both research and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy.
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33
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Ferrari D, Zalfa C, Nodari LR, Gelati M, Carlessi L, Delia D, Vescovi AL, De Filippis L. Differential pathotropism of non-immortalized and immortalized human neural stem cell lines in a focal demyelination model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1193-210. [PMID: 22076651 PMCID: PMC11115189 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy is reaching the stage of phase I clinical trials for post-traumatic, post-ischemic, or neurodegenerative disorders, and the selection of the appropriate cell source is essential. In order to assess the capacity of different human neural stem cell lines (hNSC) to contribute to neural tissue regeneration and to reduce the local inflammation after an acute injury, we transplanted GMP-grade non-immortalized hNSCs and v-myc (v-IhNSC), c-myc T58A (T-IhNSC) immortalized cells into the corpus callosum of adult rats after 5 days from focal demyelination induced by lysophosphatidylcholine. At 15 days from transplantation, hNSC and T-IhNSC migrated to the lesioned area where they promoted endogenous remyelination and differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes, while the all three cell lines were able to integrate in the SVZ. Moreover, where demyelination was accompanied by an inflammatory reaction, a significant reduction of microglial cells' activation was observed. This effect correlated with a differential migratory pattern of transplanted hNSC and IhNSC, significantly enhanced in the former, thus suggesting a specific NSC-mediated immunomodulatory effect on the local inflammation. We provide evidence that, in the subacute phase of a demyelination injury, different human immortalized and non-immortalized NSC lines, all sharing homing to the stem niche, display a differential pathotropism, both through cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects. Overall, these findings promote IhNSC as an inexhaustible cell source for large-scale preclinical studies and non-immortalized GMP grade hNSC lines as an efficacious, safe, and reliable therapeutic tool for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Università Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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34
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Large-scale analysis reveals acquisition of lineage-specific chromosomal aberrations in human adult stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 9:97-102. [PMID: 21816361 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the genetic integrity of over 400 samples of human multipotent stem cells using gene expression data sets. Our analysis reveals that neural and mesenchymal stem cells acquire characteristic large chromosomal aberrations at a similar, or somewhat lower, frequency to that seen in pluripotent stem cells, sometimes within a few passages in culture. Some of the identified chromosomal abnormalities can also be detected in human tumors of the respective tissues.
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35
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IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype. Nature 2012; 483:479-83. [PMID: 22343889 DOI: 10.1038/nature10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1406] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both genome-wide genetic and epigenetic alterations are fundamentally important for the development of cancers, but the interdependence of these aberrations is poorly understood. Glioblastomas and other cancers with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) constitute a subset of tumours with extensive epigenomic aberrations and a distinct biology. Glioma CIMP (G-CIMP) is a powerful determinant of tumour pathogenicity, but the molecular basis of G-CIMP remains unresolved. Here we show that mutation of a single gene, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), establishes G-CIMP by remodelling the methylome. This remodelling results in reorganization of the methylome and transcriptome. Examination of the epigenome of a large set of intermediate-grade gliomas demonstrates a distinct G-CIMP phenotype that is highly dependent on the presence of IDH mutation. Introduction of mutant IDH1 into primary human astrocytes alters specific histone marks, induces extensive DNA hypermethylation, and reshapes the methylome in a fashion that mirrors the changes observed in G-CIMP-positive lower-grade gliomas. Furthermore, the epigenomic alterations resulting from mutant IDH1 activate key gene expression programs, characterize G-CIMP-positive proneural glioblastomas but not other glioblastomas, and are predictive of improved survival. Our findings demonstrate that IDH mutation is the molecular basis of CIMP in gliomas, provide a framework for understanding oncogenesis in these gliomas, and highlight the interplay between genomic and epigenomic changes in human cancers.
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36
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van den Berge SA, van Strien ME, Korecka JA, Dijkstra AA, Sluijs JA, Kooijman L, Eggers R, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL, Verhaagen J, van de Berg WDJ, Hol EM. The proliferative capacity of the subventricular zone is maintained in the parkinsonian brain. Brain 2011; 134:3249-63. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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37
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De Filippis L, Delia D. Hypoxia in the regulation of neural stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2831-44. [PMID: 21584807 PMCID: PMC11115125 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In aerobic organisms, oxygen is a critical factor in tissue and organ morphogenesis from embryonic development throughout post-natal life, as it regulates various intracellular pathways involved in cellular metabolism, proliferation, survival and fate. In the mammalian central nervous system, oxygen plays a critical role in regulating the growth and differentiation state of neural stem cells (NSCs), multipotent neuronal precursor cells that reside in a particular microenvironment called the neural stem cell niche and that, under certain physiological and pathological conditions, differentiate into fully functional mature neurons, even in adults. In both experimental and clinical settings, oxygen is one of the main factors influencing NSCs. In particular, the physiological condition of mild hypoxia (2.5-5.0% O(2)) typical of neural tissues promotes NSC self-renewal; it also favors the success of engraftment when in vitro-expanded NSCs are transplanted into brain of experimental animals. In this review, we analyze how O(2) and specifically hypoxia impact on NSC self-renewal, differentiation, maturation, and homing in various in vitro and in vivo settings, including cerebral ischemia, so as to define the O(2) conditions for successful cell replacement therapy in the treatment of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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38
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Young A, Machacek DW, Dhara SK, Macleish PR, Benveniste M, Dodla MC, Sturkie CD, Stice SL. Ion channels and ionotropic receptors in human embryonic stem cell derived neural progenitors. Neuroscience 2011; 192:793-805. [PMID: 21672611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human neural progenitor cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cells offer a potential cell source for studying neurodegenerative diseases and for drug screening assays. Previously, we demonstrated that human neural progenitors could be maintained in a proliferative state with the addition of leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Here we demonstrate that 96 h after removal of basic fibroblast growth factor the neural progenitor cell culture was significantly altered and cell replication halted. Fourteen days after the removal of basic fibroblast growth factor, most cells expressed microtubule-associated protein 2 and TUJ1, markers characterizing a post-mitotic neuronal phenotype as well as neural developmental markers Cdh2 and Gbx2. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the ionotropic receptor subunit expression profile. Differentiated neural progenitors express subunits of glutamatergic, GABAergic, nicotinic, purinergic and transient receptor potential receptors. In addition, sodium and calcium channel subunits were also expressed. Functionally, virtually all the hNP cells tested under whole-cell voltage clamp exhibited delayed rectifier potassium channel currents and some differentiated cells exhibited tetrodotoxin-sensitive, voltage-dependent sodium channel current. Action potentials could also be elicited by currents injection under whole-cell current clamp in a minority of cells. These results indicate that removing basic fibroblast growth factor from the neural progenitor cell cultures leads to a post-mitotic state, and has the capability to produce excitable cells that can generate action potentials, a landmark characteristic of a neuronal phenotype. This is the first report of an efficient and simple means of generating human neuronal cells for ionotropic receptor assays and ultimately for electrically active human neural cell assays for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, 425 River Road Room 450, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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39
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Ferrari D, Binda E, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL. Isolation of neural stem cells from neural tissues using the neurosphere technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 2:Unit2D.6. [PMID: 21049474 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d06s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes protocols for the derivation, characterization, and expansion of neural stem cell (NSC) lines from the adult mouse subventricular zone (mNSCs), embryonic mouse brain and from the human fetal brain (hNSCs). NSCs can be isolated by enzymatic digestion of specific regions (NSCs niches) of the central nervous system (CNS) and grown in suspension. By using this methodology, NSCs form spherical clusters called neurospheres, which are mechanically dissociated to a single-cell suspension and replated in the selective culture medium. Removal of growth factors and plating cells on an adherent substrate allows cells to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, the main cell type of the CNS. Correct culturing of NSCs, according to this methodology, will allow cells to expand over 100 passages without alteration of cell karyotype, growth ability, and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Wang C, Lisanti MP, Liao DJ. Reviewing once more the c-myc and Ras collaboration: converging at the cyclin D1-CDK4 complex and challenging basic concepts of cancer biology. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:57-67. [PMID: 21200143 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.1.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-myc is a proto-oncogene that manifests aberrant expression at high frequencies in most types of human cancer. C-myc gene amplifications are often observed in various cancers as well. Ample studies have also proved that c-myc has a potent oncogenicity, which can be further enhanced by collaborations with other oncogenes such as Bcl-2 and activated Ras. Studies on the collaborations of c-myc with Ras or other genes in oncogenicity have established several basic concepts and have disclosed their underlying mechanisms of tumor biology, including "immortalization" and "transformation". In many cases, these collaborations may converge at the cyclin D1-CDK4 complex. In the meantime, however, many results from studies on the c-myc, Ras and cyclin D1-CDK4 also challenge these basic concepts of tumor biology and suggest to us that the immortalized status of cells should be emphasized. Stricter criteria and definitions for a malignantly transformed status and a benign status of cells in culture also need to be established to facilitate our study of the mechanisms for tumor formation and to better link up in vitro data with animal results and eventually with human cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Rota Nodari L, Ferrari D, Giani F, Bossi M, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Tredici G, Delia D, Vescovi AL, De Filippis L. Long-term survival of human neural stem cells in the ischemic rat brain upon transient immunosuppression. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14035. [PMID: 21124963 PMCID: PMC2988794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiology of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in the context of cell therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is of paramount importance, yet large-scale studies are hampered by the slow-expansion rate of these cells. To overcome this issue, we previously established immortal, non-transformed, telencephalic-diencephalic hNSCs (IhNSCs) from the fetal brain. Here, we investigated the fate of these IhNSC's immediate progeny (i.e. neural progenitors; IhNSC-Ps) upon unilateral implantation into the corpus callosum or the hippocampal fissure of adult rat brain, 3 days after global ischemic injury. One month after grafting, approximately one fifth of the IhNSC-Ps had survived and migrated through the corpus callosum, into the cortex or throughout the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. By the fourth month, they had reached the ipsilateral subventricular zone, CA1-3 hippocampal layers and the controlateral hemisphere. Notably, these results could be accomplished using transient immunosuppression, i.e administering cyclosporine for 15 days following the ischemic event. Furthermore, a concomitant reduction of reactive microglia (Iba1+ cells) and of glial, GFAP+ cells was also observed in the ipsilateral hemisphere as compared to the controlateral one. IhNSC-Ps were not tumorigenic and, upon in vivo engraftment, underwent differentiation into GFAP+ astrocytes, and β-tubulinIII+ or MAP2+ neurons, which displayed GABAergic and GLUTAmatergic markers. Electron microscopy analysis pointed to the formation of mature synaptic contacts between host and donor-derived neurons, showing the full maturation of the IhNSC-P-derived neurons and their likely functional integration into the host tissue. Thus, IhNSC-Ps possess long-term survival and engraftment capacity upon transplantation into the globally injured ischemic brain, into which they can integrate and mature into neurons, even under mild, transient immunosuppressive conditions. Most notably, transplanted IhNSC-P can significantly dampen the inflammatory response in the lesioned host brain. This work further supports hNSCs as a reliable and safe source of cells for transplantation therapy in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rota Nodari
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Bossi
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedical Technologies, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Tredici
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedical Technologies, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Luigi Vescovi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Opera di San Pio da Pietralcina, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- * E-mail: (LDF); (ALV)
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (LDF); (ALV)
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Functional properties of the human ventral mesencephalic neural stem cell line hVM1. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:653-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Momin EN, Vela G, Zaidi HA, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. The Oncogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Cancer: Directions for Future Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:137-148. [PMID: 20490366 DOI: 10.2174/157339510791111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising new approach to the treatment of several diseases that are associated with dismal outcomes. These include myocardial damage, graft versus host disease, and possibly cancer. Although the potential therapeutic aspects of MSCs continue to be well-researched, the possible hazards of MSCs, and in particular their oncogenic capacity are poorly understood. This review addresses the oncogenic and tumor-supporting potential of MSCs within the context of cancer treatment. The risk for malignant transformation is discussed for each stage of the clinical lifecycle of MSCs. This includes malignant transformation in vitro during production phases, during insertion of potentially therapeutic transgenes, and finally in vivo via interactions with tumor stroma. The immunosuppressive qualities of MSCs, which may facilitate evasion of the immune system by a tumor, are also addressed. Limitations of the methods employed in clinical trials to date are reviewed, including the absence of long term follow-up and lack of adequate screening methods to detect formation of new tumors. Through discussions of the possible oncogenic and tumor-supporting mechanisms of MSCs, directions for future research are identified which may eventually facilitate the future clinical translation of MSCs for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Momin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Neri M, Maderna C, Ferrari D, Cavazzin C, Vescovi AL, Gritti A. Robust generation of oligodendrocyte progenitors from human neural stem cells and engraftment in experimental demyelination models in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10145. [PMID: 20405042 PMCID: PMC2853578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapy holds great promises for demyelinating diseases. Human-derived fetal and adult oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPC) gave encouraging results in experimental models of dysmyelination but their limited proliferation in vitro and their potential immunogenicity might restrict their use in clinical applications. Virtually unlimited numbers of oligodendroglial cells could be generated from long-term self-renewing human (h)-derived neural stem cells (hNSC). However, robust oligodendrocyte production from hNSC has not been reported so far, indicating the need for improved understanding of the molecular and environmental signals controlling hNSC progression through the oligodendroglial lineage. The aim of this work was to obtain enriched and renewable cultures of hNSC-derived oligodendroglial cells by means of epigenetic manipulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here the generation of large numbers of hNSC-derived oligodendroglial cells by concurrent/sequential in vitro exposure to combinations of growth factors (FGF2, PDGF-AA), neurotrophins (NT3) and hormones (T3). In particular, the combination FGF2+NT3+PDGF-AA resulted in the maintenance and enrichment of an oligodendroglial cell population displaying immature phenotype (i.e., proliferation capacity and expression of PDGFRalpha, Olig1 and Sox10), limited self-renewal and increased migratory activity in vitro. These cells generate large numbers of oligodendroglial progeny at the early stages of maturation, both in vitro and after transplantation in models of CNS demyelination. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We describe a reliable method to generate large numbers of oligodendrocytes from a renewable source of somatic, non-immortalized NSC from the human foetal brain. We also provide insights on the mechanisms underlying the pro-oligodendrogenic effect of the treatments in vitro and discuss potential issues responsible for the limited myelinating capacity shown by hNSC-derived oligodendrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Neri
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Maderna
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavazzin
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo L. Vescovi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milano, Italy
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Santilli G, Lamorte G, Carlessi L, Ferrari D, Rota Nodari L, Binda E, Delia D, Vescovi AL, De Filippis L. Mild hypoxia enhances proliferation and multipotency of human neural stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8575. [PMID: 20052410 PMCID: PMC2797394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural stem cells (NSCs) represent an optimal tool for studies and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. We recently established a v-myc immortalized human NSC (IhNSC) line, which retains stem properties comparable to parental cells. Oxygen concentration is one of the most crucial environmental conditions for cell proliferation and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. In the central nervous system, physiological concentrations of oxygen range from 0.55 to 8% oxygen. In particular, in the in the subventricular zone niche area, it's estimated to be 2.5 to 3%. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated in vitro the effects of 1, 2.5, 5, and 20% oxygen concentrations on IhNSCs both during proliferation and differentiation. The highest proliferation rate, evaluated through neurosphere formation assay, was obtained at 2.5 and 5% oxygen, while 1% oxygen was most noxious for cell survival. The differentiation assays showed that the percentages of β-tubIII+ or MAP2+ neuronal cells and of GalC+ oligodendrocytes were significantly higher at 2.5% compared with 1, 5, or 20% oxygen at 17 days in vitro. Mild hypoxia (2.5 to 5% oxygen) promoted differentiation into neuro-oligodendroglial progenitors as revealed by the higher percentage of MAP2+/Ki67+ and GalC+/Ki67+ residual proliferating progenitors, and enhanced the yield of GABAergic and slightly of glutamatergic neurons compared to 1% and 20% oxygen where a significant percentage of GFAP+/nestin+ cells were still present at 17 days of differentiation. Conclusions/Significance These findings raise the possibility that reduced oxygen levels occurring in neuronal disorders like cerebral ischemia transiently lead to NSC remaining in a state of quiescence. Conversely, mild hypoxia favors NSC proliferation and neuronal and oligodendroglial differentiation, thus providing an important advance and a useful tool for NSC-mediated therapy of ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Santilli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamorte
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Carlessi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Rota Nodari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo L. Vescovi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (ALV); (LDF)
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (ALV); (LDF)
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Neural progenitor cells as models for high-throughput screens of developmental neurotoxicity: State of the science. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:4-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Wakeman DR, Kim SU, Snyder EY, de Vellis J. Culture system for rodent and human oligodendrocyte specification, lineage progression, and maturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit 2D.4. [PMID: 19725014 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d04s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we document protocols for the production, isolation, and maintenance of the oligodendrocyte phenotype from rodent and human neural stem cells. Our unique method relies on a series of chemically defined media, specifically designed and carefully characterized for each developmental stage of oligodendrocytes as they advance from oligodendrocyte progenitors to mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes.
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Piccirillo SGM, Binda E, Fiocco R, Vescovi AL, Shah K. Brain cancer stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1087-95. [PMID: 19784875 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancers comprise heterogeneous cells, ranging from highly proliferative immature precursors to more differentiated cell lineages. In the last decade, several groups have demonstrated the existence of cancer stem cells in both nonsolid solid tumors, including some of the brain: glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), medulloblastoma, and ependymoma. These cells, like their normal counterpart in homologous tissues, are multipotent, undifferentiated, self-sustaining, yet transformed cells. In particular, glioblastoma-stem like cells (GBSCs) self-renew under clonal conditions and differentiate into neuron- and glia-like cells, with aberrant, mixed neuronal/astroglial phenotypes. Remarkably, upon subcutaneous and intracerebral transplantation in immunosuppressed mice, GBSCs are able to form secondary tumors that closely resemble the human pathology, a property retained also throughout serial transplantation. The search is up for the identification of the markers and the molecular mechanisms that underpin the tumorigenic potential of these cells. This is critical if we aim at defining new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Lately, it has been shown that some key regulatory system that plays pivotal roles in neural stem cell physiology can also regulate the tumorigenic ability of cancer stem cells in GBMs. This suggests that the study of cancer stem cells in brain tumors might help to identify new and more specific therapeutic molecular effectors, with the cancer stem cells themselves representing one of the main targets, in fact the Holy Grail, in cancer cell therapy. This review includes a summary review on brain cancer cells and their usefulness as emerging targets in cancer cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G M Piccirillo
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Building U3, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Xiong Y, Zeng YS, Zeng CG, Du BL, He LM, Quan DP, Zhang W, Wang JM, Wu JL, Li Y, Li J. Synaptic transmission of neural stem cells seeded in 3-dimensional PLGA scaffolds. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3711-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Stevanato L, Corteling RL, Stroemer P, Hope A, Heward J, Miljan EA, Sinden JD. c-MycERTAM transgene silencing in a genetically modified human neural stem cell line implanted into MCAo rodent brain. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:86. [PMID: 19622162 PMCID: PMC2725042 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human neural stem cell line CTX0E03 was developed for the cell based treatment of chronic stroke disability. Derived from fetal cortical brain tissue, CTX0E03 is a clonal cell line that contains a single copy of the c-mycERTAM transgene delivered by retroviral infection. Under the conditional regulation by 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), c-mycERTAM enabled large-scale stable banking of the CTX0E03 cells. In this study, we investigated the fate of this transgene following growth arrest (EGF, bFGF and 4-OHT withdrawal) in vitro and following intracerebral implantation into a mid-cerebral artery occluded (MCAo) rat brain. In vitro, 4-weeks after removing growth factors and 4-OHT from the culture medium, c-mycERTAM transgene transcription is reduced by ~75%. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry and western blotting demonstrated a concurrent decrease in the c-MycERTAM protein. To examine the transcription of the transgene in vivo, CTX0E03 cells (450,000) were implanted 4-weeks post MCAo lesion and analysed for human cell survival and c-mycERTAM transcription by qPCR and qRT-PCR, respectively. Results The results show that CTX0E03 cells were present in all grafted animal brains ranging from 6.3% to 39.8% of the total cells injected. Prior to implantation, the CTX0E03 cell suspension contained 215.7 (SEM = 13.2) copies of the c-mycERTAM transcript per cell. After implantation the c-mycERTAM transcript copy number per CTX0E03 cell had reduced to 6.9 (SEM = 3.4) at 1-week and 7.7 (SEM = 2.5) at 4-weeks. Bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing of the in vivo samples confirmed c-mycERTAM silencing occurred through methylation of the transgene promoter sequence. Conclusion In conclusion the results confirm that CTX0E03 cells downregulated c-mycERTAM transgene expression both in vitro following EGF, bFGF and 4-OHT withdrawal and in vivo following implantation in MCAo rat brain. The silencing of the c-mycERTAM transgene in vivo provides an additional safety feature of CTX0E03 cells for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Stevanato
- ReNeuron Limited, Surrey Research Park, 10 Nugent Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AF, UK.
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