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Bowater RO, Gummow B, Mackie T, Thompson AR, Hayes DA, Goudkamp K, Taylor JD. Toxoplasmosis epidemic in a population of urbanised allied rock-wallabies (Petrogale assimilis) on Magnetic Island (Yunbenun), North Queensland. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:256-263. [PMID: 38361144 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A mortality event involving 23 allied rock-wallabies (Petrogale assimilis) displaying neurological signs and sudden death occurred in late April to May 2021 in a suburban residential area directly adjacent to Magnetic Island National Park, on Magnetic Island (Yunbenun), North Queensland, Australia. Three allied rock-wallabies were submitted for necropsy, and in all three cases, the cause of death was disseminated toxoplasmosis. This mortality event was unusual because only a small, localised population of native wallabies inhabiting a periurban area on a tropical island in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area were affected. A disease investigation determined the outbreak was likely linked to the presence of free-ranging feral and domesticated cats inhabiting the area. There were no significant deaths of other wallabies or wildlife in the same or other parts of Magnetic Island (Yunbenun) at the time of the outbreak. This is the first reported case of toxoplasmosis in allied rock-wallabies (Petrogale assimilis), and this investigation highlights the importance of protecting native wildlife species from an infectious and potentially fatal parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Bowater
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - B Gummow
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Mackie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - A R Thompson
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Animal Health Laboratory, 165 Westbury Road, Prospect, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - D A Hayes
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - K Goudkamp
- Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland, 4819, Australia
| | - J D Taylor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
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Huenerfauth EI, Molnár V, Rosati M, Ciurkiewicz M, Söbbeler FJ, Harms O, Hildebrandt R, Baumgärtner W, Tipold A, Volk HA, Nessler J. Case Report: Unable to Jump Like a Kangaroo Due to Myositis Ossificans Circumscripta. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:886495. [PMID: 35865877 PMCID: PMC9295721 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.886495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A male 10-year-old captive red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) was presented with a chronic progressive pelvic limb lameness and reluctance to jump. The general examination revealed a palpable induration of the lumbar epaxial muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging performed under general anesthesia revealed bilateral almost symmetric, well-circumscribed mass lesions in superficial erector spinae muscles. The lesions had irregular to multilobulated appearance with hyper-, hypo-, and isointense areas in T2- and T1-weighted (w) sequences without contrast enhancement. On computed tomography, a peripheral rim of mineralization was apparent. Histopathological analysis of a muscle biopsy showed osseous trabeculae with rare clusters of chondrocytes indicating metaplasia of muscle tissue to bone. No indications of inflammation or malignancy were visible. The clinical, histopathological, and imaging workup of this case was consistent with myositis ossificans circumscripta. This disorder is particularly well-known among human professional athletes such as basketball players, where excessive, chronic-repetitive force or blunt trauma causes microtrauma to the musculature. Metaplasia of muscle tissue due to abnormal regeneration processes causes heterotopic ossification. The kangaroo's clinical signs improved with cyto-reductive surgery, cage rest, weight reduction, and meloxicam without further relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrice I. Huenerfauth
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Enrice I. Huenerfauth
| | | | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franz J. Söbbeler
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Harms
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Hildebrandt
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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de Barros RAM, Torrecilhas AC, Marciano MAM, Mazuz ML, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Fux B. Toxoplasmosis in Human and Animals Around the World. Diagnosis and Perspectives in the One Health Approach. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106432. [PMID: 35390311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a unique health disease that significantly affects the health of humans, domestic animals, wildlife and is present in ecosystems, including water, soil and food. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the best-adapted parasites in the word. This parasite is able to persist for long periods in its hosts, in different geographic regions of the word. This review summarizes the current literature of these themes, focusing on: (1) toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic infection; (2) One health approach and toxoplasmosis; (3) human toxoplasmosis; (4) animal toxoplasmosis; (5) toxoplasmosis diagnosis, as immunological, parasitological and molecular diagnosis; (6) T. gondii outbreaks caused by infected meat, milk and dairy products, as well as, vegetables and water consume; (7) studies in experimental models; (8) genetic characterization of T. gondii strains; (9) extracellular vesicles and miRNA; and (10) future perspectives on T. gondii and toxoplasmosis. The vast prevalence of toxoplasmosis in both humans and animals and the dispersion and resistence of T. gondii parasites in environment highlight the importance of the one health approach in diagnostic and control of the disease. Here the different aspects of the one health approach are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Aparecida Müller de Barros
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.; Programa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil..
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | | | - Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz
- Parasitology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israeli Veterinary Service and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Beit Dagan, 5025000, Israel..
| | | | - Blima Fux
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.; Programa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil..
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4
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Lehman K, Cohen EB, Ozawa SM, Keeney CH, Sommer S. Imaging Diagnosis: Thoracic radiographic features of toxoplasmosis in a 14-month-old Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:E26-E30. [PMID: 36189669 PMCID: PMC9828556 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A privately owned 14-month-old intact female red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) was presented for acute onset respiratory distress and lethargy. On presentation, the kangaroo was laterally recumbent, tachypneic, dyspneic, lethargic, and obtunded. Thoracic radiographs revealed a severe diffuse mixed pulmonary pattern (alveolar pattern superimposed on a bronchial pattern) and subjective mild generalized cardiomegaly. Due to the severity of clinical signs and grave prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Postmortem examination was consistent with systemic toxoplasmosis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining on infected tissues confirmed Toxoplasma gondii. This is the first published report of radiographic findings for confirmed toxoplasmosis in a red kangaroo or marsupial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Lehman
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Eli B. Cohen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sarah M. Ozawa
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Caitlin Hepps Keeney
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Samantha Sommer
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Sailler A, Prieto M, Goulle F. Successful bilateral phacoemulsification and vitrectomy in a Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:450-454. [PMID: 34968188 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.03.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 7-month-old hand-reared female Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) was evaluated for bilateral ocular opacity of 3 months' duration. CLINICAL FINDINGS On physical examination, the wallaby was in good overall condition. An ophthalmic examination revealed mature cataracts in both eyes (OU). The cataracts were suspected to have a nutritional origin as it has been described in hand-reared macropods. Results of tonometry were normal OU. Results of CBC and serum biochemistry were unremarkable. The wallaby was premedicated with medetomidine and ketamine hydrochloride. Ocular ultrasonography performed while the wallaby was anesthetized revealed a thickened and opaque lens, mildly heterogeneous vitreous humor, and no sign of retinal detachment OU. An electroretinogram confirmed functional retinae OU. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Surgery was considered necessary for welfare reasons. Phacoemulsification and vitrectomy were performed without intraoperative complication. The wallaby recovered uneventfully, and systemic NSAID, topical corticosteroid, and systemic and topical antimicrobial therapy were prescribed. One year later, the animal had vision OU. Physical examination did not show any vision-threatening postoperative complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The etiology of nutritional cataracts is not fully understood in macropods, but this condition is rather common in these species. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of a successful bilateral phacoemulsification and vitrectomy in a Bennett's wallaby.
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Anderson K, Dennis PM. Mortality trends for five species of macropods from a single institution from 1995 to 2016. Zoo Biol 2021; 41:44-49. [PMID: 34455635 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Macropods are commonly kept and exhibited species worldwide. Mortality records were reviewed for five species of macropods housed at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo from 1995 to 2016. One hundred sixty-seven deaths occurred including Western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) (n = 22), Bennett's wallaby (M. rufogriseus) (n = 64), red kangaroo (M. rufus) (n = 56), wallaroo (M. robustus) (n = 9), and Tammar wallaby (M. eugenii) (n = 16). The leading cause of death was trauma, followed by bronchopneumonia for all species. Gastric dilatation was identified as a concern for red kangaroo. Females lived longer than males across species and were overrepresented by the data set. Oral necrobacillosis and osteomyelitis were health concerns for macropods in this review. Mortality reviews are important as they identifying collection trends and influencing long-term care.
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Muñoz R, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Fredes F, Alegría-Morán R, Celis S, Ortiz-Tacci C, Kemec I, Mansell M, Verasay J, Ramírez-Toloza G. Serological prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Mammals in Chile. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105445. [PMID: 34329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic cosmopolitan protozoan that causes a high mortality rate among zoo mammals such as New World primates, meerkats, marsupials and Pallas' cat. It has been recently reported in Chile, mainly among wild populations, but also as the cause of death of a kangaroo and a mara. However, there has not been a T. gondii report at a Zoo population level in Chile in the last 35 years. The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in mammals housed in a zoo located in the Metropolitan Region of Chile between 2011 and 2018. In this study, we analyzed 350 samples, from 324 animals, belonging to 57 species of carnivores, non-human primates, macropodids, ungulates and rodents to detect the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Additionally, 20 animals were longitudinally sampled to evaluate intra-zoo infection. Using a commercial indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test, we detected T. gondii antibodies in 72 (22.2 %) samples. The overall seroprevalence estimates were 48.4 % in felines, 22.9 % in non-feline carnivores, 21.1 % in ungulates and 15.0 % in non-human primates. There were no positive samples from rodents or marsupials. Of animals sampled longitudinally, only a culpeo fox (Lycalopex cualpaeus) became seropositive along the study indicating exposition inside the facility. T. gondii seroprevalence differed significantly in taxonomic groups (p = 0.003), felines are statistically different from non-feline carnivores (NFC) (p = 0.040), ungulate (p = 0.027) and non-human primates (NHP) (p = 0.009). Annual prevalence comparison was performed showing no statistical difference (p = 0.941). A multivariable logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effect of taxonomic groups, proximity to water sources, diet, sex and type of housing on seropositivity. Only taxonomic group was statistically significant, indicating that NFC (OR = 0.35; 95 % CI = 0.15 - 0.83; p = 0.017), ungulates (OR = 0.30; 95 % CI = 0.13 - 0.69; p = 0.005), and NHP (OR = 0.25; 95 % CI = 0.09 - 0.72; p = 0.010) have lower risk of positivity to T. gondii compared to felines. Additionally, a black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) and a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) were seropositive, being the first description of T. gondii infection in these species worldwide. As seen in previous studies, the widespread presence and exposure of T. gondii in zoo mammals was confirmed, and there may be contact with the agent and transmission within the zoo, which was confirmed by one animal became seropositive over the time. This fact could be a health problem for animals susceptible to fatal toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Muñoz
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Fredes
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Zoonotic Agents, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ortiz-Tacci
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Kemec
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myra Mansell
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile; School of Anthropology and Conservation, DICE, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Juan Verasay
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
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Carossino M, Bauer R, Mitchell MA, Cummings CO, Stöhr AC, Wakamatsu N, Harper K, Langohr IM, Schultz K, Mitchell MS, Howe DK, Balasuriya UBR. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in an outbreak of systemic toxoplasmosis in a mob of red kangaroos. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:554-565. [PMID: 33739178 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan pathogen that infects many endothermic vertebrates, including humans; the domestic cat and other felids serve as the definitive host. Macropodids are considered highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis. Here, we describe the clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings of an outbreak of systemic toxoplasmosis in a mob of 11 red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), with high morbidity (73%) and mortality (100%) rates. Affected animals had either severe and rapidly deteriorating clinical conditions or sudden death, which was correlated with widespread necrotizing lesions in multiple organs and intralesional T. gondii organisms identified via MIC3-specific immunohistochemistry and confirmed by REP529-specific rtPCR. Quantification of parasites demonstrated the highest parasite density in pulmonary parenchyma compared with other tissues. Our study highlights the continued importance of this severe condition in Australian marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Rudy Bauer
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Charles O Cummings
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Anke C Stöhr
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences.,Current address: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Wakamatsu)
| | - Kimberly Harper
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Kendra Schultz
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Maria S Mitchell
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Daniel K Howe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
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9
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OCULAR ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY IN LUMHOLTZ'S TREE-KANGAROO ( DENDROLAGUS LUMHOLTZI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:868-878. [PMID: 33480567 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is one of two species of tree-kangaroos found in Queensland, Australia. There is little information about ocular anatomy and pathology in any species of tree-kangaroo, and there are claims of blindness from unknown causes in free-ranging Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos. This study investigated ocular anatomy and pathology in 80 individuals, using examination of 31 live animals and histopathologic examination of eyes from 49 carcasses. Tree-kangaroos were found to have a typical vertebrate eye with immuno-histochemical evidence for dichromatic color vision. Only 5.4% of animals had evidence of pathology from traumatic injury, infection, or a variety of nonspecific lesions. Toxoplasmosis was implicated in ocular lesions in three animals. This study did not find evidence of widespread blindness in free-ranging animals nor evidence of toxic optic neuropathy. Examinations of live animals highlighted the need to establish normal ocular examination parameters and vision testing protocols suitable for use in tree-kangaroos and the need for more comprehensive examination and testing of animals thought to have vision loss of unknown origin.
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GENOTYPE IDENTIFICATION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN MACROPODS FROM A ZOOLOGICAL PARK IN FLORIDA, USA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:131-139. [PMID: 32212556 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited reports of the genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infecting captive macropods in North America. A novel genotype, ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype 263, was reported from six wallabies at a zoological facility in Virginia, USA, prompting an investigation into the genotypes from T. gondii strains infecting macropods at a zoological park in Florida, USA. Cardiac muscle and/or lung samples from an agile wallaby (Macropus agilis, n = 1), red kangaroos (Macropus rufus, n = 8), red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus, n = 1), and a tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii, n = 1) that died between 2014 and 2018 were collected. All 11 cases were confirmed to have died from systemic toxoplasmosis by histopathology and immunohistochemical staining. Multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping of T. gondii was performed directly on tissue samples or on parasites isolated from myocardium by mouse bioassay. Two cases of toxoplasmosis were identified as the reported novel genotype, ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype 263, but no common source of exposure could be identified. Five cases were identified as genotype 2 (type III strain, haplogroup 3), and four cases were identified as genotype 216, which has been previously reported in North American wildlife. There were no overt differences in lesion severity or distribution related to genotype. These results suggest that the premise was contaminated with at least three genotypes of T. gondii causing systemic toxoplasmosis in macropods. The largest cluster of fatal toxoplasmosis in macropods in the study period occurred following severe rainfall flooding of the exhibit, suggesting the transmission of T. gondii by water and pointing out the importance of this transmission mechanism. In summary, our study revealed three T. gondii outbreaks that caused significant loss of macropods within 5 yr in a zoological facility in Florida. More studies are needed to understand transmission and prevention of toxoplasmosis in sensitive zoo animals.
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11
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CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN FOUR RED PANDAS ( AILURUS FULGENS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:188-195. [PMID: 32212562 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two geriatric red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) over a 4-yr period presented with vague clinical signs including anorexia, lethargy, and difficulty ambulating. Treatment protocols using enrofloxacin, steroids, and clindamycin were unsuccessful. Necropsy examination confirmed disseminated toxoplasmosis infection in these cases, and a modified agglutination test had been positive for a prolonged period of time before one panda showed signs of disease. A review of the Red Panda Species Survival Plan pathology database revealed two additional cases of disseminated toxoplasmosis in geriatric red pandas. Many organ systems were affected, but dissemination to the brain, lungs, and liver predominated. Immunohistochemistry or polymerase chain reaction was required to confirm a diagnosis in serologically positive animals, as well as in animals in which a histological diagnosis was suspected. This case series describes the clinical and pathological features of toxoplasmosis in geriatric red pandas.
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12
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Díaz-Delgado J, Kellerman TE, Auckland L, Ferro PJ, Groch KR, Gomez G, Hamer SA. Trypanosoma cruzi Genotype I and Toxoplasma gondii Co-infection in a Red-Necked Wallaby. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:52-58. [PMID: 32958148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While the health effects of trypanosomes in Australian mammals in their native range are not fully understood, there is evidence of an impact in those species introduced to other geographical regions. Here we report the pathological and molecular features of concurrent fatal trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis in an adult female captive red-necked wallaby (syn. Bennett's wallaby; Macropus rufogriseus) from Bee County, Texas, USA. The animal exhibited no clinical signs prior to sudden death. On necropsy, the main findings were generalized organ congestion and bilateral renal petechiation. Microscopically, the main finding was lymphohistiocytic and necrotizing pancarditis with intrasarcoplasmic protozoal pseudocysts containing amastigotes and occasional intrahistiocytic amastigotes, morphologically compatible with Trypanosoma cruzi, as well as rare intrasarcoplasmic protozoal tissue cysts with zoites morphologically compatible with Toxoplasma gondii. Other lesions included acute centrilobular to panlobular necrotizing hepatitis with intrahepatocellular T. gondii cysts, necrotizing splenitis, pulmonary oedema with fibrin, histiocytosis and rare fibrin microthrombi, and acute renal tubular degeneration with proteinosis and pigmented casts suggestive of haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria. Immunohistochemical labelling confirmed intralesional T. gondii cysts and molecular analyses identified T. cruzi genotype I and T. gondii. This is a unique case that, to the best of our knowledge, represents the first description of T. cruzi and T. gondii co-infection, as well as the first record of naturally occurring infection T. cruzi genotype I infection in macropodids. This case adds to the epidemiological knowledge on Chagas disease in the USA, particularly in Texas where there is a high prevalence of human and canine trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, USA.
| | | | - L Auckland
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - P J Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, USA
| | - K R Groch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - G Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, USA
| | - S A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Adriaanse K, Firestone SM, Lynch M, Rendall AR, Sutherland DR, Hufschmid J, Traub R. Comparison of the modified agglutination test and real-time PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii exposure in feral cats from Phillip Island, Australia, and risk factors associated with infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:126-133. [PMID: 32547918 PMCID: PMC7286925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is considered a disease risk for many native Australian species. Feral cats are the key definitive host of T. gondii in Australia and therefore, investigating the epidemiology of T. gondii in cat populations is essential to understanding the risk posed to wildlife. Test sensitivity and specificity are poorly defined for diagnostic tests targeting T. gondii in cats and there is a need for validated techniques. This study focused on the feral cat population on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia. We compared a novel real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol to the modified agglutination test (MAT) and used a Bayesian latent class modelling approach to assess the diagnostic parameters of each assay and estimate the true prevalence of T. gondii in feral cats. In addition, we performed multivariable logistic regression to determine risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in cats. Overall T. gondii prevalence by qPCR and MAT was 79.5% (95% confidence interval 72.6-85.0) and 91.8% (84.6-95.8), respectively. Bayesian modelling estimated the sensitivity and specificity of the MAT as 96.2% (95% credible interval 91.8-98.8) and 82.1% (64.9-93.6), and qPCR as 90.1% (83.6-95.5) and 96.0% (82.1-99.8), respectively. True prevalence of T. gondii infection in feral cats on Phillip Island was estimated as 90.3% (83.2-95.1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that T. gondii infection was positively associated with weight and this effect was modified by season. Cats trapped in winter had a high probability of infection, regardless of weight. The present study suggests qPCR applied to tissue is a highly sensitive, specific and logistically feasible tool for T. gondii testing in feral cat populations. Additionally, T. gondii infection is highly prevalent in feral cats on Phillip Island, which may have significant impacts on endemic and introduced marsupial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Adriaanse
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Zoo, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Lynch
- Melbourne Zoo, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony R Rendall
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, 3922, Australia.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Duncan R Sutherland
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, 3922, Australia
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Rebecca Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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14
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Ilha MRS, Coarsey MD. Gastric and Caecal Amoebiasis in a Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus) with Disseminated Toxoplasmosis. J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:17-21. [PMID: 31690409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year-old male red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) with an acute clinical history of lethargy, depression and increased respiratory rate was presented for necropsy examination. Gross lesions in the digestive tract were a distended stomach with watery content and multifocal raised ulcers covered by fibrinous pseudomembranes in the forestomach and caecum. On histopathology, there was necrotizing and ulcerative gastritis and typhlitis with intralesional amoebic trophozoites and Toxoplasma gondii zoites. Lesions due to T. gondii infection were observed in multiple organs and diagnosis was confirmed by fluorescent antibody test and immunohistochemistry. Both toxoplasmosis and gastric amoebiasis are diseases described in macropods. In this case report, we describe concurrent disease caused by both protozoa in a red kangaroo. Lesions of amoebiasis were also observed in the caecum. Both toxoplasmosis and amoebiasis should be considered as differential diagnoses of ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract in macropods during necropsy examination. Amoebiasis should be suspected especially when ulcerative lesions are observed in the forestomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R S Ilha
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 48 Brighton Road, Tifton, Georgia, USA.
| | - M D Coarsey
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 48 Brighton Road, Tifton, Georgia, USA
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15
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NEWLY DESCRIBED TOXOPLASMA GONDII STRAIN CAUSES HIGH MORTALITY IN RED NECKED WALLABIES (MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS) IN A ZOO. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:694-702. [PMID: 28920810 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0136.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes an outbreak of fatal toxoplasmosis in wallabies. Ten adult red necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) were imported from New Zealand to the Virginia Zoo. Agglutination testing upon admission into quarantine showed all animals to be negative for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Nine of these wallabies died from acute toxoplasmosis within 59-565 (average 224) days after being moved onto exhibit. Clinical signs included lethargy, diarrhea, tachypnea, and ataxia that progressed rapidly; death without premonitory signs occurred in one case. Histopathologic examination revealed interstitial pneumonia, encephalomyelitis, myositis, enteritis, and myocarditis. The diagnosis was confirmed through serologic, histopathologic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Multilocus PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) genotyping revealed that the first six animals were infected by a previously undiscovered Toxoplasma gondii genotype, designated as ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype No. 263. These six cases survived for an average of 118 days on exhibit before succumbing to toxoplasmosis. The other three wallabies were infected with a Toxoplasma gondii strain of ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype No. 4, which is a common strain type circulating in wild animals in North America. These three cases survived for an average of 435 days on exhibit before succumbing to toxoplasmosis. The outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in these wallabies are likely from two different sources. Furthermore, the results highlight Toxoplasma gondii PCR-RFLP genotyping in parasite diagnosis and understanding parasite transmission and potential mitigation procedures.
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16
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Castello A, Bruschetta G, Giunta RP, Marino AMF, Ferlazzo AM. The effect of Toxoplasma gondii on plasma serotonin concentration in sheep. Vet World 2018; 11:1500-1505. [PMID: 30532508 PMCID: PMC6247880 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1500-1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that commonly infects warm-blooded animals, including humans. Virtually all species can be infected, but a species-specific variability is evident, in terms of both type and severity of the symptoms encountered. As serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) plays an important regulatory role in both physiological and immune responses, the aim of this research was to assess whether toxoplasmosis disease could affect plasma 5-HT concentration and/or hematochemical parameters in a particularly susceptible species to infection as sheep. Materials and Methods 5-HT plasma levels were analyzed in platelet-poor plasma fraction by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood count and hematochemical parameters were evaluated. Total proteins (TPs), glucose (Glu), and lactate dehydrogenase were determined by a spectrophotometer. Results Results showed significantly higher levels in plasma 5-HT, monocytes, and TP and significantly lower levels of Glu, in infected sheep compared to the control group. Conclusion Results could support the hypothesis of an effect of toxoplasmosis infection on plasma 5-HT concentrations in sheep. More research is needed to assess the function of 5-HT in the regulation of infected sheep's immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Castello
- Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (Ce.Tox) - Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily (IZS), Via Passo Gravina 195, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Renato Paolo Giunta
- Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (Ce.Tox) - Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily (IZS), Via Passo Gravina 195, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fausta Marino
- Italian National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (Ce.Tox) - Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily (IZS), Via Passo Gravina 195, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alida Maria Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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17
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Watson MK, Papich MG, Chinnadurai SK. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous clindamycin phosphate in captive Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:682-686. [PMID: 28568310 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin, a lincosamide antibiotic, in Bennett's wallabies. The pharmacokinetic properties of a single intravenous (IV) dose of clindamycin were determined in six wallabies. A single 20-min IV infusion of 20 mg/kg of clindamycin was administered, followed by blood collection prior to, and up to 12 hr after clindamycin administration. Plasma clindamycin concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using a two-compartment model with first order elimination which best fit the data. The mean volume of distribution at steady-state, distribution half-life, and elimination half-life were 898.25 ml/kg, 0.16 hr, 1.79 hr, respectively. No adverse effects were noted after IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Watson
- Illinois Zoological and Aquatic Animal Medicine Residency Program, Urbana, IL, USA.,Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - M G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - S K Chinnadurai
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, USA
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18
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Díaz-Ayala N, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Cabello-Araya C, Carvallo-Chaigneau F. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and a Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) in captivity. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:523-526. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Toxoplasmosis is an infectious, zoonotic and parasitic disease, caused by Toxoplasma gondii. In this manucript, two cases of infection with T. gondii in captive animals from a zoological park in the central region of Chile are described. One case was a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), which is highly susceptible to the infection, and the other was a Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum), a rodent in which there is no previous report of the infection. Both animals had myocarditis, with the presence of intralesional tachizoites and cysts suggestive of infection with T. gondii. This infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in both animals. The origin of the infection is unknown, but it is likely that free ranging domestic felines were associated with the dissemination of the parasites. This highlights the importance of controlling the domestic animal populations in zoological parks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that T. gondii infection is described in a Patagonian mara, adding a new host for this infectious agent.
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López Acosta GLK, Peña J, Brieva CI. INFECCIÓN POR PROTOZOARIOS EN INDIVIDUOS DE TITÍ BEBE LECHE (<i>S. fuscicollis</i>), TITÍ CABEZA BLANCA (<i>S. oedipus</i>), TITÍ ARDILLA (<i>S. sciureus</i>), SURICATA (<i>S. suricatta</i>) Y WALLABIE (<i>M. rufogriseus</i>). REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v61n2.44678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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20
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Giannitti F, Schapira A, Anderson M, Clothier K. Suppurative otitis and ascending meningoencephalitis associated with Bacteroides tectus and Porphyromonas gulae in a captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) with toxoplasmosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:683-8. [PMID: 25057163 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714543676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old female Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) at a zoo in California developed acute ataxia and left-sided circling. Despite intensive care, clinical signs progressed to incoordination and prostration, and the animal was euthanized. At necropsy, the left tympanic cavity was filled with homogeneous suppurative exudate that extended into the cranium expanding the meninges and neuroparenchyma in the lateral and ventral aspect of the caudal ipsilateral brainstem and medulla oblongata. Microscopically, the brainstem showed regional severe suppurative meningoencephalitis with large numbers of neutrophils, fewer macrophages, and lymphocytes admixed with fibrin, necrotic cellular debris, hemorrhage, and mineralization, with numerous intralesional Gram-negative bacilli. Bacteroides spp. and Porphyromonas spp. were isolated on anaerobic culture from the meninges, and the bacteria were further characterized by partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing as Bacteroides tectus and Porphyromonas gulae. Bacterial aerobic culture from the meninges yielded very low numbers of mixed flora and Proteus spp., which were considered contaminants. Culture of Mycoplasma spp. from middle ear and meninges was negative. Additionally, Toxoplasma gondii cysts were detected by immunohistochemistry in the heart and brain, and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in serum. The genera Bacteroides and Porphyromonas have been associated with oral disease in marsupials; but not with otitis and meningoencephalitis. The results of the present work highlight the importance of performing anaerobic cultures in the diagnostic investigation of cases of suppurative otitis and meningoencephalitis in macropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
| | - Andrea Schapira
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
| | - Mark Anderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
| | - Kristin Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
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21
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Libório AB, Silva GB, Silva CGCH, Lima Filho FJC, Studart Neto A, Okoba W, de Bruin VMS, Araújo SMHA, Daher EF. Hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:558-63. [PMID: 23146154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no reports on hyponatremia and acute kidney injury (AKI) involved in the course of HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). The main objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of hyponatremia and its relationship with AKI and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study on patients with HIV-related TE. AKI was considered only when the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage) criterion was met, after the patient was admitted. RESULTS A total of 92 patients were included, with a mean age of 36±9 years. Hyponatremia at admission was observed in 43 patients (46.7%), with AKI developing in 25 (27.1%) patients during their hospitalization. Sulfadiazine was the treatment of choice in 81% of the cases. Death occurred in 13 cases (14.1%). Low serum sodium level correlated directly with AKI and mortality. Male gender (OR 7.89, 95% CI 1.22-50.90, p = 0.03) and hyponatremia at admission (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.22-18.30, p = 0.02) were predictors for AKI. Independent risk factors for death were AKI (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.4-48.2, p < 0.0001) and hyponatremia (OR 9.9, 95% CI 1.2-96.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION AKI and hyponatremia are frequent in TE. Hyponatremia on admission is highly associated with AKI and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Libório
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Sós E, Szigeti A, Fok É, Molnár V, Erdélyi K, Perge E, Biksi I, Gál J. Toxoplasmosis in Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) in the Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden (2006-2010). Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:361-70. [PMID: 22903081 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Smaller macropodid species (commonly referred to as wallabies) are extremely susceptible to toxoplasmosis: in most cases, infection with Toxoplasma gondii leads to death within a short time. Between June 2006 and July 2010, T. gondii was detected by immunohistochemical examination in six Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) that died in the Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden; in another four specimens histopathology revealed T. gondii-like organisms (which could not be differentiated from Neospora caninum solely by morphology), and in another 11 animals toxoplasmosis as the possible cause of death could not be excluded. The current zoo population of 12 Tammar wallabies was tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT), with negative results. We suppose that most of the deaths were due to acute toxoplasmosis resulting from a recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Sós
- 1 Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden Állatkerti krt. 6-12 H-1146 Budapest Hungary
| | - Alexandra Szigeti
- 2 Szent István University Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Hungary
| | - Éva Fok
- 2 Szent István University Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Hungary
| | - Viktor Molnár
- 1 Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden Állatkerti krt. 6-12 H-1146 Budapest Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- 3 Central Agricultural Office Laboratory of Domestic Mammal and Wildlife Diseases, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Budapest Hungary
| | - Edina Perge
- 4 Matrix Histological Service Budapest Hungary
| | - Imre Biksi
- 4 Matrix Histological Service Budapest Hungary
| | - János Gál
- 5 Szent István University Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Hungary
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Cronstedt-Fell A, Richter B, Voracek T, Kübber-Heiss A. Neosporosis in a captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma). J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:274-7. [PMID: 21689827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Neospora caninum has been diagnosed in a variety of animal species; however, reports in marsupials are rare. A captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) died suddenly and was subjected to necropsy examination. The main finding was necrotizing myocarditis associated with protozoan parasites. The protozoa were identified as N. caninum by use of immunohistochemistry and partial gene sequence analysis. Neospora and Toxoplasma should be considered a possible cause of disease in captive marsupials. Further work is required to determine whether marsupials are an accidental or terminal host of this protozoan in order to better understand the host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cronstedt-Fell
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria.
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