1
|
Popov Aleksandrov A, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Popovic D, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M, Mirkov I. Toxicology of chemical biocides: Anticoagulant rodenticides - Beyond hemostasis disturbance. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109841. [PMID: 38237840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is one of the most commonly employed management methods for pest rodents. ARs compete with vitamin K (VK) required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors in the liver, resulting in inhibition of blood coagulation and often animal death due to hemorrhage. Besides rodents (target species), ARs may affect non-target animal species and humans. Out of hemostasis disturbance, the effects of ARs may be related to the inhibition of proteins that require VK for their synthesis but are not involved in the coagulation process, to their direct cytotoxicity, and their pro-oxidant/proinflammatory activity. A survey of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these sublethal/asymptomatic AR effects is given in this review. Data from field, clinical, and experimental studies are presented. Knowledge of these mechanisms might improve hazard characterization and identification of potential ecotoxicological risks associated with ARs, contributing to a safer use of these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elliott JE, Silverthorn V, English SG, Mineau P, Hindmarch S, Thomas PJ, Lee S, Bowes V, Redford T, Maisonneuve F, Okoniewski J. Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity in Terrestrial Raptors: Tools to Estimate the Impact on Populations in North America and Globally. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38415966 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon-specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed-effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of ∑SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The ∑SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15 ng g-1 ) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2 ng g-1 ) and falcons (7.9 ng g-1 ), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32 ng g-1 ). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single-compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR-poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-11. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
- Applied Animal Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Veronica Silverthorn
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon G English
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Mineau
- Pierre Mineau Consulting, Salt Spring Island, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofi Hindmarch
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandi Lee
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Okoniewski
- Wildlife Health Unit, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delmar, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carrera A, Navas I, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Greater predisposition to second generation anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) weakened by suspected infectious disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167780. [PMID: 37865245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in wild carnivores is a current and global concern due to continuous and widespread use worldwide. We studied the prevalence of ARs in liver samples of 25 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 3 European badgers (Meles meles) and 2 genets (Genneta genneta) from Alicante (Spanish Levante region) obtained in 2021 and 2022. In addition to trauma, poisoning by pesticides is the most frequent cause of death in wild carnivores in this region. The present research aims to explain a possible association between the fact of suffering from an infectious disease and the increase in ARs concentrations in the affected animals. Both first- and second-generation ARs were analysed by HPLC/MS/TOF in liver samples. Apart from the cause of death, the influence of other variables such as age, sex and body weight were also assessed on AR liver concentrations. Potential health risks for individuals and populations in the study area have also been studied. Our research detected higher AR concentrations in the group of red foxes clinically diagnosed with infectious disease compared to the group of apparently healthy red foxes, mostly killed by trauma. Furthermore, our results lead us to suggest that red fox could be considered a good sentinel species for the risk of exposure to ARs in other wild mammals. All the livers analysed contained ARs and the most detected compounds in red fox were difenacoum, bromadiolone, brodifacoum, present in all the samples analysed, and flocoumafen (in 96 %). Additionally, 53 % of the animals had at least one second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) above the threshold value reported as triggering adverse health effects (200 ng/g). Regarding this, the level of risk in red fox in this area might be classified as high and worrying. Moreover, we suggest that individuals and populations with weakened health due to other diseases (for example, infectious or parasitic diseases) might be more prone to high exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and, very probably, would be more sensitive to suffering serious effects at lower doses of ARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Carrera
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Navas
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud El Palmar, Universidad de Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Santa Faz (Alicante), VAERSA-Servicio de Vida Silvestre, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Servicio de Toxicología y Veterinaria Forense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud El Palmar, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buckley JY, Needle DB, Royar K, Cottrell W, Tate P, Whittier C. High prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in New England Fishers (Pekania pennanti). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1348. [PMID: 37857759 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are increasingly recognized as a threat to non-target species including native wildlife. Fishers (Pekania pennanti) are generally considered deep forest inhabitants that are not expected to have high exposure to ARs. To evaluate the distribution and levels of ARs in fishers, we analyzed liver samples from fisher carcasses (N = 45) opportunistically trapped across Vermont and New Hampshire between 2018 and 2019. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect and quantify 11 different ARs in the liver tissue of each fisher at the time of trapping. All but one sample analyzed were positive for exposure to ARs, and 84% were positive for more than one type of AR. The most prevalent ARs detected were diphacinone (96%) and brodifacoum (80%). No samples had detectable levels of coumachlor, coumafuryl, difenacoum, pindone, or warfarin. These results are mostly consistent with findings for fishers in California as well as with a variety of rodent specializing avifauna throughout the Northeast USA but, show a higher prevalence of exposure and a different distribution of AR types than other studies. These results help establish current baseline exposure to ARs in fishers in the Northeast USA and suggest that ARs could pose a threat to wild mesocarnivore species in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Y Buckley
- Tufts Center for Conservation Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - David B Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick Tate
- New Hampshire Fish and Game, Concord, NH, 03301, USA
| | - Christopher Whittier
- Tufts Center for Conservation Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gomez EA, Prestridge HL, Smith JA. Anthropogenic threats to owls: Insights from rehabilitation admittance data and rodenticide screening in Texas. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289228. [PMID: 37540671 PMCID: PMC10403058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owls (Strigiformes) provide myriad ecosystem services and are sentinels for ecosystem health. However, they are at continued risk from anthropogenic threats such as vehicle collisions, entanglement with human-made materials, and exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), a widespread pesticide known to affect owls. Texas is an important region for numerous migratory and non-migratory owl species in the United States (US), yet assessments of threats owls face here are lacking preventing the development of informed conservation strategies. This study coupled assessment of admittance data from two wildlife rehabilitation centers in Texas with AR liver screening to (1) identify which species of owls are commonly admitted, (2) evaluate seasonality of admittance, and (3) assess causes of admittance for owls in Texas. Between 2010 and 2021, 1,620 owls were admitted into rehabilitation, representing eight species of which the Great-horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) was the most common. For all owls combined admittance rates were highest in the spring, driven by an influx of juveniles (n = 703, 43.40%). The leading cause of admittance amongst species was 'no apparent injury' (n = 567, 34.94%). Where clear diagnoses could be made, the leading causes of admittances were 'entrapment in human infrastructure' (n = 100, 6.11%) and 'collision with vehicles' (n = 74, 4.56%). While the admittance data did not reveal any cases of AR poisoning, liver screening demonstrated high incidences of AR exposure; of 53 owls screened for ARs, 50.94% (n = 27) tested positive with 18 showing exposure to multiple ARs. Brodifacoum was the most frequently detected AR (n = 19, 43.18%) and seven owls (25.93%) tested positive within lethal ranges. Our results suggest that owls in Texas are at risk from myriad anthropogenic threats and face high exposure rates to ARs. In doing so, our results can inform conservation strategies that mitigate anthropogenic threats faced by owls in Texas and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eres A Gomez
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heather L Prestridge
- Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Buck JA. Anticoagulant rodenticides are associated with increased stress and reduced body condition of avian scavengers in the Pacific Northwest. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121899. [PMID: 37244534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have been used globally to manage commensal rodents for decades. However their application has also resulted in primary, secondary, and tertiary poisoning in wildlife. Widespread exposure to ARs (primarily second generation ARs; SGARs) in raptors and avian scavengers has triggered considerable conservation concern over their potential effects on populations. To identify risk to extant raptor and avian scavenger populations in Oregon and potential future risk to the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) flock recently established in northern California, we assessed AR exposure and physiological responses in two avian scavenger species (common ravens [Corvus corax] and turkey vultures [Cathartes aura]) throughout Oregon between 2013 and 2019. AR exposure was widespread with 51% (35/68) of common ravens and 86% (63/73) of turkey vultures containing AR residues. The more acutely toxic SGAR brodifacoum was present in 83% and 90% of AR exposed common ravens and turkey vultures. The odds of AR exposure in common ravens were 4.7-fold higher along the coastal region compared to interior Oregon. For common ravens and turkey vultures that were exposed to ARs, respectively, 54% and 56% had concentrations that exceeded the 5% probability of toxicosis (>20 ng/g ww; Thomas et al., 2011), and 20% and 5% exceeded the 20% probability of toxicosis (>80 ng/g ww; Thomas et al., 2011). Common ravens exhibited a physiological response to AR exposure with fecal corticosterone metabolites increasing with sum ARs (ΣAR) concentrations. Both female common raven and turkey vultures' body condition was negatively correlated with increasing ΣAR concentrations. Our results suggest avian scavengers in Oregon are experiencing extensive AR exposure and the newly established population of California condors in northern California will likely experience similar AR exposure if they feed in southern Oregon. Understanding the sources of ARs across the landscape is an important first step in reducing or eliminating AR exposure in avian scavengers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Herring
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jeremy A Buck
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office, Portland, OR, 97266, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Wolstenholme R, Welch A, West C, Rattner BA. Collateral damage: Anticoagulant rodenticides pose threats to California condors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119925. [PMID: 35988680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are widespread environmental contaminants that pose risks to scavenging birds because they routinely occur within their prey and can cause secondary poisoning. However, little is known about AR exposure in one of the rarest avian scavengers in the world, the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus). We assessed AR exposure in California condors and surrogate turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to gauge potential hazard to a proposed future condor flock by determining how application rate and environmental factors influence exposure. Additionally, we examined whether ARs might be correlated with prolonged blood clotting time and potential mortality in condors. Only second-generation ARs (SGARs) were detected, and exposure was detected in all condor flocks. Liver AR residues were detected in 42% of the condors (27 of 65) and 93% of the turkey vultures (66 of 71). Although concentrations were generally low (<10 ng/g ww), 48% of the California condors and 64% of the turkey vultures exposed to ARs exceeded the 5% probability of exhibiting signs of toxicosis (>20 ng/g ww), and 10% and 13% exceeded the 20% probability of exhibiting signs toxicosis (>80 ng/g ww). There was evidence of prolonged blood clotting time in 16% of the free-flying condors. For condors, there was a relationship between the interaction of AR exposure index (legal use across regions where condors existed) and precipitation, and the probability of detecting ARs in liver. Exposure to ARs may complicate recovery efforts of condor populations within their current range and in the soon to be established northern California experimental population. Continued monitoring of AR exposure using plasma blood clotting assays and residue analysis would allow for an improved understanding of their hazard to condors, particularly if paired with recent movement data that could elucidate exposure sources on the landscape occupied by this endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Herring
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Rachel Wolstenholme
- Pinnacles National Park, Paicines, CA, 95043, USA; Current: National Park Service, Interior Regions 8, 9, 10, & 12, San Francisco, CA, 94104, USA
| | - Alacia Welch
- Pinnacles National Park, Paicines, CA, 95043, USA
| | - Chris West
- Yurok Tribe Wildlife Department, Klamath, CA, 95548, USA
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cummings CO, Eisenbarth J, deLaforcade A. Viscoelastic Coagulation Testing in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:597-612. [PMID: 36122942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Whole blood viscoelastic coagulation testing (VCT) allows global assessment of hemostasis and fibrinolysis. Although not widely used in exotic animal practice, VCT has been used in exotic animal research settings. Differences in patient demographics and analytical variables can result in dramatically different results with the same analyzer. To improve the utility of VCT in exotic animal medicine, standardization of protocols is necessary to facilitate the establishment of reference intervals. Despite these challenges, the quantitative/qualitative nature of VCT has already proved its real-world value to some clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 35 Kneeland Street Suite 8, Boston, MA 0211, USA.
| | - Jessica Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Armelle deLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ravindran S, Noor HM, Salim H. Anticoagulant rodenticide use in oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia and hazard assessment to non-target animals. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:976-997. [PMID: 35699849 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used worldwide for the control of rodent pests and are the main method of control of rat pest populations in agricultural areas. The main aim of this review is to discuss the risk of ARs to non-target wildlife in oil palm areas in Southeast Asia, mainly Indonesia and Malaysia. We discussed AR use in oil palm areas and toxicities of ARs on target and non-target animals. We also reviewed published literature on wildlife species reported in oil palm areas in Southeast Asia and utilizing this information, we assessed the hazard risk of ARs to non-target wildlife in oil palm plantations. ARs are a secondary exposure hazard to rodent-consuming mammalian carnivores, such as leopard cats and civets, and rodent-consuming raptors, such as barn owls. Consumption of dead poisoned prey puts scavengers, such as water monitors, at high risk for AR exposure. Domestic livestock and granivorous birds are at high risk for AR exposure via primary exposure to toxic bait, while omnivores such as macaques and wild pigs are at moderate risk for both primary and secondary exposure to ARs. The effects of ARs on barn owls have been well studied in the field and in laboratory secondary toxicity studies. Thus, the nest-box occupancy and reproductive parameters of local barn owl populations can be monitored as an indicator of the AR exposure level in the area. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: No clinical trials were involved in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakinah Ravindran
- Barn Owl and Rodent Research Group (BORG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hafidzi Mohd Noor
- Plant Protection Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasber Salim
- Barn Owl and Rodent Research Group (BORG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Vector Control and Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hopf-Dennis C, Kaye S, Hollingshead N, Brooks M, Bunting E, Abou-Madi N. Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and utility of clotting time assays to detect coagulopathy. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:919-932. [PMID: 35622198 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) continue to be used across the United States as a method for controlling pest rodent species. As a consequence, wild birds of prey are exposed to these toxicants by eating poisoned prey items. ARs prevent the hepatic recycling of vitamin K and thereby impede the post-translational processing of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X that are required for procoagulant complex assembly. Through this mechanism of action, ARs cause hemorrhage and death in their target species. Various studies have documented the persistence of these contaminants in birds of prey but few have attempted to use affordable and accessible diagnostic tests to diagnose coagulopathy in free-ranging birds of prey. In our study free-ranging red-tailed hawks were found to be exposed to difethialone and brodifacoum. Eleven of sixteen (68%) livers tested for AR exposure had detectable residues. Difethialone was found in 1/16 (6%), and brodifacoum was detected in 10/16 (62%) liver samples that were tested for rodenticide residues. Difethialone was found at a concentration of 0.18 ug/g wet weight and brodifacoum concentrations ranged from 0.003-0.234 ug/g wet weight. Two out of 34 (6%) RTHA assessed for blood rodenticide had brodifacoum in serum with measured concentrations of 0.003 and 0.006 ug/g. The range of clotting times in the prothrombin time (PT) and Russell's viper venom time assays for control RTHA were 16.7 to 39.7 s and 11.5 to 91.8 s, respectively. One study bird was diagnosed with clinical AR intoxication with a brodifacoum levels in blood of 0.006 and 0.234 ug/g wet weight in blood and liver respectively, a packed cell volume (PCV) of 19%, and PT and RVVT times of >180 s. No correlation was found between PT and RVVT in the control or free-range RTHA, and there was no relationship found between the presence of liver anticoagulant residues and clotting times in the PT and RVVT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hopf-Dennis
- Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Sarrah Kaye
- Staten Island Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island, NY, 10310, USA
| | - Nicholas Hollingshead
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Marjory Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bunting
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Noha Abou-Madi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I, Benoit E, Buronfosse-Roque F, Orabi P, Rattner BA, Lattard V. Exposure of predatory and scavenging birds to anticoagulant rodenticides in France: Exploration of data from French surveillance programs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151291. [PMID: 34748846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wild raptors are widely used to assess exposure to different environmental contaminants, including anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). ARs are used on a global scale for rodent control, and act by disruption of the vitamin K cycle that results in haemorrhage usually accompanied by death within days. Some ARs are highly persistent and bioaccumulative, which can cause significant exposure of non-target species. We characterized AR exposure in a heterogeneous sample of dead raptors collected over 12 years (2008-2019) in south-eastern France. Residue analysis of 156 liver samples through LC-MS/MS revealed that 50% (78/156) were positive for ARs, with 13.5% (21/156) having summed second-generation AR (SGAR) concentrations >100 ng/g ww. While SGARs were commonly detected (97.4% of positive samples), first-generation ARs were rarely found (7.7% of positive samples). ARs were more frequently detected and at greater concentration in predators (prevalence: 82.5%) than in scavengers (38.8%). Exposure to multiple ARs was common (64.1% of positive samples). While chlorophacinone exposure decreased over time, an increasing exposure trend was observed for the SGAR brodifacoum, suggesting that public policies may not be efficient at mitigating risk of exposure for non-target species. Haemorrhage was observed in 88 birds, but AR toxicosis was suspected in only 2 of these individuals, and no difference in frequency of haemorrhage was apparent in birds displaying summed SGAR levels above or below 100 ng/g ww. As for other contaminants, 17.2% of liver samples (11/64) exhibited Pb levels compatible with sub-clinical poisoning (>6 μg/g dw), with 6.3% (4/64) above the threshold for severe/lethal poisoning (>30 μg/g dw). Nine individuals with Pb levels >6 μg/g dw also had AR residues, demonstrating exposure to multiple contaminants. Broad toxicological screening for other contaminants was positive for 18 of 126 individuals, with carbofuran and mevinphos exposure being the suspected cause of death of 17 birds. Our findings demonstrate lower but still substantial AR exposure of scavenging birds compared to predatory birds, and also illustrate the complexity of diagnosing AR toxicosis through forensic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg-Anne Moriceau
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France; CNITV, VetAgro Sup, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | | | - Pascal Orabi
- French Bird Protection League (LPO France), France
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodriguez P, Paul-Murphy JR, Knych HK, Drazenovich TL, Hawkins MG. Pharmacokinetics of grapiprant administered to red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis) after food was withheld for 24 hours. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:912-919. [PMID: 34669491 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.11.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an oral dose of grapiprant for red-tailed hawks (RTHAs; Buteo jamaicensis) that would achieve a plasma concentration > 164 ng/mL, which is considered therapeutic for dogs with osteoarthritis. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult RTHAs. PROCEDURES A preliminary study, in which grapiprant (4 mg/kg [n = 2], 11 mg/kg [2], or 45 mg/kg [2]) was delivered into the crop of RTHAs from which food had been withheld for 24 hours, was performed to obtained pharmacokinetic data for use with modeling software to simulate results for grapiprant doses of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mg/kg. Simulation results directed our selection of the grapiprant dose administered to the RTHAs in a single-dose study. Plasma grapiprant concentration, body weight, and gastrointestinal signs of RTHAs were monitored. RESULTS On the basis of results from the preliminary study and simulations, a grapiprant dose of 30 mg/kg was used in the single-dose study. The geometric mean maximum observed plasma concentration of grapiprant was 3,184 ng/mL, time to maximum plasma grapiprant concentration was 2.0 hours, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 17.1 hours. No substantial adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the single dose of grapiprant (30 mg/kg) delivered into the crop achieved plasma concentrations > 164 ng/mL in the RTHAs, it was unknown whether this concentration would be therapeutic for birds. Further research that incorporates multidose assessments, safety monitoring, and pharmacodynamic data collection is warranted on the use of grapiprant in RTHAs from which food was withheld versus not withheld.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodriguez
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Heather K Knych
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tracy L Drazenovich
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Red-Tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) from New York City, New York, USA, 2012-18. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:162-167. [PMID: 33635971 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-19-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR), principally difethialone, brodifacoum, and bromadiolone, were detected in the livers of 89% of 72 Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) from New York City, New York, US examined for cause of death over a 7-yr period (January 2012-December 2018). Fatal hemorrhage likely attributable to AR exposure was diagnosed in 41% (30/74) of cases, and 46% (18/39) of the cases analyzed with no gross evidence of AR-mediated hemorrhage had liver concentrations of AR that overlapped those with an AR-poisoning diagnosis. Although urban areas like New York City can support surprisingly dense populations of Red-tailed Hawks, the threat posed by extensive use of AR can be large.
Collapse
|
14
|
Niedringhaus KD, Nemeth NM, Gibbs S, Zimmerman J, Shender L, Slankard K, Fenton H, Charlie B, Dalton MF, Elsmo EJ, Poppenga R, Millsap B, Ruder MG. Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246134. [PMID: 33826627 PMCID: PMC8026043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Raptors, including eagles, are geographically widespread and sit atop the food chain, thereby serving an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. After facing population declines associated with exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have recovered from the brink of extinction. However, both bald and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are exposed to a variety of other toxic compounds in the environment that could have population impacts. Few studies have focused on anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in eagles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the types of ARs that eagles are exposed to in the USA and better define the extent of toxicosis (i.e., fatal illness due to compound exposure). Diagnostic case records from bald and golden eagles submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (University of Georgia) 2014 through 2018 were reviewed. Overall, 303 eagles were examined, and the livers from 116 bald eagles and 17 golden eagles were tested for ARs. The percentage of AR exposure (i.e., detectable levels but not associated with mortality) in eagles was high; ARs were detected in 109 (82%) eagles, including 96 (83%) bald eagles and 13 (77%) golden eagles. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis was determined to be the cause of mortality in 12 (4%) of the 303 eagles examined, including 11 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle. Six different AR compounds were detected in these eagles, with brodifacoum and bromadiolone most frequently detected (81% and 25% of eagles tested, respectively). These results suggest that some ARs, most notably brodifacoum, are widespread in the environment and are commonly consumed by eagles. This highlights the need for research to understand the pathways of AR exposure in eagles, which may help inform policy and regulatory actions to mitigate AR exposure risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Niedringhaus
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Samantha Gibbs
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Chiefland, FL, United States of America
| | - Jared Zimmerman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lisa Shender
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Kate Slankard
- Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, KY, United States of America
| | - Heather Fenton
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Bahnson Charlie
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Martha Frances Dalton
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Elsmo
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Robert Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian Millsap
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Albuquerque, New MX, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rattner BA, Harvey JJ. Challenges in the interpretation of anticoagulant rodenticide residues and toxicity in predatory and scavenging birds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:604-610. [PMID: 33052019 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are part of the near billion-dollar rodenticide industry. Numerous studies have documented the presence of ARs in nontarget wildlife, with evidence of repeated exposure to second-generation ARs. While birds are generally less sensitive to ARs than target rodent species, in some locations predatory and scavenging birds are exposed by consumption of such poisoned prey and, depending on dose and frequency of exposure, exhibit effects of intoxication that can result in death. Evidence of hemorrhage in conjunction with summed hepatic AR residues >0.1-0.2 mg kg-1 liver wet weight are often used as criteria to diagnose ARs as the likely cause of death. In this review focusing on birds of prey and scavengers, we discuss AR potency, coagulopathy, toxicokinetics and long-lasting effects of residues, and the role of nutrition and vitamin K status on toxicity, and identify some research needs. A more complete understanding of the factors affecting AR toxicity in nontarget wildlife could enable regulators and natural resource managers to better predict and even mitigate risk. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barnett A Rattner
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joel J Harvey
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rached A, Moriceau MA, Serfaty X, Lefebvre S, Lattard V. Biomarkers Potency to Monitor Non-target Fauna Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:616276. [PMID: 33426034 PMCID: PMC7785832 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.616276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides to control agricultural pests is a hot topic on the public scene of environmental health. Selective pest control for minimum environmental impact is a major goal of the environmental toxicology field, notably to avoid unintended poisoning in different organisms. Anticoagulant rodenticides cause abnormal blood coagulation process; they have been widely used to control rodents, allowing inadvertent primary and secondary exposure in domestic animals and non-target predatory wildlife species through direct ingestion of rodenticide-containing bait or by consumption of poisoned prey. To report toxic effect, the most common approach is the measurement of liver or plasma residues of anticoagulant rodenticides in dead or intoxicated animals showing clinical symptoms. However, one major challenge is that literature currently lacks a hepatic or plasma concentration threshold value for the differentiation of exposure from toxicity. Regarding the variation in pharmacology properties of anticoagulant rodenticides inter- and intra-species, the dose-response relationship must be defined for each species to prejudge the relative risk of poisoning. Beyond that, biomarkers are a key solution widely used for ecological risk assessment of contaminants. Since anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have toxic effects at the biochemical level, biomarkers can serve as indicators of toxic exposure. In this sense, toxicological knowledge of anticoagulant rodenticides within organisms is an important tool for defining sensitive, specific, and suitable biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview of the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic parameters of anticoagulant rodenticides in different animal species. We examine different types of biomarkers used to characterize and differentiate the exposure and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticide, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the assays. Finally, we describe possible new biomarkers and highlight their capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
White JH, Brown JL, Ormsby ZE. A multiscale assessment of Red-tailed Hawk reproductive success relative to urban density and habitat type. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the unique threats to wildlife in urban areas, many raptors have established successfully reproducing urban populations. To identify variations in raptor breeding ecology within an urban area, we compared metrics of Red-tailed Hawk reproductive attempts to landscape characteristics in Reno and Sparks, NV, USA during the 2015 and 2016 breeding seasons. We used the Apparent Nesting Success and logistic exposure methods to measure nesting success of the Red-tailed Hawks. We used generalized linear models to relate nesting success and fledge rate to habitat type, productivity to hatch date (Julian day) and hatch date to urban density. Nesting success was 86% and 83% for the respective years. Nesting success increased in grassland-agricultural and shrub habitats and decreased in riparian habitat within the urban landscape. Productivity was 2.23 and 2.03 per nest for the breeding seasons. Fledge rates were 72% and 77%, respectively, and decreased in riparian areas. Nestlings hatched earlier with increased urban density and earliest in suburban areas, following a negative quadratic curve. Nesting success and productivity for this population were high relative to others in North America. Productivity increased in habitats where ground prey was more accessible. We suggest that suburban areas, if not frequently disturbed, provide sufficient resources to sustain Red-tailed Hawks over extended periods. As urban expansion continues in arid environments globally, we stress that researchers monitor reproductive output across the urban predator guild to elucidate patterns in population dynamics and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin H White
- Department of Earth Science, Utah Valley University, 800 W. University Parkway, MS 179, Orem, UT 84097, USA
| | - Jessi L Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS 0314, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Zachary E Ormsby
- Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 901 S. Stewart St., Carson City, NV 89701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Valverde I, Espín S, Gómez-Ramírez P, Navas I, Sánchez-Virosta P, Torres-Chaparro MY, Jiménez P, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Temporal Persistence of Bromadiolone in Decomposing Bodies of Common Kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus). TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040098. [PMID: 33171863 PMCID: PMC7711720 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) used to control pest rodents worldwide. SGARs are frequently involved in secondary poisoning in rodent predators due to their persistence and toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the persistence of bromadiolone in liver at different stages of carcass decomposition in experimentally-dosed common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) to understand the possibility of detecting bromadiolone in cases of wildlife poisoning and the potential risk of tertiary poisoning. Twelve individuals were divided into the bromadiolone-dose group (dosed with 55 mg/kg b.w) and the control group. Hepatic bromadiolone concentrations found in each stage of decomposition were: 3000, 2891, 4804, 4245, 8848, and 756 ng/g dry weight at 1–2 h (fresh carcass), 24 h (moderate decomposition), 72 h, 96 h (advanced decomposition), seven days (very advanced decomposition), and 15 days (initial skeletal reduction) after death, respectively. Liver bromadiolone concentrations in carcasses remained relatively stable over the first four days and raised on day 7 of decomposition under the specific conditions of this experiment, presenting a risk of causing tertiary poisoning. However, at the initial skeletal reduction stage, liver bromadiolone concentration declined, which should be considered to interpret toxicological analyses and for proper diagnosis. This experimental study provides for the first time some light to better understand the degradation of SGARs in carcasses in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valverde
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Silvia Espín
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (A.J.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-868884317 (S.E.); +34-868887021 (A.J.G.-F.)
| | - Pilar Gómez-Ramírez
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Isabel Navas
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - María Y. Torres-Chaparro
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Pedro Jiménez
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
- Santa-Faz Wildlife Recovery Center, Consellería de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Emergencia Climática y Transición Ecológica, Alicante, 03559 Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
| | - Antonio J. García-Fernández
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (A.J.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-868884317 (S.E.); +34-868887021 (A.J.G.-F.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murray M. Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2325-2335. [PMID: 33405327 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies (2006-2016) in birds of prey admitted to a wildlife clinic in Massachusetts, USA, revealed widespread exposure to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) among red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis, RTHAs). Continued monitoring of species for which historic data are available can reveal trends in exposure that aid in evaluating the effectiveness of risk-mitigation measures. While the majority of exposure-monitoring studies utilize liver tissue collected postmortem, antemortem modalities, such as serum analysis, may be desirable for risk assessments in certain populations. However, the sensitivity of serum for detecting anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is not well studied. Paired liver and serum samples from 43 RTHAs were evaluated from 2017 to 2019. In liver tissue, 100% of birds were positive for ARs, with the SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone identified most frequently; 91% of birds had liver residues of 2 to 4 ARs. These findings represent the highest exposure both to ARs overall and to multiple ARs in RTHAs compared to previous studies. All birds diagnosed with AR toxicosis (n = 14) were positive for ARs in serum; however, all subclinically exposed birds (n = 29) were negative in serum. These data show that exposure to SGARs remains widespread in RTHAs in this geographic area. In addition, although serum analysis is not sensitive for detecting sublethal exposures in RTHAs, it can potentially support a diagnosis of AR toxicosis in conjunction with other consistent signs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2325-2335. © 2020 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murray
- Tufts Wildlife Clinic, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rattner BA, Volker SF, Lankton JS, Bean TG, Lazarus RS, Horak KE. Brodifacoum Toxicity in American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) with Evidence of Increased Hazard on Subsequent Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:468-481. [PMID: 31707739 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A seminal question in ecotoxicology is the extent to which contaminant exposure evokes prolonged effects on physiological function and fitness. A series of studies were undertaken with American kestrels ingesting environmentally realistic concentrations of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) brodifacoum. Kestrels fed brodifacoum at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 µg/g diet wet weight for 7 d exhibited dose-dependent hemorrhage, histopathological lesions, and coagulopathy (prolonged prothrombin and Russell's viper venom times). Following termination of a 7-d exposure to 0.5 µg brodifacoum/g diet, prolonged blood clotting time returned to baseline values within 1 wk, but brodifacoum residues in liver and kidney persisted during the 28-d recovery period (terminal half-life estimates >50 d). To examine the hazard of sequential anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure, kestrels were exposed to either the first-generation AR chlorophacinone (1.5 µg/g diet) or the SGAR brodifacoum (0.5 µg/g diet) for 7 d and, following a recovery period, challenged with a low dose of chlorophacinone (0.75 µg/g diet) for 7 d. In brodifacoum-exposed kestrels, the challenge exposure clearly prolonged prothrombin time compared to naive controls and kestrels previously exposed to chlorophacinone. These data provide evidence that the SGAR brodifacoum may have prolonged effects that increase the toxicity of subsequent AR exposure. Because free-ranging predatory and scavenging wildlife are often repeatedly exposed to ARs, such protracted toxicological effects need to be considered in hazard and risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:468-481. © 2020 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barnett A Rattner
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven F Volker
- National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia S Lankton
- National Wildlife Health Center, US Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas G Bean
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca S Lazarus
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hong SY, Morrissey C, Lin HS, Lin KS, Lin WL, Yao CT, Lin TE, Chan FT, Sun YH. Frequent detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in raptors sampled in Taiwan reflects government rodent control policy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1051-1058. [PMID: 31326797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are known to cause extensive secondary exposure in top predators in Europe and North America, but there remains a paucity of data in Asia. In this study, we collected 221 liver samples from 21 raptor species in Taiwan between 2010 and 2018. Most birds were recovered from rescue organizations, but some free-ranging individuals were obtained from bird-strike prevention measures at airports. ARs were detected in 10 species and more than half of the total samples. Common rodent-eating Black-winged Kites (Elanus caeruleus) had the highest prevalence (89.2%) and highest average sum concentration (0.211 ± 0.219 mg/kg), which was similar between free-ranging birds at airports and injured birds from rescue organizations. Scavenging Black Kites (Milvus migrans) and snake-eating Crested Serpent-eagles (Spilornis cheela) had the second highest prevalence or sum concentration, respectively. Seven different AR compounds were detected, of which brodifacoum was the most common and had the highest average concentration, followed by flocoumafen and bromadiolone. The frequency of occurrence in the three most numerous species (Black-winged Kite, Crested Goshawk [Accipiter trivirgatus], and Collared Scops-owl [Otus lettia]) was significantly higher in autumn than summer, which is consistent with the timing of the Taiwanese government's supply of free ARs to farmers. Regional differences in the detection of individual compounds also tended to reflect differences in human population density and use patterns (in agriculture or urban-dominated environments). Clinical poisoning was confirmed in Black Kites with sum concentrations as low as 0.026 mg/kg; however, further study of interspecific differences in AR sensitivity and potential population effects are needed. In addition, continued monitoring remains important given the Taiwanese government has modified their farmland rodent control policy to gradually reduce free AR supplies since 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiao-Yu Hong
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Christy Morrissey
- Department of Biology and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Hui-Shan Lin
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Loung Lin
- Taichung Wildlife Rescue Group, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Te Yao
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan
| | - Te-En Lin
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tse Chan
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsun Sun
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eason C, Shapiro L, Eason C, MacMorran D, Ross J. Diphacinone with cholecalciferol for controlling possums and ship rats. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2019.1657473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Eason
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Centre for Wildlife Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Lee Shapiro
- Centre for Wildlife Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Connovation Ltd., Manukau, New Zealand
| | | | | | - James Ross
- Centre for Wildlife Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hindmarch S, Rattner BA, Elliott JE. Use of blood clotting assays to assess potential anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and effects in free-ranging birds of prey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1205-1216. [PMID: 30677887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-target wildlife, particularly birds of prey, are widely exposed to and acutely poisoned by anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). An unresolved issue surrounding such exposure, however, is the potential for sublethal effects. In particular, the consequences of AR exposure and resulting coagulopathy on health and survival of unintentionally exposed animals, which often encounter a multitude of anthropogenic stressors, are understudied. In a wildlife rehabilitation setting, AR intoxication may be masked by more obvious injuries related to collision with vehicles or electrocution, thereby obfuscating proximate from ultimate cause of mortality. An assessment of coagulation function of admitted wildlife may provide a means of identifying animals exhibiting sublethal coagulopathy, and ultimately ensuring provision of appropriate and swift treatment. In conjunction with routine diagnostics for injury and disease, we performed two blood clotting assays (prothrombin time, Russell's viper venom time) affected by vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy of samples from six species of live raptors admitted to a rehabilitation facility. We also measured clotting time in pre-fledgling barn owl chicks (Tyto furcata) from 10 nest sites in Lower Mainland Canada. Prolonged clotting time or failure to form a clot altogether was observed in 23.0% of 61 sampled raptors admitted to the rehabilitation facility. This is a biologically significant proportion of individuals given the fortuitous and likely biased nature by which raptors are found and admitted to rehabilitation facilities. In contrast, there was little evidence of coagulopathy in 19 pre-fledgling barn owl chicks. The utility of avian coagulation tests for diagnosing AR exposure is promising, yet there remains a need to establish species specific reference values and standardize assay methodologies among testing facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Hindmarch
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta V4K 3N2, BC, Canada
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta V4K 3N2, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Van Sant F, Hassan SM, Reavill D, McManamon R, Howerth EW, Seguel M, Bauer R, Loftis KM, Gregory CR, Ciembor PG, Ritchie BW. Evidence of bromethalin toxicosis in feral San Francisco "Telegraph Hill" conures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213248. [PMID: 30883548 PMCID: PMC6422264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2018, four free-ranging conures, from a naturalized flock in San Francisco, presented with a characteristic set of neurologic signs that had been reported in other individuals from this flock. The cause of morbidity or mortality in historic cases has not been identified. From these four subjects, fresh feces were collected during their initial days of hospitalization and submitted to the University of Georgia Infectious Diseases Laboratory and Center for Applied Isotope Studies for bromethalin and desmethyl-bromethalin quantitation. Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, the laboratory detected bromethalin, a non-anticoagulant, single-dose rodenticide, in fecal samples from three subjects; half of these samples were also positive for desmethyl-bromethalin, bromethalin’s active metabolite. In three subjects that died, the UGA laboratory screened brain and liver samples and found bromethalin in all samples; desmethyl-bromethalin was detected in all but one brain sample, which was below the detection limit. Our findings suggest the conures are more resistant to bromethalin than are other species in which bromethalin has been studied, and/or that the conures may be ingesting the toxin at a sublethal dose. More data is needed to better assess the long-term effects of bromethalin on animals exposed at the subacute/chronic levels, and also to better understand the compartmentalization of bromethalin and desmethyl-bromethalin in a wider variety of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fern Van Sant
- For the Birds, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Sayed M Hassan
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Drury Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, California, United States of America
| | - Rita McManamon
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory and the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Bauer
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathy M Loftis
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Gregory
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paula G Ciembor
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Branson W Ritchie
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.,New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Changes in Detected Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Barn Owls ( Tyto alba) in Kentucky, USA, in 2012-16. J Wildl Dis 2018; 55:432-437. [PMID: 30289330 DOI: 10.7589/2018-03-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are widely used across North America to control rodent infestations but may cause direct mortality or nonlethal effects when secondarily consumed by raptors. Barn Owls ( Tyto alba) are at high risk for secondary consumption because they specialize in rodent prey and often live in human-made structures. We investigated the exposure of Barn Owls in Kentucky, US, to ARs and to dicoumarol, an anticoagulant compound naturally found in certain moldy forages. We tested the liver tissue of 48 Barn Owl carcasses collected during 2012-16. We confirmed exposure to one or more ARs in 33% of the birds examined and detected dicoumarol in 13% of the samples. Rodenticides detected included brodifacoum, coumachlor, and bromadiolone. The prevalence of detected exposure to brodifacoum for after-hatch-year birds (65%) was significantly ( P=0.012) higher than hatch-year birds (22%). Brodifacoum was the most commonly detected AR, found in 88% of AR-positive birds. The pesticide registration for this chemical in the US was canceled in 2015 for general consumer products, which likely resulted in a decreasing rate of detected exposure to brodifacoum during our study. We present these results as an example of secondary exposure rates during a period when a pesticide has been restricted and then removed from the consumer market.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hindmarch S, Elliott JE, Morzillo A. Rats! What triggers us to control for rodents? Rodenticide user survey in British Columbia, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2018.1479565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Hindmarch
- Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Delta, Canada
| | - John E. Elliott
- Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Delta, Canada
| | - Anita Morzillo
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sainsbury KA, Shore RF, Schofield H, Croose E, Pereira MG, Sleep D, Kitchener AC, Hantke G, McDonald RA. Long-term increase in secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides in European polecats Mustela putorius in Great Britain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:689-698. [PMID: 29438955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a result of legal protection and population recovery, European polecats (Mustela putorius) in Great Britain are expanding into areas associated with greater usage of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs). We analysed polecat livers collected from road casualties from 2013 to 2016 for residues of five SGARs. We related variation in residues to polecat traits and potential exposure pathways, by analysing stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in their whiskers. 54 of 68 (79%) polecats had detectable residues of at least one SGAR. Bromadiolone (71%) was the most frequently detected compound, followed by difenacoum (53%) and brodifacoum (35%). Applying historical limits of detection to allow comparison between these new data and previous assessments, we show that in the 25 years from 1992 to 2016 inclusive, the rate of detection of SGARs in polecats in Britain has increased by a factor of 1.7. The probability of SGAR detection was positively related to increasing values of δ15N, suggesting that polecats feeding at a higher trophic level were more likely to be exposed. Total concentrations of SGARs in polecats with detectable residues were higher in polecats collected in arable compared to pastoral habitats, and in the west compared to the east of Britain. The number of compounds detected and total concentrations of SGARs increased with polecat age. There was no evidence of regional or seasonal variation in the probability of detecting SGARs, suggesting that the current risk of exposure to SGARs does not vary seasonally and has increased (from that in the 1990s) throughout the polecat's range. We recommend quantification of current practices in rodenticide usage, particularly in the light of recent regulatory changes, to enable assessment and mitigation of the risks of secondary exposure to rodenticides in non-target wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sainsbury
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard F Shore
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Henry Schofield
- The Vincent Wildlife Trust, 3 & 4 Bronsil Courtyard, Eastnor, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 1EP, UK
| | - Elizabeth Croose
- The Vincent Wildlife Trust, 3 & 4 Bronsil Courtyard, Eastnor, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 1EP, UK
| | - M Gloria Pereira
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Darren Sleep
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Andrew C Kitchener
- National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK; Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Georg Hantke
- National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Ecological Factors Driving Uptake of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Predators. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
30
|
Secondary Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Effects on Predators. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
31
|
Ante-mortem and Post-mortem Signs of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis in Birds of Prey. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
32
|
Rattner BA, Mastrota FN. Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity to Non-target Wildlife Under Controlled Exposure Conditions. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
33
|
Murray M. Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in four species of birds of prey in Massachusetts, USA, 2012-2016, in relation to use of rodenticides by pest management professionals. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1041-1050. [PMID: 28669046 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) in the United States, which were partially implemented in 2011, prohibit the sale of SGAR products through general consumer outlets to minimize use by non-professional or non-agricultural applicators. This study analyzed liver tissue from four species of birds of prey admitted to a wildlife clinic in Massachusetts, USA, from 2012-2016 for residues of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). Ninety-four birds were analyzed; 16 were symptomatic for AR toxicosis, and 78 asymptomatic. Ninety-six percent of all birds tested were positive for SGARs: 100% of those diagnosed with AR toxicosis ante-mortem and/or post-mortem and 95% of subclinically exposed birds. Brodifacoum was found in 95% of all birds. Sixty-six percent of all birds contained residues of two or more SGARs. A significant increase in exposures to multiple SGARs occurred in later years in the study. Pesticide use reports (PURs) filed with the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources were reviewed to determine the frequency of use of different ARs by pest management professionals (PMPs) across five years. This study finds that the three SGARs favored by PMPs-bromadiolone, difethialone, brodifacoum-were present in combination in the majority of birds, with increases in multiple exposures driven by increased detections of bromadiolone and difethialone. Continued monitoring of AR residues in nontarget species following full implementation of sales and packaging restrictions in the US is needed in order to elucidate the role of PMP use of SGARs in wildlife exposures and to evaluate the effectiveness of current mitigation measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murray
- Wildlife Clinic, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Smith LL, Liang B, Booth MC, Filigenzi MS, Tkachenko A, Gaskill CL. Development and Validation of Quantitative Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6682-6691. [PMID: 28699743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used to control rodent populations; however, exposure to nontarget animals occurs. A sensitive and rugged quantitative method was developed, optimized, and validated for eight ARs in liver. Target analytes comprised two chemical classes: hydroxycoumarins (warfarin, coumachlor, dicoumarol, bromadiolone, brodifacoum, and difethialone) and indanediones (diphacinone and chlorophacinone). In this method, liver extracts were cleaned using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) to remove matrix interferences and analyzed by reverse phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Electrospray ionization in negative ion mode combined with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer provided simultaneous confirmation and quantitation. Detection limits spanned 0.75-25 ng/g, and lower quantitation limits were established as 50 ng/g. Interassay method accuracy ranged from 92 to 110% across the analytical range (50-2500 ng/g) using matrix-matched calibrants with good repeatability (relative standard deviations 2-16%). Successful method transfer to another laboratory utilizing an Orbitrap mass analyzer, providing high mass accuracy, was assessed by good method reproducibility during blinded study analyses (6-29%; Horwitz ratios (HORRAT) ≤ 1.5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori L Smith
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Laboratory, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Boying Liang
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Laboratory, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Marcia C Booth
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Toxicology Laboratory, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael S Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Toxicology Laboratory, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andriy Tkachenko
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine , 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, United States
| | - Cynthia L Gaskill
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Laboratory, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Memmott K, Murray M, Rutberg A. Use of anticoagulant rodenticides by pest management professionals in Massachusetts, USA. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:90-96. [PMID: 27933554 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary exposure to chemical rodenticides, specifically second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs), poses a threat to non-target wildlife including birds of prey. Federal regulations in the United States currently limit homeowner access to SGARs as a way of minimizing this threat. With legal access to SGARs, pest management professionals (PMPs) represent a potential linkage to non-target exposure. There is limited research focused on rodent control practices, chemical rodenticide preferences, level of concern and awareness, or opinions on rodenticide regulations as they relate to PMPs. An online survey was sent to PMP companies across Massachusetts, USA, between October and November 2015. Thirty-five responses were obtained, a 20 % response rate. The preferred rodent control method among responding PMP companies was chemical rodenticides, specifically the SGAR bromadiolone. Respondents varied in their level of concern regarding the impact of chemical rodenticides on non-target species and showed a low level of awareness regarding SGAR potency and half-life. All responding companies reported using integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, with nearly all utilizing chemical rodenticides at some point. Enhanced education focused on SGAR potency, bioaccumulation potential, exposure routes, and negative impacts on non-target wildlife may improve efforts made by PMPs to minimize risk to wildlife and decrease dependence on chemical rodenticide use. Future studies evaluating use of anticoagulant rodenticide (ARs) by PMPs and the association with AR residues found in non-target wildlife is necessary to determine if current EPA regulations need to be modified to effectively reduce the risk of SGARs to non-target wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Memmott
- Center for Animals and Public Policy, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - Maureen Murray
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Wildlife Clinic, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Allen Rutberg
- Center for Animals and Public Policy, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mortality of Western Burrowing Owls ( Athene cunicularia hypugaea) Associated with Brodifacoum Exposure. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:165-169. [PMID: 27763828 DOI: 10.7589/2015-12-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Western Burrowing Owls ( Athene cunicularia hypugaea) frequently occupy periurban areas, where they may be exposed to pest control agents. This short communication describes necropsy findings and detected brodifacoum rodenticide levels for four Western Burrowing Owls in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, US, 2013-15. Levels detected ranged from 0.077 mg/kg to 0.497 mg/kg. Brodifacoum, one of several second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides recently removed from the general consumer market, is still available for use by licensed pesticide applicators. Despite recent regulatory actions, second-generation anticoagulant pesticides continue to threaten predatory species in periurban areas.
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang AC, Elliott JE, Hindmarch S, Lee SL, Maisonneuve F, Bowes V, Cheng KM, Martin K. Increased rodenticide exposure rate and risk of toxicosis in barn owls (Tyto alba) from southwestern Canada and linkage with demographic but not genetic factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1061-1071. [PMID: 27151403 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among many anthropogenic drivers of population decline, continual rapid urbanization and industrialization pose major challenges for the survival of wildlife species. Barn owls (Tyto alba) in southwestern British Columbia (BC) face a multitude of threats ranging from habitat fragmentation to vehicle strikes. They are also at risk from secondary poisoning of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs), a suite of toxic compounds which at high doses results in a depletion of blood clotting factors leading to internal bleeding and death. Here, using long-term data (N = 119) for the hepatic residue levels of SGAR, we assessed the risk of toxicosis from SGAR for the BC barn owl population over the past two decades. We also investigated whether sensitivity to SGAR is associated with genetic factors, namely Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) found in the CYP2C45 gene of barn owls. We found that residue concentration for total SGAR was significantly higher in 2006-2013 (141 ng/g) relative to 1992-2003 (57 ng/g). The proportion of owls exposed to multiple SGAR types was also significantly higher in 2006-2013. Those measures accordingly translate directly into an increase in toxicosis risk level. We also detected demographic differences, where adult females showed on average lower concentration of total SGAR (64 ng/g) when compared to adult males (106 ng/g). Juveniles were overall more likely to show signs of toxicosis than adults (33.3 and 6.9 %, respectively), and those symptoms were positively predicted by SGAR concentrations. We found no evidence that SNPs in the CYP2C45 gene of barn owls were associated with intraspecific variation in SGAR sensitivity. We recommend several preventative measures be taken to minimize wildlife exposure to SGAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Huang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sofi Hindmarch
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Sandi L Lee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Environment Canada (Science and Technology Branch), National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd, Abbotsford, BC, V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kathy Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (Science and Technology Branch), 5421 Robertson Rd, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Elliott JE, Rattner BA, Shore RF, Van Den Brink NW. Paying the Pipers: Mitigating the Impact of Anticoagulant Rodenticides on Predators and Scavengers. Bioscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
39
|
|
40
|
Geduhn A, Esther A, Schenke D, Gabriel D, Jacob J. Prey composition modulates exposure risk to anticoagulant rodenticides in a sentinel predator, the barn owl. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:150-7. [PMID: 26657360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, small rodents are main prey items for many mammalian and avian predators. Some rodent species have pest potential and are managed with anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). ARs are consumed by target and non-target small mammals and can lead to secondary exposure of predators. The development of appropriate risk mitigation strategies is important and requires detailed knowledge of AR residue pathways. From July 2011 to October 2013 we collected 2397 regurgitated barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets to analyze diet composition of owls on livestock farms in western Germany. 256 of them were fresh pellets that were collected during brodifacoum baiting. Fresh pellets and 742 liver samples of small mammals that were trapped during baiting in the same area were analyzed for residues of ARs. We calculated exposure risk of barn owls to ARs by comparing seasonal diet composition of owls with AR residue patterns in prey species. Risk was highest in autumn, when barn owls increasingly preyed on Apodemus that regularly showed AR residues, sometimes at high concentrations. The major prey species (Microtus spp.) that was consumed most frequently in summer had less potential to contribute to secondary poisoning of owls. There was no effect of AR application on prey composition. We rarely detected ARs in pellets (2 of 256 samples) but 13% of 38 prey individuals in barn owl nests were AR positive and substantiated the expected pathway. AR residues were present in 55% of 11 barn owl carcasses. Fluctuation in non-target small mammal abundance and differences in AR residue exposure patterns in prey species drives exposure risk for barn owls and probably other predators of small mammals. Exposure risk could be minimized through spatial and temporal adaption of AR applications (avoiding long baiting and non-target hot spots at farms) and through selective bait access for target animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Geduhn
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Heisenbergstrasse 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Esther
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef Schenke
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen Gabriel
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Watanabe KP, Kawata M, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Ishii C, Darwish WS, Saengtienchai A, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. Cytochrome P450-mediated warfarin metabolic ability is not a critical determinant of warfarin sensitivity in avian species: In vitro assays in several birds and in vivo assays in chicken. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2328-2334. [PMID: 25959534 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin-derivative anticoagulant rodenticides used for rodent control are posing a serious risk to wild bird populations. For warfarin, a classic coumarin derivative, chickens have a high median lethal dose (LD50), whereas mammalian species generally have much lower LD50. Large interspecies differences in sensitivity to warfarin are to be expected. The authors previously reported substantial differences in warfarin metabolism among avian species; however, the actual in vivo pharmacokinetics have yet to be elucidated, even in the chicken. In the present study, the authors sought to provide an in-depth characterization of warfarin metabolism in birds using in vivo and in vitro approaches. A kinetic analysis of warfarin metabolism was performed using liver microsomes of 4 avian species, and the metabolic abilities of the chicken and crow were much higher in comparison with those of the mallard and ostrich. Analysis of in vivo metabolites from chickens showed that excretions predominantly consisted of 4'-hydroxywarfarin, which was consistent with the in vitro results. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that chickens have an unexpectedly long half-life despite showing high metabolic ability in vitro. The results suggest that the half-life of warfarin in other bird species could be longer than that in the chicken and that warfarin metabolism may not be a critical determinant of species differences with respect to warfarin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke P Watanabe
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Minami Kawata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Wageh Sobhi Darwish
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aksorn Saengtienchai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lat Yao Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Geduhn A, Jacob J, Schenke D, Keller B, Kleinschmidt S, Esther A. Relation between Intensity of Biocide Practice and Residues of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139191. [PMID: 26418154 PMCID: PMC4587841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent infestations for biocidal and plant protection purposes. This can lead to AR exposure of non-target small mammals and their predators, which is known from several regions of the world. However, drivers of exposure variation are usually not known. To identify environmental drivers of AR exposure in non-targets we analyzed 331 liver samples of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for residues of eight ARs and used local parameters (percentage of urban area and livestock density) to test for associations to residue occurrence. 59.8% of samples collected across Germany contained at least one rodenticide, in 20.2% of cases at levels at which biological effects are suspected. Second generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and bromadiolone) occurred more often than first generation anticoagulants. Local livestock density and the percentage of urban area were good indicators for AR residue occurrence. There was a positive association between pooled ARs and brodifacoum occurrence with livestock density as well as of pooled ARs, brodifacoum and difenacoum occurrence with the percentage of urban area on administrative district level. Pig holding drove associations of livestock density to AR residue occurrence in foxes. Therefore, risk mitigation strategies should focus on areas of high pig density and on highly urbanized areas to minimize non-target risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Geduhn
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Detlef Schenke
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Keller
- Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Alexandra Esther
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Keller KA, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Acierno MJ, Beaufrère H, Sinclair KM, Owens SD, Paul-Murphy J, Tully TN. Thromboelastography Values in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis): A Pilot Study. J Avian Med Surg 2015; 29:174-80. [DOI: 10.1647/2014-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
44
|
Land Use as a Driver of Patterns of Rodenticide Exposure in Modeled Kit Fox Populations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133351. [PMID: 26244655 PMCID: PMC4564287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rodenticides are increasingly regulated, they nonetheless cause poisonings in many non-target wildlife species. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide use is common in agricultural and residential landscapes. Here, we use an individual-based population model to assess potential population-wide effects of rodenticide exposures on the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica). We estimate likelihood of rodenticide exposure across the species range for each land cover type based on a database of reported pesticide use and literature. Using a spatially-explicit population model, we find that 36% of modeled kit foxes are likely exposed, resulting in a 7-18% decline in the range-wide modeled kit fox population that can be linked to rodenticide use. Exposures of kit foxes in low-density developed areas accounted for 70% of the population-wide exposures to rodenticides. We conclude that exposures of non-target kit foxes could be greatly mitigated by reducing the use of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in low-density developed areas near vulnerable populations.
Collapse
|
45
|
Webster KH, Harr KE, Bennett DC, Williams TD, Cheng KM, Maisonneuve F, Elliott JE. Assessment of toxicity and coagulopathy of brodifacoum in Japanese quail and testing in wild owls. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1087-1101. [PMID: 25827684 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on detection of hepatic residues, scavenging and predatory non-target raptors are widely exposed to second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs). A small proportion, generally <10%, of tested birds are diagnosed as acutely poisoned. Little is known, however, of sub-lethal effects of SGARs, such as interaction of clotting capacity with traumatic injury. Assessment of coagulation function of birds submitted live to wildlife rehabilitators or veterinarians may provide a means of establishing the proportion of animals suffering sub-lethal coagulopathies, as well as identifying individuals requiring treatment. As a first step in exploring the potential of this approach, we dosed Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) with the SGAR, brodifacoum, at 0, 0.8, 1.4, 1.9, and 2.5 mg/kg and sampled birds at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-dosing. Prothrombin time (PT), which measures the extrinsic coagulation pathway, was significantly prolonged in 98% of brodifacoum-exposed quail in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 50-fold prolongation of PT occurred at higher brodifacoum dosages and correlated to hemorrhage found at necropsy. Activated clotting time (ACT), a measure of the intrinsic pathway also increased with dose and time. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) decreased dose- and time-dependently at doses ≥1.4 mg/kg with no significant change at 0.8 mg/kg. Reference intervals for PT (10.0-16.2 s), ACT (30-180 s), Hb (9.6-18.4 g/dl), and Hct (34-55%) were established in Japanese quail. Species-specific reference intervals are required as barn owl PT (17-29 s) and quail PT were different. The proportion of brodifacoum-exposed quail with hemorrhage was not correlated with liver residues, but was correlated with PT, suggesting that this assay is a useful indicator of avian anticoagulant rodenticide exposure. PTs measured in free-living barn owls sampled between April 2009 and August 2010 in the lower Fraser Valley of BC do not suggest significant exposure to SGARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin H Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS, Schultz SL, Knowles S, Abbo BG, Volker SF. Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:720-34. [PMID: 25600128 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use and benefit, there are growing concerns regarding hazards of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides to non-target wildlife which may result in expanded use of first-generation compounds, including chlorophacinone (CPN). The toxicity of CPN over a 7-day exposure period was investigated in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed either rat tissue mechanically-amended with CPN, tissue from rats fed Rozol(®) bait (biologically-incorporated CPN), or control diets (tissue from untreated rats or commercial bird of prey diet) ad libitum. Nominal CPN concentrations in the formulated diets were 0.15, 0.75 and 1.5 µg/g food wet weight, and measured concentrations averaged 94 % of target values. Kestrel food consumption was similar among groups and body weight varied by less than 6 %. Overt signs of intoxication, liver CPN residues, and changes in prothrombin time (PT), Russell's viper venom time (RVVT) and hematocrit, were generally dose-dependent. Histological evidence of hemorrhage was present at all CPN dose levels, and most frequently observed in pectoral muscle and heart. There were no apparent differences in toxicity between mechanically-amended and biologically-incorporated CPN diet formulations. Dietary-based toxicity reference values at which clotting times were prolonged in 50 % of the kestrels were 79.2 µg CPN consumed/kg body weight-day for PT and 39.1 µg/kg body weight-day for RVVT. Based upon daily food consumption of kestrels and previously reported CPN concentrations found in small mammals following field baiting trials, these toxicity reference values might be exceeded by free-ranging raptors consuming such exposed prey. Tissue-based toxicity reference values for coagulopathy in 50 % of exposed birds were 0.107 µg CPN/g liver wet weight for PT and 0.076 µg/g liver for RVVT, and are below the range of residue levels reported in raptor mortality incidents attributed to CPN exposure. Sublethal responses associated with exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of CPN could compromise survival of free-ranging raptors, and should be considered in weighing the costs and benefits of anticoagulant rodenticide use in pest control and eradication programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East-Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
López-Perea JJ, Camarero PR, Molina-López RA, Parpal L, Obón E, Solá J, Mateo R. Interspecific and geographical differences in anticoagulant rodenticide residues of predatory wildlife from the Mediterranean region of Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:259-267. [PMID: 25546464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in the liver of 344 individuals representing 11 species of predatory wildlife that were found dead in the Mediterranean region of Spain (Catalonia and Majorca Island). Six different ARs (brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, difethialone, warfarin) were found in the liver of 216 (62.8%) animals and >1 AR co-occurred in 119 individuals (34.6%). The occurrence of ARs was positively correlated with the human population density. Catalonia and Majorca showed similar prevalence of AR detection (64.4 and 60.4%, respectively), but a higher prevalence was found in the resident population of Eurasian scops owl (Otus scops) from Majorca (57.7%) compared to the migratory population from Catalonia (14.3%). Birds of prey had lower levels of bromadiolone than hedgehogs, whereas no difference was found for other ARs. The risk of SGAR poisoning in wild predators in NE Spain is believed to be elevated, because 23.3% of the individuals exhibited hepatic concentration of ARs exceeding 200 ng/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhon J López-Perea
- Spanish Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Spanish Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael A Molina-López
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Catalan Wildlife Service - Forestal Catalana), Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Parpal
- Centre de Recuperació de Fauna, Consorci per a la Recuperació de la Fauna de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Sineu, Km. 15.4, 07142 Santa Eugenia, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elena Obón
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Catalan Wildlife Service - Forestal Catalana), Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Solá
- Centre de Recuperació de Fauna, Consorci per a la Recuperació de la Fauna de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Sineu, Km. 15.4, 07142 Santa Eugenia, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Spanish Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Multi-residue determination of eleven anticoagulant rodenticides by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array/fluorimetric detection: Investigation of suspected animal poisoning in the period 2012–2013 in north-eastern Italy. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Geduhn A, Esther A, Schenke D, Mattes H, Jacob J. Spatial and temporal exposure patterns in non-target small mammals during brodifacoum rat control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:328-338. [PMID: 25087064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide pest rodents on livestock farms are often regulated using anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). Second generation ARs in particular can cause poisoning in non-target species due to their high toxicity and persistence. However, research on exposure of small mammals is rare. We systematically investigated spatial and temporal exposure patterns of non-target small mammals in a large-scale replicated study. Small mammals were trapped at different distances to bait stations on ten farms before, during and after brodifacoum (BR) bait application, and liver samples of 1178 non-target small mammals were analyzed for residues of eight ARs using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. BR residues were present in 23% out of 742 samples collected during and after baiting. We found clear spatial and temporal exposure patterns. High BR residue concentrations mainly occurred within 15m from bait stations. Occurrence and concentrations of residues significantly decreased with increasing distance. This pattern was found in almost all investigated taxa. After baiting, significantly more individuals contained residues than during baiting but concentrations were considerably lower. Residue occurrence and concentrations differed significantly among taxa, with the highest maximal residue concentrations in Apodemus species, which are protected in Germany. Although Sorex species are known to be insectivorous we regularly found residues in this genus. Residues of active agents other than brodifacoum were rare in all samples. The confirmation of substantial primary exposure in non-target small mammals close to the baiting area indicates considerable risk of secondary poisoning of predators, a pathway that was possibly underestimated until now. Our results will help to develop risk mitigation strategies to reduce risk for non-target small mammals, as well as their predators, in relation to biocidal AR usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Geduhn
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Heisenbergstrasse 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Esther
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef Schenke
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Mattes
- University of Münster, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Heisenbergstrasse 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
|