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Rasambainarivo FT, Randrianarisoa S, Rasolofoniaina OA, Rice BL, Metcalf CJE. Assessing the impact of preventative measures to limit the spread of Toxoplasma gondii in wild carnivores of Madagascar. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14300. [PMID: 38801293 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Novel multihost pathogens can threaten endangered wildlife species, as well as humans and domestic animals. The zoonotic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is transmitted by members of Felidae and can infect a large number of animal species, including humans. This parasite can have significant health consequences for infected intermediate hosts and could further endanger wild carnivore populations of Madagascar. Building on an empirical characterization of the prevalence of the pathogen in local mammals, we used mathematical models of pathogen transmission in a multihost community to compare preventative measures that aim to limit the spread of this parasite in wild carnivores. Specifically, we examined the effect of hypothetical cat vaccination and population control campaigns on reducing the risk of infection by T. gondii in wild Eupleridae. Our model predicted that the prevalence of exposure to T. gondii in cats would be around 72% and that seroprevalence would reach 2% and 43% in rodents and wild carnivores, respectively. Reducing the rodent population in the landscape by half may only decrease the prevalence of T. gondii in carnivores by 10%. Similarly, cat vaccination and reducing the population of definitive hosts had limited impact on the prevalence of T. gondii in wild carnivorans of Madagascar. A significant reduction in prevalence would require extremely high vaccination, low turnover, or both in the cat population. Other potential control methods of T. gondii in endangered Eupleridae include targeted vaccination of wild animals but would require further investigation. Eliminating the threat entirely will be difficult because of the ubiquity of cats and the persistence of the parasite in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidisoa T Rasambainarivo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Mahaliana Labs SARL, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin L Rice
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Yang L, Ren H, Zhu N, Xin S, Mao G, Ma Y, Li J, Liang Q, Yang Y. Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from a Patas Monkey ( Erythrocebus patas) in China. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1606. [PMID: 37628657 PMCID: PMC10454590 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cases of Toxoplasma gondii infection have been reported worldwide in non-human primates (NHPs), especially in captive New World monkeys. However, few studies on toxoplasmosis in Old World monkeys have been conducted. In this study, serological and molecular biological analyses were carried out to look for T. gondii antibodies and T. gondii infection in 13 NHPs from China. T. gondii infection was confirmed in 8 NHP cases. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 1/5 New World monkeys and in 4/7 Old World monkeys. T. gondii DNA was detected in 3/5 New World monkeys and 5/7 Old World monkeys. The one ring-tailed lemur was negative for both antibodies and DNA of T. gondii. The most common clinical manifestations of T. gondii infection were malaise, poor appetite, emaciation, and foamy nasal discharge. The most common histopathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, necrotic hepatitis, necrotizing myocarditis, lymphadenitis, and necrotic splenitis. One viable T. gondii strain was successfully isolated from the myocardium of a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) by bioassay in mice. T. gondii tachyzoites were obtained from cell cultures and were designated as TgMonkeyCHn2. The genotype of this strain belongs to ToxoDB genotype #9, and the allele of ROP18/ROP5 gene was 3/6. TgMonkeyCHn2 tachyzoites were avirulent in Swiss mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal toxoplasmosis in a patas monkey. T. gondii infection in patas monkeys may indicate environmental contamination by oocysts. The patas monkey is a new host record for T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liulu Yang
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hongjie Ren
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Niuping Zhu
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shilin Xin
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Gaohui Mao
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yiheng Ma
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Junbao Li
- Zhengzhou Zoo, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Qunchao Liang
- Henan Yinji Jiabao Amusement Park Management Co., Ltd., Xinmi 452300, China
| | - Yurong Yang
- Veterinary Pathology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Hensel ME, Landsgaard K, Wang W, Neupane S, Su C, Blue-McClendon A, Porter BF, Uzal FA, Rech R. Toxoplasmosis in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and a peahen (Pavo cristatus) in a zoological collection caused by the common toxoplasma genotype in wild animals in the US. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100876. [PMID: 37208075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the ubiquitous Apicomplexan protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. This pathogen affects domestic and wildlife species, but prosimians including ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are highly susceptible to infection with high mortality rates. Avian species are considered resistant to infection and are often used in surveillance efforts to determine genotypes of T. gondii present in geographical areas. This study describes the gross and histologic lesions of an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a university-run zoological collection involving three ring-tailed lemurs and a peahen (Pavo cristatus). DNA was extracted from the liver of the lemurs and peahen to determine the genotype of T. gondii by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), which revealed that all samples were ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #5 (haplogroup 12) that is common in wildlife in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hensel
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States of America; Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, United States of America
| | - K Landsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States of America
| | - W Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, United States of America
| | - S Neupane
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States of America
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, United States of America
| | - A Blue-McClendon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - B F Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States of America
| | - F A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, United States of America
| | - R Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States of America.
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DISEASE PROCESSES IDENTIFIED IN CAPTIVE ARABIAN SAND CATS (FELIS MARGARITA HARRISONI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:82-93. [PMID: 36971632 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study is to identify common and significant causes of mortality and disease processes in the Arabian sand cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) captive population at Al Ain Zoo (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates). Complete postmortem records of 25 Arabian sand cats, dead between 2009 and 2022, were reviewed retrospectively. A complete postmortem examination was done in all cases, and information was recorded in the Al Ain Zoo database and files. Out of 25 animals dead, 11 were adults (4-12 yr) and 12 were classified as geriatric animals (>12 yr), with only two neonatal (0-4 mon) deaths and no recorded deaths in juveniles (4 mon to 4 yr). Interestingly, but also expected because of the age range, 24% of the cases had concurrent pathologies at the time of death. As expected in adult and geriatric felines, more than half of the cases (60%) developed nephropathies that were either one of the most important contributors or the main cause of death of the animal. Different neoplastic lesions were described in four cases and reported for the first time in this subspecies: benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor, hepatobiliary carcinoma, and two different thyroid neoplasia. A vasculoproliferative disorder of the liver, peliosis hepatis, was described in one of the cases. Additionally, in at least four cases, hyperthyroidism was strongly suspected in connection with thyroid neoplasia and hyperplasia, clinical signs, and other observed postmortem lesions. Traumatic causes of death also were reported in six cases, including the only two neonates recorded dead. This information will contribute to Arabian sand cat improved veterinary care by identifying common pathologies in this species, potentially allowing earlier diagnosis and, ultimately, improving their management and husbandry in the captive breeding populations.
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Yang L, Xin S, Zhu N, Li J, Su C, Yang Y. Two viable Toxoplasma gondii isolates from red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) and red kangaroo (M. rufus). Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Toxoplasmosis in Captive Ring-Tailed Lemurs ( Lemur catta). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101142. [PMID: 36297199 PMCID: PMC9610425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common protozoan parasites and is widely present in all warm-blooded animals. Although clinical disease is uncommon, some species, including ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), have been found to develop acute and lethal toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to describe the pathologic, immunohistochemical, serological, and molecular findings of an outbreak of fatal toxoplasmosis in three captive ring-tailed lemurs in Central Italy in 2009. The animals died acutely within few days. The necropsy was immediately performed; necrotic lesions in the spleen, liver, and kidney, as well as interstitial pneumonia, were found histologically. All animals had high titers of anti-T. gondii-specific antibodies (1:1280 IgM and 1:640 IgG) according to a modified agglutination test (MAT) and immunohistochemistry showed scattered tachyzoites in the target organs. Diagnosis was confirmed by PCR and clonal type II was identified. In addition, the seven co-habiting lemurs were seronegative. This paper reports the first outbreak of acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in captive ring-tailed lemurs in Italy. These findings confirm the high susceptibility of this endangered species to toxoplasma infection, which may be considered a further threat to captive population viability.
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Denk D, De Neck S, Khaliq S, Stidworthy MF. Toxoplasmosis in Zoo Animals: A Retrospective Pathology Review of 126 Cases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050619. [PMID: 35268188 PMCID: PMC8909417 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an extremely successful zoonotic protozoan parasite that has been demonstrated in a wide range of endo- and poikilothermic species. Although infection is widespread amongst domestic animals, overt disease other than abortion in small ruminants is sporadic. This survey evaluates toxoplasmosis in zoo animals based on a systematic review of pathology archive material (n = 33,506 submissions) over a 16-year study period. A total of 126 submissions, deriving from 32 zoos, two educational facilities and two private owners, were included in the study, based on gross lesions, cytological, histological and immunohistological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Clinical history, signalment, annual distribution and post-mortem findings were evaluated. A total of 31 species (mammalian 97%/avian 3%) were represented in the study material. Ring-tailed lemurs, slender tailed meerkats, Pallas’ cats, and squirrel monkeys were most affected. An unusual outbreak occurred in Asian small-clawed otters, in which toxoplasmosis has not been reported to date. Clinically, animals over 12 months of age presented with non-specific symptoms (anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, debilitation), neurological, gastrointestinal or respiratory signs and sudden death. Systemic disease predominated, with a propensity for encephalitis in meerkats and Pallas’ cats and systemic disease involving lymphoid tissues in ring-tailed lemurs. Cases in the UK occurred year-round, with species-specific peaks and increases between August and November. This study reinforces the importance of toxoplasmosis as a significant cause of sporadic and epizootic mortalities in a wide range of zoo animals. Feral cat control is crucial to reduce infection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Denk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon De Neck
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Shannon Khaliq
- Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
| | - Mark F. Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Parkwood Street, Keighley BD21 4NQ, UK;
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Xin S, Jiang N, Yang L, Zhu N, Huang W, Li J, Zhang L, Su C, Yang Y. Isolation, genotyping and virulence determination of a Toxoplasma gondii strain from non-human primate from China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:919-925. [PMID: 33619895 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans and non-human primates. Many cases of T. gondii infection in non-human primates have been reported worldwide. In this study, 15 monkeys were collected from zoos in Henan Province between 2016 and 2019. A modified agglutination test (MAT) (cut-off: 1:8) showed that 46.7% (7/15) of the heart juices had T. gondii IgG antibody transformation. One viable T. gondii strain was successfully isolated from the myocardium of a rhesus monkey by bioassay in mice. This strain was designated as TgMonkeyCHn1. The DNA of T. gondii tachyzoites was obtained using cell cultures, and the genotype of this strain was determined by PCR-RFLP with 10 markers and the virulence genes ROP5 and ROP18. The genotype and ROP18/ROP5 (3/6) of TgMonkeyCHn1 did not match any known genotypes. In addition, the TgMonkeyCHn1 formed low number of tissue cysts and was non-lethal to mice. To our knowledge, this is the first T. gondii strain isolated from Old World monkeys. Rhesus monkey is a new host record for T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Xin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liulu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Niuping Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Su
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yurong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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OUTCOMES OF TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII FROM CHRONICALLY INFECTED FEMALE RED RUFFED LEMURS ( VARECIA RUBRA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:1036-1041. [PMID: 34687522 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten red ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra)-two adult females and their eight offspring-were evaluated in this case series. Two adult females were diagnosed with chronic, latent toxoplasmosis based on serologic testing. The first female lemur had two successive pregnancies. The first pregnancy resulted in transplacental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. The only surviving offspring was diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis based on serologic testing and compatible ophthalmic lesions. The two deceased offspring had disseminated nonsuppurative inflammation and intralesional protozoal organisms consistent with T. gondii, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The second pregnancy did not result in transplacental transmission. The second chronically infected adult female lemur had one pregnancy that resulted in a single stillborn fetus without evidence of transplacental transmission of T. gondii. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and folinic acid was administered to the first adult female and one offspring, but no treatment was given to the second adult female. All surviving lemurs had no further complications associated with toxoplasmosis. This case series demonstrates that chronic, latent infection of reproductive female red ruffed lemurs with T. gondii may result in variable outcomes: (1) transplacental transmission with disseminated fetal infection and stillbirth, (2) transplacental transmission with congenital infection and survival, or (3) lack of transplacental transmission and healthy offspring. Information gained from these cases may help guide recommendations for breeding of this critically endangered species.
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Muñoz R, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Fredes F, Alegría-Morán R, Celis S, Ortiz-Tacci C, Kemec I, Mansell M, Verasay J, Ramírez-Toloza G. Serological prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Mammals in Chile. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105445. [PMID: 34329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic cosmopolitan protozoan that causes a high mortality rate among zoo mammals such as New World primates, meerkats, marsupials and Pallas' cat. It has been recently reported in Chile, mainly among wild populations, but also as the cause of death of a kangaroo and a mara. However, there has not been a T. gondii report at a Zoo population level in Chile in the last 35 years. The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in mammals housed in a zoo located in the Metropolitan Region of Chile between 2011 and 2018. In this study, we analyzed 350 samples, from 324 animals, belonging to 57 species of carnivores, non-human primates, macropodids, ungulates and rodents to detect the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Additionally, 20 animals were longitudinally sampled to evaluate intra-zoo infection. Using a commercial indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test, we detected T. gondii antibodies in 72 (22.2 %) samples. The overall seroprevalence estimates were 48.4 % in felines, 22.9 % in non-feline carnivores, 21.1 % in ungulates and 15.0 % in non-human primates. There were no positive samples from rodents or marsupials. Of animals sampled longitudinally, only a culpeo fox (Lycalopex cualpaeus) became seropositive along the study indicating exposition inside the facility. T. gondii seroprevalence differed significantly in taxonomic groups (p = 0.003), felines are statistically different from non-feline carnivores (NFC) (p = 0.040), ungulate (p = 0.027) and non-human primates (NHP) (p = 0.009). Annual prevalence comparison was performed showing no statistical difference (p = 0.941). A multivariable logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effect of taxonomic groups, proximity to water sources, diet, sex and type of housing on seropositivity. Only taxonomic group was statistically significant, indicating that NFC (OR = 0.35; 95 % CI = 0.15 - 0.83; p = 0.017), ungulates (OR = 0.30; 95 % CI = 0.13 - 0.69; p = 0.005), and NHP (OR = 0.25; 95 % CI = 0.09 - 0.72; p = 0.010) have lower risk of positivity to T. gondii compared to felines. Additionally, a black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) and a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) were seropositive, being the first description of T. gondii infection in these species worldwide. As seen in previous studies, the widespread presence and exposure of T. gondii in zoo mammals was confirmed, and there may be contact with the agent and transmission within the zoo, which was confirmed by one animal became seropositive over the time. This fact could be a health problem for animals susceptible to fatal toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Muñoz
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Fredes
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Zoonotic Agents, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ortiz-Tacci
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Kemec
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myra Mansell
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile; School of Anthropology and Conservation, DICE, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Juan Verasay
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
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THORACIC RADIOGRAPHY AND TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY RING-TAILED LEMURS ( LEMUR CATTA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:308-320. [PMID: 32549560 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease has been recognized as a major cause of death in captive nonhuman primates, which necessitates diagnostic (imaging) techniques to screen for and diagnose preclinical and clinical stages of possible cardiac conditions. Echocardiography is currently the most commonly used diagnostic tool for evaluation of cardiac anatomy and function. Complete with thoracic radiography and blood levels of two cardiac biomarkers, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), it gives an extensive examination of the cardiorespiratory system. The purpose of this cross-sectional cohort study is to describe normal thoracic anatomy using thoracic radiography, and to provide normal values for echocardiographic measurements in 20 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Additionally, cardiac biomarkers were determined. Three radiographic projections of the thoracic cavity and a complete transthoracic echocardiography were performed in 20 clinically healthy ring-tailed lemurs during their annual health examinations. Similar standard right parasternal and left apical echocardiographic images were obtained as described in dogs and cats and normal values for routine two-dimensional (2D-), time-motion (M-) and Doppler mode measurements were generated. Furthermore, a noninvasive smartphone base ECG recording and blood concentrations of cardiac biomarkers were obtained. Other radiographic measurements are provided for the skeletal and respiratory systems such as the trachea to inlet ratio and tracheal inclination. Knowledge of the normal radiographic thoracic and echocardiographic anatomy and function are fundamental for the diagnosis and follow-up of cardiac disease in affected individuals and for species screening, and will be of added value in future research in and conservation of this endangered species.
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Cano-Terriza D, Almería S, Caballero-Gómez J, Jiménez-Martín D, Castro-Scholten S, Dubey JP, García-Bocanegra I. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in Spain. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104930. [PMID: 32109781 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A serosurvey was performed to assess exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in Spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in some zoo species over time. Sera from 393 zoo animals belonging to 91 species were collected in eight zoos in Spain between 2007 and 2019. Additionally, 39 of the 393 animals from five of the analyzed zoos were longitudinally sampled during the same study period. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 165 (42.0 %; CI95 %: 37.1-46.9) of 393 animals by the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off = 25). Antibody titers of 25, 50, 100 and ≥500 were found in 25 (15.2 %), 65 (39.4 %), 26 (15.8 %), and 49 (29.7 %) of the seropositive animals, respectively. Feeding habits (carnivorous species) was a risk factor (OR = 5.6; P < 0.001; CI95 %: 3.8-9.0) potentially associated with T. gondii exposure. Eighteen (46.2 %) of the 39 animals longitudinally sampled were always seropositive and five animals (12.8 %) (two spotted hyaena [Crocuta crocuta], one blesbok [Damaliscus pygargus], one white rhinoceros [Ceratotherium simum] and one mouflon [Ovis aries musimon]) seroconverted during the study period. Our results evince a wide circulation of T. gondii in zoos in Spain, including wild felids. Zoo animals can be useful sentinel species to monitor T. gondii circulation in epidemiological scenarios with a close human-wildlife interface. Control measures should be implemented in zoo parks to minimize the risk of exposure of zoo species to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cano-Terriza
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, 14014, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Sonia Almería
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, 14014, Cordoba, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Jitender P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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14
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MORTALITY IN COQUEREL'S SIFAKAS ( PROPITHECUS COQUERELI) UNDER HUMAN CARE: A RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY FROM THE DUKE LEMUR CENTER 1990-2015. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 49:315-323. [PMID: 29900793 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0242.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coquerel's sifakas ( Propithecus coquereli) are diurnal, folivorous lemurs native to Madagascar and one of only two members of the genus Propithecus currently housed in human care settings outside of Madagascar. This species has a lifespan of approximately 30 yr but minimal information exists regarding morbidity and mortality in human care settings. In this retrospective study, medical records, postmortem exam, and autopsy reports from 56 animals housed at the Duke Lemur Center from 1990 to 2015 were evaluated. Mortality assessments included age, sex, time of year, histopathological findings, major organ system impacted, and etiological factors. Mortality was most prevalent among adults greater than 2 yr of age (42.9%) and neonates less than 7 days of age (30.4%). The top four morphological diagnoses accounted for 51.7% of all deaths and included stillbirths (19.6%), enteritis-colitis (12.5%), failure to thrive (10.7%), and systemic protozoal infections (8.9%). The two most commonly affected organ systems in animals over 7 days of age were multisystem disease (30.8%) and the gastrointestinal system (28.2%). Infections were the most common etiology with bacterial being the most prevalent followed by protozoal infections. The results provide insight into common causes of mortality of this species and can be used to guide management of this endangered primate and improve longevity in human care settings.
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Rasambainarivo F, Goodman SM. Disease Risk to Endemic Animals From Introduced Species on Madagascar. FOWLER'S ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL MEDICINE CURRENT THERAPY, VOLUME 9 2019. [PMCID: PMC7173427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Burger M, Du Plessis EC, Suleman E, Gardner BR. Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a zoological collection of meerkats (<i>Suricata suricatta</i>). J S Afr Vet Assoc 2017; 88:e1-e5. [PMID: 28397514 PMCID: PMC6138117 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two confirmed cases of fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis occurred in an urban zoological collection of meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Both cases are suspected to be the result of feral cats gaining access to the enclosure. Toxoplasmosis has rarely been documented in meerkats. Subsequent to prophylactic treatment of all the animals and structural changes being implemented within the enclosure, no new cases have been recorded to date. Very little information is available on the disease in viverrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Burger
- Panorama Veterinary Clinic and Specialist Centre, Panorama.
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17
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GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAPTIVE AND FREE-LIVING LEMURS AND DOMESTIC CARNIVORES IN EASTERN MADAGASCAR. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:141-9. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Siskos N, Lampe K, Kaup FJ, Mätz-Rensing K. Unique case of disseminated toxoplasmosis and concurrent hepatic capillariasis in a ring-tailed lemur: first case description. Primate Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-2-9-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. A unique co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Capillaria hepatica is reported in a semi-free-living ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). In this case acute toxoplasmosis, characterised by severe necrotising inflammation in different organs, was the leading cause of death, whilst accompanying chronic capillariasis was regarded as a predisposing factor. A concise description of both disease manifestations is given.
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Biomedical evaluation of Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) from Kirindy Mitea National Park in Madagascar. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:247-55. [PMID: 25000684 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0038r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the health, prevalence, and incidence of diseases in wild populations is a critical component of wildlife management. In addition, the establishment of reference physiologic parameters can Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) from Kirindy Mitea National Park, Madagascar, during two field captures incontribute to the assessment of population risks. Complete medical evaluations were performed on 33 wild June 2010 and June 2011. Each animal received a complete physical examination: weight, body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded, and ectoparasites collected. Blood samples were collected for complete blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, hemoparasite examination, serum biochemical profile, fat-soluble vitamin analysis, trace mineral analysis, and toxoplasmosis and viral serology. Fecal samples were collected for bacterial culture and endoparasite examination. Significant differences exist between age classes for neutrophil and lymphocyte count, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine values. Parasites detected were Callistoura sp., Bertiella lemuriformis, and Dipetalonema petteri. This publication reports the first complete biomedical evaluation of the P. verreauxi and provides a basis for hematologic and biochemical comparisons of P. verreauxi in the wild.
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Silva RCD, Machado GP, Cruvinel TMDA, Cruvinel CA, Langoni H. Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) from an ecological station in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite protozoan. A large percentage of animals presents specific antibodies caused by a previous exposition, resulting in a chronic infection. Felides are the definitive hosts and the other warm-blooded animals, including primates, are the intermediate hosts. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in free-living tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) from an ecological station located on Mata de Santa Teresa, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. T. gondii antibodies were analyzed by modified agglutination test (MAT) in serum samples of 36 tufted capuchin monkeys, considering eight as cut-off titer. From the studied animals, 3/36 (8.33%; CI95% 3.0-21.9%) presented T. gondii antibodies, all with titer 32. No significative difference was observed relating to the sex (1/3 male and 2/3 female), and to the age (1/3 young and 2/3 adult) (P>0.05). Thus, these results demonstrate the presence of T. gondii antibodies in primates from São Paulo state.
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Toxoplasmosis and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Macropus rufus and Macropus giganteus in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Schreiner M, Liesenfeld O. Small intestinal inflammation following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not occur exclusively in C57BL/6 mice: review of 70 reports from the literature. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:221-33. [PMID: 19430647 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal immunopathology following oral infection with tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii has been described in C57BL/6 mice. Seven days after infection, mice develop severe small intestinal necrosis and succumb to infection. The immunopathology is mediated by local overproduction of Th1-type cytokines, a so-called 'cytokine storm'. The immunopathogenesis of this pathology resembles that of inflammatory bowel disease in humans, i.e., Crohn's disease. In this review, we show that the development of intestinal pathology following oral ingestion of T. gondii is not limited to C57BL/6 mice, but frequently occurs in nature. Using a Pubmed search, we identified 70 publications that report the development of gastrointestinal inflammation following infection with T. gondii in 63 animal species. Of these publications, 53 reports are on accidental ingestion of T. gondii in 49 different animal species and 17 reports are on experimental infections in 19 different animal species. Thus, oral infection with T. gondii appears to cause immunopathology in a large number of animal species in addition to mice. This manuscript reviews the common features of small intestinal immunopathology in the animal kingdom and speculates on consequences of this immunopathology for humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schreiner
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Ross SR, Holmes AN, Lonsdorf EV. Interactions between zoo-housed great apes and local wildlife. Am J Primatol 2009; 71:458-65. [PMID: 19274706 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although there are published reports of wild chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans hunting and consuming vertebrate prey, data pertaining to captive apes remain sparse. In this survey-based study, we evaluate the prevalence and nature of interactions between captive great apes and various indigenous wildlife species that range into their enclosures in North America. Our hypotheses were threefold: (a) facilities housing chimpanzees will report the most frequent and most aggressive interactions with local wildlife; (b) facilities housing orangutans and bonobos will report intermediate frequencies of these interactions with low levels of aggression and killing; and (c) facilities housing gorillas will report the lowest frequency of interactions and no reports of killing local wildlife. Chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrated the most aggressive behavior toward wildlife, which matched our predictions for chimpanzees, but not bonobos. This fits well with expectations for chimpanzees based on their natural history of hunting and consuming prey in wild settings, and also supports new field data on bonobos. Captive gorillas and orangutans were reported to be much less likely to chase, catch and kill wildlife than chimpanzees and bonobos. Gorillas were the least likely to engage in aggressive interactions with local wildlife, matching our predictions based on natural history. However unlike wild gorillas, captive gorillas were reported to kill (and in one case, eat) local wildlife. These results suggest that some behavioral patterns seen in captive groups of apes may be useful for modeling corresponding activities in the wild that may not be as easily observed and quantified. Furthermore, the data highlight the potential for disease transmission in some captive settings, and we outline the associated implications for ape health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ross
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
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24
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Basso W, Moré G, Quiroga M, Pardini L, Bacigalupe D, Venturini L, Valenzuela M, Balducchi D, Maksimov P, Schares G, Venturini M. Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from captive slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta) with fatal toxoplasmosis in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Salant H, Weingram T, Spira D, Eizenberg T. An outbreak of Toxoplasmosis amongst squirrel monkeys in an Israeli monkey colony. Vet Parasitol 2009; 159:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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de Camps S, Dubey JP, Saville WJA. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Animals in Selected Zoos in the Midwestern United States. J Parasitol 2008; 94:648-53. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1453.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Do free-ranging common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) play a role in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii within a zoo environment? Vet Parasitol 2008; 152:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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de Camps S, Dubey JP, Saville WJA. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Animals in Selected Zoos in the Midwestern United States. J Parasitol 2008. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1453r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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29
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Harrison TM, Moorman JB, Bolin SR, Grosjean NL, Lim A, Fitzgerald SD. Toxoplasma gondii in an African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata). J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:191-4. [PMID: 17402616 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) was evaluated for acute onset of neurologic signs including head tilt, circling, and ataxia. She was found dead in her holding area 2 days after initially exhibiting clinical signs. Necropsy was unremarkable. Histopathology of brain tissue revealed the presence of protozoal cysts associated with inflammation as the underlying cause of clinical signs and death. Immunohistochemical staining of brain tissue for Toxoplasma gondii was strongly positive. PCR on fresh brain confirmed T. gondii as the causative organism. An adult male in the same enclosure has demonstrated similar neurologic signs over the past 3 years and has failed to respond to various medical treatments. Clinical disease associated with T. gondii has not been previously reported in this porcupine species or any other Old World porcupines, although there are several reports of clinical toxoplasmosis involving New World porcupine species.
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Yabsley MJ, Jordan CN, Mitchell SM, Norton TM, Lindsay DS. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, GA, USA. Vet Parasitol 2007; 144:28-32. [PMID: 17052854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we determined the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Serum samples were tested from 52 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) using an agglutination assay. Three ring-tailed lemurs (5.8%) were positive for T. gondii (titer of 1:50); one ring-tailed lemur (1.9%) and one black and white ruffed lemur (25%) were positive for S. neurona (titers of 1:1000); and one ring-tailed lemur (1.9%) was positive for E. cuniculi (titer of 1:400). All blue-eyed black lemurs were negative for antibodies to T. gondii, S. neurona, and E. cuniculi. This is the first detection of antibodies to T. gondii in ring-tailed lemurs and antibodies to S. neurona and E. cuniculi in any species of prosimian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Yabsley
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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