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Rabin BM, Miller MG, Shukitt-Hale B. Effects of preexposure to a subthreshold dose of helium particles on the changes in performance produced by exposure to helium particles. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 37:88-96. [PMID: 37087183 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
On exploratory class missions, such as a mission to Mars, astronauts will be exposed to doses of particles of high energy and charge and protons up to 30 - 40 cGy. These exposures will most likely occur at random intervals across the estimated 3-yr duration of the mission. As such, the possibility of an interaction between particles must be taken into account: a prior subthreshold exposure to one particle may prevent or minimize the effect of a subsequent exposure (adaptation), or there may be an additive effect such that the prior exposure may sensitize the individual to a subsequent exposure of the same or different radiations. Two identical replications were run in which rats were exposed to a below threshold dose of 4He particles and 2, 24 or 72 h later given either a second below threshold or an above threshold dose of 4He particles and tested for performance on an operant task. The results indicate that preexposure to a subthreshold dose of 4He particles can either sensitize or attenuate the effects of the subsequent dose, depending upon the interval between exposures and the doses. These results suggest that exposure to multiple doses of heavy particles may have implications for astronaut health on exploratory class missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States of America.
| | - Marshall G Miller
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, USDA, Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
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2
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Comparative Analysis of Behavioral Reactions and Morphological Changes in the Rat Brain After Exposure to Ionizing Radiation with Different Physical Characteristics. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:339-353. [PMID: 34982311 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study behavioral reactions and morphological changes in the brain of adult female Sprague Dawley rats after exposure to 170 MeV and 70 MeV protons and gamma radiation (60Co) at a dose of 1 Gy. The analysis of the behavioral reactions in the T-maze showed that exposure to ionizing radiation with different LETs led to an increase in number of repeated entries into the arms of the maze in the spontaneous alternation test. In the Open Field test a decrease in overall motor activity in the group of irradiated animals (70 MeV protons at the Bragg peak) was observed. A decrease in the number of standing positions was seen in all groups of irradiated animals. Morphological analysis showed the development of early amyloidosis, autolysis of the ependymal layer, an increase in the number of neurodegenerative changes in various structures of the brain, and the development of neuronal hypertrophy on the 30th day after irradiation in the cerebellum and hippocampal hilus. Exposure to protons at a dose of 1 Gy leads to the development of structural and functional disorders of the central nervous system of animals on the 30th day after irradiation. These data indicate a damage of short-term memory, a decrease in motor activity and exploratory behavior of animals. With an increase in LET, there is an increase in the number of amyloid plaques in the forebrain of rats, autolysis of the ependymal layer of the ventricles, and the development of dystrophic changes. Investigations of behavioral reactions and morphological changes in various parts of the brain of adult rats on the 30th day after influence of ionizing radiation with different physical characteristics at a dose of 1 Gy. Various negative patho-morphological and cognitive-behavioral changes observed.
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3
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Boutros SW, Zimmerman B, Nagy SC, Lee JS, Perez R, Raber J. Amifostine (WR-2721) Mitigates Cognitive Injury Induced by Heavy Ion Radiation in Male Mice and Alters Behavior and Brain Connectivity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:770502. [PMID: 34867479 PMCID: PMC8637850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep space environment contains many risks to astronauts during space missions, such as galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) comprised of naturally occurring heavy ions. Heavy ion radiation is increasingly being used in cancer therapy, including novel regimens involving carbon therapy. Previous investigations involving simulated space radiation have indicated a host of detrimental cognitive and behavioral effects. Therefore, there is an increasing need to counteract these deleterious effects of heavy ion radiation. Here, we assessed the ability of amifostine to mitigate cognitive injury induced by simulated GCRs in C57Bl/6J male and female mice. Six-month-old mice received an intraperitoneal injection of saline, 107 mg/kg, or 214 mg/kg of amifostine 1 h prior to exposure to a simplified five-ion radiation (protons, 28Si, 4He, 16O, and 56Fe) at 500 mGy or sham radiation. Mice were behaviorally tested 2-3 months later. Male mice that received saline and radiation exposure failed to show novel object recognition, which was reversed by both doses of amifostine. Conversely, female mice that received saline and radiation exposure displayed intact object recognition, but those that received amifostine prior to radiation did not. Amifostine and radiation also had distinct effects on males and females in the open field, with amifostine affecting distance moved over time in both sexes, and radiation affecting time spent in the center in females only. Whole-brain analysis of cFos immunoreactivity in male mice indicated that amifostine and radiation altered regional connectivity in areas involved in novel object recognition. These data support that amifostine has potential as a countermeasure against cognitive injury following proton and heavy ion irradiation in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Benjamin Zimmerman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sydney C. Nagy
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joanne S. Lee
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR, United States
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4
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Klein PM, Alaghband Y, Doan NL, Ru N, Drayson OGG, Baulch JE, Kramár EA, Wood MA, Soltesz I, Limoli CL. Acute, Low-Dose Neutron Exposures Adversely Impact Central Nervous System Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9020. [PMID: 34445726 PMCID: PMC8396607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recognized risk of long-duration space travel arises from the elevated exposure astronauts face from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), which is composed of a diverse array of energetic particles. There is now abundant evidence that exposures to many different charged particle GCR components within acute time frames are sufficient to induce central nervous system deficits that span from the molecular to the whole animal behavioral scale. Enhanced spacecraft shielding can lessen exposures to charged particle GCR components, but may conversely elevate neutron radiation levels. We previously observed that space-relevant neutron radiation doses, chronically delivered at dose-rates expected during planned human exploratory missions, can disrupt hippocampal neuronal excitability, perturb network long-term potentiation and negatively impact cognitive behavior. We have now determined that acute exposures to similar low doses (18 cGy) of neutron radiation can also lead to suppressed hippocampal synaptic signaling, as well as decreased learning and memory performance in male mice. Our results demonstrate that similar nervous system hazards arise from neutron irradiation regardless of the exposure time course. While not always in an identical manner, neutron irradiation disrupts many of the same central nervous system elements as acute charged particle GCR exposures. The risks arising from neutron irradiation are therefore important to consider when determining the overall hazards astronauts will face from the space radiation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (P.M.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Ngoc-Lien Doan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Olivia G. G. Drayson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Enikö A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (P.M.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
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5
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Minnier J, Emmett MR, Perez R, Ding LH, Barnette BL, Larios RE, Hong C, Hwang TH, Yu Y, Fallgren CM, Story MD, Weil MM, Raber J. Associations between lipids in selected brain regions, plasma miRNA, and behavioral and cognitive measures following 28Si ion irradiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14899. [PMID: 34290258 PMCID: PMC8295277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The space radiation environment consists of multiple species of charged particles, including 28Si ions, that may impact brain function during and following missions. To develop biomarkers of the space radiation response, BALB/c and C3H female and male mice and their F2 hybrid progeny were irradiated with 28Si ions (350 MeV/n, 0.2 Gy) and tested for behavioral and cognitive performance 1, 6, and 12 months following irradiation. The plasma of the mice was collected for analysis of miRNA levels. Select pertinent brain regions were dissected for lipidomic analyses and analyses of levels of select biomarkers shown to be sensitive to effects of space radiation in previous studies. There were associations between lipids in select brain regions, plasma miRNA, and cognitive measures and behavioral following 28Si ion irradiation. Different but overlapping sets of miRNAs in plasma were found to be associated with cognitive measures and behavioral in sham and irradiated mice at the three time points. The radiation condition revealed pathways involved in neurodegenerative conditions and cancers. Levels of the dendritic marker MAP2 in the cortex were higher in irradiated than sham-irradiated mice at middle age, which might be part of a compensatory response. Relationships were also revealed with CD68 in miRNAs in an anatomical distinct fashion, suggesting that distinct miRNAs modulate neuroinflammation in different brain regions. The associations between lipids in selected brain regions, plasma miRNA, and behavioral and cognitive measures following 28Si ion irradiation could be used for the development of biomarker of the space radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Minnier
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Knight Cancer Institute Biostatistics Shared Resource, and the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, OR Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mark R Emmett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, L470, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Liang-Hao Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Brooke L Barnette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Rianna E Larios
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Changjin Hong
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine US, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Tae Hyun Hwang
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine US, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, GU Malignancies Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Case Western Reserve University US., Cleveland, OH, 10900, USA
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch Cancer Center, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Christina M Fallgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michael D Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, L470, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Britten RA, Wellman LL, Sanford LD. Progressive increase in the complexity and translatability of rodent testing to assess space-radiation induced cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:159-174. [PMID: 33766676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ground-based rodent models have established that space radiation doses (approximately those that astronauts will be exposed to on a mission to Mars) significantly impair performance in a wide range of cognitive tasks. Over the last 40 years there has been a progressive increase in both the complexity and the translatability (to humans) of the cognitive tasks investigated. This review outlines technical and conceptual advances in space radiation rodent testing approaches, along with the advances in analytical approaches, that will make data from ground based studies more amenable to probabilistic risk analysis. While great progress has been made in determining the impact of space radiation on many advanced cognitive processes, challenges remain that need to be addressed prior to commencing deep space missions. A summary of on-going attempts to address existing knowledge gaps and the critical role that rodent studies will have in establishing the impact of space radiation on even more complex (human) cognitive tasks are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Leroy T Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Department of Pathology & Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Department of Pathology & Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
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7
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Raber J, Fuentes Anaya A, Torres ERS, Lee J, Boutros S, Grygoryev D, Hammer A, Kasschau KD, Sharpton TJ, Turker MS, Kronenberg A. Effects of Six Sequential Charged Particle Beams on Behavioral and Cognitive Performance in B6D2F1 Female and Male Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:959. [PMID: 32982769 PMCID: PMC7485338 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation environment astronauts are exposed to in deep space includes galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) with different proportions of all naturally occurring ions. To assist NASA with assessment of risk to the brain following exposure to a mixture of ions broadly representative of the GCR, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive performance of female and male C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice two months following rapidly delivered, sequential 6 beam irradiation with protons (1 GeV, LET = 0.24 keV, 50%), 4He ions (250 MeV/n, LET = 1.6 keV/μm, 20%), 16O ions (250 MeV/n, LET = 25 keV/μm 7.5%), 28Si ions (263 MeV/n, LET = 78 keV/μm, 7.5%), 48Ti ions (1 GeV/n, LET = 107 keV/μm, 7.5%), and 56Fe ions (1 GeV/n, LET = 151 keV/μm, 7.5%) at 0, 25, 50, or 200 cGy) at 4-6 months of age. When the activity over 3 days of open field habituation was analyzed in female mice, those irradiated with 50 cGy moved less and spent less time in the center than sham-irradiated mice. Sham-irradiated female mice and those irradiated with 25 cGy showed object recognition. However, female mice exposed to 50 or 200 cGy did not show object recognition. When fear memory was assessed in passive avoidance tests, sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 25 cGy showed memory retention while mice exposed to 50 or 200 cGy did not. The effects of radiation passive avoidance memory retention were not sex-dependent. There was no effect of radiation on depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. There was a trend toward an effect of radiation on BDNF levels in the cortex of males, but not for females, with higher levels in male mice irradiated with 50 cGy than sham-irradiated. Finally, sequential 6-ion irradiation impacted the composition of the gut microbiome in a sex-dependent fashion. Taxa were uncovered whose relative abundance in the gut was associated with the radiation dose received. Thus, exposure to sequential six-beam irradiation significantly affects behavioral and cognitive performance and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Andrea Fuentes Anaya
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Eileen Ruth S. Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joanne Lee
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sydney Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Dmytro Grygoryev
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kristin D. Kasschau
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mitchell S. Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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8
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Perez RE, Younger S, Bertheau E, Fallgren CM, Weil MM, Raber J. Effects of chronic exposure to a mixed field of neutrons and photons on behavioral and cognitive performance in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112377. [PMID: 31765722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To simulate the space radiation environment astronauts are exposed to, most studies involve acute exposures but during a space mission there will be chronic (long-lasting) exposures. To address this knowledge gap, a neutron irradiator using a 252Cf (252Californium) source was used to generate a mixed field of neutrons and photons to simulate chronic, low dose rate exposures to high LET radiation. In the present study, we assessed the effects chronic neutron exposure starting at 60 days of age on behavioral and cognitive performance of BALB/c female and C3H male mice at 600 and 700 days of age as part of an opportunistic study that took advantage of the availability of neutron and sham-irradiated mice from a radiation carcinogenesis experiment. There were profound dose- and time point-dependent effects of chronic neutron exposure. At the 600-day time point, irradiated BALB/c female mice showed improved nest building at all three doses. At the 700-day, but not 600-day, time point slightly but significantly increased body weights were seen in C3H male mice exposed to 0.118 Gy. At the 600-day time point BALB/c female mice irradiated with 0.2 Gy did, like sham-irradiated, not show preferential exploration of the novel object that was seen in mice irradiated with 0.118 or 0.4 Gy. In C3H male mice exposed to 0.4 Gy and at the 600-day time point, increased measures of anxiety were observed on days 1 and 2 in the open field. Thus, different outcome measures show distinct dose-response relationships, with some anticipated to worsen performance during space missions, like increased measures of anxiety, while other anticipated to enhance performance, such as increased nest building and object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby E Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Skyler Younger
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elin Bertheau
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christina M Fallgren
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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9
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Cucinotta FA, Cacao E. Risks of cognitive detriments after low dose heavy ion and proton exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:985-998. [PMID: 31120359 PMCID: PMC6606350 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1623427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Heavy ion and proton brain irradiations occur during space travel and in Hadron therapy for cancer. Heavy ions produce distinct patterns of energy deposition in neuron cells and brain tissues compared to X-rays leading to large uncertainties in risk estimates. We make a critical review of findings from research studies over the last 25 years for understanding risks at low dose. Conclusions: A large number of mouse and rat cognitive testing measures have been reported for a variety of particle species and energies for acute doses. However, tissue reactions occur above dose thresholds and very few studies were performed at the heavy ion doses to be encountered on space missions (<0.04 Gy/y) or considered dose-rate effects, such that threshold doses are not known in rodent models. Investigations of possible mechanisms for cognitive changes have been limited by experimental design with largely group specific and not subject specific findings reported. Persistent oxidative stress and activated microglia cells are common mechanisms studied, while impairment of neurogenesis, detriments in neuron morphology, and changes to gene and protein expression were each found to be important in specific studies. Future research should focus on estimating threshold doses carried out with experimental designs aimed at understating causative mechanisms, which will be essential for extrapolating rodent findings to humans and chronic radiation scenarios, while establishing if mitigation are needed.
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Kiffer F, Boerma M, Allen A. Behavioral effects of space radiation: A comprehensive review of animal studies. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 21:1-21. [PMID: 31101151 PMCID: PMC7150604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As NASA prepares for the first manned mission to Mars in the next 20 years, close attention has been placed on the cognitive welfare of astronauts, who will likely endure extended durations in confinement and microgravity and be subjected to the radioactive charged particles travelling at relativistic speeds in interplanetary space. The future of long-duration manned spaceflight, thus, depends on understanding the individual hazards associated with the environment beyond Earth's protective magnetosphere. Ground-based single-particle studies of exposed mice and rats have, in the last 30 years, overwhelmingly reported deficits in their cognitive behaviors. However, as particle-accelerator technologies at NASA's Space Radiation Laboratory continue to progress, more realistic representations of space radiation are materializing, including multiple-particle exposures and, eventually, at multiple energy distributions. These advancements help determine how to best mitigate possible hazards due to space radiation. However, risk models will depend on delineating which particles are most responsible for specific behavioral outcomes and whether multiple-particle exposures produce synergistic effects. Here, we review the literature on animal exposures by particle, energy, and behavioral assay to inform future mixed-field radiation studies of possible behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Antiño Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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11
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Raber J, Yamazaki J, Torres ERS, Kirchoff N, Stagaman K, Sharpton T, Turker MS, Kronenberg A. Combined Effects of Three High-Energy Charged Particle Beams Important for Space Flight on Brain, Behavioral and Cognitive Endpoints in B6D2F1 Female and Male Mice. Front Physiol 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 30914962 PMCID: PMC6422905 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation environment in deep space includes the galactic cosmic radiation with different proportions of all naturally occurring ions from protons to uranium. Most experimental animal studies for assessing the biological effects of charged particles have involved acute dose delivery for single ions and/or fractionated exposure protocols. Here, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive performance of female and male C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice 2 months following rapidly delivered, sequential irradiation with protons (1 GeV, 60%), 16O (250 MeV/n, 20%), and 28Si (263 MeV/n, 20%) at 0, 25, 50, or 200 cGy at 4-6 months of age. Cortical BDNF, CD68, and MAP-2 levels were analyzed 3 months after irradiation or sham irradiation. During the dark period, male mice irradiated with 50 cGy showed higher activity levels in the home cage than sham-irradiated mice. Mice irradiated with 50 cGy also showed increased depressive behavior in the forced swim test. When cognitive performance was assessed, sham-irradiated mice of both sexes and mice irradiated with 25 cGy showed normal responses to object recognition and novel object exploration. However, object recognition was impaired in female and male mice irradiated with 50 or 200 cGy. For cortical levels of the neurotrophic factor BDNF and the marker of microglial activation CD68, there were sex × radiation interactions. In females, but not males, there were increased CD68 levels following irradiation. In males, but not females, there were reduced BDNF levels following irradiation. A significant positive correlation between BDNF and CD68 levels was observed, suggesting a role for activated microglia in the alterations in BDNF levels. Finally, sequential beam irradiation impacted the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome. These included dose-dependent impacts and alterations to the relative abundance of several gut genera, such as Butyricicoccus and Lachnospiraceae. Thus, exposure to rapidly delivered sequential proton, 16O ion, and 28Si ion irradiation significantly affects behavioral and cognitive performance, cortical levels of CD68 and BDNF in a sex-dependent fashion, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joy Yamazaki
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nicole Kirchoff
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Thomas Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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12
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Iancu OD, Boutros SW, Olsen RHJ, Davis MJ, Stewart B, Eiwaz M, Marzulla T, Belknap J, Fallgren CM, Edmondson EF, Weil MM, Raber J. Space Radiation Alters Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Fear Learning and Memory Tests. Front Genet 2018; 9:404. [PMID: 30356920 PMCID: PMC6190902 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and cognitive traits have a genetic component even though contributions from individual genes and genomic loci are in many cases modest. Changes in the environment can alter genotype–phenotype relationships. Space travel, which includes exposure to ionizing radiation, constitutes environmental challenges and is expected to induce not only dramatic behavioral and cognitive changes but also has the potential to induce physical DNA damage. In this study, we utilized a genetically heterogeneous mouse model, dense genotype data, and shifting environmental challenges, including ionizing radiation exposure, to explore and quantify the size and stability of the genetic component of fear learning and memory-related measures. Exposure to ionizing radiation and other external stressors altered the genotype–phenotype correlations, although different behavioral and cognitive measures were affected to different extents. Utilizing an integrative genomic approach, we identified pathways and functional ontology categories associated with these behavioral and cognitive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Dan Iancu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sydney Weber Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Massarra Eiwaz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John Belknap
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Christina M Fallgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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13
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Whole-Body 12C Irradiation Transiently Decreases Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Proliferation and Immature Neuron Number, but Does Not Change New Neuron Survival Rate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103078. [PMID: 30304778 PMCID: PMC6213859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-charge and -energy (HZE) particles comprise space radiation and they pose a challenge to astronauts on deep space missions. While exposure to most HZE particles decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus—a brain structure important in memory—prior work suggests that 12C does not. However, much about 12C’s influence on neurogenesis remains unknown, including the time course of its impact on neurogenesis. To address this knowledge gap, male mice (9–11 weeks of age) were exposed to whole-body 12C irradiation 100 cGy (IRR; 1000 MeV/n; 8 kEV/µm) or Sham treatment. To birthdate dividing cells, mice received BrdU i.p. 22 h post-irradiation and brains were harvested 2 h (Short-Term) or three months (Long-Term) later for stereological analysis indices of dentate gyrus neurogenesis. For the Short-Term time point, IRR mice had fewer Ki67, BrdU, and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactive (+) cells versus Sham mice, indicating decreased proliferation (Ki67, BrdU) and immature neurons (DCX). For the Long-Term time point, IRR and Sham mice had similar Ki67+ and DCX+ cell numbers, suggesting restoration of proliferation and immature neurons 3 months post-12C irradiation. IRR mice had fewer surviving BrdU+ cells versus Sham mice, suggesting decreased cell survival, but there was no difference in BrdU+ cell survival rate when compared within treatment and across time point. These data underscore the ability of neurogenesis in the mouse brain to recover from the detrimental effect of 12C exposure.
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14
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Detrimental Effects of Helium Ion Irradiation on Cognitive Performance and Cortical Levels of MAP-2 in B6D2F1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041247. [PMID: 29677125 PMCID: PMC5979430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The space radiation environment includes helium (⁴He) ions that may impact brain function. As little is known about the effects of exposures to ⁴He ions on the brain, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive performance of C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice three months following irradiation with ⁴He ions (250 MeV/n; linear energy transfer (LET) = 1.6 keV/μm; 0, 21, 42 or 168 cGy). Sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 21 or 168 cGy showed novel object recognition, but mice irradiated with 42 cGy did not. In the passive avoidance test, mice received a slight foot shock in a dark compartment, and latency to re-enter that compartment was assessed 24 h later. Sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 21 or 42 cGy showed a higher latency on Day 2 than Day 1, but the latency to enter the dark compartment in mice irradiated with 168 cGy was comparable on both days. ⁴He ion irradiation, at 42 and 168 cGy, reduced the levels of the dendritic marker microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in the cortex. There was an effect of radiation on apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels in the hippocampus and cortex, with higher apoE levels in mice irradiated at 42 cGy than 168 cGy and a trend towards higher apoE levels in mice irradiated at 21 than 168 cGy. In addition, in the hippocampus, there was a trend towards a negative correlation between MAP-2 and apoE levels. While reduced levels of MAP-2 in the cortex might have contributed to the altered performance in the passive avoidance test, it does not seem sufficient to do so. The higher hippocampal and cortical apoE levels in mice irradiated at 42 than 168 cGy might have served as a compensatory protective response preserving their passive avoidance memory. Thus, there were no alterations in behavioral performance in the open filed or depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test, while cognitive impairments were seen in the object recognition and passive avoidance tests, but not in the contextual or cued fear conditioning tests. Taken together, the results indicate that some aspects of cognitive performance are altered in male mice exposed to ⁴He ions, but that the response is task-dependent. Furthermore, the sensitive doses can vary within each task in a non-linear fashion. This highlights the importance of assessing the cognitive and behavioral effects of charged particle exposure with a variety of assays and at multiple doses, given the possibility that lower doses may be more damaging due to the absence of induced compensatory mechanisms at higher doses.
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15
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Britten RA, Jewell JS, Duncan VD, Hadley MM, Macadat E, Musto AE, Tessa CL. Impaired Attentional Set-Shifting Performance after Exposure to 5 cGy of 600 MeV/n28Si Particles. Radiat Res 2018; 189:273-282. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14627.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Britten
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
- Leroy T Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Jessica S. Jewell
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Vania D. Duncan
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Melissa M. Hadley
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Evangeline Macadat
- Department of a Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Alberto E. Musto
- Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Chiara La Tessa
- NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, New York 11973
- University of Trento, Povo Trento 38122, Italy
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16
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Wang Y, Chang J, Li X, Pathak R, Sridharan V, Jones T, Mao XW, Nelson G, Boerma M, Hauer-Jensen M, Zhou D, Shao L. Low doses of oxygen ion irradiation cause long-term damage to bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189466. [PMID: 29232383 PMCID: PMC5726652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During deep space missions, astronauts will be exposed to low doses of charged particle irradiation. The long-term health effects of these exposures are largely unknown. We previously showed that low doses of oxygen ion (16O) irradiation induced acute damage to the hematopoietic system, including hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells in a mouse model. However, the chronic effects of low dose 16O irradiation remain undefined. In the current study, we investigated the long-term effects of low dose 16O irradiation on the mouse hematopoietic system. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0.05 Gy, 0.1 Gy, 0.25 Gy and 1.0 Gy whole body 16O (600 MeV/n) irradiation. The effects of 16O irradiation on bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were examined three months after the exposure. The results showed that the frequencies and numbers of BM HPCs and HSCs were significantly reduced in 0.1 Gy, 0.25 Gy and 1.0 Gy irradiated mice compared to 0.05 Gy irradiated and non-irradiated mice. Exposure of mice to low dose 16O irradiation also significantly reduced the clongenic function of BM HPCs determined by the colony-forming unit assay. The functional defect of irradiated HSCs was detected by cobblestone area-forming cell assay after exposure of mice to 0.1 Gy, 0.25 Gy and 1.0 Gy of 16O irradiation, while it was not seen at three months after 0.5 Gy and 1.0 Gy of γ-ray irradiation. These adverse effects of 16O irradiation on HSCs coincided with an increased intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, there were comparable levels of cellular apoptosis and DNA damage between irradiated and non-irradiated HPCs and HSCs. These data suggest that exposure to low doses of 16O irradiation induces long-term hematopoietic injury, primarily via increased ROS production in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Jianhui Chang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Tamako Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Lijian Shao
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Whoolery CW, Walker AK, Richardson DR, Lucero MJ, Reynolds RP, Beddow DH, Clark KL, Shih HY, LeBlanc JA, Cole MG, Amaral WZ, Mukherjee S, Zhang S, Ahn F, Bulin SE, DeCarolis NA, Rivera PD, Chen BPC, Yun S, Eisch AJ. Whole-Body Exposure to 28Si-Radiation Dose-Dependently Disrupts Dentate Gyrus Neurogenesis and Proliferation in the Short Term and New Neuron Survival and Contextual Fear Conditioning in the Long Term. Radiat Res 2017; 188:532-551. [PMID: 28945526 PMCID: PMC5901735 DOI: 10.1667/rr14797.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Astronauts traveling to Mars will be exposed to chronic low doses of galactic cosmic space radiation, which contains highly charged, high-energy (HZE) particles. 56Fe-HZE-particle exposure decreases hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis and disrupts hippocampal function in young adult rodents, raising the possibility of impaired astronaut cognition and risk of mission failure. However, far less is known about how exposure to other HZE particles, such as 28Si, influences hippocampal neurogenesis and function. To compare the influence of 28Si exposure on indices of neurogenesis and hippocampal function with previous studies on 56Fe exposure, 9-week-old C57BL/6J and Nestin-GFP mice (NGFP; made and maintained for 10 or more generations on a C57BL/6J background) received whole-body 28Si-particle-radiation exposure (0, 0.2 and 1 Gy, 300 MeV/n, LET 67 KeV/μ, dose rate 1 Gy/min). For neurogenesis assessment, the NGFP mice were injected with the mitotic marker BrdU at 22 h postirradiation and brains were examined for indices of hippocampal proliferation and neurogenesis, including Ki67+, BrdU+, BrdU+NeuN+ and DCX+ cell numbers at short- and long-term time points (24 h and 3 months postirradiation, respectively). In the short-term group, stereology revealed fewer Ki67+, BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in 1-Gy-irradiated group relative to nonirradiated control mice, fewer Ki67+ and DCX+ cells in 0.2 Gy group relative to control group and fewer BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in 1 Gy group relative to 0.2 Gy group. In contrast to the clearly observed radiation-induced, dose-dependent reductions in the short-term group across all markers, only a few neurogenesis indices were changed in the long-term irradiated groups. Notably, there were fewer surviving BrdU+ cells in the 1 Gy group relative to 0- and 0.2-Gy-irradiated mice in the long-term group. When the short- and long-term groups were analyzed by sex, exposure to radiation had a similar effect on neurogenesis indices in male and female mice, although only male mice showed fewer surviving BrdU+ cells in the long-term group. Fluorescent immunolabeling and confocal phenotypic analysis revealed that most surviving BrdU+ cells in the long-term group expressed the neuronal marker NeuN, definitively confirming that exposure to 1 Gy 28Si radiation decreased the number of surviving adult-generated neurons in male mice relative to both 0- and 0.2-Gy-irradiated mice. For hippocampal function assessment, 9-week-old male C57BL/6J mice received whole-body 28Si-particle exposure and were then assessed long-term for performance on contextual and cued fear conditioning. In the context test the animals that received 0.2 Gy froze less relative to control animals, suggesting decreased hippocampal-dependent function. However, in the cued fear conditioning test, animals that received 1 Gy froze more during the pretone portion of the test, relative to controls and 0.2-Gy-irradiated mice, suggesting enhanced anxiety. Compared to previously reported studies, these data suggest that 28Si-radiation exposure damages neurogenesis, but to a lesser extent than 56Fe radiation and that low-dose 28Si exposure induces abnormalities in hippocampal function, disrupting fear memory but also inducing anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, exposure to 28Si radiation decreased new neuron survival in long-term male groups but not females suggests that sex may be an important factor when performing brain health risk assessment for astronauts traveling in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody W. Whoolery
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Angela K. Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Melanie J. Lucero
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan P. Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David H. Beddow
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - K. Lyles Clark
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hung-Ying Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Junie A. LeBlanc
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mara G. Cole
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Francisca Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sarah E. Bulin
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Phillip D. Rivera
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Benjamin P. C. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia J. Eisch
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Impey S, Jopson T, Pelz C, Tafessu A, Fareh F, Zuloaga D, Marzulla T, Riparip LK, Stewart B, Rosi S, Turker MS, Raber J. Bi-directional and shared epigenomic signatures following proton and 56Fe irradiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10227. [PMID: 28860502 PMCID: PMC5579159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s response to radiation exposure is an important concern for patients undergoing cancer therapy and astronauts on long missions in deep space. We assessed whether this response is specific and prolonged and is linked to epigenetic mechanisms. We focused on the response of the hippocampus at early (2-weeks) and late (20-week) time points following whole body proton irradiation. We examined two forms of DNA methylation, cytosine methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC). Impairments in object recognition, spatial memory retention, and network stability following proton irradiation were observed at the two-week time point and correlated with altered gene expression and 5hmC profiles that mapped to specific gene ontology pathways. Significant overlap was observed between DNA methylation changes at the 2 and 20-week time points demonstrating specificity and retention of changes in response to radiation. Moreover, a novel class of DNA methylation change was observed following an environmental challenge (i.e. space irradiation), characterized by both increased and decreased 5hmC levels along the entire gene body. These changes were mapped to genes encoding neuronal functions including postsynaptic gene ontology categories. Thus, the brain’s response to proton irradiation is both specific and prolonged and involves novel remodeling of non-random regions of the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Timothy Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Amanuel Tafessu
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fatema Fareh
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Damian Zuloaga
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Lara-Kirstie Riparip
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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19
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Chang J, Feng W, Wang Y, Allen AR, Turner J, Stewart B, Raber J, Hauer-Jensen M, Zhou D, Shao L. 28Si total body irradiation injures bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells via induction of cellular apoptosis. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2017; 13:39-44. [PMID: 28554508 PMCID: PMC6711775 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term space mission exposes astronauts to a radiation environment with potential health hazards. High-energy charged particles (HZE), including 28Si nuclei in space, have deleterious effects on cells due to their characteristics with high linear energy transfer and dense ionization. The influence of 28Si ions contributes more than 10% to the radiation dose equivalent in the space environment. Understanding the biological effects of 28Si irradiation is important to assess the potential health hazards of long-term space missions. The hematopoietic system is highly sensitive to radiation injury and bone marrow (BM) suppression is the primary life-threatening injuries after exposure to a moderate dose of radiation. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the acute effects of low doses of 28Si irradiation on the hematopoietic system in a mouse model. Specifically, 6-month-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9Gy 28Si (600MeV) total body irradiation (TBI). The effects of 28Si TBI on BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) were examined four weeks after the exposure. The results showed that exposure to 28Si TBI dramatically reduced the frequencies and numbers of HSCs in irradiated mice, compared to non-irradiated controls, in a radiation dose-dependent manner. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in BM HPCs regardless of radiation doses. Furthermore, irradiated HSCs exhibited a significant impairment in clonogenic ability. These acute effects of 28Si irradiation on HSCs may be attributable to radiation-induced apoptosis of HSCs, because HSCs, but not HPCs, from irradiated mice exhibited a significant increase in apoptosis in a radiation dose-dependent manner. However, exposure to low doses of 28Si did not result in an increased production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in HSCs and HPCs. These findings indicate that exposure to 28Si irradiation leads to acute HSC damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yingying Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Antiño R Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer Turner
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Blair Stewart
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Departments of Neurology, and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Lijian Shao
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Epigenetic determinants of space radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42885. [PMID: 28220892 PMCID: PMC5318883 DOI: 10.1038/srep42885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the dangers to astronauts engaging in deep space missions such as a Mars expedition is exposure to radiations that put them at risk for severe cognitive dysfunction. These radiation-induced cognitive impairments are accompanied by functional and structural changes including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and degradation of neuronal architecture. The molecular mechanisms that dictate CNS function are multifaceted and it is unclear how irradiation induces persistent alterations in the brain. Among those determinants of cognitive function are neuroepigenetic mechanisms that translate radiation responses into altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. In this study, we have demonstrated a correlation between epigenetic aberrations and adverse effects of space relevant irradiation on cognition. In cognitively impaired irradiated mice we observed increased 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels in the hippocampus that coincided with increased levels of the DNA methylating enzymes DNMT3a, TET1 and TET3. By inhibiting methylation using 5-iodotubercidin, we demonstrated amelioration of the epigenetic effects of irradiation. In addition to protecting against those molecular effects of irradiation, 5-iodotubercidin restored behavioral performance to that of unirradiated animals. The findings of this study establish the possibility that neuroepigenetic mechanisms significantly contribute to the functional and structural changes that affect the irradiated brain and cognition.
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Olsen RHJ, Weber SJ, Akinyeke T, Raber J. Enhanced cued fear memory following post-training whole body irradiation of 3-month-old mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 319:181-187. [PMID: 27865918 PMCID: PMC5924676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Typically, in studies designed to assess effects of irradiation on cognitive performance the animals are trained and tested for cognitive function following irradiation. Little is known about post-training effects of irradiation on cognitive performance. In the current study, 3-month-old male mice were irradiated with X-rays 24h following training in a fear conditioning paradigm and cognitively tested starting two weeks later. Average motion during the extinction trials, measures of anxiety in the elevated zero maze, and body weight changes over the course of the study were assessed as well. Exposure to whole body irradiation 24h following training in a fear conditioning resulted in greater freezing levels 2 weeks after training. In addition, motion during both contextual and cued extinction trials was lower in irradiated than sham-irradiated mice. In mice trained for cued fear conditioning, activity levels in the elevated zero maze 12days after sham-irradiation or irradiation were also lower in irradiated than sham-irradiated mice. Finally, the trajectory of body weight changes was affected by irradiation, with lower body weights in irradiated than sham-irradiated mice, with the most profound effect 7days after training. These effects were associated with reduced c-Myc protein levels in the amygdala of the irradiated mice. These data indicate that whole body X ray irradiation of mice at 3 months of age causes persistent alterations in the fear response and activity levels in a novel environment, while the effects on body weight seem more transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sydney J Weber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tunde Akinyeke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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22
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Britten RA, Jewell JS, Duncan VD, Davis LK, Hadley MM, Wyrobek AJ. Spatial Memory Performance of Socially Mature Wistar Rats is Impaired after Exposure to Low (5 cGy) Doses of 1 GeV/n48Ti Particles. Radiat Res 2017; 187:60-65. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14550.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Impey S, Jopson T, Pelz C, Tafessu A, Fareh F, Zuloaga D, Marzulla T, Riparip LK, Stewart B, Rosi S, Turker MS, Raber J. Short- and long-term effects of 56Fe irradiation on cognition and hippocampal DNA methylation and gene expression. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:825. [PMID: 27776477 PMCID: PMC5078898 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astronauts are exposed to 56Fe ions that may pose a significant health hazard during and following prolonged missions in deep space. We showed previously that object recognition requiring the hippocampus, a structure critical for cognitive function, is affected in 2-month-old mice irradiated with 56Fe ions. Here we examined object recognition in 6-month-old mice irradiated with 56Fe ions, a biological age more relevant to the typical ages of astronauts. Moreover, because the mechanisms mediating the detrimental effects of 56Fe ions on hippocampal function are unclear, we examined changes in hippocampal networks involved in synaptic plasticity and memory, gene expression, and epigenetic changes in cytosine methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) that could accompany changes in gene expression. We assessed the effects of whole body 56Fe ion irradiation at early (2 weeks) and late (20 weeks) time points on hippocampus-dependent memory and hippocampal network stability, and whether these effects are associated with epigenetic changes in hippocampal DNA methylation (both 5mC and 5hmC) and gene expression. Results At the two-week time point, object recognition and network stability were impaired following irradiation at the 0.1 and 0.4 Gy dose, but not following irradiation at the 0.2 Gy dose. No impairments in object recognition or network stability were seen at the 20-week time point at any irradiation dose used. Consistent with this pattern, the significance of pathways for gene categories for 5hmC was lower, though not eliminated, at the 20-week time point compared to the 2-week time point. Similarly, significant changes were observed for 5mC gene pathways at the 2-week time point, but no significant gene categories were observed at the 20-week time point. Only the 5hmC changes tracked with gene expression changes. Conclusions Dose- and time-dependent epigenomic remodeling in the hippocampus following 56Fe ion exposure correlates with behavioral changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3110-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental Biology, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Timothy Jopson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Amanuel Tafessu
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fatema Fareh
- Oregon Stem Cell Center and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Damian Zuloaga
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Lara-Kirstie Riparip
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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24
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Possible involvement of hippocampal immediate–early genes in contextual fear memory deficit induced by cranial irradiation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Raber J, Weber SJ, Kronenberg A, Turker MS. Sex- and dose-dependent effects of calcium ion irradiation on behavioral performance of B6D2F1 mice during contextual fear conditioning training. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 9:56-61. [PMID: 27345201 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The space radiation environment includes energetic charged particles that may impact behavioral and cognitive performance. The relationship between the dose and the ionization density of the various types of charged particles (expressed as linear energy transfer or LET), and cognitive performance is complex. In our earlier work, whole body exposure to (28)Si ions (263 MeV/n, LET=78keV/μm; 1.6 Gy) affected contextual fear memory in C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice three months following irradiation but this was not the case following exposure to (48)Ti ions (1 GeV/n, LET=107keV/μm; 0.2 or 0.4 Gy). As an increased understanding of the impact of charged particle exposures is critical for assessment of risk to the CNS of astronauts during and following missions, in this study we used (40)Ca ion beams (942 MeV/n, LET=90keV/μm) to determine the behavioral and cognitive effects for the LET region between that of Si ions and Ti ions. (40)Ca ion exposure reduced baseline activity in a novel environment in a dose-dependent manner, which suggests reduced motivation to explore and/or a diminished level of curiosity in a novel environment. In addition, exposure to (40)Ca ions had sex-dependent effects on response to shock. (40)Ca ion irradiation reduced the response to shock in female, but not male, mice. In contrast, (40)Ca ion irradiation did not affect fear learning, memory, or extinction of fear memory for either gender at the doses employed in this study. Thus (40)Ca ion irradiation affected behavioral, but not cognitive, performance. The effects of (40)Ca ion irradiation on behavioral performance are relevant, as a combination of novelty and aversive environmental stimuli is pertinent to conditions experienced by astronauts during and following space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Sydney J Weber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Raber J, Allen AR, Sharma S, Allen B, Rosi S, Olsen RHJ, Davis MJ, Eiwaz M, Fike JR, Nelson GA. Effects of Proton and Combined Proton and 56Fe Radiation on the Hippocampus. Radiat Res 2015; 185:20-30. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14222.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antiño R. Allen
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery,
| | - Sourabh Sharma
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery,
| | - Barrett Allen
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery,
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery,
| | | | | | | | - John R. Fike
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery,
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350
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27
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Raber J, Marzulla T, Kronenberg A, Turker MS. (16)Oxygen irradiation enhances cued fear memory in B6D2F1 mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 7:61-65. [PMID: 26553639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The space radiation environment includes energetic charged particles that may impact cognitive performance. We assessed the effects of (16)O ion irradiation on cognitive performance of C57BL/6J × DBA/2J F1 (B6D2F1) mice at OHSU (Portland, OR) one month following irradiation at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL, Upton, NY). Hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory and hippocampus-independent cued fear memory of B6D2F1 mice were tested. (16)O ion exposure enhanced cued fear memory. This effect showed a bell-shaped dose response curve. Cued fear memory was significantly stronger in mice irradiated with (16)O ions at a dose of 0.4 or 0.8 Gy than in sham-irradiated mice or following irradiation at 1.6 Gy. In contrast to cued fear memory, contextual fear memory was not affected following (16)O ion irradiation at the doses used in this study. These data indicate that the amygdala might be particularly susceptible to effects of (16)O ion exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Tessa Marzulla
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mitchell S Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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