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Richards T, Wilson P, Goggolidou P. Next generation sequencing identifies WNT signalling as a significant pathway in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) manifestation and may be linked to disease severity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167309. [PMID: 38885798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) is a rare paediatric disease primarily caused by sequence variants in PKHD1. ARPKD presents with considerable clinical variability relating to the type of PKHD1 sequence variant, but not its position. Animal models of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) suggest a complex genetic landscape, with genetic modifiers as a potential cause of disease variability. METHODS To investigate in an unbiased manner the molecular mechanisms of ARPKD and identify potential indicators of disease severity, Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) were employed on human ARPKD kidneys and age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS WES confirmed the clinical diagnosis of ARPKD in our patient cohort consisting of ten ARPKD kidneys. Sequence variant type, nor position of PKHD1 sequence variants, was linked to disease severity. Sequence variants in genes associated with other ciliopathies were detected in the ARPKD cohort, but only PKD1 could be linked to disease severity. Transcriptomic analysis on a subset of four ARPKD kidneys representing severe and moderate ARPKD, identified a significant number of genes relating to WNT signalling, cellular metabolism and development. Increased expression of WNT signalling-related genes was validated by RT-qPCR in severe and moderate ARPKD kidneys. Two individuals in our cohort with the same PKHD1 sequence variants but different rates of kidney disease progression, with displayed transcriptomic differences in the expression of WNT signalling genes. CONCLUSION ARPKD kidney transcriptomics highlights changes in WNT signalling as potentially significant in ARPKD manifestation and severity, providing indicators for slowing down the progression of ARPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Richards
- School of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Patricia Wilson
- Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Paraskevi Goggolidou
- School of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
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Zhang C, Rehman M, Tian X, Pei SLC, Gu J, Bell TA, Dong K, Tham MS, Cai Y, Wei Z, Behrens F, Jetten AM, Zhao H, Lek M, Somlo S. Glis2 is an early effector of polycystin signaling and a target for therapy in polycystic kidney disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3698. [PMID: 38693102 PMCID: PMC11063051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) show that intact primary cilia are required for cyst growth following the inactivation of polycystin-1. The signaling pathways underlying this process, termed cilia-dependent cyst activation (CDCA), remain unknown. Using translating ribosome affinity purification RNASeq on mouse kidneys with polycystin-1 and cilia inactivation before cyst formation, we identify the differential 'CDCA pattern' translatome specifically dysregulated in kidney tubule cells destined to form cysts. From this, Glis2 emerges as a candidate functional effector of polycystin signaling and CDCA. In vitro changes in Glis2 expression mirror the polycystin- and cilia-dependent changes observed in kidney tissue, validating Glis2 as a cell culture-based indicator of polycystin function related to cyst formation. Inactivation of Glis2 suppresses polycystic kidney disease in mouse models of ADPKD, and pharmacological targeting of Glis2 with antisense oligonucleotides slows disease progression. Glis2 transcript and protein is a functional target of CDCA and a potential therapeutic target for treating ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Rehman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven Lim Cho Pei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ke Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming Shen Tham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zemeng Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Felix Behrens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Ostrosky-Frid M, Patel V. Watering Collecting Duct Cysts: Are Aquaporin2+ Progenitors the Answer? J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:387-388. [PMID: 38557785 PMCID: PMC11000719 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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4
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Ishimoto Y, Menezes LF, Zhou F, Yoshida T, Komori T, Qiu J, Young MF, Lu H, Potapova S, Outeda P, Watnick T, Germino GG. A novel ARPKD mouse model with near-complete deletion of the Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1 (Pkhd1) genomic locus presents with multiple phenotypes but not renal cysts. Kidney Int 2023; 104:611-616. [PMID: 37419448 PMCID: PMC10529617 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ishimoto
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis F Menezes
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Fang Zhou
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Taishi Komori
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiahe Qiu
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian F Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huiyan Lu
- Mouse Transgenic Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Svetlana Potapova
- Mouse Transgenic Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory G Germino
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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5
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Clearman KR, Haycraft CJ, Croyle MJ, Collawn JF, Yoder BK. Functions of the primary cilium in the kidney and its connection with renal diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:39-94. [PMID: 38043952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonmotile primary cilium is a sensory structure found on most mammalian cell types that integrates multiple signaling pathways involved in tissue development and postnatal function. As such, mutations disrupting cilia activities cause a group of disorders referred to as ciliopathies. These disorders exhibit a wide spectrum of phenotypes impacting nearly every tissue. In the kidney, primary cilia dysfunction caused by mutations in polycystin 1 (Pkd1), polycystin 2 (Pkd2), or polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1), result in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a progressive disorder causing renal functional decline and end-stage renal disease. PKD affects nearly 1 in 1000 individuals and as there is no cure for PKD, patients frequently require dialysis or renal transplantation. Pkd1, Pkd2, and Pkhd1 encode membrane proteins that all localize in the cilium. Pkd1 and Pkd2 function as a nonselective cation channel complex while Pkhd1 protein function remains uncertain. Data indicate that the cilium may act as a mechanosensor to detect fluid movement through renal tubules. Other functions proposed for the cilium and PKD proteins in cyst development involve regulation of cell cycle and oriented division, regulation of renal inflammation and repair processes, maintenance of epithelial cell differentiation, and regulation of mitochondrial structure and metabolism. However, how loss of cilia or cilia function leads to cyst development remains elusive. Studies directed at understanding the roles of Pkd1, Pkd2, and Pkhd1 in the cilium and other locations within the cell will be important for developing therapeutic strategies to slow cyst progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Clearman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Courtney J Haycraft
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mandy J Croyle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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Mechanism of cystogenesis by Cd79a-driven, conditional mTOR activation in developing mouse nephrons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:508. [PMID: 36627370 PMCID: PMC9832032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common genetic disorder arising from developmental and postnatal processes. Defects in primary cilia and their signaling (eg, mTOR) underlie the pathogenesis. However, how mTOR regulates tubular integrity remains unclear. The paucity of faithful models has limited our understanding of pathogenesis and, therefore, the refinement of therapeutic targets. To understand the role of mTOR in early cystogenesis, we studied an in-house mouse model, Cd79a-Cre;Tsc1ff. (Cd79a-Tsc1 KO hereafter), recapitulating human autosomal-dominant PKD histology. Cre-mediated Tsc1 depletion driven by the promoter for Cd79a, a known B-cell receptor, activated mTORC1 exclusively along the distal nephron from embryonic day 16 onward. Cysts appeared in the distal nephron at 1 weeks of age and mice developed definite PKD by 4 weeks. Cd79a-Tsc1 KO tubule cells proliferated at a rate comparable to controls after birth but continued to divide even after postnatal day 14 when tubulogenesis is normally completed. Apoptosis occurred only after 9 weeks. During postnatal days 7-11, pre-cystic Cd79a-Tsc1 KO tubule cells showed cilia elongation, aberrant cell intercalation, and mitotic division, suggesting that defective cell planar polarity (PCP) may underlie cystogenesis. mTORC1 was activated in a portion of cyst-lining cells and occasionally even when Tsc1 was not depleted, implying a non-autonomous mechanism. Our results indicate that mTORC1 overactivation in developing distal tubules impairs their postnatal narrowing by disrupting morphogenesis, which orients an actively proliferating cell toward the elongating axis. The interplay between mTOR and cilium signaling, which coordinate cell proliferation with PCP, may be essential for cystogenesis.
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7
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Grosch M, Brunner K, Ilyaskin AV, Schober M, Staudner T, Schmied D, Stumpp T, Schmidt KN, Madej MG, Pessoa TD, Othmen H, Kubitza M, Osten L, de Vries U, Mair MM, Somlo S, Moser M, Kunzelmann K, Ziegler C, Haerteis S, Korbmacher C, Witzgall R. A polycystin-2 protein with modified channel properties leads to an increased diameter of renal tubules and to renal cysts. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271186. [PMID: 34345895 PMCID: PMC8435292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PKD2 gene cause autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease but the physiological role of polycystin-2, the protein product of PKD2, remains elusive. Polycystin-2 belongs to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-selective cation channels. To test the hypothesis that altered ion channel properties of polycystin-2 compromise its putative role in a control circuit controlling lumen formation of renal tubular structures, we generated a mouse model in which we exchanged the pore loop of polycystin-2 with that of the closely related cation channel polycystin-2L1 (encoded by PKD2L1), thereby creating the protein polycystin-2poreL1. Functional characterization of this mutant channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that its electrophysiological properties differed from those of polycystin-2 and instead resembled the properties of polycystin-2L1, in particular regarding its permeability for Ca2+ ions. Homology modeling of the ion translocation pathway of polycystin-2poreL1 argues for a wider pore in polycystin-2poreL1 than in polycystin-2. In Pkd2poreL1 knock-in mice in which the endogenous polycystin-2 protein was replaced by polycystin-2poreL1 the diameter of collecting ducts was increased and collecting duct cysts developed in a strain-dependent fashion. Summary: Replacement of the pore region of polycystin-2 with that of polycystin-2L1 results in wider renal tubules and polycystic kidney disease, thus demonstrating the essential function of its ion channel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Grosch
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Brunner
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Ilyaskin
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schober
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudner
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denise Schmied
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tina Stumpp
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin N Schmidt
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Gregor Madej
- Department of Biophysics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thaissa D Pessoa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helga Othmen
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kubitza
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Osten
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe de Vries
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena M Mair
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Markus Moser
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christine Ziegler
- Department of Biophysics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Molecular Pathophysiology of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126523. [PMID: 34204582 PMCID: PMC8235086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare disorder and one of the most severe forms of polycystic kidney disease, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in childhood. PKHD1 is the gene that is responsible for the vast majority of ARPKD. However, some cases have been related to a new gene that was recently identified (DZIP1L gene), as well as several ciliary genes that can mimic a ARPKD-like phenotypic spectrum. In addition, a number of molecular pathways involved in the ARPKD pathogenesis and progression were elucidated using cellular and animal models. However, the function of the ARPKD proteins and the molecular mechanism of the disease currently remain incompletely understood. Here, we review the clinics, treatment, genetics, and molecular basis of ARPKD, highlighting the most recent findings in the field.
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Torban E, Sokol SY. Planar cell polarity pathway in kidney development, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:369-385. [PMID: 33547419 PMCID: PMC8967065 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue plane. Originally discovered and studied in Drosophila melanogaster, PCP is now widely recognized in vertebrates, where it is implicated in organogenesis. Specific sets of PCP genes have been identified. The proteins encoded by these genes become asymmetrically distributed to opposite sides of cells within a tissue plane and guide many processes that include changes in cell shape and polarity, collective cell movements or the uniform distribution of cell appendages. A unifying characteristic of these processes is that they often involve rearrangement of actomyosin. Mutations in PCP genes can cause malformations in organs of many animals, including humans. In the past decade, strong evidence has accumulated for a role of the PCP pathway in kidney development including outgrowth and branching morphogenesis of ureteric bud and podocyte development. Defective PCP signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney disorders of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract spectrum. Understanding the origins, molecular constituents and cellular targets of PCP provides insights into the involvement of PCP molecules in normal kidney development and how dysfunction of PCP components may lead to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Block E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4A3J1.,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
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Papakrivopoulou E, Jafree DJ, Dean CH, Long DA. The Biological Significance and Implications of Planar Cell Polarity for Nephrology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:599529. [PMID: 33716764 PMCID: PMC7952641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.599529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional space underpins how the kidney develops and responds to disease. The process by which cells orientate themselves within the plane of a tissue is termed planar cell polarity. In this Review, we discuss how planar cell polarity and the proteins that underpin it govern kidney organogenesis and pathology. The importance of planar cell polarity and its constituent proteins in multiple facets of kidney development is emphasised, including ureteric bud branching, tubular morphogenesis and nephron maturation. An overview is given of the relevance of planar cell polarity and its proteins for inherited human renal diseases, including congenital malformations with unknown aetiology and polycystic kidney disease. Finally, recent work is described outlining the influence of planar cell polarity proteins on glomerular diseases and highlight how this fundamental pathway could yield a new treatment paradigm for nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Papakrivopoulou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Clinique Saint Jean, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,UCL MB/Ph.D. Programme, Faculty of Medical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang C, Balbo B, Ma M, Zhao J, Tian X, Kluger Y, Somlo S. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 Activity Is a Driver of Cyst Growth in Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:41-51. [PMID: 33046531 PMCID: PMC7894654 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2, which encode the transmembrane proteins polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, respectively, cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Polycystins are expressed in the primary cilium, and disrupting cilia structure significantly slows ADPKD progression following inactivation of polycystins. The cellular mechanisms of polycystin- and cilia-dependent cyst progression in ADPKD remain incompletely understood. METHODS Unbiased transcriptional profiling in an adult-onset Pkd2 mouse model before cysts formed revealed significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Pkd2 single-knockout kidneys, which were used to identify candidate pathways dysregulated in kidneys destined to form cysts. In vivo studies validated the role of the candidate pathway in the progression of ADPKD. Wild-type and Pkd2/Ift88 double-knockout mice that are protected from cyst growth served as controls. RESULTS The RNASeq data identified cell proliferation as the most dysregulated pathway, with 15 of 241 DEGs related to cell cycle functions. Cdk1 appeared as a central component in this analysis. Cdk1 expression was similarly dysregulated in Pkd1 models of ADPKD, and conditional inactivation of Cdk1 with Pkd1 markedly improved the cystic phenotype and kidney function compared with inactivation of Pkd1 alone. The Pkd1/Cdk1 double knockout blocked cyst cell proliferation that otherwise accompanied Pkd1 inactivation alone. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of Cdk1 is an early driver of cyst cell proliferation in ADPKD due to Pkd1 inactivation. Selective targeting of cyst cell proliferation is an effective means of slowing ADPKD progression caused by inactivation of Pkd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bruno Balbo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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McConnachie DJ, Stow JL, Mallett AJ. Ciliopathies and the Kidney: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:410-419. [PMID: 33039432 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized sensory organelles that protrude from the apical surface of most cell types. During the past 2 decades, they have been found to play important roles in tissue development and signal transduction, with mutations in ciliary-associated proteins resulting in a group of diseases collectively known as ciliopathies. Many of these mutations manifest as renal ciliopathies, characterized by kidney dysfunction resulting from aberrant cilia or ciliary functions. This group of overlapping and genetically heterogeneous diseases includes polycystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome as the main focus of this review. Renal ciliopathies are characterized by the presence of kidney cysts that develop due to uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation, growth, and polarity, downstream of dysregulated ciliary-dependent signaling. Due to cystic-associated kidney injury and systemic inflammation, cases result in kidney failure requiring dialysis and transplantation. Of the handful of pharmacologic treatments available, none are curative. It is important to determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie the involvement of the primary cilium in cyst initiation, expansion, and progression for the development of novel and efficacious treatments. This review updates research progress in defining key genes and molecules central to ciliogenesis and renal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J McConnachie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation Disease and Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J Mallett
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation Disease and Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; KidGen Collaborative, Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Gallagher AR, Somlo S. Loss of Cilia Does Not Slow Liver Disease Progression in Mouse Models of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:962-968. [PMID: 33829210 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001022019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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14
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Bonucci M, Kuperwasser N, Barbe S, Koka V, de Villeneuve D, Zhang C, Srivastava N, Jia X, Stokes MP, Bienaimé F, Verkarre V, Lopez JB, Jaulin F, Pontoglio M, Terzi F, Delaval B, Piel M, Pende M. mTOR and S6K1 drive polycystic kidney by the control of Afadin-dependent oriented cell division. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3200. [PMID: 32581239 PMCID: PMC7314806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR activation is essential and sufficient to cause polycystic kidneys in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and other genetic disorders. In disease models, a sharp increase of proliferation and cyst formation correlates with a dramatic loss of oriented cell division (OCD). We find that OCD distortion is intrinsically due to S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activation. The concomitant loss of S6K1 in Tsc1-mutant mice restores OCD but does not decrease hyperproliferation, leading to non-cystic harmonious hyper growth of kidneys. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics for S6K1 substrates revealed Afadin, a known component of cell-cell junctions required to couple intercellular adhesions and cortical cues to spindle orientation. Afadin is directly phosphorylated by S6K1 and abnormally decorates the apical surface of Tsc1-mutant cells with E-cadherin and α-catenin. Our data reveal that S6K1 hyperactivity alters centrosome positioning in mitotic cells, affecting oriented cell division and promoting kidney cysts in conditions of mTOR hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonucci
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kuperwasser
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Serena Barbe
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vonda Koka
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine de Villeneuve
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nishit Srivastava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- Cell Signaling Technology INC, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA, 01923, USA
| | - Matthew P Stokes
- Cell Signaling Technology INC, 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA, 01923, USA
| | - Frank Bienaimé
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP centre), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département d'anatomo-pathologie, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marco Pontoglio
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Delaval
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Centrosome, cilia and pathologies Lab, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mario Pende
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS, 61431, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U1151, Paris, F-75014, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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15
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Cilia and polycystic kidney disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:139-148. [PMID: 32475690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), comprising autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), is characterized by incessant cyst formation in the kidney and liver. ADPKD and ARPKD represent the leading genetic causes of renal disease in adults and children, respectively. ADPKD is caused by mutations in PKD1 encoding polycystin1 (PC1) and PKD2 encoding polycystin 2 (PC2). PC1/2 are multi-pass transmembrane proteins that form a complex localized in the primary cilium. Predominant ARPKD cases are caused by mutations in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene that encodes the Fibrocystin/Polyductin (FPC) protein, whereas a small subset of cases are caused by mutations in DAZ interacting zinc finger protein 1 like (DZIP1L) gene. FPC is a type I transmembrane protein, localizing to the cilium and basal body, in addition to other compartments, and DZIP1L encodes a transition zone/basal body protein. Apparently, PC1/2 and FPC are signaling molecules, while the mechanism that cilia employ to govern renal tubule morphology and prevent cyst formation is unclear. Nonetheless, recent genetic and biochemical studies offer a glimpse of putative physiological malfunctions and the pathomechanisms underlying both disease entities. In this review, I summarize the results of genetic studies that deduced the function of PC1/2 on cilia and of cilia themselves in cyst formation in ADPKD, and I discuss studies regarding regulation of polycystin biogenesis and cilia trafficking. I also summarize the synergistic genetic interactions between Pkd1 and Pkhd1, and the unique tissue patterning event controlled by FPC, but not PC1. Interestingly, while DZIP1L mutations generate compromised PC1/2 cilia expression, FPC deficiency does not affect PC1/2 biogenesis and ciliary localization, indicating that divergent mechanisms could lead to cyst formation in ARPKD. I conclude by outlining promising areas for future PKD research and highlight rationales for potential therapeutic interventions for PKD treatment.
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16
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Molecular pathways involved in injury-repair and ADPKD progression. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109648. [PMID: 32320858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The major hallmark of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the formation of many fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, which ultimately impairs the normal renal structure and function, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A large body of evidence suggests that injury-repair mechanisms are part of ADPKD progression. Once cysts have been formed, proliferation and fluid secretion contribute to the cyst size increase, which eventually causes stress on the surrounding tissue resulting in local injury and fibrosis. In addition, renal injury can cause or accelerate cyst formation. In this review, we will describe the various mechanisms activated during renal injury and tissue repair and show how they largely overlap with the molecular mechanisms activated during PKD progression. In particular, we will discuss molecular mechanisms such as proliferation, inflammation, cell differentiation, cytokines and growth factors secretion, which are activated following the renal injury to allow the remodelling of the tissue and a proper organ repair. We will also underline how, in a context of PKD-related gene mutations, aberrant or chronic activation of these developmental pathways and repair/remodelling mechanisms results in exacerbation of the disease.
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17
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Derish I, Lee JKH, Wong-King-Cheong M, Babayeva S, Caplan J, Leung V, Shahinian C, Gravel M, Deans MR, Gros P, Torban E. Differential role of planar cell polarity gene Vangl2 in embryonic and adult mammalian kidneys. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230586. [PMID: 32203543 PMCID: PMC7089571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is crucial for tissue morphogenesis. Mutations in PCP genes cause multi-organ anomalies including dysplastic kidneys. Defective PCP signaling was postulated to contribute to cystogenesis in polycystic kidney disease. This work was undertaken to elucidate the role of the key PCP gene, Vangl2, in embryonic and postnatal renal tubules and ascertain whether its loss contributes to cyst formation and defective tubular function in mature animals. We generated mice with ubiquitous and collecting duct-restricted excision of Vangl2. We analyzed renal tubules in mutant and control mice at embryonic day E17.5 and postnatal days P1, P7, P30, P90, 6- and 9-month old animals. The collecting duct functions were analyzed in young and adult mutant and control mice. Loss of Vangl2 leads to profound tubular dilatation and microcysts in embryonic kidneys. Mechanistically, these abnormalities are caused by defective convergent extension (larger tubular cross-sectional area) and apical constriction (cuboidal cell shape and a reduction of activated actomyosin at the luminal surface). However, the embryonic tubule defects were rapidly resolved by Vangl2-independent mechanisms after birth. Normal collecting duct architecture and functions were found in young and mature animals. During embryogenesis, Vangl2 controls tubular size via convergent extension and apical constriction. However, rapidly after birth, PCP-dependent control of tubular size is switched to a PCP-independent regulatory mechanism. We conclude that loss of the Vangl2 gene is dispensable for tubular elongation and maintenance postnatally. It does not lead to cyst formation and is unlikely to contribute to polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Derish
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeremy K. H. Lee
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melanie Wong-King-Cheong
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sima Babayeva
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jillian Caplan
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloe Shahinian
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael R. Deans
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Shao A, Chan SC, Igarashi P. Role of transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β in polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109568. [PMID: 32068086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that is essential for normal kidney development. Mutations of HNF1B in humans produce cystic kidney diseases, including renal cysts and diabetes, multicystic dysplastic kidneys, glomerulocystic kidney disease, and autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease. Expression of HNF1B is reduced in cystic kidneys from humans with ADPKD, and HNF1B has been identified as a modifier gene in PKD. Genome-wide analysis of chromatin binding has revealed that HNF-1β directly regulates the expression of known PKD genes, such as PKHD1 and PKD2, as well as genes involved in PKD pathogenesis, including cAMP-dependent signaling, renal fibrosis, and Wnt signaling. In addition, a role of HNF-1β in regulating the expression of noncoding RNAs (microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs) has been identified. These findings indicate that HNF-1β regulates a transcriptional and post-transcriptional network that plays a central role in renal cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Siu Chiu Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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19
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Zahid R, Akram M, Rafique E. Prevalence, risk factors and disease knowledge of polycystic kidney disease in Pakistan. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 34:2058738420966083. [PMID: 33125856 PMCID: PMC7607775 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420966083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidneys disease refers to cyst(s) formation in kidneys with severe consequences of end stage renal disease thus have higher mortality. It is a common genetic disease occurring either as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney (ADPKD) or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) with prevalence rates of 1/1000 and 1/40,000 respectively. Dominant forms presenting in later (>30) while recessive in earlier ages (infancy) and affecting both sexes and almost all race. The patient experiences many renal as well as extra-renal manifestations with marked hypertension and cyst formation in other organs predominantly in liver. Due to genetic basis, positive family history is considered as major risk factor. Ultrasonography remains the main stay of diagnosis along with family history, by indicating increased renal size and architectural modifications. Initially disease remains asymptomatic, later on symptomatic treatment is suggested with surgical interventions like cyst decortications or drainage. Dialysis proved to be beneficial in end stage renal disease. However renal transplantation is the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Zahid
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Rafique
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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20
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Formica C, Happé H, Veraar KA, Vortkamp A, Scharpfenecker M, McNeill H, Peters DJ. Four-jointed knock-out delays renal failure in an ADPKD model with kidney injury. J Pathol 2019; 249:114-125. [PMID: 31038742 PMCID: PMC6772084 DOI: 10.1002/path.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is characterised by the development of fluid‐filled cysts in the kidneys which lead to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). In the majority of cases, the disease is caused by a mutation in the Pkd1 gene. In a previous study, we demonstrated that renal injury can accelerate cyst formation in Pkd1 knock‐out (KO) mice. In that study, we found that after injury four‐jointed (Fjx1), an upstream regulator of planar cell polarity and the Hippo pathway, was aberrantly expressed in Pkd1 KO mice compared to WT. Therefore, we hypothesised a role for Fjx1 in injury/repair and cyst formation. We generated single and double deletion mice for Pkd1 and Fjx1, and we induced toxic renal injury using the nephrotoxic compound 1,2‐dichlorovinyl‐cysteine. We confirmed that nephrotoxic injury can accelerate cyst formation in Pkd1 mutant mice. This caused Pkd1 KO mice to reach ESRD significantly faster; unexpectedly, double KO mice survived significantly longer. Cyst formation was comparable in both models, but we found significantly less fibrosis and macrophage infiltration in double KO mice. Taken together, these data suggest that Fjx1 disruption protects the cystic kidneys against kidney failure by reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, we describe, for the first time, an interesting (yet unidentified) mechanism that partially discriminates cyst growth from fibrogenesis. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Formica
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hester Happé
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Am Veraar
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dorien Jm Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary Cilia Reconsidered in the Context of Ciliopathies: Extraciliary and Ciliary Functions of Cilia Proteins Converge on a Polarity theme? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700132. [PMID: 29882973 PMCID: PMC6239423 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once dismissed as vestigial organelles, primary cilia have garnered the interest of scientists, given their importance in development/signaling, and for their implication in a new disease category known as ciliopathies. However, many, if not all, "cilia" proteins also have locations/functions outside of the primary cilium. These extraciliary functions can complicate the interpretation of a particular ciliopathy phenotype: it may be a result of defects at the cilium and/or at extraciliary locations, and it could be broadly related to a unifying cellular process for these proteins, such as polarity. Assembly of a cilium has many similarities to the development of other polarized structures. This evolutionarily preserved process for the assembly of polarized cell structures offers a perspective on how the cilium may have evolved. We hypothesize that cilia proteins are critical for cell polarity, and that core polarity proteins may have been specialized to form various cellular protrusions, including primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
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22
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Shigeta M, Kanazawa H, Yokoyama T. Tubular cell loss in early inv/nphp2 mutant kidneys represents a possible homeostatic mechanism in cortical tubular formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198580. [PMID: 29889867 PMCID: PMC5995398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversion of embryonic turning (inv) cystic mice develop multiple renal cysts and are a model for type II nephronophthisis (NPHP2). The defect of planar cell polarity (PCP) by oriented cell division was proposed as the underlying cellular phenotype, while abnormal cell proliferation and apoptosis occur in some polycystic kidney disease models. However, how these cystogenic phenotypes are linked and what is most critical for cystogenesis remain largely unknown. In particular, in early cortical cytogenesis in the inv mutant cystic model, it remains uncertain whether the increased proliferation index results from changes in cell cycle length or cell fate determination. To address tubular cell kinetics, doubling time and total number of tubular cells, as well as amount of genomic DNA (gDNA), were measured in mutant and normal control kidneys. Despite a significantly higher bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-proliferation index in the mutant, total tubular cell number and doubling time were unaffected. Unexpectedly, the mutant had tubular cell loss, characterized by a temporal decrease in tubular cells incorporating 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) and significantly increased nuclear debris. Based on current data we established a new multi-population shift model in postnatal renal development, indicating that a few restricted tubular cell populations contribute to cortical tubular formation. As in the inv mutant phenotype, the model simulation revealed a large population of tubular cells with rapid cell cycling and tubular cell loss. The proposed cellular kinetics suggest not only the underlying mechanism of the inv mutant phenotype but also a possible renal homeostatic mechanism for tubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shigeta
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirotaka Kanazawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Criollo A, Altamirano F, Pedrozo Z, Schiattarella GG, Li DL, Rivera-Mejías P, Sotomayor-Flores C, Parra V, Villalobos E, Battiprolu PK, Jiang N, May HI, Morselli E, Somlo S, de Smedt H, Gillette TG, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Polycystin-2-dependent control of cardiomyocyte autophagy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Zhang B, Tran U, Wessely O. Polycystin 1 loss of function is directly linked to an imbalance in G-protein signaling in the kidney. Development 2018. [PMID: 29530879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the kidney relies on the establishment and maintenance of a precise tubular diameter of its functional units, the nephrons. This process is disrupted in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), resulting in dilations of the nephron and renal cyst formation. In the course of exploring G-protein-coupled signaling in the Xenopus pronephric kidney, we discovered that loss of the G-protein α subunit, Gnas, results in a PKD phenotype. Polycystin 1, one of the genes mutated in human PKD, encodes a protein resembling a G-protein-coupled receptor. Furthermore, deletion of the G-protein-binding domain present in the intracellular C terminus of polycystin 1 impacts functionality. A comprehensive analysis of all the G-protein α subunits expressed in the Xenopus pronephric kidney demonstrates that polycystin 1 recruits a select subset of G-protein α subunits and that their knockdown - as in the case of Gnas - results in a PKD phenotype. Mechanistically, the phenotype is caused by increased endogenous G-protein β/γ signaling and can be reversed by pharmacological inhibitors as well as knocking down Gnb1. Together, our data support the hypothesis that G proteins are recruited to the intracellular domain of PKD1 and that this interaction is crucial for its function in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,LSU Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Uyen Tran
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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25
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Adenylyl cyclase 5 deficiency reduces renal cyclic AMP and cyst growth in an orthologous mouse model of polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 93:403-415. [PMID: 29042084 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP promotes cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) by stimulating cell proliferation and fluid secretion. Previously, we showed that the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells contains a cAMP regulatory complex comprising adenylyl cyclases 5 and 6 (AC5/6), polycystin-2, A-kinase anchoring protein 150, protein kinase A, and phosphodiesterase 4C. In Kif3a mutant cells that lack primary cilia, the formation of this regulatory complex is disrupted and cAMP levels are increased. Inhibition of AC5 reduces cAMP levels in Kif3a mutant cells, suggesting that AC5 may mediate the increase in cAMP in PKD. Here, we examined the role of AC5 in an orthologous mouse model of PKD caused by kidney-specific ablation of Pkd2. Knockdown of AC5 with siRNA attenuated the increase in cAMP levels in Pkd2-deficient renal epithelial cells. Levels of cAMP and AC5 mRNA transcripts were elevated in the kidneys of mice with collecting duct-specific ablation of Pkd2. Compared with Pkd2 single mutant mice, AC5/Pkd2 double mutant mice had less kidney enlargement, lower cyst index, reduced kidney injury, and improved kidney function. Importantly, cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent signaling were reduced in the kidneys of AC5/Pkd2 double mutant compared to the kidneys of Pkd2 single mutant mice. Additionally, we localized endogenous AC5 in the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells and showed that ablation of AC5 reduced ciliary elongation in the kidneys of Pkd2 mutant mice. Thus, AC5 contributes importantly to increased renal cAMP levels and cyst growth in Pkd2 mutant mice, and inhibition of AC5 may be beneficial in the treatment of PKD.
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Kunimoto K, Bayly RD, Vladar EK, Vonderfecht T, Gallagher AR, Axelrod JD. Disruption of Core Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Regulates Renal Tubule Morphogenesis but Is Not Cystogenic. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3120-3131.e4. [PMID: 29033332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) shape developing renal tubules, and their disruption has been associated with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) genes, the majority of which encode proteins that localize to primary cilia. Core planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls OCD and CE in other contexts, leading to the hypothesis that disruption of PCP signaling interferes with CE and/or OCD to produce PKD. Nonetheless, the contribution of PCP to tubulogenesis and cystogenesis is uncertain, and two major questions remain unanswered. Specifically, the inference that mutation of PKD genes interferes with PCP signaling is untested, and the importance of PCP signaling for cystogenic PKD phenotypes has not been examined. We show that, during proliferative stages, PCP signaling polarizes renal tubules to control OCD. However, we find that, contrary to the prevailing model, PKD mutations do not disrupt PCP signaling but instead act independently and in parallel with PCP signaling to affect OCD. Indeed, PCP signaling that is normally downregulated once development is completed is retained in cystic adult kidneys. Disrupting PCP signaling results in inaccurate control of tubule diameter, a tightly regulated parameter with important physiological ramifications. However, we show that disruption of PCP signaling is not cystogenic. Our results suggest that regulating tubule diameter is a key function of PCP signaling but that loss of this control does not induce cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Kunimoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roy D Bayly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyson Vonderfecht
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna-Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Lázaro-Diéguez F, Müsch A. Cell-cell adhesion accounts for the different orientation of columnar and hepatocytic cell divisions. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3847-3859. [PMID: 28887437 PMCID: PMC5674875 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle alignment with the basal or substrate-contacting domain ensures that dividing epithelial cells remain in the plane of the monolayer. Spindle orientation with respect to the substratum is established in metaphase coincident with maximal cell rounding, which enables unobstructed spindle rotation. Misaligned metaphase spindles are believed to result in divisions in which one daughter loses contact with the basal lamina. Here we describe a rescue mechanism that drives substrate-parallel spindle alignment of quasi-diagonal metaphase spindles in anaphase. It requires a Rho- and E-cadherin adhesion-dependent, substrate-parallel contractile actin belt at the apex that governs anaphase cell flattening. In contrast to monolayered Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, hepatocytic epithelial cells, which typically feature tilted metaphase spindles, lack this anaphase flattening mechanism and as a consequence maintain their spindle tilt through cytokinesis. This results in out-of-monolayer divisions, which we propose contribute to the stratified organization of hepatocyte cords in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lázaro-Diéguez
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Anne Müsch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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28
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Gao L, Yang Z, Hiremath C, Zimmerman SE, Long B, Brakeman PR, Mostov KE, Bryant DM, Luby-Phelps K, Marciano DK. Afadin orients cell division to position the tubule lumen in developing renal tubules. Development 2017; 144:3511-3520. [PMID: 28860115 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In many types of tubules, continuity of the lumen is paramount to tubular function, yet how tubules generate lumen continuity in vivo is not known. We recently found that the F-actin-binding protein afadin is required for lumen continuity in developing renal tubules, though its mechanism of action remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that afadin is required for lumen continuity by orienting the mitotic spindle during cell division. Using an in vitro 3D cyst model, we find that afadin localizes to the cell cortex adjacent to the spindle poles and orients the mitotic spindle. In tubules, cell division may be oriented relative to two axes: longitudinal and apical-basal. Unexpectedly, in vivo examination of early-stage developing nephron tubules reveals that cell division is not oriented in the longitudinal (or planar-polarized) axis. However, cell division is oriented perpendicular to the apical-basal axis. Absence of afadin in vivo leads to misorientation of apical-basal cell division in nephron tubules. Together, these results support a model whereby afadin determines lumen placement by directing apical-basal spindle orientation, resulting in a continuous lumen and normal tubule morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhufeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chitkale Hiremath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Susan E Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Blake Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Paul R Brakeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - David M Bryant
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow and Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Cordido A, Besada-Cerecedo L, García-González MA. The Genetic and Cellular Basis of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease-A Primer for Clinicians. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:279. [PMID: 29326913 PMCID: PMC5741702 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide. In recent decades, the field has undergone a revolution, starting with the identification of causal ADPKD genes, including PKD1, PKD2, and the recently identified GANAB. In addition, advances defining the genetic mechanisms, protein localization and function, and the identification of numerous pathways involved in the disease process, have contributed to a better understanding of this illness. Together, this has led to a better prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment in clinical practice. In this mini review, we summarize and discuss new insights about the molecular mechanisms underlying ADPKD, including its genetics, protein function, and cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cordido
- Grupo de Genética y Biología del Desarrollo de las Enfermedades Renales, Laboratorio de Nefrología (n.° 11), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lara Besada-Cerecedo
- Grupo de Genética y Biología del Desarrollo de las Enfermedades Renales, Laboratorio de Nefrología (n.° 11), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A García-González
- Grupo de Genética y Biología del Desarrollo de las Enfermedades Renales, Laboratorio de Nefrología (n.° 11), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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30
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Marciano DK. A holey pursuit: lumen formation in the developing kidney. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:7-20. [PMID: 26902755 PMCID: PMC5495142 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polarized epithelial tubules is a hallmark of kidney development. One of the fundamental principles in tubulogenesis is that epithelia coordinate the polarity of individual cells with the surrounding cells and matrix. A central feature in this process is the segregation of membranes into spatially and functionally distinct apical and basolateral domains, and the generation of a luminal space at the apical surface. This review examines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the establishment of apical-basal polarity and lumen formation in developing renal epithelia, including the roles of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and polarity complexes. We highlight growing evidence from animal models, and correlate these findings with models of tubulogenesis from other organ systems, and from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K. Marciano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. H5.102, Dallas, TX 75390-8856
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31
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Lakhia R, Hajarnis S, Williams D, Aboudehen K, Yheskel M, Xing C, Hatley ME, Torres VE, Wallace DP, Patel V. MicroRNA-21 Aggravates Cyst Growth in a Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2319-30. [PMID: 26677864 PMCID: PMC4978047 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common monogenetic disorders, is characterized by kidney failure caused by bilateral renal cyst growth. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in numerous diseases, but the role of these noncoding RNAs in ADPKD pathogenesis is still poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of miR-21, an oncogenic miR, in kidney cyst growth. We found that transcriptional activation of miR-21 is a common feature of murine PKD. Furthermore, compared with renal tubules from kidney samples of normal controls, cysts in kidney samples from patients with ADPKD had increased levels of miR-21. cAMP signaling, a key pathogenic pathway in PKD, transactivated miR-21 promoter in kidney cells and promoted miR-21 expression in cystic kidneys of mice. Genetic deletion of miR-21 attenuated cyst burden, reduced kidney injury, and improved survival of an orthologous model of ADPKD. RNA sequencing analysis and additional in vivo assays showed that miR-21 inhibits apoptosis of cyst epithelial cells, likely through direct repression of its target gene programmed cell death 4 Thus, miR-21 functions downstream of the cAMP pathway and promotes disease progression in experimental PKD. Our results suggest that inhibiting miR-21 is a potential new therapeutic approach to slow cyst growth in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karam Aboudehen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark E Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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32
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a signalopathy of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by naturally occurring mutations in two distinct genes, polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) and 2 (PKD2). Genetic variants in PKD1, which encodes the polycystin-1 (PC-1) protein, remain the predominant factor associated with the pathogenesis of nearly two-thirds of all patients diagnosed with PKD. Although the relationship between defective PC-1 with renal cystic disease initiation and progression remains to be fully elucidated, there are numerous clinical studies that have focused upon the control of effector systems involving heterotrimeric G protein regulation. A major regulator in the activation state of heterotrimeric G proteins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are defined by their seven transmembrane-spanning regions. PC-1 has been considered to function as an unconventional GPCR, but the mechanisms by which PC-1 controls signal processing, magnitude, or trafficking through heterotrimeric G proteins remains to be fully known. The diversity of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in PKD is further complicated by the presence of non-GPCR proteins in the membrane or cytoplasm that also modulate the functional state of heterotrimeric G proteins within the cell. Moreover, PC-1 abnormalities promote changes in hormonal systems that ultimately interact with distinct GPCRs in the kidney to potentially amplify or antagonize signaling output from PC-1. This review will focus upon the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways that have been described in PKD with specific emphasis on which heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the pathological reorganization of the tubular epithelial cell architecture to exacerbate renal cystogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Hama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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33
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by mutation of PKD1 (polycystic kidney disease-1) or PKD2 (polycystic kidney disease-2). PKD1 and PKD2 encode PC1 (polycystin-1) and PC2 (polycystin-2), respectively. In addition, the mutation of cilia-associated proteins is also a recognized major factor of pathogenesis, since PC1 and PC2 are located in primary cilium. Abnormalities of PC1 or PC2 lead to aberrant signaling through downstream pathways, such as the negative growth regulation, G protein activation, and canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. According to the "second hit" model, an additional somatic mutation results in the expansion of cyst growth. In this chapter we discuss the genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in ADPKD.
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34
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Nigro EA, Castelli M, Boletta A. Role of the Polycystins in Cell Migration, Polarity, and Tissue Morphogenesis. Cells 2015; 4:687-705. [PMID: 26529018 PMCID: PMC4695853 DOI: 10.3390/cells4040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic kidney diseases (CKD) is a class of disorders characterized by ciliary dysfunction and, therefore, belonging to the ciliopathies. The prototype CKD is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), whose mutated genes encode for two membrane-bound proteins, polycystin-1 (PC-1) and polycystin-2 (PC-2), of unknown function. Recent studies on CKD-associated genes identified new mechanisms of morphogenesis that are central for establishment and maintenance of proper renal tubular diameter. During embryonic development in the mouse and lower vertebrates a convergent-extension (CE)-like mechanism based on planar cell polarity (PCP) and cellular intercalation is involved in “sculpting” the tubules into a narrow and elongated shape. Once the appropriate diameter is established, further elongation occurs through oriented cell division (OCD). The polycystins (PCs) regulate some of these essential processes. In this review we summarize recent work on the role of PCs in regulating cell migration, the cytoskeleton, and front-rear polarity. These important properties are essential for proper morphogenesis of the renal tubules and the lymphatic vessels. We highlight here several open questions and controversies. Finally, we try to outline some of the next steps required to study these processes and their relevance in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Agnese Nigro
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dibit, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Castelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dibit, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dibit, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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35
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Ciliary subcompartments and cysto-proteins. Anat Sci Int 2015; 92:207-214. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Seeger-Nukpezah T, Geynisman DM, Nikonova AS, Benzing T, Golemis EA. The hallmarks of cancer: relevance to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:515-34. [PMID: 25870008 PMCID: PMC5902186 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a progressive inherited disorder in which renal tissue is gradually replaced with fluid-filled cysts, giving rise to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progressive loss of renal function. ADPKD is also associated with liver ductal cysts, hypertension, chronic pain and extra-renal problems such as cerebral aneurysms. Intriguingly, improved understanding of the signalling and pathological derangements characteristic of ADPKD has revealed marked similarities to those of solid tumours, even though the gross presentation of tumours and the greater morbidity and mortality associated with tumour invasion and metastasis would initially suggest entirely different disease processes. The commonalities between ADPKD and cancer are provocative, particularly in the context of recent preclinical and clinical studies of ADPKD that have shown promise with drugs that were originally developed for cancer. The potential therapeutic benefit of such repurposing has led us to review in detail the pathological features of ADPKD through the lens of the defined, classic hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we have evaluated features typical of ADPKD, and determined whether evidence supports the presence of such features in cancer cells. This analysis, which places pathological processes in the context of defined signalling pathways and approved signalling inhibitors, highlights potential avenues for further research and therapeutic exploitation in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamina Seeger-Nukpezah
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Centre for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstrasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel M Geynisman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Anna S Nikonova
- Department of Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstrasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Department of Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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37
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Park F. Accessory proteins for heterotrimeric G-proteins in the kidney. Front Physiol 2015; 6:219. [PMID: 26300785 PMCID: PMC4528294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins play a fundamentally important role in regulating signal transduction pathways in the kidney. Accessory proteins are being identified as direct binding partners for heterotrimeric G-protein α or βγ subunits to promote more diverse mechanisms by which G-protein signaling is controlled. In some instances, accessory proteins can modulate the signaling magnitude, localization, and duration following the activation of cell membrane-associated receptors. Alternatively, accessory proteins complexed with their G-protein α or βγ subunits can promote non-canonical models of signaling activity within the cell. In this review, we will highlight the expression profile, localization and functional importance of these newly identified accessory proteins to control the function of select G-protein subunits under normal and various disease conditions observed in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
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38
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Abstract
It is 20 years since the identification of PKD1, the major gene mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), followed closely by the cloning of PKD2. These major breakthroughs have led in turn to a period of intense investigation into the function of the two proteins encoded, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and how defects in either protein lead to cyst formation and nonrenal phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the major findings in this area and present a current model of how the polycystin proteins function in health and disease.
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40
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Paul BM, Vanden Heuvel GB. Kidney: polycystic kidney disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:465-87. [PMID: 25186187 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a life-threatening genetic disorder characterized by the presence of fluid-filled cysts primarily in the kidneys. PKD can be inherited as autosomal recessive (ARPKD) or autosomal dominant (ADPKD) traits. Mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode polycystin 1 and polycystin 2, are the underlying cause of ADPKD. Progressive cyst formation and renal enlargement lead to renal insufficiency in these patients, which need to be managed by lifelong dialysis or renal transplantation. While characteristic features of PKD are abnormalities in epithelial cell proliferation, fluid secretion, extracellular matrix and differentiation, the molecular mechanisms underlying these events are not understood. Here we review the progress that has been made in defining the function of the polycystins, and how disruption of these functions may be involved in cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu M Paul
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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41
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2, which encode polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, respectively. Rodent models are available to study the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and for preclinical testing of potential therapies-either genetically engineered models carrying mutations in Pkd1 or Pkd2 or models of renal cystic disease that do not have mutations in these genes. The models are characterized by age at onset of disease, rate of disease progression, the affected nephron segment, the number of affected nephrons, synchronized or unsynchronized cyst formation and the extent of fibrosis and inflammation. Mouse models have provided valuable mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PKD; for example, mutated Pkd1 or Pkd2 cause renal cysts but additional factors are also required, and the rate of cyst formation is increased in the presence of renal injury. Animal studies have also revealed complex genetic and functional interactions among various genes and proteins associated with PKD. Here, we provide an update on the preclinical models commonly used to study the molecular pathogenesis of ADPKD and test potential therapeutic strategies. Progress made in understanding the pathophysiology of human ADPKD through these animal models is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Happé
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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42
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Polycystin-1 binds Par3/aPKC and controls convergent extension during renal tubular morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2658. [PMID: 24153433 PMCID: PMC3967097 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several organs, including lungs and kidneys, are formed by epithelial tubes whose proper morphogenesis ensures correct function. This is best exemplified by the kidney, where defective establishment or maintanance of tubular diameter results in polycystic kidney disease, a common genetic disorder. Most polycystic kidney disease cases result from loss-of-function mutations in the PKD1 gene, encoding Polycystin-1 (PC-1), a large receptor of unknown function. Here we demonstrate that PC-1 plays an essential role in establishment of correct tubular diameter during nephron development. PC-1 associates with Par3 favoring the assembly of a pro-polarizing Par3/aPKC complex and it regulates a program of cell polarity important for oriented cell migration and for a convergent extension-like process during tubular morphogenesis. Par3 inactivation in the developing kidney results in defective convergent extension and tubular morphogenesis and in renal cyst formation. Our data define PC-1 as central to cell polarization and to epithelial tube morphogenesis and homeostasis.
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43
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Williams SS, Cobo-Stark P, Hajarnis S, Aboudehen K, Shao X, Richardson JA, Patel V, Igarashi P. Tissue-specific regulation of the mouse Pkhd1 (ARPKD) gene promoter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F356-68. [PMID: 24899057 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00422.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, an inherited disorder characterized by the formation of cysts in renal collecting ducts and biliary dysgenesis, is caused by mutations of the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene. Expression of PKHD1 is tissue specific and developmentally regulated. Here, we show that a 2.0-kb genomic fragment containing the proximal promoter of mouse Pkhd1 directs tissue-specific expression of a lacZ reporter gene in transgenic mice. LacZ is expressed in renal collecting ducts beginning during embryonic development but is not expressed in extrarenal tissues. The Pkhd1 promoter contains a binding site for the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1β, which is required for activity in transfected cells. Mutation of the HNF-1β-binding site abolishes the expression of the lacZ reporter gene in renal collecting ducts. Transgenes containing the 2.0-kb promoter and 2.7 kb of additional genomic sequence extending downstream to the second exon are expressed in the kidney, intrahepatic bile ducts, and male reproductive tract. This pattern overlaps with the endogenous expression of Pkhd1 and coincides with sites of expression of HNF-1β. We conclude that the proximal 2.0-kb promoter is sufficient for tissue-specific expression of Pkhd1 in renal collecting ducts in vivo and that HNF-1β is required for Pkhd1 promoter activity in collecting ducts. Additional genomic sequences located from exons 1-2 or elsewhere in the gene locus are required for expression in extrarenal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Patricia Cobo-Stark
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sachin Hajarnis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Karam Aboudehen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xinli Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James A Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vishal Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
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Tran PV, Sharma M, Li X, Calvet JP. Developmental signaling: does it bridge the gap between cilia dysfunction and renal cystogenesis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:159-73. [PMID: 24861210 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For more than a decade, evidence has accumulated linking dysfunction of primary cilia to renal cystogenesis, yet molecular mechanisms remain undefined. The pathogenesis of renal cysts is complex, involving multiple cellular aberrations and signaling pathways. Adding to this complexity, primary cilia exhibit multiple roles in a context-dependent manner. On renal epithelial cells, primary cilia act as mechanosensors and trigger extracellular Ca(2+) influx in response to laminar fluid flow. During mammalian development, primary cilia mediate the Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt, and Notch pathways, which control cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. Further, experimental evidence suggests the developmental state of the kidney strongly influences renal cystic disease. Thus, we review evidence for regulation of Ca(2+) and cAMP, key molecules in renal cystogenesis, at the primary cilium, the role of Hh, Wnt, and Notch signaling in renal cystic disease, and the interplay between these developmental pathways and Ca(2+) signaling. Indeed if these developmental pathways influence renal cystogenesis, these may represent novel therapeutic targets that can be integrated into a combination therapy for renal cystic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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45
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Tran PV, Talbott GC, Turbe-Doan A, Jacobs DT, Schonfeld MP, Silva LM, Chatterjee A, Prysak M, Allard BA, Beier DR. Downregulating hedgehog signaling reduces renal cystogenic potential of mouse models. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2201-12. [PMID: 24700869 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cystic diseases are a leading cause of renal failure. Mutations associated with renal cystic diseases reside in genes encoding proteins that localize to primary cilia. These cystoproteins can disrupt ciliary structure or cilia-mediated signaling, although molecular mechanisms connecting cilia function to renal cystogenesis remain unclear. The ciliary gene, Thm1(Ttc21b), negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling and is most commonly mutated in ciliopathies. We report that loss of murine Thm1 causes cystic kidney disease, with persistent proliferation of renal cells, elevated cAMP levels, and enhanced expression of Hedgehog signaling genes. Notably, the cAMP-mediated cystogenic potential of Thm1-null kidney explants was reduced by genetically deleting Gli2, a major transcriptional activator of the Hedgehog pathway, or by culturing with small molecule Hedgehog inhibitors. These Hedgehog inhibitors acted independently of protein kinase A and Wnt inhibitors. Furthermore, simultaneous deletion of Gli2 attenuated the renal cystic disease associated with deletion of Thm1. Finally, transcripts of Hedgehog target genes increased in cystic kidneys of two other orthologous mouse mutants, jck and Pkd1, and Hedgehog inhibitors reduced cystogenesis in jck and Pkd1 cultured kidneys. Thus, enhanced Hedgehog activity may have a general role in renal cystogenesis and thereby present a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Tran
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - George C Talbott
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annick Turbe-Doan
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Damon T Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Michael P Schonfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Luciane M Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Mary Prysak
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bailey A Allard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - David R Beier
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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46
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Vijayakumar S, Dang S, Marinkovich MP, Lazarova Z, Yoder B, Torres VE, Wallace DP. Aberrant expression of laminin-332 promotes cell proliferation and cyst growth in ARPKD. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F640-54. [PMID: 24370592 PMCID: PMC3949036 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00104.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membrane abnormalities have often been observed in kidney cysts of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) patients and animal models. There is an abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix molecules, including laminin-α3,β3,γ2 (laminin-332), in human autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). Knockdown of PKD1 paralogs in zebrafish leads to dysregulated synthesis of the extracellular matrix, suggesting that altered basement membrane assembly may be a primary defect in ADPKD. In this study, we demonstrate that laminin-332 is aberrantly expressed in cysts and precystic tubules of human autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) kidneys as well as in the kidneys of PCK rats, an orthologous ARPKD model. There was aberrant expression of laminin-γ2 as early as postnatal day 2 and elevated laminin-332 protein in postnatal day 30, coinciding with the formation and early growth of renal cysts in PCK rat kidneys. We also show that a kidney cell line derived from Oak Ridge polycystic kidney mice, another model of ARPKD, exhibited abnormal lumen-deficient and multilumen structures in Matrigel culture. These cells had increased proliferation rates and altered expression levels of laminin-332 compared with their rescued counterparts. A function-blocking polyclonal antibody to laminin-332 significantly inhibited their abnormal proliferation rates and rescued their aberrant phenotype in Matrigel culture. Furthermore, abnormal laminin-332 expression in cysts originating from collecting ducts and proximal tubules as well as in precystic tubules was observed in a human end-stage ADPKD kidney. Our results suggest that abnormal expression of laminin-332 contributes to the aberrant proliferation of cyst epithelial cells and cyst growth in genetic forms of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundarapandian Vijayakumar
- Dept. of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, SUNY Cobleskill, 111 Schenectady Ave. WH200, Cobleskill, NY 12043.
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47
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Abstract
Animal development requires a carefully orchestrated cascade of cell fate specification events and cellular movements. A surprisingly small number of choreographed cellular behaviours are used repeatedly to shape the animal body plan. Among these, cell intercalation lengthens or spreads a tissue at the expense of narrowing along an orthogonal axis. Key steps in the polarization of both mediolaterally and radially intercalating cells have now been clarified. In these different contexts, intercalation seems to require a distinct combination of mechanisms, including adhesive changes that allow cells to rearrange, cytoskeletal events through which cells exert the forces needed for cell neighbour exchange, and in some cases the regulation of these processes through planar cell polarity.
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48
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Fedeles SV, Gallagher AR, Somlo S. Polycystin-1: a master regulator of intersecting cystic pathways. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:251-60. [PMID: 24491980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common potentially lethal monogenic disorder, with more than 12 million cases worldwide. The two causative genes for ADPKD, PKD1 and PKD2, encode protein products polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2 or TRPP2), respectively. Recent data have shed light on the role of PC1 in regulating the severity of the cystic phenotypes in ADPKD, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and isolated autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD). These studies showed that the rate for cyst growth was a regulated trait, a process that can be either sped up or slowed down by alterations in functional PC1. These findings redefine the previous understanding that cyst formation occurs as an 'on-off' process. Here, we review these and other related studies with an emphasis on their translational implications for polycystic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin V Fedeles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Anna-Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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49
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Barker AR, Thomas R, Dawe HR. Meckel-Gruber syndrome and the role of primary cilia in kidney, skeleton, and central nervous system development. Organogenesis 2013; 10:96-107. [PMID: 24322779 DOI: 10.4161/org.27375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliopathies are a group of related inherited diseases characterized by malformations in organ development. The diseases affect multiple organ systems, with kidney, skeleton, and brain malformations frequently observed. Research over the last decade has revealed that these diseases are due to defects in primary cilia, essential sensory organelles found on most cells in the human body. Here we discuss the genetic and cell biological basis of one of the most severe ciliopathies, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, and explain how primary cilia contribute to the development of the affected organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Barker
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, UK
| | - Rhys Thomas
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter, UK
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50
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the uniform orientation and alignment of a group of cells orthogonal to the apical–basal axis within a tissue. Originally described in insects, it is now known that PCP is required for many processes in vertebrates, including directional cell movement, polarized cell division, ciliary orientation, neural tube closure, heart development and lung branching. In this review, we outline the evidence implicating PCP in kidney development and disease focusing initially on the function of PCP in ureteric bud branching and elongation. We then describe how defects in PCP may lead to polycystic kidney disease and discuss a newly identified role for PCP in the kidney filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - David A Long
- Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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