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Liu C, Li Q, Ma JX, Lu B, Criswell T, Zhang Y. Exosome-mediated renal protection: Halting the progression of fibrosis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101117. [PMID: 39263535 PMCID: PMC11388648 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a complex and multifactorial process that involves inflammation, cell proliferation, collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the kidney, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease and even end-stage renal disease. The main goal of treatment is to slow down or halt the progression of fibrosis and to improve or preserve kidney function. Despite significant progress made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis, current therapies have limited renal protection as the disease progresses. Exosomes derived from stem cells are a newer area of research for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Exosomes as nano-sized extracellular vesicles carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can be taken up by local or distant cells, serving as mediators of intercellular communication and as drug delivery vehicles. Exosomes deliver molecules that reduce inflammation, renal fibrosis and extracellular matrix protein production, and promote tissue regeneration in animal models of kidney disease. Additionally, they have several advantages over stem cells, such as being non-immunogenic, having low risk of tumor formation, and being easier to produce and store. This review describes the use of natural and engineered exosomes containing therapeutic agents capable of mediating anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic processes during both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Exosome-based therapies will be compared with stem cell-based treatments for tissue regeneration, with a focus on renal protection. Finally, future directions and strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States
| | - Baisong Lu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
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2
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Li B, Qi C, Zhang Y, Shi L, Zhang J, Qian H, Ji C. Frontier role of extracellular vesicles in kidney disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:583. [PMID: 39304945 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases represent a diverse range of conditions that compromise renal function and structure which characterized by a progressive deterioration of kidney function, may ultimately necessitate dialysis or kidney transplantation as end-stage treatment options. This review explores the complex landscape of kidney diseases, highlighting the limitations of existing treatments and the pressing need for innovative strategies. The paper delves into the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as emerging biomarkers and therapeutic agents in the context of kidney pathophysiology. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), in particular, offer a non-invasive means of assessing renal injury and monitoring disease progression. Additionally, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) are examined for their immunomodulatory and tissue repair capabilities, presenting a promising avenue for novel therapeutic interventions. And discusses the potential of engineering EVs to enhance their targeting and therapeutic efficacy. This paper systematically integrates the latest research findings and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of EVs in kidney disease, providing cutting-edge insights into their potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Chen Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province, Anhui, 234000, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Medical Imaging, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Linru Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Cheng Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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Lundy DJ, Szomolay B, Liao CT. Systems Approaches to Cell Culture-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Acute Kidney Injury Therapy: Prospects and Challenges. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae012. [PMID: 38706963 PMCID: PMC11065115 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a heterogeneous syndrome, comprising diverse etiologies of kidney insults that result in high mortality and morbidity if not well managed. Although great efforts have been made to investigate underlying pathogenic mechanisms of AKI, there are limited therapeutic strategies available. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various cell types, which can serve as cell-free therapy through transfer of bioactive molecules. In this review, we first overview the AKI syndrome and EV biology, with a particular focus on the technical aspects and therapeutic application of cell culture-derived EVs. Second, we illustrate how multi-omic approaches to EV miRNA, protein, and genomic cargo analysis can yield new insights into their mechanisms of action and address unresolved questions in the field. We then summarize major experimental evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of EVs in AKI, which we subdivide into stem cell and non-stem cell-derived EVs. Finally, we highlight the challenges and opportunities related to the clinical translation of animal studies into human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lundy
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235603, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 235603, Taiwan
- Center for Cell Therapy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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4
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Wang J, Yu Y, Zhang H, Li L, Wang J, Su S, Zhang Y, Song L, Zhou K. Gypenoside XVII attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-triggered pyroptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176187. [PMID: 37984729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is one of the main causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), for which there is currently no effective treatment. Recently, the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and pyroptosis during AKI has been investigated. AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Gypenoside XVII (GP-17) against I/R-induced renal injury. METHODS In this study, mice were divided into 6 groups, sham group, I/R group, GP-17 low-, medium-, high-dose group, and positive control 4-PBA group. The renal I/R was performed in mice by clamping the bilateral renal pedicles for 40 min, and then reperfusing for 24 h. Blood and kidney samples were collected for analysis. RESULTS The results showed that GP-17 improved renal function and alleviated renal histopathological abnormalities caused by I/R. In addition, GP-17 pretreatment significantly decreased the expression or phosphorylation of ER stress response proteins including BIP, p-PERK, and CHOP. Besides, GP-17 inhibited the expression of pyroptosis proteins including caspase-1, GSDMD, and apoptotic protein BAX. The inflammatory factor IL-1β in these GP-17 pretreatment groups was also significantly reduced. CONCLUSION GP-17 blocked NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting ERS, thereby inhibiting renal tubular cell pyroptosis and apoptosis, and prevented renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingli Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shijia Su
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lei Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Li M, Armelloni S, Mattinzoli D, Ikehata M, Chatziantoniou C, Alfieri C, Molinari P, Chadjichristos CE, Malvica S, Castellano G. Crosstalk mechanisms between glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes in renal diseases and kidney transplantation. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2024; 43:47-62. [PMID: 38062623 PMCID: PMC10846991 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.23.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), composed of endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes, is a unique structure for filtering blood while detaining plasma proteins according to size and charge selectivity. Structurally, the fenestrated endothelial cells, which align the capillary loops, are in close proximity to mesangial cells. Podocytes are connected by specialized intercellular junctions known as slit diaphragms and are separated from the endothelial compartment by the glomerular basement membrane. Podocyte-endothelial cell communication or crosstalk is required for the development and maintenance of an efficient filtration process in physiological conditions. In pathological situations, communication also has an essential role in promoting or delaying disease progression. Podocytes and endothelial cells can secrete signaling molecules, which act as crosstalk effectors and, through binding to their target receptors, can trigger bidirectional paracrine or autocrine signal transduction. Moreover, the emerging evidence of extracellular vesicles derived from various cell types engaging in cell communication has also been reported. In this review, we summarize the principal pathways involved in the development and maintenance of the GFB and the progression of kidney disease, particularly in kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Armelloni
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Christos Chatziantoniou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 1155, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Alfieri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Molinari
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Christos E. Chadjichristos
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 1155, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Malvica
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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6
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Zhu Q, Ren S, Sun Z, Qin J, Sheng X. Identification of biomarkers of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by bioinformatics analysis and single-cell sequencing analysis combined with in vivo validation. Transpl Immunol 2023; 81:101928. [PMID: 37704087 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a serious clinical complication of kidney injury. This research dealt with investigating the hub genes and pathways associated with renal IRI. METHODS The transcriptome expression dataset of mouse renal ischemia samples (GSE39548) was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered by R software for key genes utilized for gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and gene enrichment analysis (GSEA). The gene co-expression network was developed by WGCNA analysis to screen important modules. Hub genes from the intersection of DEGs and WGCNA were subjected to protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The biomarkers obtained by SVM-REF and LASSO algorithm were validated by other datasets and subjected to GSEA analysis. The expression of biomarkers in renal IRI was detected by qRT-PCR and subjected to single-cell analysis. RESULTS A total of 157 DEGs were discovered. Biological function analysis depicted that the DEGs were primarily involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, as well as the signaling pathways IL-17, MAPK, and TNF. The intersection of DEGs and the genes obtained by WGCNA analysis yielded 149 hubs genes. Based on SVM-REF and LASSO algorithm, cyp1a1 and pdk4 were determined as potential biomarkers in individuals with renal ischemia and showed good diagnostic value. qRT-PCR results depicted that cyp1a1 and pdk4 were significantly up-regulated in renal ischemia mice (P < 0.05). Finally, the single-cell analysis identified the expression of Cyp1a1 and Pdk4 in mice kidney tissue. CONCLUSION cyp1a1 and pdk4 were identified to play important roles in renal IRI. This research provides a new perspective and basis for studying the pathogenesis of renal IRI and developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shiqi Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xiaoming Sheng
- Department of Trauma Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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7
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Zhao X, Li Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhou H, Li F. Role of extracellular vesicles in pathogenesis and therapy of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115229. [PMID: 37506581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a complex disorder characterized by both intrinsic damage to renal tubular epithelial cells and extrinsic inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various cell types that can transfer bioactive molecules to target cells and modulate their function. EVs have emerged as promising candidates for cell-free therapy of RIRI, owing to their ability to cross biological barriers and deliver protective signals to injured renal cells. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in RIRI and the signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various cell types in renal tissue. We also discuss the renoprotective role of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents for RIRI, highlighting the advantages and challenges encountered in the therapeutic application of EVs in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shouwang Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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8
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Dominguez JH, Xie D, Kelly KJ. Renal, but not platelet or skin, extracellular vesicles decrease oxidative stress, enhance nascent peptide synthesis, and protect from ischemic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F164-F176. [PMID: 37318988 PMCID: PMC10393335 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00321.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is deadly and expensive, and specific, effective therapy remains a large unmet need. We have demonstrated the beneficial effects of transplanted adult tubular cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs; exosomes) derived from those renal cells on experimental ischemic AKI, even when administered after renal failure is established. To further examine the mechanisms of benefit with renal EVs, we tested the hypothesis that EVs from other epithelia or platelets (a rich source of EVs) might be protective, using a well-characterized ischemia-reperfusion model. When given after renal failure was present, renal EVs, but not those from skin or platelets, markedly improved renal function and histology. The differential effects allowed us to examine the mechanisms of benefit with renal EVs. We found significant decreases in oxidative stress postischemia in the renal EV-treated group with preservation of renal superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as increases in anti-inflammatory interleukin-10. In addition, we propose a novel mechanism of benefit: renal EVs enhanced nascent peptide synthesis following hypoxia in cells and in postischemic kidneys. Although EVs have been used therapeutically, these results serve as "proof of principle" to examine the mechanisms of injury and protection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute kidney injury is common and deadly, yet the only approved treatment is dialysis. Thus, a better understanding of injury mechanisms and potential therapies is needed. We found that organ-specific, but not extrarenal, extracellular vesicles improved renal function and structure postischemia when given after renal failure occurred. Oxidative stress was decreased and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 increased with renal, but not skin or platelet, exosomes. We also propose enhanced nascent peptide synthesis as a novel protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus H. Dominguez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Danhui Xie
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - K. J. Kelly
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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9
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Hun M, Wen H, Han P, Vun T, Zhao M, He Q. Bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on extracellular vesicles in kidney disease published between 1999 and 2022. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1070516. [PMID: 36684427 PMCID: PMC9849820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential therapeutic agents or natural drug delivery systems in kidney-related diseases. However, a detailed and targeted report on the current condition of extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases is lacking. Therefore, this prospective study was designed to investigate the use of bibliometric analysis to comprehensively overview the current state of research and frontier trends on extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases using visualization tools. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched to identify publications related to extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases since 1999. Citespace, Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer software, the R Bibliometrix Package, and an online platform were used to analyze related research trends to stratify the publication data and collaborations. Results: From 1 January 1999 to 26 June 2022, a total of 1,122 EV-related articles and reviews were published, and 6,486 authors from 1,432 institutions in 63 countries or regions investigated the role of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases. We found that the number of articles on extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases increased every year. Dozens of publications were from China and the United States. China had the most number of related publications, in which the Southeast University (China) was the most active institution in all EV-related fields. Liu Bi-cheng published the most papers on extracellular vesicles, while Clotilde Théry had the most number of co-citations. Most papers were published by The International Journal of Molecular Sciences, while Kidney International was the most co-cited journal for extracellular vesicles. We found that exosome-related keywords included exosome, exosm, expression, extracellular vesicle, microRNA, microvesicle, and liquid biopsy, while disease- and pathological-related keywords included biomarker, microRNA, apoptosis, mechanism, systemic lupus erythematosus, EGFR, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney disease (AKI), CKD, SLE, exosome, liquid biopsy, and extracellular vesicle were the hotspot in extracellular vesicle and kidney-related diseases research. Conclusion: The field of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research is rapidly growing, and its domain is likely to expand in the next decade. The findings from this comprehensive analysis of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research could help investigators to set new diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic ideas or methods in kidney-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marady Hun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huai Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Phanna Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tharith Vun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
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Friso S, Castagna A, Mango G, Olivieri O, Pizzolo F. Urinary extracellular vesicles carry valuable hints through mRNA for the understanding of endocrine hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1155011. [PMID: 37065732 PMCID: PMC10096029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1155011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), released from cells of the urogenital tract organs, carry precious information about originating tissues. The study of molecules transported through uEVs such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids provides a deeper understanding of the function of the kidney, an organ involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and a target of hypertension-mediated organ damage. Molecules derived from uEVs are often proposed for the study of disease pathophysiology or as possible disease diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Analysis of mRNA loading within uEVs may be a unique and readily obtainable way to assess gene expression patterns of renal cells, otherwise achievable only by an invasive biopsy procedure. Interestingly, the only few studies investigating transcriptomics of hypertension-related genes through the analysis of mRNA from uEVs are inherent to mineralocorticoid hypertension. More specifically, it has been observed that perturbation in human endocrine signalling through mineralcorticoid receptors (MR) activation parallels changes of mRNA transcripts in urine supernatant. Furthermore, an increased copy number of uEVs-extracted mRNA transcripts of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) gene were detected among subjects affected by apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), a hypertension-inducing autosomal recessive disorder due to a defective enzyme function. Moreover, by studying uEVs mRNA, it was observed that the renal sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) gene expression is modulated under different conditions related to hypertension. Following this perspective, we illustrate here the state of the art and the possible future of uEVs transcriptomics towards a deeper knowledge of hypertension pathophysiology and ultimately more tailored investigational, diagnostic-prognostic approaches.
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Mansouri E, Orazizadeh M, Mard SA, Gorji AV, Rashno M, Fakhredini F. Therapeutic Effect of Kidney Tubular Cells-Derived Conditioned Medium on the Expression of MicroRNA-377, MicroRNA-29a, Aquapurin-1, Biochemical, and Histopathological Parameters Following Diabetic Nephropathy Injury in Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:119. [PMID: 36798914 PMCID: PMC9926036 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_375_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a critical complication of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluates whether administration of conditioned medium from kidney tubular cells (KTCs-CM) has the ability to be efficacious as an alternative to cell-based therapy for DN. Materials and Methods CM of rabbit kidney tubular cells (RK13; KTCs) has been collected and after centrifugation, filtered with 0.2 filters. Four groups of rats have been utilized, including control, DN, DN treated with CM, and sham group. After diabetes induction by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) in rats, 0.8 ml of the CM was injected to each rat three times per day for 3 consecutive days. Then, 24-h urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) have been measured through detection kits. The histopathological effects of CM on kidneys were evaluated by periodic acid-Schiff staining and the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) 29a and 377 by using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of aquapurin-1 (AQP1) protein was also examined by Western blotting. Results Intravenous injections of KTCs-CM significantly reduced the urine volume, protein 24-h, BUN, and Scr, decreased the miRNA-377, and increased miRNA-29a and AQP1 in DN treated with CM rats. Conclusion KTCs-CM may have the potential to prevent kidney injury from diabetes by regulating the microRNAs related to DN and improving the expression of AQP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esrafil Mansouri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Orazizadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Infectious Diseases of Digestive System, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Armita Valizadeh Gorji
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fereshtesadat Fakhredini
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Fereshtesadat Fakhredini, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. E-mail:
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12
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Tubular epithelial cells-derived small extracellular vesicle-VEGF-A promotes peritubular capillary repair in ischemic kidney injury. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:73. [PMID: 36528739 PMCID: PMC9759551 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritubular capillaries (PTCs) are closely related to renal tubules in structure and function, and both are pivotal regulators in the development and progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the mechanisms that underlie the interaction between PTCs and tubules during AKI remain unclear. Here we explored a new mode of tubulovascular crosstalk mediated by small extracellular vesicles (sEV) after AKI. In response to renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, endothelial proliferation of PTCs and tubular expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) were increased, accompanied by a remarkable redistribution of cytoplasmic VEGF-A to the basolateral side of tubular cells. Meanwhile, the secretion mode of VEGF-A was converted in the injured tubular cells, which showed a much greater tendency to secrete VEGF-A via sEV other than the free form. Interestingly, tubular cell-derived VEGF-A-enriched sEV (sEV-VEGF-A) turned out to promote endothelial proliferation which was regulated by VEGF receptors 1 and 2. Furthermore, inhibition of renal sEV secretion by Rab27a knockdown resulted in a significant decrease in the proliferation of peritubular endothelial cells in vivo. Importantly, taking advantage of the newly recognized endogenous repair response of PTCs, exogenous supplementation of VEGF-A + sEV efficiently recused PTC rarefaction, improved renal perfusion, and halted the AKI to CKD transition. Taken together, our study uncovered a novel intrinsic repair response after AKI through renal tubule-PTC crosstalk via sEV-VEGF-A, which could be exploited as a promising therapeutic angiogenesis strategy in diseases with ischemia.
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13
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Dominguez JH, Xie D, Dominguez JM, Kelly KJ. Role of coagulation in persistent renal ischemia following reperfusion in an animal model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F590-F601. [PMID: 36007891 PMCID: PMC9602917 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic acute kidney injury is common, deadly, and accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease, yet has no specific therapy. After ischemia, reperfusion is patchy with early and persistent impairment in regional renal blood flow and cellular injury. We tested the hypothesis that intrarenal coagulation results in sustained renal ischemia following reperfusion, using a well-characterized model. Markedly decreased, but heterogeneous, microvascular plasma flow with microthrombi was found postischemia by intravital microscopy. Widespread tissue factor expression and fibrin deposition were also apparent. Clotting was accompanied by complement activation and inflammation. Treatment with exosomes derived from renal tubular cells or with the fibrinolytic urokinase, given 24 h postischemia when renal failure was established, significantly improved microvascular flow, coagulation, serum creatinine, and histological evidence of injury. These data support the hypothesis that intrarenal clotting occurs early and the resultant sustained ischemia is a critical determinant of renal failure following ischemia; they demonstrate that the coagulation abnormalities are amenable to therapy and that therapy results in improvement in both function and postischemic inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ischemic renal injury carries very high morbidity and mortality, yet has no specific therapy. We found markedly decreased, heterogeneous microvascular plasma flow, tissue factor induction, fibrin deposition, and microthrombi after renal ischemia-reperfusion using a well-characterized model. Renal exosomes or the fibrinolytic urokinase, administered after renal failure was established, improved microvascular flow, coagulation, renal function, and histology. Data demonstrate that intrarenal clotting results in sustained ischemia amenable to therapy that improves both function and postischemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus H. Dominguez
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Danhui Xie
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James M. Dominguez
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - K. J. Kelly
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Lv K, Wang Y, Lou P, Liu S, Zhou P, Yang L, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Extracellular vesicles as advanced therapeutics for the resolution of organ fibrosis: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042983. [PMCID: PMC9630482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a serious health challenge worldwide, and its global incidence and medical burden are increasing dramatically each year. Fibrosis can occur in nearly all major organs and ultimately lead to organ dysfunction. However, current clinical treatments cannot slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis to end-stage organ failure, and thus advanced anti-fibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. As a type of naturally derived nanovesicle, native extracellular vesicles (EVs) from multiple cell types (e.g., stem cells, immune cells, and tissue cells) have been shown to alleviate organ fibrosis in many preclinical models through multiple effective mechanisms, such as anti-inflammation, pro-angiogenesis, inactivation of myofibroblasts, and fibrinolysis of ECM components. Moreover, the therapeutic potency of native EVs can be further enhanced by multiple engineering strategies, such as genetic modifications, preconditionings, therapeutic reagent-loadings, and combination with functional biomaterials. In this review, we briefly introduce the pathology and current clinical treatments of organ fibrosis, discuss EV biology and production strategies, and particularly focus on important studies using native or engineered EVs as interventions to attenuate tissue fibrosis. This review provides insights into the development and translation of EV-based nanotherapies into clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingya Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jingping Liu,
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Xiang H, Zhang C, Xiong J. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in kidney diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:985030. [PMID: 36172178 PMCID: PMC9510773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.985030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of renal disease eventually progress to end-stage renal disease, which can only be maintained by renal replacement therapy. Therefore, kidney diseases now contribute significantly to the health care burden in many countries. Many new advances and strategies have been found in the research involving kidney diseases; however, there is still no efficient treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures, which contains proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. After internalization by downstream cells, these components can still maintain functional activity and regulate the phenotype of downstream cells. EVs drive the information exchange between cells and tissues. Majority of the cells can produce EVs; however, its production, contents, and transportation may be affected by various factors. EVs have been proved to play an important role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of renal diseases. However, the mechanism and potential applications of EVs in kidney diseases remain unclear. This review summarizes the latest research of EVs in renal diseases, and provides new therapeutic targets and strategies for renal diseases.
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16
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Luo L, Gong J, Wang Z, Liu Y, Cao J, Qin J, Zuo R, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhao P, Yang D, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Li C, Ni B, Tian Z, Liu M. Injectable cartilage matrix hydrogel loaded with cartilage endplate stem cells engineered to release exosomes for non-invasive treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:29-43. [PMID: 35386360 PMCID: PMC8940768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain, mainly caused by intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), is a common health problem; however, current surgical treatments are less than satisfactory. Thus, it is essential to develop novel non-invasive surgical methods for IVDD treatment. Here, we describe a therapeutic strategy to inhibit IVDD by injecting hydrogels modified with the extracellular matrix of costal cartilage (ECM-Gels) that are loaded with cartilage endplate stem cells (CESCs). After loaded with CESCs overexpressing Sphk2 (Lenti-Sphk2-CESCs) and injected near the cartilage endplate (CEP) of rats in vivo, ECM-Gels produced Sphk2-engineered exosomes (Lenti-Sphk2-Exos). These exosomes penetrated the annulus fibrosus (AF) and transported Sphk2 into the nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Sphk2 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/p-AKT pathway as well as the intracellular autophagy of NPCs, ultimately ameliorating IVDD. This study provides a novel and efficient non-invasive combinational strategy for IVDD treatment using injectable ECM-Gels loaded with CESCs that express Sphk2 with sustained release of functional exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- Corresponding authors. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaming Cao
- Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghao Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author. , Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, & Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - MingHan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Urinary extracellular vesicle mRNA analysis of sodium chloride cotransporter in hypertensive patients under different conditions. J Hum Hypertens 2022:10.1038/s41371-022-00744-3. [PMID: 35978099 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEV) mainly derive from cells of the urogenital tract and their cargo (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc.) reflects their cells of origin. Na chloride cotransporter (NCC) is expressed at the kidney level in the distal convoluted tubule, is involved in salt reabsorption, and is the target of the diuretic thiazides. NCC protein has been recognized and quantified in UEV in previous studies; however, UEV NCC mRNA has never been studied. This study aimed to identify and analyze NCC mRNA levels in primary aldosteronism (PA). The rationale for this investigation stems from previous observations regarding NCC (protein) as a possible biomarker for the diagnosis of PA. To evaluate modulations in the expression of NCC, we analyzed NCC mRNA levels in UEV in PA and essential hypertensive (EH) patients under different conditions, that is, before and after saline infusion, anti-aldosterone pharmacological treatment, and adrenal surgery. NCC mRNA was measured by RT-qPCR in all the samples and was regulated by volume expansion. Its response to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist was correlated with renin, and it was increased in PA patients after adrenalectomy. NCC mRNA is evaluable in UEV and it can provide insights into the pathophysiology of distal convolute tubule in different clinical conditions including PA.
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Li W, Wang W, He X, Liao Z, Aierken A, Hua J, Wang Y, Lu D, Zhang S. Rapid recovery of male cats with postrenal acute kidney injury by treating with allogeneic adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:379. [PMID: 35902973 PMCID: PMC9331582 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease and can be generally divided into prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal AKI (PR-AKI). Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles have protective function on prerenal and intrarenal AKI treatment, but whether they have therapeutic efficacy on PR-AKI remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of allogeneic adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ADMSCEVs) on cat models of PR-AKI. METHODS The cat models of PR-AKI were established by using artificial urinary occlusion and then treated with ADMSCEVs. Histopathological section analysis, blood routine analysis, plasma biochemical test, imaging analysis, and plasma ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) were performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ADMSCEVs. RESULTS Physiological and biochemical test showed that the ADMSCEVs could recover creatinine, urea nitrogen and plasma phosphorus to homeostasis efficiently. Blood routine analysis showed that leukocytes in PR-AKI cats with ADMSCEVs treatment returned to normal physiological range more quickly than that of control. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the plasma metabolome profile of PR-AKI cats treated with ADMSCEVs was highly similar to that of normal cats. Furthermore, UHPLC-MS/MS analysis also revealed six metabolites (carnitine, melibiose, D-Glucosamine, cytidine, dihydroorotic acid, stachyose) in plasma were highly correlated with the dynamic process of PR-AKI on cats. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the efficacy of ADMSCEVs in the treatment of PR-AKI on cats. Our study also suggests six metabolites to be novel PR-AKI markers and to be potential targets for ADMSCEVs therapy. Our findings will be useful to improve clinical treatment of both animal and human PR-AKI patients with ADMSCEVs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.,Xi'an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.,Xi'an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zheng Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Aili Aierken
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Dezhang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Xi'an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Xi'an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, China.
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are released by the majority of cell types and circulate in body fluids. They function as a long-distance cell-to-cell communication mechanism that modulates the gene expression profile and fate of target cells. Increasing evidence has established a central role of extracellular vesicles in kidney physiology and pathology. Urinary extracellular vesicles mediate crosstalk between glomerular and tubular cells and between different segments of the tubule, whereas circulating extracellular vesicles mediate organ crosstalk and are involved in the amplification of kidney damage and inflammation. The molecular profile of extracellular vesicles reflects the type and pathophysiological status of the originating cell so could potentially be exploited for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In addition, robust preclinical data suggest that administration of exogenous extracellular vesicles could promote kidney regeneration and reduce inflammation and fibrosis in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Stem cells are thought to be the most promising source of extracellular vesicles with regenerative activity. Extracellular vesicles are also attractive candidates for drug delivery and various engineering strategies are being investigated to alter their cargo and increase their efficacy. However, rigorous standardization and scalable production strategies will be necessary to enable the clinical application of extracellular vesicles as potential therapeutics. In this Review, the authors discuss the roles of extracellular vesicles in kidney physiology and disease as well as the beneficial effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in preclinical models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. They also highlight current and future clinical applications of extracellular vesicles in kidney diseases. Urinary extracellular vesicles have roles in intra-glomerular, glomerulo-tubular and intra-tubular crosstalk, whereas circulating extracellular vesicles might mediate organ crosstalk; these mechanisms could amplify kidney damage and contribute to disease progression. Urinary extracellular vesicles could potentially be analysed using multiplex diagnostic platforms to identify pathological processes and the originating cell types; technological advances including single extracellular vesicle analysis might increase the specificity of bulk analysis of extracellular vesicle preparations. Robust standardization and validation in large patient cohorts are required to enable clinical application of extracellular vesicle-based biomarkers. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles have been shown to improve renal recovery, limit progression of injury and reduce fibrosis in animal models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Various engineering approaches can be used to load extracellular vesicles with therapeutic molecules and increase their delivery to the kidney. A small clinical trial that tested the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicle administration in patients with chronic kidney disease reported promising results; however, therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles is limited by a lack of scalable manufacturing protocols and clear criteria for standardization.
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Plants with Therapeutic Potential for Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6807700. [PMID: 35656467 PMCID: PMC9152371 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6807700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex condition which has an intricate pathology mostly involving hemodynamic, inflammatory, and direct toxic effects at the cellular level with high morbidity and mortality ratios. Renal ischemic reperfusion injury (RIRI) is the main factor responsible for AKI, most often observed in different types of shock, kidney transplantation, sepsis, and postoperative procedures. The RIRI-induced AKI is accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species generation together with the activation of various inflammatory pathways. In this context, plant-derived medicines have shown encouraging nephroprotective properties. Evidence provided in this systemic review leads to the conclusion that plant-derived extracts and compounds exhibit nephroprotective action against renal ischemic reperfusion induced-AKI by increasing endogenous antioxidants and decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, there is no defined biomarker or target which can be used for treating AKI completely. These plant-derived extracts and compounds are only tested in selected transgenic animal models. To develop the results obtained into a therapeutic entity, one should apply them in proper vertebrate multitransgenic animal models prior to further validation in humans.
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22
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Oh S, Kwon SH. Extracellular Vesicles That Herald the Scarcity of Oxygen. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 8:202-205. [PMID: 35702703 PMCID: PMC9149483 DOI: 10.1159/000524423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural, membrane-bound nanoscale particles, called extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an effective, versatile vehicle to transport desired drugs specifically to injury sites. Heralding the presence of the scarcity of oxygen, EVs produced from the cells upregulating the expression of the critical transcriptional regulator of hypoxia, HIF-1, can induce a response in ischemia-reperfusion-damaged cells to ameliorate renal tubular injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Quaglia M, Merlotti G, Colombatto A, Bruno S, Stasi A, Franzin R, Castellano G, Grossini E, Fanelli V, Cantaluppi V. Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutic Approach for Acute Kidney Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849891. [PMID: 35359949 PMCID: PMC8960117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication of hospitalized patients and significantly increases morbidity and mortality, worsening costs and length of hospital stay. Despite this impact on healthcare system, treatment still remains only supportive (dialysis). Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles are a promising option as they recapitulate stem cells properties, overcoming safety issues related to risks or rejection or aberrant differentiation. A growing body of evidence based on pre-clinical studies suggests that extracellular vesicles may be effective to treat acute kidney injury and to limit fibrosis through direct interference with pathogenic mechanisms of vascular and tubular epithelial cell damage. We herein analyze the state-of-the-art knowledge of therapeutic approaches with stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for different forms of acute kidney injury (toxic, ischemic or septic) dissecting their cytoprotective, regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. We also analyze the potential impact of extracellular vesicles on the mechanisms of transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease, with a focus on the pivotal role of the inhibition of complement cascade in this setting. Despite some technical limits, nowadays the development of therapies based on stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles holds promise as a new frontier to limit acute kidney injury onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Quaglia
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Guido Merlotti
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Colombatto
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Grossini
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vito Fanelli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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24
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Ghorbani F, Movassaghpour AA, Talebi M, Yousefi M, Abbaszadeh H. Renoprotective effects of extracellular vesicles: A systematic review. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Lee HK, Lee BR, Lee TJ, Lee CM, Li C, O'Connor PM, Dong Z, Kwon SH. Differential release of extracellular vesicle tRNA from oxidative stressed renal cells and ischemic kidneys. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1646. [PMID: 35102218 PMCID: PMC8803936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While urine-based liquid biopsy has expanded to the analyses of extracellular nucleic acids, the potential of transfer RNA (tRNA) encapsulated within extracellular vesicles has not been explored as a new class of urine biomarkers for kidney injury. Using rat kidney and mouse tubular cell injury models, we tested if extracellular vesicle-loaded tRNA and their m1A (N1-methyladenosine) modification reflect oxidative stress of kidney injury and determined the mechanism of tRNA packaging into extracellular vesicles. We determined a set of extracellular vesicle-loaded, isoaccepting tRNAs differentially released after ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxidative stress. Next, we found that m1A modification of extracellular vesicle tRNAs, despite an increase of the methylated tRNAs in intracellular vesicles, showed little or no change under oxidative stress. Mechanistically, oxidative stress decreases tRNA loading into intracellular vesicles while the tRNA-loaded vesicles are accumulated due to decreased release of the vesicles from the cell surface. Furthermore, Maf1-mediated transcriptional repression of the tRNAs decreases the cargo availability for extracellular vesicle release in response to oxidative stress. Taken together, our data support that release of extracellular vesicle tRNAs reflects oxidative stress of kidney tubules which might be useful to detect ischemic kidney injury and could lead to rebalance protein translation under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyung Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Byung Rho Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chang Min Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Paul M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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26
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Blijdorp CJ, Hartjes TA, Wei K, van Heugten MH, Bovée DM, Budde RP, van de Wetering J, Hoenderop JG, van Royen ME, Zietse R, Severs D, Hoorn EJ. Nephron mass determines the excretion rate of urinary extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12181. [PMID: 35064766 PMCID: PMC8783354 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are emerging as non-invasive biomarkers for various kidney diseases, but it is unknown how differences in nephron mass impact uEV excretion. To address this, uEV excretion was measured before and after human kidney donor nephrectomy and rat nephrectomy. In male and female donors, uEVs were quantified in cell-free spot and 24-h urine samples using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVQuant, and CD9-time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. Female donors had significantly lower total kidney volume (TKV) and excreted 49% fewer uEVs than male donors. uEV excretion correlated positively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine clearance, and TKV (R's between 0.6 and 0.7). uEV excretion rate could also be predicted from spot urines after multiplying spot uEV/creatinine by 24-h urine creatinine. Donor nephrectomy reduced eGFR by 36% ± 10%, but the excretion of uEVs by only 16% (CD9+ uEVs -37%, CD9- uEVs no decrease). Donor nephrectomy increased the podocyte marker WT-1 and the proximal tubule markers NHE3, NaPi-IIa, and cubilin in uEVs two- to four-fold when correcting for the nephrectomy. In rats, the changes in GFR and kidney weight correlated with the changes in uEV excretion rate (R = 0.46 and 0.60, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the estimated degree of hypertrophy matched the change in uEV excretion rate (1.4- to 1.5-fold after uninephrectomy and four-fold after 5/6th nephrectomy). Taken together, our data show that uEV excretion depends on nephron mass, and that nephrectomy reduces uEV excretion less than expected based on nephron loss due to compensatory hypertrophy. The major implication of our findings is that a measure for nephron mass or uEV excretion rate should be included when comparing uEV biomarkers between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Blijdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Hartjes
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kuang‐Yu Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. van Heugten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dominique M. Bovée
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ricardo P.J. Budde
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van de Wetering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost G.J. Hoenderop
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Severs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and TransplantationErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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27
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Fakhredini F, Mansouri E, Mard SA, Valizadeh Gorji A, Rashno M, Orazizadeh M. Effects of Exosomes Derived from Kidney Tubular Cells on Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:28-35. [PMID: 35182062 PMCID: PMC8876258 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.7591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the severe complications and well-known sources of end stage renal disease (ESRD) from diabetes mellitus is diabetic nephropathy (DN). Exosomes secreted from diverse cells are one of the novel encouraging therapies for chronic renal injuries. In this study, we assess whether extracted exosomes from kidney tubular cells (KTCs) could prevent early stage DN in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental, exosomes from conditioned medium of rabbit KTCs (RK13) were purified by ultracentrifuge procedures. The exosomes were assessed in terms of morphology and size, and particular biomarkers were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Western blot, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Zetasizer Nano analysis. The rats were divided into four groups: DN, control, DN treated with exosomes and sham. First, diabetes was induced in the rats by intraperitoneial (i.p.) administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg body weight). Then, the exosomes were injected each week into their tail vein for six weeks. We measured 24-hour urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) levels with detection kits. The histopathological effects of the exosomes on kidneys were evaluated by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and expressions of miRNA-29a and miRNA-377 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The KTC-Exos were approximately 50-150 nm and had a spherical morphology. They expressed the CD9 and CD63 specific markers. Intravenous injections of KTC-Exos potentially reduced urine volume (P<0.0001), and 24- hour protein (P<0.01), BUN (P<0.001) and Scr (P<0.0001) levels. There was a decrease in miRNA-377 (P<0.01) and increase in miRNA-29a (P<0.001) in the diabetic rats. KTC-Exos ameliorated the renal histopathology with regulatory changes in microRNAs (miRNA) expressions. CONCLUSION KTC-Exos plays a role in attenuation of kidney injury from diabetes by regulating the miRNAs associated with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshtesadat Fakhredini
- Cell and Molecular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cell and Molecular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Centre, Research Institute for Infectious Diseases of the Digestive System, School of
Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Armita Valizadeh Gorji
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Orazizadeh
- Cell and Molecular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,P.O.Box: 61335Department of Anatomical SciencesFaculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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28
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Ashcroft J, Leighton P, Elliott TR, Hosgood SA, Nicholson ML, Kosmoliaptsis V. Extracellular vesicles in kidney transplantation: a state-of-the-art review. Kidney Int 2021; 101:485-497. [PMID: 34838864 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with kidney failure; however, early detection and timely treatment of graft injury remain a challenge. Precise and noninvasive techniques of graft assessment and innovative therapeutics are required to improve kidney transplantation outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles with unique biosignatures and immunomodulatory potential, functioning as intermediaries of cell signalling. Promising evidence exists for the potential of EVs to develop precision diagnostics of graft dysfunction, and prognostic biomarkers for clinician decision making. The inherent targeting characteristics of EVs and their low immunogenic and toxicity profiles combined with their potential as vehicles for drug delivery make them ideal targets for development of therapeutics to improve kidney transplant outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for EVs in kidney transplantation, discuss common methodological principles of EV isolation and characterization, explore upcoming innovative approaches in EV research, and discuss challenges and opportunities to enable translation of research findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ashcroft
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippa Leighton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tegwen R Elliott
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Hosgood
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael L Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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29
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Zhou YK, Patel HH, Roth DM. Extracellular Vesicles: A New Paradigm for Cellular Communication in Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care, and Pain Management. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1162-1179. [PMID: 34304233 PMCID: PMC8542619 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in many health and disease states, including ischemia, inflammation, and pain, which are major concerns in the perioperative period and in critically ill patients. EVs are functionally active, nanometer-sized, membrane-bound vesicles actively secreted by all cells. Cell signaling is essential to physiological and pathological processes, and EVs have recently emerged as key players in intercellular communication. Recent studies in EV biology have improved our mechanistic knowledge of the pathophysiological processes in perioperative and critical care patients. Studies also show promise in using EVs in novel diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. This review considers the current advances and gaps in knowledge of EVs in the areas of ischemia, inflammation, pain, and in organ systems that are most relevant to anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, critical care, and pain management. We expect the reader will better understand the relationship between EVs and perioperative and critical care pathophysiological states and their potential use as novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu K. Zhou
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David M. Roth
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
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30
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Lee PW, Wu BS, Yang CY, Lee OKS. Molecular Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11406. [PMID: 34768837 PMCID: PMC8583897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes a lot of harm to human health but is treated by only supportive therapy in most cases. Recent evidence shows that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) benefit kidney regeneration through releasing paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the recipient kidney cells and are considered to be promising cellular therapy for AKI. To develop more efficient, precise therapies for AKI, we review the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs and MSC-derived EVs in AKI and look for a better understanding of molecular signaling and cellular communication between donor MSCs and recipient kidney cells. We also review recent clinical trials of MSC-EVs in AKI. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of MSCs' therapeutic effects on kidney regeneration, expecting to comprehensively facilitate future clinical application for treating AKI.
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Grants
- Yin Yen-Liang Foundation Development and Construction Plan (107F-M01-0504) National Yang-Ming University
- MOST 108-2923-B-010-002-MY3, MOST 109-2314-B-010-053-MY3, MOST 109-2811-B-010-532, MOST 109-2926-I-010-502, MOST 109-2823-8-010-003-CV, MOST 109-2622-B-010-006, MOST 109-2321-B-010-006, MOST 110-2923-B-A49A-501-MY3, and MOST 110-2321-B-A49-003 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- V106D25-003-MY3, VGHUST107-G5-3-3, VGHUST109-V5-1-2, and V110C-194 Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) Ministry of Education
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-W.L.); (B.-S.W.)
- Hong Deh Clinic, Taipei 11251, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-W.L.); (B.-S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-W.L.); (B.-S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-W.L.); (B.-S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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31
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Lerman LO. Cell-based regenerative medicine for renovascular disease. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:882-894. [PMID: 34183258 PMCID: PMC8403163 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) elicits the development of hypertension and post-stenotic kidney damage, which may become irresponsive to restoration of arterial patency. Rather than mere losses of blood flow or oxygen supply, irreversible intrarenal microvascular rarefaction, tubular injury, and interstitial fibrosis are now attributed to intrinsic pathways activated within the kidney, focusing attention on the kidney parenchyma as a therapeutic target. Several regenerative approaches involving the delivery of reparative cells or products have achieved kidney repair in experimental models of RAS and the delivery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) has already been translated to human subjects with RAS with promising results. The ongoing development of innovative approaches in kidney disease awaits application, validation, and acceptance as routine clinical treatment to avert kidney damage in RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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32
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Karpman D, Tontanahal A. Extracellular vesicles in renal inflammatory and infectious diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:42-54. [PMID: 33933600 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can mediate cell-to-cell communication, or relieve the parent cell of harmful substances, in order to maintain cellular integrity. The content of extracellular vesicles includes miRNAs, mRNAs, growth factors, complement factors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors. These may contribute to inflammatory and infectious diseases by the exposure or transfer of potent effectors that induce vascular inflammation by leukocyte recruitment and thrombosis. Furthermore, vesicles release cytokines and induce their release from cells. Extracellular vesicles possess immune modulatory and anti-microbial properties, and induce receptor signaling in the recipient cell, not least by the transfer of pro-inflammatory receptors. Additionally, the vesicles may carry virulence factors systemically. Extracellular vesicles in blood and urine can contribute to the development of kidney diseases or exhibit protective effects. In this review we will describe the role of EVs in inflammation, thrombosis, immune modulation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, renal tubular regeneration and infection. Furthermore, we will delineate their contribution to renal ischemia/reperfusion, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies, IgA nephropathy, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infections and renal transplantation. Due to their content of miRNAs and growth factors, or when loaded with nephroprotective modulators, extracellular vesicles have the potential to be used as therapeutics for renal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden
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33
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Zeng M, Wen J, Ma Z, Xiao L, Liu Y, Kwon S, Liu Y, Dong Z. FOXO1-Mediated Downregulation of RAB27B Leads to Decreased Exosome Secretion in Diabetic Kidneys. Diabetes 2021; 70:1536-1548. [PMID: 33597203 PMCID: PMC8336008 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have been implicated in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but the regulation of exosomes in DKD is largely unknown. Here, we have verified the decrease of exosome secretion in DKD and unveiled the underlying mechanism. In Boston University mouse proximal tubule (BUMPT) cells, high-glucose (HG) treatment led to a significant decrease in exosome secretion, which was associated with specific downregulation of RAB27B, a key guanosine-5'-triphosphatase in exosome secretion. Overexpression of RAB27B restored exosome secretion in HG-treated cells, suggesting a role of RAB27B downregulation in the decrease of exosome secretion in DKD. To understand the mechanism of RAB27B downregulation, we conducted bioinformatics analysis that identified FOXO1 binding sites in the Rab27b gene promoter. Consistently, HG induced phosphorylation of FOXO1 in BUMPT cells, preventing FOXO1 accumulation and activation in the nucleus. Overexpression of nonphosphorylatable, constitutively active FOXO1 led to the upregulation of RAB27B and an increase in exosome secretion in HG-treated cells. In vivo, compared with normal mice, diabetic mice showed increased FOXO1 phosphorylation, decreased RAB27B expression, and reduced exosome secretion. Collectively, these results unveil the mechanism of exosome dysfunction in DKD where FOXO1 is phosphorylated and inactivated in DKD, resulting in RAB27B downregulation and the decrease of exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
- Corresponding author: Zheng Dong,
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Sangho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
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Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
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Corrêa RR, Juncosa EM, Masereeuw R, Lindoso RS. Extracellular Vesicles as a Therapeutic Tool for Kidney Disease: Current Advances and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115787. [PMID: 34071399 PMCID: PMC8198688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as important mediators of cell communication, regulating several physiological processes, including tissue recovery and regeneration. In the kidneys, EVs derived from stem cells have been shown to support tissue recovery in diverse disease models and have been considered an interesting alternative to cell therapy. For this purpose, however, several challenges remain to be overcome, such as the requirement of a high number of EVs for human therapy and the need for optimization of techniques for their isolation and characterization. Moreover, the kidney’s complexity and the pathological process to be treated require that EVs present a heterogeneous group of molecules to be delivered. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the use of EVs as a therapeutic tool for kidney diseases. Moreover, we give an overview of the new technologies applied to improve EVs’ efficacy, such as novel methods of EV production and isolation by means of bioreactors and microfluidics, bioengineering the EV content and the use of alternative cell sources, including kidney organoids, to support their transfer to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Rodrigues Corrêa
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Estela Mancheño Juncosa
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (R.S.L.); Tel.: +31-30-253-3529 (R.M.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-6520 (R.S.L.)
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (R.S.L.); Tel.: +31-30-253-3529 (R.M.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-6520 (R.S.L.)
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Du J, Li Y, Sun Q, Wang Z, Wang F, Chen F, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhou H, Shang G, Chen X, Ding S, Li C, Wu D, Zhang W, Zhong M. Urinary exosomal CD26 is associated with recovery from acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a prospective cohort study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1535-1546. [PMID: 33882205 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently there is no validated method to predict renal reversal and recovery after acute kidney injury (AKI). As exosomes have the potential for AKI prognosis and CD26 is involved in the mechanisms in AKI, this study aims to investigate whether urinary exosomal CD26 is associated with renal-related outcomes and explore its prospect as a novel prognosis biomarker. METHODS This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. A total of 133 AKI patients and 68 non-AKI patients admitted to ICU in Qilu Hospital Shandong University from January 2017 to January 2018. Urine samples were collected at enrollment and the relative expression of CD26 (CD26 percentage) in urinary exosomes was examined, that was then categorized into a low-CD26 level and a high-CD26 level. RESULTS CD26 percentage was significantly lower in the AKI cohort than in the control cohort. Within the AKI cohort, a high-CD26 level was associated with lower incidence of major adverse kidney events within 90 days, but higher incidence of reversal within 28 days. In AKI survivors, a high-CD26 level had a 4.67-, 3.50- and 4.66-fold higher odds than a low-CD26 level for early reversal, recovery and reversal, respectively, after adjustment for clinical factors. Prediction performance was moderate for AKI survivors but improved for non-septic AKI survivors. CONCLUSIONS Urinary exosomal CD26 is associated with renal reversal and recovery from AKI and is thus a promising prognosis biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yirui Liu
- People's Hospital of Lingcheng District, Dezhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guokai Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shifang Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Lee SA, Choi C, Yoo TH. Extracellular vesicles in kidneys and their clinical potential in renal diseases. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:194-207. [PMID: 33866768 PMCID: PMC8237124 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.20.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are cell-derived lipid bilayer membrane particles, which deliver information from host cells to recipient cells. EVs are involved in various biological processes including the modulation of the immune response, cell-to-cell communications, thrombosis, and tissue regeneration. Different types of kidney cells are known to release EVs under physiologic as well as pathologic conditions, and recent studies have found that EVs have a pathophysiologic role in different renal diseases. Given the recent advancement in EV isolation and analysis techniques, many studies have shown the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in various renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury, polycystic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma. This review updates recent clinical and experimental findings on the role of EVs in renal diseases and highlights the potential clinical applicability of EVs as novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sul A Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kosanović M, Llorente A, Glamočlija S, Valdivielso JM, Bozic M. Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Fibrosis: An Odyssey toward a New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083887. [PMID: 33918699 PMCID: PMC8069044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a complex disorder characterized by the destruction of kidney parenchyma. There is currently no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from cells in both physiological and diseased states. Given their fundamental role in transferring biomolecules to recipient cells and their ability to cross biological barriers, EVs have been widely investigated as potential cell-free therapeutic agents. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in renal fibrosis and signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various renal compartments. We explore recent findings regarding the renoprotective effect of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents in renal fibrosis. We also highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic applications of EVs in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofija Glamočlija
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - José M. Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Potential role of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2741-2754. [PMID: 33111949 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by most cells and are found in diverse biological fluids. The release of EVs provides a new mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to transfer their functional cargoes to target cells. Glomerular diseases account for a large proportion of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. In recent years, an increasing number of research groups have focused their effort on identifying the functional role of EVs in renal diseases. However, the involvement of EVs in the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases has not been comprehensively described and discussed. In this review, we first briefly introduce the characteristics of EVs. Then, we describe the involvement of EVs in the mechanisms underlying glomerular diseases, including immunological and fibrotic processes. We also discuss what functions EVs derived from different kidney cells have in glomerular diseases and how EVs exert their effects through different signaling pathways. Furthermore, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge of EV involvement in the pathogenesis of various glomerular diseases. Finally, we propose future research directions for identifying better management strategies for glomerular diseases.
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De Santis D, Castagna A, Danese E, Udali S, Martinelli N, Morandini F, Veneri M, Bertolone L, Olivieri O, Friso S, Pizzolo F. Detection of Urinary Exosomal HSD11B2 mRNA Expression: A Useful Novel Tool for the Diagnostic Approach of Dysfunctional 11β-HSD2-Related Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:681974. [PMID: 34497581 PMCID: PMC8419411 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.681974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) enzyme deficiency, traditionally assessed by measuring either the urinary cortisol metabolites ratio (tetrahydrocortisol+allotetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone, THF+5αTHF/THE) or the urinary cortisol/cortisone (F/E) ratio. Exosomal mRNA is an emerging diagnostic tool due to its stability in body fluids and its biological regulatory function. It is unknown whether urinary exosomal HSD11B2 mRNA is related to steroid ratio or the HSD11B2 662 C>G genotype (corresponding to a 221 A>G substitution) in patients with AME and essential hypertension (EH). AIM OF THE STUDY To detect and quantify HSD11B2 mRNA from urinary exosomes in samples from family members affected by AME and EH, and to evaluate the relationship between exosomal HSD11B2 mRNA, steroid ratio, 662C>G genotype, and hypertension. METHODS In this observational case-control study, urinary steroid ratios and biochemical parameters were measured. Urinary exosomes were extracted from urine and exosomal HSD11B2 mRNA was quantified by Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR). B2M (β-2 microglobulin) gene was selected as the reference housekeeping gene. RESULTS Among family members affected by AME, exosomal urinary HSD11B2 mRNA expression was strictly related to genotypes. The two homozygous mutant probands showed the highest HSD11B2 mRNA levels (median 169, range 118-220 copies/µl) that progressively decreased in 221 AG heterozygous with hypertension (108, range 92-124 copies/µl), 221 AG heterozygous normotensives (23.35, range 8-38.7 copies/µl), and wild-type 221 AA subjects (5.5, range 4.5-14 copies/µl). Heterozygous hypertensive subjects had more HSD11B2 mRNA than heterozygous normotensive subjects. The F/E urinary ratio correlated with HSD11B2 mRNA copy number (p < 0.05); HSD11B2 mRNA strongly decreased while THF+5αTHF/THE increased in the two probands after therapy. In the AME family, HSD11B2 copy number correlated with both F/E and THF+5αTHF/THE ratios, whereas in EH patients, a high F/E ratio reflected a reduced HSD11B2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS HSD11B2 mRNA is detectable and quantifiable in urinary exosomes; its expression varies according to the 662 C>G genotype with the highest levels in homozygous mutant subjects. The HSD11B2 mRNA overexpression in AME could be due to a compensatory mechanism of the enzyme impairment. Exosomal mRNA is a useful tool to investigate HSD11B2 dysregulation in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica De Santis
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Udali
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Morandini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariangela Veneri
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bertolone
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Oliviero Olivieri
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simonetta Friso
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Pizzolo
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Pizzolo,
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Behrens F, Holle J, Kuebler WM, Simmons S. Extracellular vesicles as regulators of kidney function and disease. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 33336297 PMCID: PMC7746786 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid bilayer-delimited particles of cellular origin that recently gained increasing attention for their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers, and beyond that for their role in intercellular communication and as regulators of homeostatic and disease processes. In acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), the potential use of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic markers has been evaluated in a series of clinical studies and contributions to pathophysiologic pathways have been investigated in experimental models. While EV concentrations in biofluids could not distinguish renal patients from healthy subjects or determine disease progression, specific EV subpopulations have been identified that may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic tools in AKI. Specific EV subpopulations are also associated with clinical complications in sepsis-induced AKI and in CKD. Beyond their role as biomarkers, pathophysiologic involvement of EVs has been shown in hemolytic uremic syndrome- and sepsis-induced AKI as well as in cardiovascular complications of CKD. On the other hand, some endogenously formed or therapeutically applied EVs demonstrate protective effects pointing toward their usefulness as emerging treatment strategy in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Behrens
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Holle
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's, Toronto, Canada. .,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Ali M, Pham A, Wang X, Wolfram J, Pham S. Extracellular vesicles for treatment of solid organ ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:3294-3307. [PMID: 32594616 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As the incidence of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury has substantially increased, there is a pressing need to develop effective strategies to treat this global health issue. I-R injury can affect all organs and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Pathological settings such as myocardial infarction, stroke, hemorrhagic shock, and solid organ transplant are particularly prone to cause I-R injury. Ischemia (hypoxia) and/or reperfusion (reoxygenation) induces various forms of cellular and structural damage. A major cause of damage is local inflammatory responses, which may spread to produce more advanced systemic inflammation. Management of I-R injury relies primarily on supportive measures, as specific treatment strategies are lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted nano-scale structures containing various biomolecules involved in cell communication and multiple physiological processes. EVs derived from certain cell types have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and angiogenic properties. This review provides an overview of EV-based therapeutics for I-R injury in kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and brain. Additionally, the mechanisms by which EVs protect against I-R injury are discussed. Promising preclinical findings highlight the potential clinical use of EVs for I-R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojahid Ali
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony Pham
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Si Pham
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Redon J, Cortes R. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Hypertension-Associated Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2020; 77:28-38. [PMID: 33222549 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension-mediated organ damage frequently includes renal function decline in which several mechanisms are involved. The present review outlines the state of the art on extracellular vesicles in hypertension and hypertension-related renal damage. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell communication and are key players mediating biological processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction or fibrosis, mechanisms present the onset and progression of hypertension-associated kidney disease. We address the potential use of extracellular vesicles as markers of hypertension-mediated kidney damage severity and their application as therapeutic agents in hypertension-associated renal damage. The capacity of exosomes to deliver a wide variety of cargos to the target cell efficiently makes them a potential drug delivery system for treatment of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Josep Redon
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.).,Internal Medicine, Clinic Universitary Hospital, Valencia, Spain (J.R.).,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain (J.R.)
| | - Raquel Cortes
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.)
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Recent Advances in Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems and Their Potential in Precision Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111006. [PMID: 33105857 PMCID: PMC7690579 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bilayered nanoparticles released by most cell types. Recently, an enormous number of studies have been published on the potential of EVs as carriers of therapeutic agents. In contrast to systems such as liposomes, EVs exhibit less immunogenicity and higher engineering potential. Here, we review the most relevant publications addressing the potential and use of EVs as a drug delivery system (DDS). The information is divided based on the key steps for designing an EV-mediated delivery strategy. We discuss possible sources and isolation methods of EVs. We address the administration routes that have been tested in vivo and the tissue distribution observed. We describe the current knowledge on EV clearance, a significant challenge towards enhancing bioavailability. Also, EV-engineering approaches are described as alternatives to improve tissue and cell-specificity. Finally, a summary of the ongoing clinical trials is performed. Although the application of EVs in the clinical practice is still at an early stage, a high number of studies in animals support their potential as DDS. Thus, better treatment options could be designed to precisely increase target specificity and therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target effects and toxicity according to the individual requirements of each patient.
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Liu B, Deng Q, Zhang L, Zhu W. Nobiletin alleviates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the kidney by activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4655-4662. [PMID: 33173956 PMCID: PMC7646848 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that nobiletin (NOB) displays anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic efficacies against multiple pathological insults. However, the potential effects of NOB on the injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in the kidney remain undetermined. In the present study, I/R injury was elicited by right kidney removal and left renal pedicel clamping for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. NOB was added at the start of reperfusion. Histological examination, detection of biomarkers in plasma, and measurement of apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) were used to evaluate renal injury. Additionally, the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was also used in mechanistic experiments. NOB pre-treatment significantly reduced renal damage caused by I/R injury, as indicated by decreased serum levels of creatine, blood urea nitrogen and tubular injury scores. Furthermore, NOB inhibited elevated ERS-associated apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced apoptotic rates and ERS-related signaling molecules (such as, C/EBP homologous protein, caspase-12 and glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa). NOB increased phosphorylation of proteins in the PI3K/AKT pathway. The inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling with pharmacological inhibitors could reverse the beneficial effects of NOB during renal I/R insult. In conclusion, NOB pre-treatment may alleviate I/R injury in the kidney by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and ERS-induced apoptosis, partly through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Urology, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Quanhong Deng
- Department of Urology, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
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Braun F, Rinschen M, Buchner D, Bohl K, Plagmann I, Bachurski D, Richard Späth M, Antczak P, Göbel H, Klein C, Lackmann J, Kretz O, Puelles VG, Wahba R, Hallek M, Schermer B, Benzing T, Huber TB, Beyer A, Stippel D, Kurschat CE, Müller R. The proteomic landscape of small urinary extracellular vesicles during kidney transplantation. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12026. [PMID: 33304478 PMCID: PMC7710132 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred renal replacement therapy available. Yet, long-term transplant survival is unsatisfactory, partially due to insufficient possibilities of longitudinal monitoring and understanding of the biological processes after transplantation. Small urinary extracellular vesicles (suEVs) - as a non-invasive source of information - were collected from 22 living donors and recipients. Unbiased proteomic analysis revealed temporal patterns of suEV protein signature and cellular processes involved in both early response and longer-term graft adaptation. Complement activation was among the most dynamically regulated components. This unique atlas of the suEV proteome is provided through an online repository allowing dynamic interrogation by the user. Additionally, a correlative analysis identified putative prognostic markers of future allograft function. One of these markers - phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2) - could be confirmed using targeted MS in an independent validation cohort of 22 additional patients. This study sheds light on the impact of kidney transplantation on urinary extracellular vesicle content and allows the first deduction of early molecular processes in transplant biology. Beyond that our data highlight the potential of suEVs as a source of biomarkers in this setting.
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miR-20a-5p is enriched in hypoxia-derived tubular exosomes and protects against acute tubular injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2223-2234. [PMID: 32808649 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes have been shown to effectively regulate the biological functions of target cells. Here, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of hypoxia-induced renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs)-derived exosomes on acute tubular injury. We found that in vitro hypoxia-induced tubular exosomes (Hy-EXOs) were protective in acute tubular injury by promoting TECs proliferation and improving mitochondrial functions. By using exosome miRNA sequencing, we identified miR-20a-5p was abundant and was a key mechanism for the protective effect of Hy-EXOs on tubular injury as up-regulation of miR-20a-5p enhanced but down-regulation of miR-20a-5p inhibited the protective effect of Hy-EXOs on tubular injury under hypoxia conditions. Further study in a mouse model of ischemia–reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (IRI-AKI) also confirmed this notion as pre-treating mice with the miR-20a-5p agomir 48 h prior to AKI induction was capable of inhibiting IRI-AKI by lowering serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and attenuating the severity of tubular necrosis, F4/80(+) macrophages infiltration and vascular rarefaction. Mechanistically, the protective effect of miR-20a-5p on acute kidney injury (AKI) was associated with inhibition of TECs mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, miR-20a-5p is enriched in hypoxia-derived tubular exosomes and protects against acute tubular injury. Results from the present study also reveal that miR-20a-5p may represent as a novel therapy for AKI.
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Wen J, Ma Z, Livingston MJ, Zhang W, Yuan Y, Guo C, Liu Y, Fu P, Dong Z. Decreased secretion and profibrotic activity of tubular exosomes in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F664-F673. [PMID: 32715764 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular changes contribute to the development of renal pathologies in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), including interstitial fibrosis. It is unclear how tubular cells relay signals to interstitial fibroblasts. Recently, exosomes have been recognized as crucial mediators of intercellular communication. We hypothesized that exosomes secreted from tubular cells may stimulate fibroblasts for interstitial fibrosis in DKD. In this study, we isolated and purified exosomes from the renal cortex of DKD mice and high glucose-treated mouse proximal tubular cells. Compared with nondiabetic mice, exosome secretion in kidney tissues decreased in DKD mice. Likewise, high glucose incubation reduced exosome secretion in mouse kidney proximal tubular BUMPT cells. To study the effect of tubular cell exosomes on fibroblasts, exosomes from BUMPT cells were added to renal fibroblast NRK-49F cell cultures. Notably, exosomes from high glucose conditioned BUMPT cells induced higher proliferation, significant morphological change, and substantial production of fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type Ι in NRK-49F fibroblasts. Proteomics analysis was further performed to profile the proteins within tubular cell exosomes. Interestingly, 22 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between tubular exosomes derived from high glucose conditioned cells and those from normal glucose conditioned cells. Cytoscape analysis suggested the existence of two protein-protein interaction networks in these exosomal differentially expressed proteins. While one of the protein-protein interaction networks comprised enolase 1 (Eno1), heat shock protein family A member 8 (Hspa8), thioredoxin 1 (Txn1), peptidylprolyl isomerase A (Ppia), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1), DNA topoisomerase II-β (Top2b), and β-actin (Actb), the other had the family proteins of human leucocyte antigen F (Ywhag), a component of the ND10 nuclear body (Ywhae), interferon regulatory factor-8 (Ywhaq), and human leucocyte antigen A (Ywhaz). Gene expression analysis via Nephroseq showed a correlation of Eno1 expression with DKD clinical manifestation. In conclusion, DKD is associated with a decrease in exosome secretion in renal tubular cells. Exosomes from high glucose conditioned tubular cells may regulate the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, contributing to the paracrine signaling mechanism responsible for the pathological onset of renal interstitial fibrosis in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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AKI: an increasingly recognized risk factor for CKD development and progression. J Nephrol 2020; 33:1171-1187. [PMID: 32651850 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasing health burden with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. AKI is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Rapid action is required to find treatment options for AKI, plus to anticipate the development of CKD and other complications. Therefore, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology of AKI to CKD transition. Over the last several years, research has revealed maladaptive repair to be an interplay of cell death, endothelial dysfunction, tubular epithelial cell senescence, inflammatory processes and more-terminating in fibrosis. Various pathological mechanisms have been discovered and reveal targets for potential interventions. Furthermore, there have been clinical efforts measures for AKI prevention and progression including the development of novel biomarkers and prediction models. In this review, we provide an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, we discuss research gaps and promising therapeutic approaches for AKI to CKD progression.
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