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van der Velden AIM, Koudijs A, Kooijman S, Rietjens RGJ, Sol WMPJ, Avramut MC, Wang G, Rensen PCN, Rabelink TJ, van der Vlag J, van den Berg BM. Fasting mimicking diet in diabetic mice partially preserves glomerular endothelial glycocalyx coverage, without changing the diabetic metabolic environment. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F681-F693. [PMID: 38205540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00333.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting has become of interest for its possible metabolic benefits and reduction of inflammation and oxidative damage, all of which play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. We tested in a streptozotocin (60 mg/kg)-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E knockout mouse model whether repeated fasting mimicking diet (FMD) prevents glomerular damage. Diabetic mice received 5 FMD cycles in 10 wk, and during cycles 1 and 5 caloric measurements were performed. After 10 wk, glomerular endothelial morphology was determined together with albuminuria, urinary heparanase-1 activity, and spatial mass spectrometry imaging to identify specific glomerular metabolic dysregulation. During FMD cycles, blood glucose levels dropped while a temporal metabolic switch was observed to increase fatty acid oxidation. Overall body weight at the end of the study was reduced together with albuminuria, although urine production was dramatically increased without affecting urinary heparanase-1 activity. Weight loss was found to be due to lean mass and water, not fat mass. Although capillary loop morphology and endothelial glycocalyx heparan sulfate contents were preserved, hyaluronan surface expression was reduced together with the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. Mass spectrometry imaging further revealed reduced protein catabolic breakdown products and increased oxidative stress, not different from diabetic mice. In conclusion, although FMD preserves partially glomerular endothelial glycocalyx, loss of lean mass and increased glomerular oxidative stress argue whether such diet regimes are safe in patients with diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeated fasting mimicking diet (FMD) partially prevents glomerular damage in a diabetic mouse model; however, although endothelial glycocalyx heparan sulfate contents were preserved, hyaluronan surface expression was reduced in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. The weight loss observed was of lean mass, not fat mass, and increased glomerular oxidative stress argue whether such a diet is safe in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk I M van der Velden
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Koudijs
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie G J Rietjens
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy M P J Sol
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Avramut
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gangqi Wang
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhang W, Ma L, Zhou Q, Gu T, Zhang X, Xing H. Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Kidney Disease: Proteome-Wide Mendelian Randomization and Colocalization Analyses. Diabetes 2024; 73:618-627. [PMID: 38211557 PMCID: PMC10958583 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
At present, safe and effective treatment drugs are urgently needed for diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Circulating protein biomarkers with causal genetic evidence represent promising drug targets, which provides an opportunity to identify new therapeutic targets. Summary data from two protein quantitative trait loci studies are presented, one involving 4,907 plasma proteins data from 35,559 individuals and the other encompassing 4,657 plasma proteins among 7,213 European Americans. Summary statistics for DKD were obtained from a large genome-wide association study (3,345 cases and 2,372 controls) and the FinnGen study (3,676 cases and 283,456 controls). Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to examine the potential targets for DKD. The colocalization analysis was used to detect whether the potential proteins exist in the shared causal variants. To enhance the credibility of the results, external validation was conducted. Additionally, enrichment analysis, assessment of protein druggability, and the protein-protein interaction networks were used to further enrich the research findings. The proteome-wide MR analyses identified 21 blood proteins that may causally be associated with DKD. Colocalization analysis further supported a causal relationship between 12 proteins and DKD, with external validation confirming 4 of these proteins, and TGFBI was affirmed through two separate group data sets. These results indicate that targeting these four proteins could be a promising approach for treating DKD, and warrant further clinical investigations. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Leilei Ma
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianyi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianjiao Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Haitao Xing
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Kamiya K, Hatayama N, Tawada M, Asai A, Yamauchi M, Kinashi H, Kunoki S, Yamaguchi M, Mizuno M, Suzuki Y, Banshodani M, Ishimoto T, Naito M, Kawanishi H, Ito Y. Role of endothelial hyaluronan in peritoneal membrane transport and disease conditions during peritoneal dialysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7412. [PMID: 38548914 PMCID: PMC10978880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal membrane dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is primarily attributed to angiogenesis; however, the integrity of vascular endothelial cells can affect peritoneal permeability. Hyaluronan, a component of the endothelial glycocalyx, is reportedly involved in preventing proteinuria in the normal glomerulus. One hypothesis suggests that development of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is triggered by protein leakage due to vascular endothelial injury. We therefore investigated the effect of hyaluronan in the glycocalyx on peritoneal permeability and disease conditions. After hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of hyaluronan on the endothelial cells of mice, macromolecules, including albumin and β2 microglobulin, leaked into the dialysate. However, peritoneal transport of small solute molecules was not affected. Pathologically, hyaluronan expression was diminished; however, expression of vascular endothelial cadherin and heparan sulfate, a core protein of the glycocalyx, was preserved. Hyaluronan expression on endothelial cells was studied using 254 human peritoneal membrane samples. Hyaluronan expression decreased in patients undergoing long-term PD treatment and EPS patients treated with conventional solutions. Furthermore, the extent of hyaluronan loss correlated with the severity of vasculopathy. Hyaluronan on endothelial cells is involved in the peritoneal transport of macromolecules. Treatment strategies that preserve hyaluronan in the glycocalyx could prevent the leakage of macromolecules and subsequent related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kamiya
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hatayama
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tawada
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akimasa Asai
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shunnosuke Kunoki
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Surgery and Artificial Organs, Akane-Foundation, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masataka Banshodani
- Department of Surgery and Artificial Organs, Akane-Foundation, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawanishi
- Department of Surgery and Artificial Organs, Akane-Foundation, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
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Yung S, Chan TM. Endothelial cell activation and glycocalyx shedding - potential as biomarkers in patients with lupus nephritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1251876. [PMID: 37854589 PMCID: PMC10579905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus and an important cause of acute and chronic kidney injury. Early diagnosis of LN and preventing relapses are key to preserving renal reserve. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease, clinical management remains challenging. Kidney biopsy remains the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of LN and subsequent assessment of kidney histopathology, but it is invasive and cannot be repeated frequently. Current clinical indicators of kidney function such as proteinuria and serum creatinine level are non-specific and do not accurately reflect histopathological changes, while anti-dsDNA antibody and C3 levels reflect immunological status but not kidney injury. Identification of novel and specific biomarkers for LN is prerequisite to improve management. Renal function deterioration is associated with changes in the endothelial glycocalyx, a delicate gel-like layer located at the interface between the endothelium and bloodstream. Inflammation induces endothelial cell activation and shedding of glycocalyx constituents into the circulation. This review discusses the potential role of soluble glycocalyx components as biomarkers of active LN, especially in patients in whom conventional serological and biochemical markers do not appear helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kriz W, Löwen J, Gröne HJ. The complex pathology of diabetic nephropathy in humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:2109-2119. [PMID: 36918205 PMCID: PMC10539239 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the pathomorphological sequences of nephron loss in human diabetic nephropathy (DN). The relevant changes may be derived from two major derangements. First, a failure in the turnover of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) based on an increased production of GBM components by podocytes and endothelial cells leading to the thickening of the GBM and accumulation of worn-out GBM in the mesangium. This failure may account for the direct pathway to glomerular compaction and sclerosis based on the continuous deposition of undegraded GBM material in the mesangium. Second, an increased leakiness together with an increased propensity of glomerular capillaries to proliferate leads to widespread plasma exudations. Detrimental are those that produce giant insudative spaces within Bowman's capsule, spreading around the entire glomerular circumference and along the glomerulo-tubular junction onto the tubule resulting in tubular obstruction and retroactively to glomerulosclerosis. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis develop secondarily by transfer of the glomerular damage onto the tubule. Interstitial fibrosis is locally initiated and apparently stimulated by degenerating tubular epithelia. This leads to a focal distribution of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy accompanied by a varying interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration. Spreading of fibrotic areas between intact nephrons, much less to the glomerulus, has not been encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Kriz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg
| | - Jana Löwen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Germany
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6
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Li Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Xu B, Zhan H. Integrated multi-omics and bioinformatic methods to reveal the mechanisms of sinomenine against diabetic nephropathy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:287. [PMID: 37580684 PMCID: PMC10424381 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes, the diagnosis and treatment of DN is still limited. Sinomenine (SIN) is an active extract of herbal medicine and has been applied into the therapy of DN. METHODS In the part of bioinformatic analyses, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted to predict the important pathway of SIN treatment for DN. In-vivo study, DN rats were randomized to be treated with vehicle or SIN (20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg) daily by gavage for 8 weeks. Then, the pharmacological effect of SIN on DN and the potential mechanisms were also evaluated by 24 h albuminuria, histopathological examination, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. RESULTS Firstly, network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to show that SIN might improve DN via AGEs/RAGE, IL-17, JAK, TNF pathways. Urine biochemical parameters showed that SIN treatment could significantly reduce 24 h albuminuria of DN rats. Transcriptomics analysis found SIN could affect DN progression via inflammation and EMT pathways. Metabolic pathway analysis found SIN would mainly involve in arginine biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism to affect DN development. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that SIN could inhibit the progression of DN via affecting multiple genes and metabolites related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 117892, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, 361000, XM, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 12466, Fujian, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jimin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 117892, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, 361000, XM, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 12466, Fujian, China
| | - Bojun Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Huakui Zhan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Machin DR, Trott DW, Gogulamudi VR, Islam MT, Bloom SI, Vink H, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. Glycocalyx-targeted therapy ameliorates age-related arterial dysfunction. GeroScience 2023; 45:2351-2365. [PMID: 36787090 PMCID: PMC10651573 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is accompanied by arterial dysfunction, as well as a diminished glycocalyx, which may be linked to reduced high molecular weight-hyaluronan (HMW-HA) synthesis. However, the impact of glycocalyx deterioration in age-related arterial dysfunction is unknown. We sought to determine if manipulations in glycocalyx properties would alter arterial function. Tamoxifen-induced hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) reduction was used to decrease glycocalyx properties. Three weeks post-tamoxifen treatment, glycocalyx thickness was lower in Has2 knockout compared to wild-type mice (P<0.05). Has2 reduction induced arterial dysfunction, demonstrated by impaired endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) and elevated aortic stiffness (P<0.05). To augment glycocalyx properties, old mice received 10 weeks of a glycocalyx-targeted therapy via Endocalyx™ (old+ECX), which contains HMW-HA and other glycocalyx components. Compared to old control mice, glycocalyx properties and EDD were augmented, and aortic stiffness decreased in old+ECX mice (P<0.05). Old+ECX mice had a more youthful aortic phenotype, demonstrated by lower collagen content and higher elastin content than old control mice (P<0.05). Functional outcomes were repeated in old mice that underwent a diet supplemented solely with HMW-HA (old+HA). Compared to old controls, glycocalyx properties and EDD were augmented, and aortic stiffness was lower in old+HA mice (P<0.05). We did not observe any differences between old+HA and old+ECX mice (P>0.05). Has2 reduction phenocopies age-related arterial dysfunction, while 10 weeks of glycocalyx-targeted therapy that restores the glycocalyx also ameliorates age-related arterial dysfunction. These findings suggest that the glycocalyx may be a viable therapeutic target to ameliorate age-related arterial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Machin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Daniel W Trott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Md Torikul Islam
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MicroVascular Health Solutions LLC, Alpine, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VA Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- VA Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Yu H, Song YY, Li XH. Early diabetic kidney disease: Focus on the glycocalyx. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:460-480. [PMID: 37273258 PMCID: PMC10236994 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is sharply increasing worldwide. Microalbuminuria is the primary clinical marker used to identify DKD, and its initiating step in diabetes is glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction, particularly glycocalyx impairment. The glycocalyx found on the surface of glomerular endothelial cells, is a dynamic hydrated layer structure composed of pro-teoglycans, glycoproteins, and some adsorbed soluble components. It reinforces the negative charge barrier, transduces the shear stress, and mediates the interaction of blood corpuscles and podocytes with endothelial cells. In the high-glucose environment of diabetes, excessive reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines can damage the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) both directly and indirectly, which induces the production of microalbuminuria. Further research is required to elucidate the role of the podocyte glycocalyx, which may, together with endothelial cells, form a line of defense against albumin filtration. Interestingly, recent research has confirmed that the negative charge barrier function of the glycocalyx found in the glomerular basement membrane and its repulsion effect on albumin is limited. Therefore, to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of DKD, the potential mechanisms of EG degradation must be analyzed and more responsive and controllable targets must be explored. The content of this review will provide insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Yun Song
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Kaur G, Harris NR. Endothelial glycocalyx in retina, hyperglycemia, and diabetic retinopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C1061-C1077. [PMID: 36939202 PMCID: PMC10125029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a meshlike network present on the apical surface of the endothelium. Membrane-bound proteoglycans, the major backbone molecules of the EG, consist of glycosaminoglycans attached to core proteins. In addition to maintaining the integrity of the endothelial barrier, the EG regulates inflammation and perfusion and acts as a mechanosensor. The loss of the EG can cause endothelial dysfunction and drive the progression of vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the EG presents a novel therapeutic target for treatment of vascular complications. In this review article, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the EG in the retina. Our particular focus is on hyperglycemia-induced perturbations in the glycocalyx structure in the retina, potential underlying mechanisms, and clinical trials studying protective treatments against degradation of the EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaganpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Norman R Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
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10
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Rietjens RGJ, Wang G, van der Velden AIM, Koudijs A, Avramut MC, Kooijman S, Rensen PCN, van der Vlag J, Rabelink TJ, Heijs B, van den Berg BM. Phosphatidylinositol metabolism of the renal proximal tubule S3 segment is disturbed in response to diabetes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6261. [PMID: 37069341 PMCID: PMC10110589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a main risk factor for kidney disease, causing diabetic nephropathy in close to half of all patients with diabetes. Metabolism has recently been identified to be decisive in cell fate decisions and repair. Here we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to identify tissue specific metabolic dysregulation, in order to better understand early diabetes-induced metabolic changes of renal cell types. In our experimental diabetes mouse model, early glomerular glycocalyx barrier loss and systemic metabolic changes were observed. In addition, MSI targeted at small molecule metabolites and glycero(phospho)lipids exposed distinct changes upon diabetes in downstream nephron segments. Interestingly, the outer stripe of the outer medullar proximal tubular segment (PT_S3) demonstrated the most distinct response compared to other segments. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol lipid metabolism was altered specifically in PT_S3, with one of the phosphatidylinositol fatty acid tails being exchanged from longer unsaturated fatty acids to shorter, more saturated fatty acids. In acute kidney injury, the PT_S3 segment and its metabolism are already recognized as important factors in kidney repair processes. The current study exposes early diabetes-induced changes in membrane lipid composition in this PT_S3 segment as a hitherto unrecognized culprit in the early renal response to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie G J Rietjens
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gangqi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk I M van der Velden
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Koudijs
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Avramut
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology (Electron Microscopy), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Heijs
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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‘t Hart DC, Yildiz D, Palacio-Castañeda V, Li L, Gumuscu B, Brock R, Verdurmen WPR, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. Co-Culture of Glomerular Endothelial Cells and Podocytes in a Custom-Designed Glomerulus-on-a-Chip Model Improves the Filtration Barrier Integrity and Affects the Glomerular Cell Phenotype. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13030339. [PMID: 36979551 PMCID: PMC10046631 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between glomerular endothelial cells and glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) is increasingly becoming apparent as a crucial mechanism to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. However, in vitro studies directly investigating the effect of this crosstalk on the glomerular filtration barrier are scarce because of the lack of suitable experimental models. Therefore, we developed a custom-made glomerulus-on-a-chip model recapitulating the glomerular filtration barrier, in which we investigated the effects of co-culture of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes on filtration barrier function and the phenotype of these respective cell types. The custom-made glomerulus-on-a-chip model was designed using soft lithography. The chip consisted of two parallel microfluidic channels separated by a semi-permeable polycarbonate membrane. The glycocalyx was visualized by wheat germ agglutinin staining and the barrier integrity of the glomerulus-on-a-chip model was determined by measuring the transport rate of fluorescently labelled dextran from the top to the bottom channel. The effect of crosstalk on the transcriptome of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes was investigated via RNA-sequencing. Glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes were successfully cultured on opposite sides of the membrane in our glomerulus-on-a-chip model using a polydopamine and collagen A double coating. Barrier integrity of the chip model was significantly improved when glomerular endothelial cells were co-cultured with podocytes compared to monocultures of either glomerular endothelial cells or podocytes. Co-culture enlarged the surface area of podocyte foot processes and increased the thickness of the glycocalyx. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed the regulation of cellular pathways involved in cellular differentiation and cellular adhesion as a result of the interaction between glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. We present a novel custom-made glomerulus-on-a-chip co-culture model and demonstrated for the first time using a glomerulus-on-a-chip model that co-culture affects the morphology and transcriptional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. Moreover, we showed that co-culture improves barrier function as a relevant functional readout for clinical translation. This model can be used in future studies to investigate specific glomerular paracrine pathways and unravel the role of glomerular crosstalk in glomerular (patho) physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dilemin Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Palacio-Castañeda
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lanhui Li
- Biosensors and Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Burcu Gumuscu
- Biosensors and Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Wouter P. R. Verdurmen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Jin C, Zong Y. The role of hyaluronan in renal cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127828. [PMID: 36936902 PMCID: PMC10019822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with high mortality rates worldwide and survival among RCC patients has not improved significantly in the past few years. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of RCC can enable the development of more effective therapeutic strategies against RCC. Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan located in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that has several roles in biology, medicine, and physiological processes, such as tissue homeostasis and angiogenesis. Dysregulated HA and its receptors play important roles in fundamental cellular and molecular biology processes such as cell signaling, immune modulation, tumor progression and angiogenesis. There is emerging evidence that alterations in the production of HA regulate RCC development, thereby acting as important biomarkers as well as specific therapeutic targets. Therefore, targeting HA or combining it with other therapies are promising therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we summarize the available data on the role of abnormal regulation of HA and speculate on its potential as a therapeutic target against RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Jin
- Zhejiang Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Zong
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yunfeng Zong,
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13
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The effects of female sexual hormones on the endothelial glycocalyx. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:89-137. [PMID: 37080682 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer composed of carbohydrate side chains bound to core proteins that lines the vascular endothelium. The integrity of the glycocalyx is essential for endothelial cells' performance and vascular homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems influence the composition, maintenance, activity and degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx. The female organism has unique characteristics, and estrogen and progesterone, the main female hormones are essential to the development and physiology of the reproductive system and to the ability to develop a fetus. Female sex hormones also exert a wide variety of effects on other organs, including the vascular endothelium. They upregulate nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, decrease oxidative stress, increase vasodilation, and protect from vascular injury. This review will discuss how female hormones and pregnancy, which prompts to high levels of estrogen and progesterone, modulate the endothelial glycocalyx. Diseases prevalent in women that alter the glycocalyx, and therapeutic forms to prevent glycocalyx degradation and potential treatments that can reconstitute its structure and function will also be discussed.
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14
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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15
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Comper WD, Vuchkova J, McCarthy KJ. New insights into proteinuria/albuminuria. Front Physiol 2022; 13:991756. [PMID: 36225307 PMCID: PMC9548894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.991756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fractional clearance of proteins as measured in healthy human subjects increases 10,000–100,000- fold when studied in nephrotic patients. This remarkable increase cannot be accounted for by extracellular biophysical mechanisms centered at the glomerular filtration barrier. Rather, it is the nephron and its combination of filtration and cellular uptake that can provide a plausible explanation of these fractional clearance changes. The nephron has two regions that critically determine the level proteinuria/albuminuria. Glomerular filtration of plasma proteins is primarily a size selective event that is basically unchanged in acquired and genetic kidney disease. The glomerular concepts of ‘charge selectivity’ and of ‘large pores’, previously used to explain proteinuria, are now recognized to be flawed and non-existent. Filtered proteins then encounter downstream two protein receptors of the Park and Maack type associated with the proximal tubular cell. The high capacity receptor is thought to retrieve the majority of filtered proteins and return them to the blood supply. Inhibition/saturation of this pathway in kidney disease may create the nephrotic condition and hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia. Inhibitors of this pathway (possibly podocyte derived) are still to be identified. A relatively small proportion of the filtered protein is directed towards a high affinity, low capacity receptor that guides the protein to undergo lysosomal degradation. Proteinuria in normoproteinemic states is derived by inhibition of this pathway, such as in diabetes. The combination of glomerular sieving, and the degradation and retrieval pathways can quantitatively account for the changes in fractional clearance of proteins in the nephrotic condition. Finally, the general retrieval of filtered protein by the proximal tubular cell focuses on the teleological importance of this cell as this retrieval represents the third pillar of retrieval that this cell participates in (it also retrieves water and salt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D. Comper
- Salaqua Diagnostics Inc, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Wayne D. Comper,
| | | | - Kevin J. McCarthy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Organophosphate Nephrotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168855. [PMID: 36012118 PMCID: PMC9407954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are toxic chemicals produced by an esterification process and some other routes. They are the main components of herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides and are also widely used in the production of plastics and solvents. Acute or chronic exposure to OPs can manifest in various levels of toxicity to humans, animals, plants, and insects. OPs containing insecticides were widely used in many countries during the 20th century, and some of them continue to be used today. In particular, 36 OPs have been registered in the USA, and all of them have the potential to cause acute and sub-acute toxicity. Renal damage and impairment of kidney function after exposure to OPs, accompanied by the development of clinical manifestations of poisoning back in the early 1990s of the last century, was considered a rare manifestation of their toxicity. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, nephrotoxicity of OPs as a manifestation of delayed toxicity is the subject of greater attention of researchers. In this article, we present a modern view on the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of acute nephrotoxicity of organophosphate compounds.
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18
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Kaur G, Song Y, Xia K, McCarthy K, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Harris NR. Effect of high glucose on glycosaminoglycans in cultured retinal endothelial cells and rat retina. Glycobiology 2022; 32:720-734. [PMID: 35552402 PMCID: PMC9280546 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endothelial glycocalyx regulates vascular permeability, inflammation, and coagulation, and acts as a mechanosensor. The loss of glycocalyx can cause endothelial injury and contribute to several microvascular complications and, therefore, may promote diabetic retinopathy. Studies have shown a partial loss of retinal glycocalyx in diabetes, but with few molecular details of the changes in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on GAGs of the retinal endothelial glycocalyx. METHODS GAGs were isolated from rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RRMECs), media, and retinas, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to study mRNA transcripts of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia significantly increased the shedding of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA). There were no changes to the levels of HS in RRMEC monolayers grown in high-glucose media, but the levels of CS and HA decreased dramatically. Similarly, while HA decreased in the retinas of diabetic rats, the total GAG and CS levels increased. Hyperglycemia in RRMECs caused a significant increase in the mRNA levels of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis (including EXTL-1,2,3, EXT-1,2, ChSY-1,3, and HAS-2,3), with these increases potentially being compensatory responses to overall glycocalyx loss. Both RRMECs and retinas of diabetic rats exhibited glucose-induced alterations in the disaccharide compositions and sulfation of HS and CS, with the changes in sulfation including N,6-O-sulfation on HS and 4-O-sulfation on CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaganpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin McCarthy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Norman R Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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Tuttle KR, Agarwal R, Alpers CE, Bakris GL, Brosius FC, Kolkhof P, Uribarri J. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 2022; 102:248-260. [PMID: 35661785 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease has a high global disease burden and substantially increases risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events. Despite treatment, there is substantial residual risk of disease progression with existing therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms driving diabetic kidney disease to help identify new therapies that slow progression and reduce associated risks. Diabetic kidney disease is initiated by diabetes-related disturbances in glucose metabolism, which then trigger other metabolic, hemodynamic, inflammatory, and fibrotic processes that contribute to disease progression. This review summarizes existing evidence on the molecular drivers of diabetic kidney disease onset and progression, focusing on inflammatory and fibrotic mediators-factors that are largely unaddressed as primary treatment targets and for which there is increasing evidence supporting key roles in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease. Results from recent clinical trials highlight promising new drug therapies, as well as a role for dietary strategies, in treating diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington, USA; Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute, and Nephrology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Nephrology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Nephrology Division, VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles E Alpers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George L Bakris
- American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center at the University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Frank C Brosius
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Kolkhof
- Cardiovascular Precision Medicines, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jaime Uribarri
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Yuan L, Cheng S, Sol WM, van der Velden AI, Vink H, Rabelink TJ, van den Berg BM. Heparan sulfate mimetic fucoidan restores the endothelial glycocalyx and protects against dysfunction induced by serum of COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00652-2021. [PMID: 35509442 PMCID: PMC8958944 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00652-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence proves that endothelial dysfunction is involved in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression. We previously demonstrated that the endothelial surface glycocalyx has a critical role in maintenance of vascular integrity. Here, we hypothesised that serum factors of severe COVID-19 patients affect the glycocalyx and result in endothelial dysfunction. We included blood samples of 32 COVID-19 hospitalised patients at the Leiden University Medical Center, of which 26 were hospitalised in an intensive care unit (ICU) and six on a non-ICU hospital floor; 18 of the samples were obtained from convalescent patients 6 weeks after hospital discharge, and 12 from age-matched healthy donors (control) during the first period of the outbreak. First, we determined endothelial (angiopoietin 2 (ANG2)) and glycocalyx degradation (soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) and syndecan-1 (sSDC1)) markers in plasma. In the plasma of COVID-19 patients, circulating ANG2 and sTM were elevated in patients in the ICU. Primary lung microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) and human glomerular microvascular endothelial cell (GEnC) cultured in the presence of these sera led to endothelial cell glycocalyx degradation, barrier disruption, inflammation and increased coagulation on the endothelial surface, significantly different compared to healthy control and non-ICU patient sera. These changes could all be restored in the presence of fucoidan. In conclusion, our data highlight the link between endothelial glycocalyx degradation, barrier failure and induction of a procoagulant surface in COVID-19 patients in ICU which could be targeted earlier in disease by the presence of heparan sulfate mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushun Yuan
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shuzhen Cheng
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy M.P.J. Sol
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk I.M. van der Velden
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Vink
- Dept of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MicroVascular Health Solutions LLC, Alpine, UT, USA
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M. van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- For a list of the BEAT-COVID study group members and their affiliations see the Acknowledgements
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Zhai X, Lou H, Hu J. Five-gene signature predicts acute kidney injury in early kidney transplant patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2628-2644. [PMID: 35320116 PMCID: PMC9004575 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) show high morbidity and mortality, and a lack of effective biomarkers increases difficulty in its early detection. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) detected a total of 22 gene modules and 6 miRNA modules, of which 4 gene modules and 3 miRNA modules were phenotypically co-related. Functional analysis revealed that these modules were related to different molecular pathways, which mainly involved PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. The brown modules related to transplantation mainly involved immune-related pathways. Finally, five genes with the highest AUC were used to establish a diagnosis and prediction model of AKI. The model showed a high area under curve (AUC) in the training set and validation set, and their prediction accuracy for AKI was as high as 100%. Similarly, the prediction accuracy of AKI after 24 h in the 0 h transplant sample was 100%. This study may provide new features for the diagnosis and prediction of AKI after kidney transplantation, and facilitate the diagnosis and drug development of AKI in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhai
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Hongqiang Lou
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
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22
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Tagaya M, Kume S, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Kuwagata S, Yamahara K, Takeda N, Tanaka Y, Chin-Kanasaki M, Nakae Y, Yokoi H, Mukoyama M, Ishihara N, Nomura M, Araki SI, Maegawa H. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission protects podocytes from albumin-induced cell damage in diabetic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Over the years, hyaluronic acid (HA) has emerged as an important molecule in nephrological and urological studies involving extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, inflammation, tissue regeneration, and viral sensing. During this time, many have noted the perplexing double-edged nature of the molecule, at times promoting pro-fibrotic events and at other times promoting anti-fibrotic events. Different molecular weights of HA can be attributed to these disparities, though most studies have yet to focus on this subtlety. With regard to the kidney, HA is induced in the initial response phase of injury and is subsequently decreased during disease progression of AKI, CKD, and diabetic nephropathy. These and other kidney diseases force patients, particularly pediatric patients, to face dialysis, surgical procedures, and ultimately, transplant. To summarize the current literature for researchers and pediatric nephrologists, this review aims to expound HA and elucidate its paradoxical effects in multiple kidney diseases using studies that emphasize HA molecular weight when available.
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Ballermann BJ, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766689. [PMID: 34912827 PMCID: PMC8667033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and/or dysfunction of the glomerular endothelium triggers proteinuria in many systemic and localized vascular disorders. Among them are the thrombotic microangiopathies, many forms of glomerulonephritis, and acute inflammatory episodes like sepsis and COVID-19 illness. Another example is the chronic endothelial dysfunction that develops in cardiovascular disease and in metabolic disorders like diabetes. While the glomerular endothelium is a porous sieve that filters prodigious amounts of water and small solutes, it also bars the bulk of albumin and large plasma proteins from passing into the glomerular filtrate. This endothelial barrier function is ascribed predominantly to the endothelial glycocalyx with its endothelial surface layer, that together form a relatively thick, mucinous coat composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, sialomucins and other glycoproteins, as well as secreted and circulating proteins. The glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer not only covers the glomerular endothelium; it extends into the endothelial fenestrae. Some glycocalyx components span or are attached to the apical endothelial cell plasma membrane and form the formal glycocalyx. Other components, including small proteoglycans and circulating proteins like albumin and orosomucoid, form the endothelial surface layer and are bound to the glycocalyx due to weak intermolecular interactions. Indeed, bound plasma albumin is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer and contributes to its barrier function. A role for glomerular endothelial cells in the barrier of the glomerular capillary wall to protein filtration has been demonstrated by many elegant studies. However, it can only be fully understood in the context of other components, including the glomerular basement membrane, the podocytes and reabsorption of proteins by tubule epithelial cells. Discovery of the precise mechanisms that lead to glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer disruption within glomerular capillaries will hopefully lead to pharmacological interventions that specifically target this important structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Asai A, Hatayama N, Kamiya K, Yamauchi M, Kinashi H, Yamaguchi M, Katsuno T, Nobata H, Watanabe K, Wakatsuki A, Aten J, Maruyama S, Ishimoto T, Hirai S, Naito M, Ito Y. Roles of glomerular endothelial hyaluronan in the development of proteinuria. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15019. [PMID: 34472715 PMCID: PMC8411502 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are covered with glycocalyx comprising heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and associated proteins. Glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is involved in protecting against induction of proteinuria and structural damage, but the specific components in glycocalyx that represent therapeutic targets remain unclear. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is associated with an increased risk of glomerular endothelial injury. This study investigated whether hyaluronan could provide a therapeutic target to protect against proteinuria. We conducted ex vivo and in vivo experiments to explore the effects of degrading glomerular hyaluronan by administering hyaluronidase and of supplementation with hyaluronan. We investigated hyaluronan expression using biotin-labeled hyaluronan-binding protein (HABP) in human kidney specimens or serum hyaluronan in endothelial injuries under inhibition of VEGF signaling. We directly demonstrated hyaluronan in glomerular endothelial layers using HABP staining. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments showed the development of proteinuria after digestion of hyaluronan in glomerular capillaries. Supplementation with hyaluronan after hyaluronidase treatment suppressed proteinuria. Mice in the in vivo study developed albuminuria after intraperitoneal injection of hyaluronidase with decreased glomerular hyaluronan and increased serum hyaluronan. In human kidneys with endothelial cell dysfunction and proteinuria due to inhibition of VEGF, glomerular expression of hyaluronan was reduced even in normal-appearing glomeruli. Serum hyaluronan levels were elevated in patients with pre-eclampsia with VEGF signaling inhibition. Our data suggest that hyaluronan itself plays crucial roles in preventing proteinuria and preserving the integrity of endothelial cells. Hyaluronan could provide a therapeutic target for preventing glomerular endothelial glycocalyx damage, including VEGF signaling inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Asai
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Naoyuki Hatayama
- Department of AnatomyAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Keisuke Kamiya
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Takayuki Katsuno
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Hironobu Nobata
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Kazushi Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Akihiko Wakatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (Location AMC) University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of NephrologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of NephrologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Department of AnatomyAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of AnatomyAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
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van der Velden AIM, van den Berg BM, de Mutsert R, van der Vlag J, Jukema JW, Rosendaal FR, Rabelink TJ, Vink H. Microvascular differences in individuals with obesity at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1439-1444. [PMID: 34338418 PMCID: PMC8456841 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate microvascular differences in individuals with obesity at risk for developing cardiovascular disease. METHODS In this cross-sectional Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study, participant sublingual microcirculation was assessed with a newly developed GlycoCheck software (Microvascular Health Solutions Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah), which integrates red blood cell velocity within the smallest capillaries (4-7 µm) and feed vessels (>10 µm). Framingham Risk Score was used to calculate 10-year cardiovascular risk, divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. ANOVA was used to evaluate microvascular differences among the groups. RESULTS A total of 813 participants were included. The high-risk group (n = 168) was characterized by differences in the microvasculature compared with the low-risk group (n = 392): the high-risk group had a 49% reduction in the number of smallest capillaries and a 9.1-µm/s (95% CI: 5.2-12.9) higher red blood cell velocity in the feed vessels. No differences in velocity-corrected perfused boundary regions were found. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that, with adding red blood cell velocity to the software, sidestream dark field imaging is able to detect microcirculatory differences in a cohort of individuals with obesity at risk for developing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk I. M. van der Velden
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Bernard M. van den Berg
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of NephrologyNijmegen Centre for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of CardiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of PhysiologyCardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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‘t Hart DC, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. Laminar flow substantially affects the morphology and functional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251129. [PMID: 33951113 PMCID: PMC8099128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress induced by laminar blood flow has a profound effect on the morphology and functional phenotype of macrovascular endothelial cells. The influence of laminar flow on the glomerular microvascular endothelium, however, remains largely elusive. The glomerular endothelium, including its glycocalyx, is a crucial part of the glomerular filtration barrier, which is involved in blood filtration. We therefore investigated the influence of laminar flow-induced shear stress on the glomerular endothelium. Conditionally immortalized mouse glomerular endothelial cells were cultured for 7 days under a laminar flow of 5 dyn/cm2 to mimic the glomerular blood flow. The cells were subsequently analysed for changes in morphology, expression of shear stress-responsive genes, nitric oxide production, glycocalyx composition, expression of anti-oxidant genes and the inflammatory response. Culture under laminar flow resulted in cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell alignment compared to static conditions. Moreover, production of nitric oxide was increased and the expression of the main functional component of the glycocalyx, Heparan Sulfate, was enhanced in response to shear stress. Furthermore, glomerular endothelial cells demonstrated a quiescent phenotype under flow, characterized by a decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory gene ICAM-1 and increased expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1. Upon exposure to the inflammatory stimulus TNFα, however, glomerular endothelial cells cultured under laminar flow showed an enhanced inflammatory response. In conclusion, laminar flow extensively affects the morphology and functional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells in culture. Furthermore, glomerular endothelial cells respond differently to shear stress compared to macrovascular endothelium. To improve the translation of future in vitro studies with glomerular endothelial cells to the in vivo situation, it appears therefore crucial to culture glomerular endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Protective effect of sevoflurane on vascular endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing heart valve surgery: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2021; 38:477-486. [PMID: 33399382 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycocalyx plays an important physiological role and may be damaged during cardiopulmonary bypass. Sevoflurane can protect the glycocalyx; however, its relevance in a clinical setting is unknown. OBJECTIVE Glycocalyx degradation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients was investigated. On the basis of the available experimental data, we hypothesised that sevoflurane-based anaesthesia would confer additional protection against cardiopulmonary bypass-induced glycocalyx damage. DESIGN Randomised controlled study. SETTING Clinical study at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between June 2018 and March 2019. PATIENTS Fifty-one patients. INTERVENTIONS After intubation and mechanical ventilation, patients undergoing elective heart valve surgery were maintained under general anaesthesia with either propofol or sevoflurane during surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glycocalyx markers (such as syndecan-1, heparan sulphate and hyaluronan), sheddases responsible for the degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx (such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cathepsin-B), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and levels of lactic acid and myocardial enzymes were all measured. Postoperative mechanical ventilation time and length of stay in the cardiac care unit and hospital were also measured. Morbidity and mortality after 30 days and 1 year were evaluated. RESULTS The vascular endothelial glycocalyx was damaged during cardiopulmonary bypass. The glycocalyx damage in the sevoflurane group was less extensive than that in the propofol group. The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio increased in both groups but was lower in the sevoflurane group. Enzymes including matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cathepsin-B were positively correlated with glycocalyx marker concentrations. After operation, the sevoflurane group showed lower levels of lactic acid and myocardial enzyme, as well as shorter duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation than the propofol group. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane can decrease glycocalyx degradation in patients undergoing heart valve surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR1800016367.
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Proteoglycans contribute to the functional integrity of the glomerular endothelial cell surface layer and are regulated in diabetic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8487. [PMID: 33875683 PMCID: PMC8055884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All capillary endothelia, including those of the glomeruli, have a luminal cell surface layer (ESL) consisting of glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans. Previous results have demonstrated that an intact ESL is necessary for a normal filtration barrier and damage to the ESL coupled to proteinuria is seen for example in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We used the principles of ion exchange chromatography in vivo to elute the highly negatively charged components of the ESL with a 1 M NaCl solution in rats. Ultrastructural morphology and renal function were analyzed and 17 PGs and hyaluronan were identified in the ESL. The high salt solution reduced the glomerular ESL thickness, led to albuminuria and reduced GFR. To assess the relevance of ESL in renal disease the expression of PGs in glomeruli from DKD patients in a next generation sequencing cohort was investigated. We found that seven of the homologues of the PGs identified in the ESL from rats were differently regulated in patients with DKD compared to healthy subjects. The results show that proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are essential components of the ESL, maintaining the permselective properties of the glomerular barrier and thus preventing proteinuria.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Benzing
- From Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, and the Excellence Cluster CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (T.B.); and the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (D.S.)
| | - David Salant
- From Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, and the Excellence Cluster CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (T.B.); and the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (D.S.)
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31
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Selman G, Martinez L, Lightle A, Aguilar A, Woltmann D, Xiao Y, Vazquez-Padron RI, Salman LH. A hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease in a mouse experimental model. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:809-818. [PMID: 34350420 PMCID: PMC8330520 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004642020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of hyaluronan (HA) in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as well as the precise mechanisms and consequences of HA involvement in this pathology are still to be clarified. METHODS In this study, we assayed the effects of the HA synthesis inhibitor 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) on the development of DKD. Diabetic type 2 model mice (eNOS-/- C57BLKS/Jdb) were fed artificial diets containing 5% 4-MU or not for 9 weeks. Plasma glucose, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), and biomarkers of kidney function and systemic inflammation were measured at baseline and after treatment. Diabetic nephropathy was further characterized in treated and control mice by histopathology. RESULTS Treated animals consumed a daily dose of approximately 6.2 g of 4-MU per kg of body weight. At the end of the experimental period, the 4-MU supplemented diet resulted in a significant decrease in non-fasting plasma glucose (516 [interquartile range 378-1170] vs. 1149 [875.8-1287] mg/dL, P=0.050) and a trend toward lower HA kidney content (5.6 ± 1.5 vs. 8.8 ± 3.1 ng/mg of kidney weight, P=0.070) compared to the control diet, respectively. Diabetic animals treated with 4-MU showed significantly higher GFR and lower urine ACR and plasma cystatin C levels than diabetic controls. Independent histological assessment of DKD also demonstrated a significant decrease in mesangial expansion score and glomerular injury index in 4-MU-treated mice compared to controls. Plasma glucose showed a strong correlation with kidney HA levels (r=0.66, P=0.0098). Both total hyaluronan (r=0.76, P=0.0071) and low-molecular-weight hyaluronan content (r=0.64, P=0.036) in the kidneys correlated with urine ACR in mice. CONCLUSION These results show that the hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor 4-MU effectively slowed the progression of DKD and constitutes a potential new therapeutic approach to treat DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Selman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Andrea Lightle
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
| | - Alejandra Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Daniel Woltmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Loay H. Salman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
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The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Target of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation-Where Have We Gone So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042157. [PMID: 33671524 PMCID: PMC7926299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The damage of the endothelial glycocalyx as a consequence of ischemia and/or reperfusion injury (IRI) following kidney transplantation has come at the spotlight of research due to potential associations with delayed graft function, acute rejection as well as long-term allograft dysfunction. The disintegration of the endothelial glycocalyx induced by IRI is the crucial event which exposes the denuded endothelial cells to further inflammatory and oxidative damage. The aim of our review is to present the currently available data regarding complex links between shedding of the glycocalyx components, like syndecan-1, hyaluronan, heparan sulphate, and CD44 with the activation of intricate immune system responses, including toll-like receptors, cytokines and pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Evidence on modes of protection of the endothelial glycocalyx and subsequently maintenance of endothelial permeability as well as novel nephroprotective molecules such as sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), are also depicted. Although advances in technology are making the visualization and the analysis of the endothelial glycocalyx possible, currently available evidence is mostly experimental. Ongoing progress in understanding the complex impact of IRI on the endothelial glycocalyx, opens up a new era of research in the field of organ transplantation and clinical studies are of utmost importance for the future.
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van Aanhold CCL, Dijkstra KL, Bos M, Wolterbeek R, van den Berg BM, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM, Baelde HJ. Reduced Glomerular Endothelial Thrombomodulin Is Associated with Glomerular Macrophage Infiltration in Diabetic Nephropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:829-837. [PMID: 33617784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycoprotein thrombomodulin regulates coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. In diabetic mice, reduced thrombomodulin function results in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Furthermore, thrombomodulin treatment reduces renal inflammation and fibrosis. Herein, thrombomodulin expression was examined in human kidney samples to investigate the possibility of targeting thrombomodulin in patients with DN. Glomerular thrombomodulin was analyzed together with the number of glomerular macrophages in 90 autopsied diabetic cases with DN, 55 autopsied diabetic cases without DN, and 37 autopsied cases without diabetes or kidney disease. Thrombomodulin mRNA was measured in glomeruli microdissected from renal biopsies from patients with DN and nondiabetic controls. Finally, glomerular thrombomodulin was measured in diabetic mice following treatment with the selective endothelin A receptor (ETAR) blocker, atrasentan. In diabetic patients, glomerular thrombomodulin expression was increased at the mRNA level, but decreased at the protein level, compared with nondiabetic controls. Reduced glomerular thrombomodulin was associated with an increased glomerular influx of macrophages. Blocking the ETAR with atrasentan restored glomerular thrombomodulin protein levels in diabetic mice to normal levels. The reduction in glomerular thrombomodulin in diabetes likely serves as an early proinflammatory step in the pathogenesis of DN. Thrombomodulin protein may be cleaved under diabetic conditions, leading to a compensatory increase in transcription. The nephroprotective effects of ETAR antagonists in diabetic patients may be attributed to the restoration of glomerular thrombomodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo C L van Aanhold
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Kyra L Dijkstra
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Bos
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Wolterbeek
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Complex multicellular life in mammals relies on functional cooperation of different organs for the survival of the whole organism. The kidneys play a critical part in this process through the maintenance of fluid volume and composition homeostasis, which enables other organs to fulfil their tasks. The renal endothelium exhibits phenotypic and molecular traits that distinguish it from endothelia of other organs. Moreover, the adult kidney vasculature comprises diverse populations of mostly quiescent, but not metabolically inactive, endothelial cells (ECs) that reside within the kidney glomeruli, cortex and medulla. Each of these populations supports specific functions, for example, in the filtration of blood plasma, the reabsorption and secretion of water and solutes, and the concentration of urine. Transcriptional profiling of these diverse EC populations suggests they have adapted to local microenvironmental conditions (hypoxia, shear stress, hyperosmolarity), enabling them to support kidney functions. Exposure of ECs to microenvironment-derived angiogenic factors affects their metabolism, and sustains kidney development and homeostasis, whereas EC-derived angiocrine factors preserve distinct microenvironment niches. In the context of kidney disease, renal ECs show alteration in their metabolism and phenotype in response to pathological changes in the local microenvironment, further promoting kidney dysfunction. Understanding the diversity and specialization of kidney ECs could provide new avenues for the treatment of kidney diseases and kidney regeneration.
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Queisser KA, Mellema RA, Petrey AC. Hyaluronan and Its Receptors as Regulatory Molecules of the Endothelial Interface. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:25-34. [PMID: 32870756 PMCID: PMC7780188 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420954296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
On the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) lies the glycocalyx, a barrier of polysaccharides that isolates the ECs from the blood. The role of the glycocalyx is dynamic and complex, thanks to not only its structure, but its vast number of components, one being hyaluronan (HA). HA is a critical component of the glycocalyx, having been found to have a wide variety of functions depending on its molecular weight, its modification, and receptor-ligand interactions. As HA and viscous blood are in constant contact, HA can transmit mechanosensory information directly to the cytoskeleton of the ECs. The degradation and synthesis of HA directly alters the permeability of the EC barrier; HA modulation not only alters the physical barrier but also can signal the initiation of other pathways. EC proliferation and angiogenesis are in part regulated by HA fragmentation, HA-dependent receptor binding, and downstream signals. The interaction between the CD44 receptor and HA is a driving force behind leukocyte recruitment, but each class of leukocyte still interacts with HA in unique ways during inflammation. HA regulates a diverse repertoire of EC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Mellema
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Aaron C Petrey
- Molecular Medicine Program, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Markakis K, Raptis A, Dimitriadis G, Lambadiari V. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Key Mediator of Albumin Handling and the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:619-631. [PMID: 31889495 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191224120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mesh of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and other soluble components, which cover the vascular endothelium. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including vascular permeability, transduction of shear stress and interaction of blood cells and other molecules with the vascular wall. Its complex structure makes its precise assessment challenging, and many different visualization techniques have been used with varying results. Diabetes, one of the main disease models where disorders of the glycocalyx are present, causes degradation of the glycocalyx through a variety of molecular pathways and especially through oxidative stress due to the action of reactive oxygen species. As the glycocalyx has been primarily studied in the glomerular endothelium, more evidence points towards a vital role in albumin handling and, consequently, in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the maintenance or restoration of the integrity of the glycocalyx seems a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we consider the structural and functional capacities of the endothelial glycocalyx, the available methods for its evaluation, the mechanisms through which diabetes leads to glycocalyx degradation and albuminuria, and possible treatment options targeting the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Sol M, Kamps JAAM, van den Born J, van den Heuvel MC, van der Vlag J, Krenning G, Hillebrands JL. Glomerular Endothelial Cells as Instigators of Glomerular Sclerotic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:573557. [PMID: 33123011 PMCID: PMC7573930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.573557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) dysfunction is important in the pathogenesis of glomerular sclerotic diseases, including Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and overt diabetic nephropathy (DN). GEnCs form the first cellular barrier in direct contact with cells and factors circulating in the blood. Disturbances in these circulating factors can induce GEnC dysfunction. GEnC dysfunction occurs in early stages of FSGS and DN, and is characterized by a compromised endothelial glycocalyx, an inflammatory phenotype, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress, aberrant cell signaling, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). GEnCs are in an interdependent relationship with podocytes and mesangial cells, which involves bidirectional cross-talk via intercellular signaling. Given that GEnC behavior directly influences podocyte function, it is conceivable that GEnC dysfunction may culminate in podocyte damage, proteinuria, subsequent mesangial activation, and ultimately glomerulosclerosis. Indeed, GEnC dysfunction is sufficient to cause podocyte injury, proteinuria and activation of mesangial cells. Aberrant gene expression patterns largely contribute to GEnC dysfunction and epigenetic changes seem to be involved in causing aberrant transcription. This review summarizes literature that uncovers the importance of cross-talk between GEnCs and podocytes, and GEnCs and mesangial cells in the context of the development of FSGS and DN, and the potential use of GEnCs as efficacious cellular target to pharmacologically halt development and progression of DN and FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Sol
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A A M Kamps
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marius C van den Heuvel
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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38
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Clotet-Freixas S, McEvoy CM, Batruch I, Pastrello C, Kotlyar M, Van JAD, Arambewela M, Boshart A, Farkona S, Niu Y, Li Y, Famure O, Bozovic A, Kulasingam V, Chen P, Kim SJ, Chan E, Moshkelgosha S, Rahman SA, Das J, Martinu T, Juvet S, Jurisica I, Chruscinski A, John R, Konvalinka A. Extracellular Matrix Injury of Kidney Allografts in Antibody-Mediated Rejection: A Proteomics Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2705-2724. [PMID: 32900843 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) accounts for >50% of kidney allograft loss. Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) against HLA and non-HLA antigens in the glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium cause AMR while inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα trigger graft injury. The mechanisms governing cell-specific injury in AMR remain unclear. METHODS Unbiased proteomic analysis of laser-captured and microdissected glomeruli and tubulointerstitium was performed on 30 for-cause kidney biopsy specimens with early AMR, acute cellular rejection (ACR), or acute tubular necrosis (ATN). RESULTS A total of 107 of 2026 glomerular and 112 of 2399 tubulointerstitial proteins was significantly differentially expressed in AMR versus ACR; 112 of 2026 glomerular and 181 of 2399 tubulointerstitial proteins were significantly dysregulated in AMR versus ATN (P<0.05). Basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were significantly decreased in both AMR compartments. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial laminin subunit γ-1 (LAMC1) expression decreased in AMR, as did glomerular nephrin (NPHS1) and receptor-type tyrosine-phosphatase O (PTPRO). The proteomic analysis revealed upregulated galectin-1, which is an immunomodulatory protein linked to the ECM, in AMR glomeruli. Anti-HLA class I antibodies significantly increased cathepsin-V (CTSV) expression and galectin-1 expression and secretion in human glomerular endothelial cells. CTSV had been predicted to cleave ECM proteins in the AMR glomeruli. Glutathione S-transferase ω-1, an ECM-modifying enzyme, was significantly increased in the AMR tubulointerstitium and in TNFα-treated proximal tubular epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Basement membranes are often remodeled in chronic AMR. Proteomic analysis performed on laser-captured and microdissected glomeruli and tubulointerstitium identified early ECM remodeling, which may represent a new therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitriona M McEvoy
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Anh Dung Van
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhurangi Arambewela
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Boshart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun Niu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanhong Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olusegun Famure
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Bozovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peixuen Chen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Joseph Kim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilie Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Syed Ashiqur Rahman
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Zhang D, Han S, Zhou Y, Qi B, Wang X. Therapeutic effects of mangiferin on sepsis-associated acute lung and kidney injuries via the downregulation of vascular permeability and protection of inflammatory and oxidative damages. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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40
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Zhang A, Fang H, Chen J, He L, Chen Y. Role of VEGF-A and LRG1 in Abnormal Angiogenesis Associated With Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1064. [PMID: 32982792 PMCID: PMC7488177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an important public health concern of increasing proportions and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetic patients. It is one of the most common long-term microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by proteinuria and glomerular structural changes. Angiogenesis has long been considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of DN, whereas the molecular mechanisms of which are barely known. Angiogenic factors associated with angiogenesis are the major candidates to explain the microvascular and pathologic finds of DN. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1, angiopoietins and vasohibin family signal between the podocytes, endothelium, and mesangium have important roles in the maintenance of renal functions. An appropriate amount of VEGF-A is beneficial to maintaining glomerular structure, while excessive VEGF-A can lead to abnormal angiogenesis. LRG1 is a novel pro-angiogenic factors involved in the abnormal angiogenesis and renal fibrosis in DN. The imbalance of Ang1/Ang2 ratio has a role in leading to glomerular disease. Vasohibin-2 is recently shown to be in diabetes-induced glomerular alterations. This review will focus on current understanding of these angiogenic factors in angiogenesis and pathogenesis associated with the development of DN, with the aim of evaluating the potential of anti-angiogenesis therapy in patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Huawei Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Leyu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Youwei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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41
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McCarthy KJ. Syndecan-4: major player or innocent bystander of the endothelial glycocalyx? Kidney Int 2020; 97:858-860. [PMID: 32331597 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycocalyces are the pericellular coat of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Yet the exploration of glycocalyx function is still ongoing because of the availability of investigative tools capable of discerning the function of one component without inflicting collateral changes in the organization/function of other constituents. The current report by Ramnath et al. explores the function of one family of molecules, the syndecans, as potential regulators of endothelial cell glycocalyx thickness in normal and diabetic glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J McCarthy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Lousiana Health Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
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42
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Wang G, de Vries MR, Sol WMPJ, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, de Boer HC, van Zonneveld AJ, Quax PHA, Rabelink TJ, van den Berg BM. Loss of Endothelial Glycocalyx Hyaluronan Impairs Endothelial Stability and Adaptive Vascular Remodeling After Arterial Ischemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040824. [PMID: 32235347 PMCID: PMC7226746 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that loss of hyaluronan (HA) from the endothelial glycocalyx leads to loss of vessel stability in specific microcirculatory vascular beds. Here we hypothesized that such derangements in the glycocalyx may also impair the adaptive response to vascular ischemia. Endothelial specific conditional hyaluronan synthase 2-KO (Has2-cKO) mice revealed reduced endothelial HA expression and lower hindlimb perfusion at baseline compared to control mice. After a single ligation of the common femoral artery in these mice, we observed dysregulated angiogenesis in the gastrocnemius muscle which did not restore capillary perfusion. Mechanistically, decreased endothelial binding of the pericyte-derived molecule angiopoietin1 (Ang1) could be observed in the Has2-cKO mouse. In vitro angiogenesis assays with an endothelial cell-pericyte coculture confirmed such disturbed Ang1-TIE2 signaling resulting in excessive angiogenesis upon loss of HA. These data could be of relevance to diabetes patients, where we confirm loss of endothelial HA in the microcirculation of muscle tissue, indicating that this may contribute to the known disturbed adaptation to ischemia in these patients. In summary, loss of endothelial HA results in impaired microvascular perfusion and endothelial stability in ischemic gastrocnemius muscle. Endothelial HA is a potential target to improve angiogenic therapy in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqi Wang
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; (M.R.d.V.); (P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Wendy M. P. J. Sol
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
| | - Annemarie M. van Oeveren-Rietdijk
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
| | - Hetty C. de Boer
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; (M.R.d.V.); (P.H.A.Q.)
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
| | - Bernard M. van den Berg
- The Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (G.W.); (W.M.P.J.S.); (A.M.v.O.-R.); (H.C.d.B.); (A.J.v.Z.); (T.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-52-65024
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43
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Berg BM. Syndecan-4, a model proteoglycan to study endothelial glycocalyx mechanosensing and signal transduction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13410. [PMID: 31663265 PMCID: PMC7064974 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M. Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
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44
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Yoshibayashi M, Kume S, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Yamahara K, Takeda N, Osawa N, Chin-Kanasaki M, Nakae Y, Yokoi H, Mukoyama M, Asanuma K, Maegawa H, Araki SI. Protective role of podocyte autophagy against glomerular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:319-325. [PMID: 32089264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine the cell-protective role of podocyte autophagy against glomerular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes, we analyzed the renal phenotype of tamoxifen (TM)-inducible podocyte-specific Atg5-deficient (iPodo-Atg5-/-) mice with experimental endothelial dysfunction. In both control and iPodo-Atg5-/- mice, high fat diet (HFD) feeding induced glomerular endothelial damage characterized by decreased urinary nitric oxide (NO) excretion, collapsed endothelial fenestrae, and reduced endothelial glycocalyx. HFD-fed control mice showed slight albuminuria and nearly normal podocyte morphology. In contrast, HFD-fed iPodo-Atg5-/- mice developed massive albuminuria accompanied by severe podocyte injury that was observed predominantly in podocytes adjacent to damaged endothelial cells by scanning electron microscopy. Although podocyte-specific autophagy deficiency did not affect endothelial NO synthase deficiency-associated albuminuria, it markedly exacerbated albuminuria and severe podocyte morphological damage when the damage was induced by intravenous neuraminidase injection to remove glycocalyx from the endothelial surface. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum stress was accelerated in podocytes of iPodo-Atg5-/- mice stimulated with neuraminidase, and treatment with molecular chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid improved neuraminidase-induced severe albuminuria and podocyte injury. In conclusion, podocyte autophagy plays a renoprotective role against diabetes-related structural endothelial damage, providing an additional insight into the pathogenesis of massive proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Yoshibayashi
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | | | - Kosuke Yamahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoko Takeda
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Norihisa Osawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Nakae
- Departments of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Araki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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45
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Endothelial Glycocalyx Impairment in Disease: Focus on Hyaluronan Shedding. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:768-780. [PMID: 32035885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix. It is present in the endothelial glycocalyx covering the apical surface of endothelial cells. The endothelial glycocalyx regulates blood vessel permeability and homeostasis. HA plays a central role in numerous functions of the endothelial surface layer, protecting the endothelial cells, regulating the barrier permeability, and ensuring mechanosensing, which is essential to nitric oxide production and flow-induced vasodilation. During acute injury, inflammatory conditions, or many other pathologic conditions, the endothelial glycocalyx is damaged, and its degradation is accompanied by shedding of one or more glycocalyx components into the blood. Syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, and HA are the main components whose shedding has been claimed to represent the endothelial glycocalyx state of health. This review focuses on endothelial glycocalyx HA and highlights its key roles in the functions of the endothelial glycocalyx, its shedding in several pathologic conditions such as sepsis, diabetes, chronic and acute kidney injury, ischemia/reperfusion, atherosclerosis, and inflammation, which are all accompanied by increased circulating HA levels. Plasma/serum HA level is becoming recognized as a biomarker of endothelial glycocalyx damage in select pathologies. Hyaluronidase, the main HA-degrading enzyme, and its involvement in the impairment of endothelial glycocalyx are also addressed.
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46
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Wang G, Tiemeier GL, van den Berg BM, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial Glycocalyx Hyaluronan: Regulation and Role in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:781-790. [PMID: 32035886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is critically involved in vascular integrity and homeostasis, by regulating vascular permeability, regulating mechanotransduction, and reducing inflammation and coagulation. The turnover of the glycocalyx is dynamic to fine-tune these processes. This is in particular true for its main structural component, hyaluronan (HA). Degradation and shedding of the glycocalyx by enzymes, such as hyaluronidase 1 and hyaluronidase 2, are responsible for regulation of the glycocalyx thickness and hence access of circulating cells and factors to the endothelial cell membrane and its receptors. This degradation process will at the same time also allow for resynthesis and adaptive chemical modification of the glycocalyx. The (re)synthesis of HA is dependent on the availability of its sugar substrates, thus linking glycocalyx biology directly to cellular glucose metabolism. It is therefore of particular interest to consider the consequences of dysregulated cellular glucose in diabetes for glycocalyx biology and its implications for endothelial function. This review summarizes the metabolic regulation of endothelial glycocalyx HA and its potential as a therapeutic target in diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqi Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gesa L Tiemeier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Butler MJ, Down CJ, Foster RR, Satchell SC. The Pathological Relevance of Increased Endothelial Glycocalyx Permeability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:742-751. [PMID: 32035881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a vital regulator of vascular permeability. Damage to this delicate layer can result in increased protein and water transit. The clinical importance of albuminuria as a predictor of kidney disease progression and vascular disease has driven research in this area. This review outlines how research to date has attempted to measure the contribution of the endothelial glycocalyx to vessel wall permeability. We discuss the evidence for the role of the endothelial glycocalyx in regulating permeability in discrete areas of the vasculature and highlight the inherent limitations of the data that have been produced to date. In particular, this review emphasizes the difficulties in interpreting urinary albumin levels in early disease models. In addition, the research that supports the view that glycocalyx damage is a key pathologic step in a diverse array of clinical conditions, including diabetic complications, sepsis, preeclampsia, and atherosclerosis, is summarized. Finally, novel methods are discussed, including an ex vivo glomerular permeability assay that enhances the understanding of permeability changes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butler
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin J Down
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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48
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Wang G, Kostidis S, Tiemeier GL, Sol WMPJ, de Vries MR, Giera M, Carmeliet P, van den Berg BM, Rabelink TJ. Shear Stress Regulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx Structure Is Determined by Glucobiosynthesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:350-364. [PMID: 31826652 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear stress express a thick glycocalyx on their surface that plays an important role in reducing vascular permeability and endothelial anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiangiogenic properties. Production and maintenance of this glycocalyx layer is dependent on cellular carbohydrate synthesis, but its regulation is still unknown. Approach and Results: Here, we show that biosynthesis of the major structural component of the endothelial glycocalyx, hyaluronan, is regulated by shear. Both in vitro as well as in in vivo, hyaluronan expression on the endothelial surface is increased on laminar shear and reduced when exposed to oscillatory flow, which is regulated by KLF2 (Krüppel-like Factor 2). Using a CRISPR-CAS9 edited small tetracysteine tag to endogenous HAS2 (hyaluronan synthase 2), we demonstrated increased translocation of HAS2 to the endothelial cell membrane during laminar shear. Hyaluronan production by HAS2 was shown to be further driven by availability of the hyaluronan substrates UDP-glucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid. KLF2 inhibits endothelial glycolysis and allows for glucose intermediates to shuttle into the hexosamine- and glucuronic acid biosynthesis pathways, as measured using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in combination with 13C-labeled glucose. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate how endothelial glycocalyx function and functional adaptation to shear is coupled to KLF2-mediated regulation of endothelial glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqi Wang
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (G.W., G.L.T., W.M.P.J.S., B.M.v.d.B., T.J.R.), The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Sarantos Kostidis
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., M.G.)
| | - Gesa L Tiemeier
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (G.W., G.L.T., W.M.P.J.S., B.M.v.d.B., T.J.R.), The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy M P J Sol
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (G.W., G.L.T., W.M.P.J.S., B.M.v.d.B., T.J.R.), The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery (M.R.d.V.), The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (S.K., M.G.)
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, KU Leuven, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Belgium (P.C.).,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium (P.C.)
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (G.W., G.L.T., W.M.P.J.S., B.M.v.d.B., T.J.R.), The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (G.W., G.L.T., W.M.P.J.S., B.M.v.d.B., T.J.R.), The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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49
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eGFR, cystatin C and creatinine in shrunken pore syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Tiemeier GL, Wang G, Dumas SJ, Sol WMPJ, Avramut MC, Karakach T, Orlova VV, van den Berg CW, Mummery CL, Carmeliet P, van den Berg BM, Rabelink TJ. Closing the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in hiPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells Induces Glycocalyx Formation and Functional Maturation. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:803-816. [PMID: 31680061 PMCID: PMC6895683 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are used to study organogenesis and model disease as well as being developed for regenerative medicine. Endothelial cells are among the many cell types differentiated from hiPSCs, but their maturation and stabilization fall short of that in adult endothelium. We examined whether shear stress alone or in combination with pericyte co-culture would induce flow alignment and maturation of hiPSC-derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) but found no effects comparable with those in primary microvascular ECs. In addition, hiPSC-ECs lacked a luminal glycocalyx, critical for vasculature homeostasis, shear stress sensing, and signaling. We noted, however, that hiPSC-ECs have dysfunctional mitochondrial permeability transition pores, resulting in reduced mitochondrial function and increased reactive oxygen species. Closure of these pores by cyclosporine A improved EC mitochondrial function but also restored the glycocalyx such that alignment to flow took place. These results indicated that mitochondrial maturation is required for proper hiPSC-EC functionality. hiPSC-ECs lack a functional glycocalyx and fail to align to flow hiPSC-ECs have reduced mitochondrial function and increased leakage of ROS Closing the mPTP with cyclosporine A induces mitochondrial maturation Improved mitochondrial function restores the glycocalyx and alignment to flow
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa L Tiemeier
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gangqi Wang
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien J Dumas
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wendy M P J Sol
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Avramut
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Section Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Karakach
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne W van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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