1
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Lemaitre JM. Looking for the philosopher's stone: Emerging approaches to target the hallmarks of aging in the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38 Suppl 4:5-14. [PMID: 38881451 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Senescence and epigenetic alterations are two important hallmarks of cellular aging. During aging, cells subjected to stress undergo many cycles of damage and repair before finally entering either apoptosis or senescence, a permanent state of cell cycle arrest. The first biomarkers of senescence to be identified were increased ß-galactosidase activity and induction of p16INK4a. Another feature of senescent cells is the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a complex secretome containing more than 80 pro-inflammatory factors including metalloproteinases, growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. The secretome is regulated through a dynamic process involving a self-amplifying autocrine feedback loop and activation of the immune system. Senescent cells play positive and negative roles depending on the composition of their SASP and may participate in various processes including wound healing and tumour suppression, as well as cell regeneration, embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, inflammation and finally aging. The SASP is also a biomarker of age, biological aging and age-related diseases. Recent advances in anti-age research have shown that senescence can be now prevented or delayed by clearing the senescent cells or mitigating the effects of SASP factors, which can be achieved by a healthy lifestyle (exercise and diet), and senolytics and senomorphics, respectively. An alternative is tissue rejuvenation, which can be achieved by stimulating aged stem cells and reprogramming deprogrammed aged cells. These non-clinical findings will open up new avenues of clinical research into the development of treatments capable of preventing or treating age-related pathologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Lemaitre
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy - Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
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2
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O'Reilly S, Tsou PS, Varga J. Senescence and tissue fibrosis: opportunities for therapeutic targeting. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00134-5. [PMID: 38890028 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a key hallmark of aging. It has now emerged as a key mediator in normal tissue turnover and is associated with a variety of age-related diseases, including organ-specific fibrosis and systemic sclerosis (SSc). This review discusses the recent evidence of the role of senescence in tissue fibrosis, with an emphasis on SSc, a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease. We discuss the physiological role of these cells, their role in fibrosis, and that targeting these cells specifically could be a new therapeutic avenue in fibrotic disease. We argue that targeting senescent cells, with senolytics or senomorphs, is a viable therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases which remain largely intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Bioscience Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK.
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Nehme J, Mesilmany L, Varela-Eirin M, Brandenburg S, Altulea A, Lin Y, Gaya da Costa M, Seelen M, Hillebrands JL, van Goor H, Saab R, Akl H, Prevarskaya N, Farfariello V, Demaria M. Converting cell death into senescence by PARP1 inhibition improves recovery from acute oxidative injury. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:771-782. [PMID: 38724734 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to macromolecular damage and high levels of cell death with consequent pathological sequelae. We hypothesized that switching cell death to a tissue regenerative state could potentially improve the short-term and long-term detrimental effects of ROS-associated acute tissue injury, although the mechanisms regulating oxidative stress-induced cell fate decisions and their manipulation for improving repair are poorly understood. Here, we show that cells exposed to high oxidative stress enter a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-mediated regulated cell death, and that blocking PARP1 activation promotes conversion of cell death into senescence (CODIS). We demonstrate that this conversion depends on reducing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload as a consequence of retaining the hexokinase II on mitochondria. In a mouse model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion damage, PARP inhibition reduces necrosis and increases transient senescence at the injury site, alongside improved recovery from damage. Together, these data provide evidence that converting cell death into transient senescence can therapeutically benefit tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Nehme
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Mesilmany
- Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Université de Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL-Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marta Varela-Eirin
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Brandenburg
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abdullah Altulea
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yao Lin
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariana Gaya da Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Seelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Pathology Division, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Pathology Division, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raya Saab
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haidar Akl
- Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Natacha Prevarskaya
- Université de Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL-Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Valerio Farfariello
- Université de Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL-Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen (RUG), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Xie T, Yao L, Li X. Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:659. [PMID: 38929098 PMCID: PMC11200795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases pose a significant global health issue, frequently resulting in the gradual decline of renal function and eventually leading to end-stage renal failure. Abnormal iron metabolism and oxidative stress-mediated cellular dysfunction facilitates the advancement of kidney diseases. Iron homeostasis is strictly regulated in the body, and disturbance in this regulatory system results in abnormal iron accumulation or deficiency, both of which are associated with the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Iron overload promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction, resulting in oxidative damage to cellular molecules and impaired cellular function. Increased oxidative stress can also influence iron metabolism through upregulation of iron regulatory proteins and altering the expression and activity of key iron transport and storage proteins. This creates a harmful cycle in which abnormal iron metabolism and oxidative stress perpetuate each other, ultimately contributing to the advancement of kidney diseases. The crosstalk of iron metabolism and oxidative stress involves multiple signaling pathways, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. This review delves into the functions and mechanisms of iron metabolism and oxidative stress, along with the intricate relationship between these two factors in the context of kidney diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms should help to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop novel and effective therapeutic strategies to combat the burden of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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5
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Shi YS, Yang TN, Wang YX, Ma XY, Liu S, Zhao Y, Li JL. Melatonin Mitigates Atrazine-Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Senescence by Promoting Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0378. [PMID: 38766643 PMCID: PMC11098712 DOI: 10.34133/research.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of senescent cells in kidneys is considered to contribute to age-related diseases and organismal aging. Mitochondria are considered a regulator of cell senescence process. Atrazine as a triazine herbicide poses a threat to renal health by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis. Melatonin plays a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. The present study aims to explore the mechanism by which melatonin alleviates atrazine-induced renal injury and whether parkin-mediated mitophagy contributes to mitigating cell senescence. The study found that the level of parkin was decreased after atrazine exposure and negatively correlated with senescent markers. Melatonin treatment increased serum melatonin levels and mitigates atrazine-induced renal tubular epithelial cell senescence. Mechanistically, melatonin maintains the integrity of mitochondrial crista structure by increasing the levels of mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), adenosine triphosphatase family AAA domain-containing protein 3A (ATAD3A), and sorting and assembly machinery 50 (Sam50) to prevent mitochondrial DNA release and subsequent activation of cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate-adenosine 5'-monophosphate synthase pathway. Furthermore, melatonin activates Sirtuin 3-superoxide dismutase 2 axis to eliminate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the kidney. More importantly, the antisenescence role of melatonin is largely determined by the activation of parkin-dependent mitophagy. These results offer novel insights into measures against cell senescence. Parkin-mediated mitophagy is a promising drug target for alleviating renal tubular epithelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Ning Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine,
Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P.R. China
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6
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Williams ZJ, Chow L, Dow S, Pezzanite LM. The potential for senotherapy as a novel approach to extend life quality in veterinary medicine. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1369153. [PMID: 38812556 PMCID: PMC11133588 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1369153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a condition where cells undergo arrest and can assume an inflammatory phenotype, has been associated with initiation and perpetuation of inflammation driving multiple disease processes in rodent models and humans. Senescent cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases, termed the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which accelerates the aging processes. In preclinical models, drug interventions termed "senotherapeutics" selectively clear senescent cells and represent a promising strategy to prevent or treat multiple age-related conditions in humans and veterinary species. In this review, we summarize the current available literature describing in vitro evidence for senotheraputic activity, preclinical models of disease, ongoing human clinical trials, and potential clinical applications in veterinary medicine. These promising data to date provide further justification for future studies identifying the most active senotherapeutic combinations, dosages, and routes of administration for use in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë J. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lynn M. Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Ha S, Kim HW, Kim KM, Kim BM, Kim J, Son M, Kim D, Kim MJ, Yoo J, Yu HS, Jung YS, Lee J, Chung HY, Chung KW. PAR2-mediated cellular senescence promotes inflammation and fibrosis in aging and chronic kidney disease. Aging Cell 2024:e14184. [PMID: 38687090 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence contributes to inflammatory kidney disease via the secretion of inflammatory and profibrotic factors. Protease-activating receptor 2 (PAR2) is a key regulator of inflammation in kidney diseases. However, the relationship between PAR2 and cellular senescence in kidney disease has not yet been described. In this study, we found that PAR2-mediated metabolic changes in renal tubular epithelial cells induced cellular senescence and increased inflammatory responses. Using an aging and renal injury model, PAR2 expression was shown to be associated with cellular senescence. Under in vitro conditions in NRK52E cells, PAR2 activation induces tubular epithelial cell senescence and senescent cells showed defective fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Cpt1α inhibition showed similar senescent phenotype in the cells, implicating the important role of defective FAO in senescence. Finally, we subjected mice lacking PAR2 to aging and renal injury. PAR2-deficient kidneys are protected from adenine- and cisplatin-induced renal fibrosis and injury, respectively, by reducing senescence and inflammation. Moreover, kidneys lacking PAR2 exhibited reduced numbers of senescent cells and inflammation during aging. These findings offer fresh insights into the mechanisms underlying renal senescence and indicate that targeting PAR2 or FAO may be a promising therapeutic approach for managing kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugyeong Ha
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung Mok Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byeong Moo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeongwon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Minjung Son
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jian Yoo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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8
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Li T, Yang K, Gao W, Peng F, Zou X. Cellular senescence in acute kidney injury: Target and opportunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 706:149744. [PMID: 38479244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. It typically arises from hemodynamic alterations, sepsis, contrast agents, and toxic drugs, instigating a series of events that culminate in tissue and renal damage. This sequence of processes often leads to acute renal impairment, prompting the initiation of a repair response. Cellular senescence is an irreversible arrest of the cell cycle. Studies have shown that renal cellular senescence is closely associated with AKI through several mechanisms, including the promotion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response, telomere shortening, and the down-regulation of klotho expression. Exploring the role of cellular senescence in AKI provides innovative therapeutic ideas for both the prevention and treatment of AKI. Furthermore, it has been observed that targeted removal of senescent cells in vivo can efficiently postpone senescence, resulting in an enhanced prognosis for diseases associated with senescence. This article explores the effects of common anti-senescence drugs senolytics and senostatic and lifestyle interventions on renal diseases, and mentions the rapid development of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These studies have taken senescence-related research to a new level. Overall, this article comprehensively summarizes the studies on cellular senescence in AKI, aiming is to elucidate the relationship between cellular senescence and AKI, and explore treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Kexin Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiangyu Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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Wang B, Han J, Elisseeff JH, Demaria M. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its physiological and pathological implications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00727-x. [PMID: 38654098 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of terminal growth arrest associated with the upregulation of different cell cycle inhibitors, mainly p16 and p21, structural and metabolic alterations, chronic DNA damage responses, and a hypersecretory state known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP is the major mediator of the paracrine effects of senescent cells in their tissue microenvironment and of various local and systemic biological functions. In this Review, we discuss the composition, dynamics and heterogeneity of the SASP as well as the mechanisms underlying its induction and regulation. We describe the various biological properties of the SASP, its beneficial and detrimental effects in different physiological and pathological settings, and its impact on overall health span. Finally, we discuss the use of the SASP as a biomarker and of SASP inhibitors as senomorphic interventions to treat cancer and other age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Wang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen (RUG), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jin Han
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, MD, USA
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen (RUG), Groningen, Netherlands.
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Sato S, Ogawa Y, Shimizu E, Asai K, Okazaki T, Rusch R, Hirayama M, Shimmura S, Negishi K, Tsubota K. Cellular senescence promotes meibomian gland dysfunction in a chronic graft-versus-host disease mouse model. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:198-210. [PMID: 38499288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging is a well-established risk factor for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). We previously reported an accelerated cellular senescence phenomenon in the lacrimal glands of a murine model of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Herein, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between cellular senescence and MGD in cGVHD mice, utilizing the senolytic agent ABT-263. METHODS A cGVHD mouse model was established through allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from B10.D2 to BALB/c mice. Subsequently, cGVHD mice were treated with either ABT-263 or vehicle. The eyelids of recipients were analyzed at 4-week intervals post-BMT in both groups. RESULTS Meibomian gland (MG) area was significantly smaller in cGVHD mice than in syngeneic control mice. ABT-263-treated mice retained a significantly larger MG area than their vehicle-treated counterparts. Pathological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed significant reductions in eyelid tissue inflammation and pathological fibrosis in the ABT-263 group compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. Additionally, expression of DNA damage markers, senescent cell markers, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors was elevated in the eyelids of cGVHD mice compared with that in syngeneic mice. The expression of these cellular senescence-associated molecules was considerably suppressed in ABT-263-treated eyelids compared to that in vehicle-treated ones. CONCLUSIONS Cellular senescence, along with expression of SASP factors, exhibited increased activity in the eyelids, particularly in the MGs of cGVHD mice. ABT-263 mitigated the severity of MGD. These findings highlight the potential of targeting cellular senescence as an effective approach for MGD treatment in cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinri Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Asai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Rusch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Fujita Medical Innovation Center Tokyo, Fujita Health University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Fu Y, Xiang Y, Wei Q, Ilatovskaya D, Dong Z. Rodent models of AKI and AKI-CKD transition: an update in 2024. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F563-F583. [PMID: 38299215 PMCID: PMC11208034 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00402.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite known drawbacks, rodent models are essential tools in the research of renal development, physiology, and pathogenesis. In the past decade, rodent models have been developed and used to mimic different etiologies of acute kidney injury (AKI), AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition or progression, and AKI with comorbidities. These models have been applied for both mechanistic research and preclinical drug development. However, current rodent models have their limitations, especially since they often do not fully recapitulate the pathophysiology of AKI in human patients, and thus need further refinement. Here, we discuss the present status of these rodent models, including the pathophysiologic compatibility, clinical translational significance, key factors affecting model consistency, and their main limitations. Future efforts should focus on establishing robust models that simulate the major clinical and molecular phenotypes of human AKI and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Daria Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Research Department, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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12
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Yu Y, Zheng J, Li J, Li X, Liu Z, Yang R, Hong H, Zhang J. Serum uric acid level is associated with glomerular ischemic lesions in patients with primary membranous nephropathy: an analytical, cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7457. [PMID: 38548844 PMCID: PMC10978902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between serum uric acid level and glomerular ischemic lesions (GIL) in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) and identify relevant risk factors. A total of 201 patients with PMN but normal renal function confirmed by renal biopsy executed in the Liaocheng People's Hospital, China, during January 2020-January 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. The enrolled patients were divided into a hyperuricemia group and a normal serum uric acid group (control group) according to their serum uric acid levels. Then, the participants were further divided into a non-GIL group or a GIL group based on the patient's renal biopsy results. The two groups' clinical and pathological data and meaningful indicators for differences were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. Additionally, the serum uric acid level prediction value on GIL was investigated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Compared with the control group, the hyperuricemia group exhibited high serum uric acid, the prevalence of GIL, serum albumin, the prevalence of hypertension, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-GIL group, the GIL group exhibited were older, had enhanced serum uric acid, serum albumin, and an increased prevalence of tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (TA/IF), arteriolosclerosis, and low eGFR levels (P < 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the serum uric acid and the TA/IF are independent risk factors of GIL (P < 0.05). The AUC of ROC of GIL of PMN patients, predicted based on the serum uric acid concentration, was 0.736 (P < 0.05), wherein the threshold = 426.5 μmol/L and the Youden's index = 0.41. Serum uric acid concentration and the TA/IF are independent risk factors of GIL in patients with PMN, and the former exhibits prediction value on GIL in patients with PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Nephrology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiheng Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Cao W, Zhang J, Yu S, Gan X, An R. N-acetylcysteine regulates oxalate induced injury of renal tubular epithelial cells through CDKN2B/TGF-β/SMAD axis. Urolithiasis 2024; 52:46. [PMID: 38520518 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the preventive effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) against renal tubular cell injury induced by oxalate and stone formation and further explore the related mechanism. Transcriptome sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed gene (DEG) and related pathways. HK-2 cells were pretreated with or without antioxidant NAC/with or silencing DEG before exposed to sodium oxalate. Then, the cell viability, oxidative biomarkers of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), apoptosis and cell cycle were measured through CCK8, ELISA and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Male SD rats were separated into control group, hyperoxaluria (HOx) group, NAC intervention group, and TGF-β/SMAD pathway inhibitor group. After treatment, the structure changes and oxidative stress and CaOx crystals deposition were evaluated in renal tissues by H&E staining, immunohistochemical and Pizzolato method. The expression of TGF-β/SMAD pathway related proteins (TGF-β1, SMAD3 and SMAD7) were determined by Western blot in vivo and in vitro. CDKN2B is a DEG screened by transcriptome sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis, and verified by qRT-PCR. Sodium oxalate induced declined HK-2 cell viability, in parallel with inhibited cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. The changes induced by oxalate in HK-2 cells were significantly reversed by NAC treatment or the silencing of CDKN2B. The cell structure damage and CaOx crystals deposition were observed in kidney tissues of HOx group. Meanwhile, the expression levels of SOD and 8-OHdG were detected in kidney tissues of HOx group. The changes induced by oxalate in kidney tissues were significantly reversed by NAC treatment. Besides, expression of SMAD7 was significantly down-regulated, while TGF-β1 and SMAD3 were accumulated induced by oxalate in vitro and in vivo. The expression levels of TGF-β/SMAD pathway related proteins induced by oxalate were reversed by NAC. In conclusion, we found that NAC could play an anti-calculus role by mediating CDKN2B/TGF-β/SMAD axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Shiliang Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xiuguo Gan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Ruihua An
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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14
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Suda M, Katsuumi G, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Minamino T. Potential Clinical Implications of Senotherapies for Cardiovascular Disease. Circ J 2024; 88:277-284. [PMID: 37880106 PMCID: PMC10922738 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-23-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and accumulating evidence indicates that biological aging has a significant effect on the onset and progression of CVDs. In recent years, therapies targeting senescent cells (senotherapies), particularly senolytics that selectively eliminate senescent cells, have been developed and show promise for treating geriatric syndromes and age-associated diseases, including CVDs. In 2 pilot studies published in 2019 the senolytic combination, dasatinib plus quercetin, improved physical function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and eliminated senescent cells from adipose tissue in patients with diabetic kidney disease. More than 30 clinical trials using senolytics are currently underway or planned. In preclinical CVD models, senolytics appear to improve heart failure, ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, vascular dysfunction, dialysis arteriovenous fistula patency, and pre-eclampsia. Because senotherapies are completely different strategies from existing treatment paradigms, they might alleviate diseases for which there are no current effective treatments or they could be used in addition to current therapies to enhance efficacy. Moreover, senotherapies might delay, prevent, alleviate or treat multiple diseases in the elderly and reduce polypharmacy, because senotherapies target fundamental aging mechanisms. We comprehensively summarize the preclinical evidence about senotherapies for CVDs and discuss future prospects for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Suda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic
| | - Goro Katsuumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tamar Tchkonia
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic
| | - James L Kirkland
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
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15
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Chen J, Zhang H, Yi X, Dou Q, Yang X, He Y, Chen J, Chen K. Cellular senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in acute kidney injury. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:62. [PMID: 38316761 PMCID: PMC10844256 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence represents an irreversible state of cell-cycle arrest during which cells secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including inflammatory factors and chemokines. Additionally, these cells exhibit an apoptotic resistance phenotype. Cellular senescence serves a pivotal role not only in embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and tumor suppression but also in the pathogenesis of age-related degenerative diseases, malignancies, metabolic diseases, and kidney diseases. The senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) constitutes a critical cellular event in the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). RTEC senescence inhibits renal regeneration and repair processes and, concurrently, promotes the transition of AKI to chronic kidney disease via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The mechanisms underlying cellular senescence are multifaceted and include telomere shortening or damage, DNA damage, mitochondrial autophagy deficiency, cellular metabolic disorders, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and epigenetic regulation. Strategies aimed at inhibiting RTEC senescence, targeting the clearance of senescent RTEC, or promoting the apoptosis of senescent RTEC hold promise for enhancing the renal prognosis of AKI. This review primarily focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of RTEC senescence, and the impact of intervening RTEC senescence on the prognosis of AKI, aiming to provide a foundation for understanding the pathogenesis and providing potentially effective approaches for AKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Huhai Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangling Yi
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dou
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yani He
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Kehong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Zhu XY, Klomjit N, Pawar AS, Puranik AS, Yang ZZ, Lutgens E, Eirin A, Lerman A, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Altered immune cell phenotypes within chronically ischemic human kidneys distal to occlusive renal artery disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F257-F264. [PMID: 38031731 PMCID: PMC11198973 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a major cause of ischemic kidney disease, which is largely mediated by inflammation. Mapping the immune cell composition in ischemic kidneys might provide useful insight into the disease pathogenesis and uncover therapeutic targets. We used mass cytometry (CyTOF) to explore the single-cell composition in a unique data set of human kidneys nephrectomized due to chronic occlusive vascular disease (RAS, n = 3), relatively healthy donor kidneys (n = 6), and unaffected sections of kidneys with renal cell carcinoma (RCC, n = 3). Renal fibrosis and certain macrophage populations were also evaluated in renal sections. Cytobank analysis showed in RAS kidneys decreased cell populations expressing epithelial markers (CD45-/CD13+) and increased CD45+ inflammatory cells, whereas scattered tubular-progenitor-like cells (CD45-/CD133+/CD24+) increased compared with kidney donors. Macrophages switched to proinflammatory phenotypes in RAS, and the numbers of IL-10-producing dendritic cells (DC) were also lower. Compared with kidney donors, RAS kidneys had decreased overall DC populations but increased plasmacytoid DC. Furthermore, senescent active T cells (CD45+/CD28+/CD57+), aged neutrophils (CD45+/CD15+/CD24+/CD11c+), and regulatory B cells (CD45+/CD14-/CD24+/CD44+) were increased in RAS. RCC kidneys showed a distribution of cell phenotypes comparable with RAS but less pronounced, accompanied by an increase in CD34+, CD370+, CD103+, and CD11c+/CD103+ cells. Histologically, RAS kidneys showed significantly increased fibrosis and decreased CD163+/CD141+ cells. The single-cell platform CyTOF enables the detection of significant changes in renal cells, especially in subsets of immune cells in ischemic human kidneys. Endogenous pro-repair cell types in RAS warrant future study for potential immune therapy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The single-cell platform mass cytometry (CyTOF) enables detection of significant changes in one million of renal cells, especially in subsets of immune cells in ischemic human kidneys distal to renal artery stenosis (RAS). We found that pro-repair cell types such as scattered tubular-progenitor-like cells, aged neutrophils, and regulatory B cells show a compensatory increase in RAS. Immune cell phenotype changes may reflect ongoing inflammation and impaired immune defense capability in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Nattawat Klomjit
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Aditya S Pawar
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amrutesh S Puranik
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Zhi-Zhang Yang
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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17
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Wu Q, Chen Q, Xu D, Wang X, Ye H, Li X, Xiong Y, Li J, Zhou S, Miao J, Shen W, Liu Y, Niu H, Tang Y, Zhou L. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 promotes tubular cell senescence and renal fibrosis through β-catenin-inhibited fatty acid oxidation. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18075. [PMID: 38213100 PMCID: PMC10844696 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly increasing. Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature in various CKD. Previous studies showed tubular cell senescence is highly involved in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. However, the inducers of tubular senescence and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully investigated. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a G-protein-coupled seven-span transmembrane receptor, increases renal fibrosis and plays an important role in tubular cell injury. Whereas, whether CXCR4 could induce tubular cell senescence and the detailed mechanisms have not studied yet. In this study, we adopted adriamycin nephropathy and 5/6 nephrectomy models, and cultured tubular cell line. Overexpression or knockdown of CXCR4 was obtained by injection of related plasmids. We identified CXCR4 increased in injury tubular cells. CXCR4 was expressed predominantly in renal tubular epithelial cells and co-localized with adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) as well as the senescence-related protein P16INK4A . Furthermore, we found overexpression of CXCR4 greatly induced the activation of β-catenin, while knockdown of CXCR4 inhibited it. We also found that CXCR4 inhibited fatty acid oxidation and triggered lipid deposition in tubular cells. To inhibit β-catenin by ICG-001, an inhibitor of β-catenin, could significantly block CXCR4-suppressed fatty acid oxidation. Taken together, our results indicate that CXCR4 is a key mediator in tubular cell senescence and renal fibrosis. CXCR4 promotes tubular cell senescence and renal fibrosis by inducing β-catenin and inhibiting fatty acid metabolism. Our findings provide a new theory for tubular cell injury in renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of NephrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiurong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huiyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yabing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiemei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Weiwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongxin Niu
- Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of NephrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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18
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Eirin A, Chade AR, Lerman LO. Kidney Intrinsic Mechanisms as Novel Targets in Renovascular Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:206-217. [PMID: 37869904 PMCID: PMC10842320 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Almost a hundred years have passed since obstruction of the renal artery has been recognized to raise blood pressure. By now chronic renovascular disease (RVD) due to renal artery stenosis is recognized as a major source of renovascular hypertension and renal disease. In some patients, RVD unaccompanied by noteworthy renal dysfunction or blood pressure elevation may be incidentally identified during peripheral angiography. Nevertheless, in others, RVD might present as a progressive disease associated with diffuse atherosclerosis, leading to loss of renal function, renovascular hypertension, hemodynamic compromise, and a magnified risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerotic RVD leads to renal atrophy, inflammation, and hypoxia but represents a potentially treatable cause of chronic renal failure because until severe fibrosis sets in the ischemic kidney, it retains a robust potential for vascular and tubular regeneration. This remarkable recovery capacity of the kidney begs for early diagnosis and treatment. However, accumulating evidence from both animal studies and randomized clinical trials has convincingly established the inadequate efficacy of renal artery revascularization to fully restore renal function or blood pressure control and has illuminated the potential of therapies targeted to the ischemic renal parenchyma to instigate renal regeneration. Some of the injurious mechanisms identified as potential therapeutic targets included oxidative stress, microvascular disease, inflammation, mitochondrial injury, and cellular senescence. This review recapitulates the intrinsic mechanisms that orchestrate renal damage and recovery in RVD and can be harnessed to introduce remedial opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alejandro R. Chade
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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19
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Martín-Vicente P, López-Martínez C, Rioseras B, Albaiceta GM. Activation of senescence in critically ill patients: mechanisms, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:2. [PMID: 38180573 PMCID: PMC10769968 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-023-01236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Whereas aging is a whole-organism process, senescence is a cell mechanism that can be triggered by several stimuli. There is increasing evidence that critical conditions activate cell senescence programs irrespective of patient's age. In this review, we briefly describe the basic senescence pathways and the consequences of their activation in critically ill patients. The available evidence suggests a paradigm in which activation of senescence can be beneficial in the short term by rendering cells resistant to apoptosis, but also detrimental in a late phase by inducing a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic state. Senescence can be a therapeutic target. The use of drugs that eliminate senescent cells (senolytics) or the senescence-associated phenotype (senomorphics) will require monitoring of these cell responses and identification of therapeutic windows to improve the outcome of critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cecilia López-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo M Albaiceta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avenida del Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
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20
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Mylonas KJ, Ferenbach DA. Targeting Senescent Cells as Therapy for CKD. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:142-151. [PMID: 38049936 PMCID: PMC10833603 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in the kidney with aging, after acute and chronic injuries, and are present in increased numbers in deteriorating kidney transplants. Senescent cells have undergone permanent cell cycle arrest and release many proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and profibrotic factors: the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Recent work from several groups including our own has shown that senescent cells play a causative role in progression of kidney disease. Experimental evidence also indicates that targeting senescent cells has potential to alter the renal regenerative response, reducing progressive fibrosis and improving functional recovery after injury. Research and clinical interest is focused on understanding how accumulating chronic senescent cells link acute injury to progressive fibrosis, dysfunction, and mortality in human CKD. In this review, we outline current protocols for the identification of how senescent cells are identified in vitro and in vivo . We discuss the proposed mechanisms of actions of first-generation senolytic and senomorphic agents, such as ABT-263 (navitoclax) which targets the BCL2 family of survival factors, and senomorphic agents such as metformin which targets aspects of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. We also review that emerging technologies, such as nanocarriers, are now being developed to have safer delivery systems for senolytics, greater specificity, fewer off-target effects, and less toxicity. Other methods of senescent cell elimination being developed target various immune evasion tactics displayed by these cells. By understanding the role of senescence in kidney homeostasis and disease, developing new, targeted compounds and the tools to allow their efficacy to be charted noninvasively, it should become possible for senolytic treatments to move from the bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Mylonas
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Rajput S, Malviya R, Uniyal P. Advances in the Treatment of Kidney Disorders using Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:825-840. [PMID: 38482624 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128296105240305110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Renal disease is a medical condition that poses a potential threat to the life of an individual and is related to substantial morbidity and mortality rates in clinical environments. The aetiology of this condition is influenced by multiple factors, and its incidence tends to increase with progressive aging. Although supportive therapy and kidney transplantation have potential advantages, they also have limitations in terms of mitigating the progression of KD. Despite significant advancements in the domain of supportive therapy, mortality rates in patients continue to increase. Due to their ability to self-renew and multidirectionally differentiate, stem cell therapy has been shown to have tremendous potential in the repair of the diseased kidney. MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells) are a cell population that is extensively distributed and can be located in various niches throughout an individual's lifespan. The cells in question are characterised by their potential for indefinite replication and their aptitude for undergoing differentiation into fully developed cells of mesodermal origin under laboratory conditions. It is essential to emphasize that MSCs have demonstrated a favorable safety profile and efficacy as a therapeutic intervention for renal diseases in both preclinical as well as clinical investigations. MSCs have been found to slow the advancement of kidney disease, and this impact is thought to be due to their control over a number of physiological processes, including immunological response, tubular epithelial- mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, renal tubular cell death, and angiogenesis. In addition, MSCs demonstrate recognised effectiveness in managing both acute and chronic kidney diseases via paracrine pathways. The proposal to utilise a therapy that is based on stem-cells as an effective treatment has been put forward in search of discovering novel therapies to promote renal regeneration. Preclinical researchers have demonstrated that various types of stem cells can provide advantages in acute and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, preliminary results from clinical trials have suggested that these interventions are both safe and well-tolerated. This manuscript provides a brief overview of the potential renoprotective effects of stem cell-based treatments in acute as well as chronic renal dysfunction. Furthermore, the mechanisms that govern the process of kidney regeneration induced by stem cells are investigated. This article will examine the therapeutic approaches that make use of stem cells for the treatment of kidney disorders. The analysis will cover various cellular sources that have been utilised, potential mechanisms involved, and the outcomes that have been achieved so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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22
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Ozawa M, Mori H, Endo T, Ishikawa-Yamauchi Y, Motooka D, Emori C, Ikawa M. Age-related decline in spermatogenic activity accompanied with endothelial cell senescence in male mice. iScience 2023; 26:108456. [PMID: 38077127 PMCID: PMC10700819 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Male fertility decreases with aging, with spermatogenic decline being one of its causes. Altered testis environment is suggested as a cause of the phenotype; however, the associated mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the age-related changes in testicular somatic cells on spermatogenic activity. The number and proliferation of spermatogonia significantly reduced with aging in mice. Interestingly, senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells appeared in testicular endothelial cell (EC) populations, but not in germ cell populations, with aging. Transcriptome analysis of ECs indicated that senescence occurred in the ECs of aged mice. Furthermore, the support capacity of ECs for spermatogonial proliferation significantly decreased with aging; however, the senolytic-induced removal of senescent cells from aged ECs restored their supporting capacity to a comparable level as that of young ECs. Our results suggest that the accumulation of senescent ECs in the testis is a potential factor contributing to the age-related decline in spermatogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ozawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideto Mori
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Endo
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Ishikawa-Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chihiro Emori
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Marcozzi S, Bigossi G, Giuliani ME, Giacconi R, Piacenza F, Cardelli M, Brunetti D, Segala A, Valerio A, Nisoli E, Lattanzio F, Provinciali M, Malavolta M. Cellular senescence and frailty: a comprehensive insight into the causal links. GeroScience 2023; 45:3267-3305. [PMID: 37792158 PMCID: PMC10643740 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells may have a prominent role in driving inflammation and frailty. The impact of cellular senescence on frailty varies depending on the assessment tool used, as it is influenced by the criteria or items predominantly affected by senescent cells and the varying weights assigned to these items across different health domains. To address this challenge, we undertook a thorough review of all available studies involving gain- or loss-of-function experiments as well as interventions targeting senescent cells, focusing our attention on those studies that examined outcomes based on the individual frailty phenotype criteria or specific items used to calculate two humans (35 and 70 items) and one mouse (31 items) frailty indexes. Based on the calculation of a simple "evidence score," we found that the burden of senescent cells related to musculoskeletal and cerebral health has the strongest causal link to frailty. We deem that insight into these mechanisms may not only contribute to clarifying the role of cellular senescence in frailty but could additionally provide multiple therapeutic opportunities to help the future development of a desirable personalized therapy in these extremely heterogeneous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Marcozzi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS INRCA, 60124, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bigossi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Segala
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research On Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, IRCCS INRCA, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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Zhang W, Xu M, Chen F, Su Y, Yu M, Xing L, Chang Y, Yan T. Targeting the JAK2-STAT3 pathway to inhibit cGAS-STING activation improves neuronal senescence after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114474. [PMID: 37419174 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia is a key event in progressive brain injury after ischemic stroke. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway is pivotal for neuroinflammation; however, its role in brain senescence after ischemic stroke is unclear. Here, we report that inflammation is increased in the brains of C57BL/6 stroke mice. Treatment of ischemic stroke in adult mice with a JAK kinase inhibitor (AG490) alleviated neurobehavioral defects, reduced brain infarct volume, reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased activation of pro-inflammatory microglia. Moreover, AG490 treatment reduced oxidative DNA damage and cellular senescence in the brains of mice following ischemic stroke. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) were associated with inflammation and senescence. Furthermore, AG490 blocked cGAS/STING/NF-κBp65 expression. Overall, our results indicate that inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 can alleviate the negative neurological consequences of ischemic stroke, likely due to repression of cGAS/STING/NF-κB p65, leading to reduced neuroinflammation and neuronal senescence. Therefore, JAK2/STAT3 may represent a viable therapeutic target for preventing senescence after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Meijie Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Su
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingjing Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.
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25
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Torrance BL, Cadar AN, Martin DE, Panier HA, Lorenzo EC, Bartley JM, Xu M, Haynes L. Senolytic treatment with dasatinib and quercetin does not improve overall influenza responses in aged mice. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1212750. [PMID: 37396956 PMCID: PMC10313122 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1212750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Age is the greatest risk factor for adverse outcomes following influenza (flu) infection. The increased burden of senescent cells with age has been identified as a root cause in many diseases of aging and targeting these cells with drugs termed senolytics has shown promise in alleviating many age-related declines across organ systems. However, there is little known whether targeting these cells will improve age-related deficits in the immune system. Here, we utilized a well characterized senolytic treatment with a combination of dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q) to clear aged (18-20 months) mice of senescent cells prior to a flu infection. We comprehensively profiled immune responses during the primary infection as well as development of immune memory and protection following pathogen reencounter. Senolytic treatment did not improve any aspects of the immune response that were assayed for including: weight loss, viral load, CD8 T-cell infiltration, antibody production, memory T cell development, or recall ability. These results indicate that D + Q may not be an appropriate senolytic to improve aged immune responses to flu infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L. Torrance
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Andreia N. Cadar
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Dominique E. Martin
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | - Erica C. Lorenzo
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Jenna M. Bartley
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Ming Xu
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Laura Haynes
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT, United States
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26
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Harris AS, Aratani S, Johmura Y, Suzuki N, Dan L, Nakanishi M. In vivo dynamics of senescence in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 673:121-130. [PMID: 37385006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI is defined as a sudden loss of kidney function. In severe AKI, irreversible loss of kidney cells can occur. Cellular senescence might contribute to this maladaptive tubular repair, though, its pathophysiological role in vivo is incompletely understood. In this study, we used p16-CreERT2-tdTomato mice in which cells with high p16 expression, a prototypical senescent marker, are labeled with tdTomato fluorescence. Then, we induced AKI by rhabdomyolysis and traced the cells with high p16 expression following AKI. We proved that the induction of senescence was observed predominantly in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and occurred in a relatively acute phase within 1-3 days after AKI. These acute senescent PTECs were spontaneously eliminated by day 15. On the contrary, the generation of senescence in PTECs persisted during the chronic recovery phase. We also confirmed that the kidney function did not fully recover on day 15. These results suggest that the chronic generation of senescent PTECs might contribute to maladaptive recovery from AKI and lead to chronic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Harris
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sae Aratani
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer and Senescence Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Narumi Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Li Dan
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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27
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Yin S, Zhou Z, Fu P, Jin C, Wu P, Ji C, Shan Y, Shi L, Xu M, Qian H. Roles of extracellular vesicles in ageing-related chronic kidney disease: demon or angel. Pharmacol Res 2023:106795. [PMID: 37211241 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a universal and unavoidable phenomenon that significantly increases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). It has been reported that ageing is associated with functional disruption and structural damage to the kidneys. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanoscale membranous vesicles containing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are secreted by cells into the extracellular spaces. They have diverse functions such as repairing and regenerating different forms of ageing-related CKD and playing a crucial role in intercellular communication. This paper reviews the etiology of ageing in CKD, with particular attention paid to the roles of EVs as carriers of ageing signals and anti-ageing therapeutic strategies in CKD. In this regard, the double-edged role of EVs in ageing-related CKD is examined, along with the potential for their application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yin
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiwen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaoying Jin
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunjie Shan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linru Shi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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28
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Li S, Livingston MJ, Ma Z, Hu X, Wen L, Ding HF, Zhou D, Dong Z. Tubular cell senescence promotes maladaptive kidney repair and chronic kidney disease after cisplatin nephrotoxicity. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166643. [PMID: 36917180 PMCID: PMC10243740 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapy drug; however, it induces both acute and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in patients with cancer. The pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced CKD is unclear, and effective renoprotective approaches are not available. Here, we report that repeated low-dose cisplatin (RLDC) treatment of C57BL/6 mice induced chronic cellular senescence in kidney tubules, accompanied with tubular degeneration and profibrotic phenotype transformation that culminated in maladaptive repair and renal fibrosis. Suppression of tubular senescence by senolytic drugs ABT-263 and Fisetin attenuated renal fibrosis and improved tubular repair, as indicated by restoration of tubular regeneration and renal function. In vitro, RLDC also induced senescence in mouse proximal tubular (BUMPT) cells. ABT-263 eliminated senescent BUMPT cells following RLDC treatment, reversed the profibrotic phenotype of the cells, and increased their clonogenic activity. Moreover, ABT-263 alleviated the paracrine effect of RLDC-treated BUMPT cells on fibroblasts for fibrosis. Consistently, knockdown of p16 suppressed post-RLDC senescence and fibrotic changes in BUMPT cells and alleviated their paracrine effects on renal fibroblast proliferation. These results indicate that persistent induction of tubular senescence plays an important role in promoting cisplatin-induced CKD. Targeting senescent tubular cells may be efficient for improvement of kidney repair and for the prevention and treatment of cisplatin-induced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Man J. Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoru Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lu Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama School of Medicine at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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29
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Zhang JQ, Li YY, Zhang XY, Tian ZH, Liu C, Wang ST, Zhang FR. Cellular senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in renal fibrosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1085605. [PMID: 36926022 PMCID: PMC10011622 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1085605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis (RF) is the common pathological manifestation of virtually all chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but the pathogenesis of which is still unclear. Renal tubulointerstitial lesions have been identified as a key pathological hallmark of RF pathology. Renal tubular epithelial cells are the resident cells of the tubulointerstitium and play an important role in kidney recovery versus renal fibrosis following injury. Studies in recent years have shown that senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells can accelerate the progression of renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress(OS), telomere attrition and DNA damage are the major causes of renal tubular epithelial cell senescence. Current interventions and therapeutic strategies for cellular senescence include calorie restriction and routine exercise, Klotho, senolytics, senostatics, and other related drugs. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms and the key signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin/RAS, Nrf2/ARE and STAT-3/NF-κB pathway involved in renal tubular epithelial cell senescence in RF and therapies targeting renal tubular epithelial cell senescence future therapeutic potential for RF patients. These findings may offer promise for the further treatment of RF and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Yan Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Tian
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shi-Tao Wang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fa-Rong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Fa-Rong Zhang,
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30
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Wang Y, Tseng Y, Chen K, Wang X, Mao Z, Li X. Reduction in Lens Epithelial Cell Senescence Burden through Dasatinib Plus Quercetin or Rapamycin Alleviates D-Galactose-Induced Cataract Progression. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010006. [PMID: 36662053 PMCID: PMC9862066 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in aged organisms and promote the progression of age-related diseases including cataracts. Therefore, we aimed to study the therapeutic effects of senescence-targeting drugs on cataracts. In this study, a 28-day D-galactose-induced cataract rat model was used. The opacity index, a grading based on slit-lamp observations, was used to assess lens cloudiness. Furthermore, the average lens density (ALD), lens density standard deviation (LDSD), and maximum lens density (MLD) obtained from Scheimpflug images were used to assess lens transparency. Immunohistochemical stainings for p16 and γH2AX were used as hallmarks of senescence. We treated rat cataract models with the senolytic drug combination dasatinib plus quercetin (D+Q) and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) inhibitors. In comparison to control lenses, D-galactose-induced cataract lenses showed a higher opacity index, ALD, LDSD, and MLD values, as well as accumulation of senescent lens epithelial cells (LECs). After D+Q treatment, ALD, LDSD, and MLD values on day 21 were significantly lower than those of vehicle-treated model rats. The expression levels of p16 and γH2AX were also reduced after D+Q administration. In addition, the SASP inhibitor rapamycin decreased the opacity index, ALD, LDSD, and MLD values on day 21. In conclusion, D+Q alleviated D-galactose-induced cataract progression by reducing the senescent LEC burden in the early stage of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerves, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yulin Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerves, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Keyu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinglin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerves, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zebin Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerves, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (X.L.)
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Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Kofler B, Herzog C. Dietary restriction in senolysis and prevention and treatment of disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5242-5268. [PMID: 36484738 PMCID: PMC7616065 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2153355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging represents a key risk factor for a plethora of diseases. Targeting detrimental processes which occur during aging, especially before onset of age-related disease, could provide drastic improvements in healthspan. There is increasing evidence that dietary restriction (DR), including caloric restriction, fasting, or fasting-mimicking diets, extend both lifespan and healthspan. This has sparked interest in the use of dietary regimens as a non-pharmacological means to slow aging and prevent disease. Here, we review the current evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying DR-induced health improvements, including removal of senescent cells, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabollism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- European Translational Oncology Prevention and Screening Institute, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Institute for Biomedical Ageing, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabollism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Herzog
- European Translational Oncology Prevention and Screening Institute, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Institute for Biomedical Ageing, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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He A, Sarwar A, Thole LML, Siegle J, Sattler A, Ashraf MI, Proß V, Stahl C, Dornieden T, Bergmann Y, Ritschl PV, Ebner S, Hublitz KW, Stamatiades EG, Bülow RD, Boor P, Kotsch K. Renal inflamm-aging provokes intra-graft inflammation following experimental kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2529-2547. [PMID: 35851547 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor age is a major risk factor for allograft outcome in kidney transplantation. The underlying cellular mechanisms and the recipient's immune response within an aged allograft have yet not been analyzed. A comprehensive immunophenotyping of naïve and transplanted young versus aged kidneys revealed that naïve aged murine kidneys harbor significantly higher frequencies of effector/memory T cells, whereas regulatory T cells were reduced. Aged kidney-derived CD8+ T cells produced more IFNγ than their young counterparts. Senescent renal CD8+ T and NK cells upregulated the cytotoxicity receptor NKG2D and the enrichment of memory-like CD49a+ CXCR6+ NK cells was documented in aged naïve kidneys. In the C57BL/6 to BALB/c kidney transplantation model, recipient-derived T cells infiltrating an aged graft produced significantly more IFNγ, granzyme B and perforin on day 7 post-transplantation, indicating an enhanced inflammatory, cytotoxic response towards the graft. Pre-treatment of aged kidney donors with the senolytic drug ABT-263 changed the recipient-derived effector molecule profile to significantly reduced levels of IFNγ and IL-10 compared to controls. Graft function after ABT-263 pre-treatment was significantly improved 28 days post kidney transplantation. In conclusion, renal senescence also occurs at the immunological level (inflamm-aging) and aged organs provoke an altered recipient-dominated immune response in the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- An He
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Attia Sarwar
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Marie Laura Thole
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Siegle
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Sattler
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Ashraf
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Proß
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Stahl
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Dornieden
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasmin Bergmann
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Viktor Ritschl
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karolin Wiebke Hublitz
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Efstathios Gregorios Stamatiades
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman David Bülow
- Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, University Clinic of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, University Clinic of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Song T, Zhu XY, Eirin A, Jiang Y, Krier JD, Tang H, Jordan KL, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Exogenous pericyte delivery protects the mouse kidney from chronic ischemic injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F527-F538. [PMID: 36049063 PMCID: PMC9602803 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00064.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are considered reparative mesenchymal stem cell-like cells, but their ability to ameliorate chronic ischemic kidney injury is unknown. We hypothesized that pericytes would exhibit renoprotective effects in murine renal artery stenosis (RAS). Porcine kidney-derived pericytes (5 × 105) or vehicle were injected into the carotid artery 2 wk after the induction of unilateral RAS in mice. The stenotic kidney glomerular filtration rate and tissue oxygenation were measured 2 wk later using magnetic resonance imaging. We subsequently compared kidney oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and systemic levels of oxidative and inflammatory cytokines. Treatment of xenogeneic pericytes ameliorated the RAS-induced loss of perfusion, glomerular filtration rate, and atrophy in stenotic kidneys and restored cortical and medullary oxygenation but did not blunt hypertension. Ex vivo, pericytes injection partially mitigated RAS-induced renal inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and senescence. Furthermore, coculture with pericytes in vitro protected pig kidney-1 tubular cells from injury. In conclusion, exogenous delivery of renal pericytes protects the poststenotic mouse kidney from ischemic injury, underscoring the therapeutic potential role of pericytes in subjects with ischemic kidney disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrates a novel pericyte-based therapy for the injured kidney. The beneficial effect of pericyte delivery appears to be mediated by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and senescence in the stenotic kidney and improved tissue hypoxia, vascular loss, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. Our data may form the basis for pericyte-based therapy, and additional research studies are needed to gain further insight into their role in improving renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turun Song
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Urology Department, Urology Research Institute, Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yamei Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James D Krier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Huang W, Hickson LJ, Eirin A, Kirkland JL, Lerman LO. Cellular senescence: the good, the bad and the unknown. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:611-627. [PMID: 35922662 PMCID: PMC9362342 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a ubiquitous process with roles in tissue remodelling, including wound repair and embryogenesis. However, prolonged senescence can be maladaptive, leading to cancer development and age-related diseases. Cellular senescence involves cell-cycle arrest and the release of inflammatory cytokines with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine activities. Senescent cells also exhibit morphological alterations, including flattened cell bodies, vacuolization and granularity in the cytoplasm and abnormal organelles. Several biomarkers of cellular senescence have been identified, including SA-βgal, p16 and p21; however, few markers have high sensitivity and specificity. In addition to driving ageing, senescence of immune and parenchymal cells contributes to the development of a variety of diseases and metabolic disorders. In the kidney, senescence might have beneficial roles during development and recovery from injury, but can also contribute to the progression of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Therapies that target senescence, including senolytic and senomorphic drugs, stem cell therapies and other interventions, have been shown to extend lifespan and reduce tissue injury in various animal models. Early clinical trials confirm that senotherapeutic approaches could be beneficial in human disease. However, larger clinical trials are needed to translate these approaches to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - LaTonya J Hickson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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35
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Chen YQ, Chen HY, Tang QQ, Li YF, Liu XS, Lu FH, Gu YY. Protective effect of quercetin on kidney diseases: From chemistry to herbal medicines. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968226. [PMID: 36120321 PMCID: PMC9478191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney injuries may trigger renal fibrosis and lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), but effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in herbal medicines. A large number of studies have demonstrated that quercetin may protect kidneys by alleviating renal toxicity, apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation in a variety of kidney diseases. Therefore, quercetin could be one of the promising drugs in the treatment of renal disorders. In the present study, we review the latest progress and highlight the beneficial role of quercetin in kidney diseases and its underlying mechanisms. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin and its proportion in herbal medicine will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Yin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Qi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Hua Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Hua Lu, ; Yue-Yu Gu,
| | - Yue-Yu Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Hua Lu, ; Yue-Yu Gu,
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36
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Liao CM, Wulfmeyer VC, Chen R, Erlangga Z, Sinning J, von Mässenhausen A, Sörensen-Zender I, Beer K, von Vietinghoff S, Haller H, Linkermann A, Melk A, Schmitt R. Induction of ferroptosis selectively eliminates senescent tubular cells. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2158-2168. [PMID: 35607817 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of senescent cells is an important contributor to kidney aging, chronic renal disease, and poor outcome after kidney transplantation. Approaches to eliminate senescent cells with senolytic compounds have been proposed as novel strategies to improve marginal organs. While most existing senolytics induce senescent cell clearance by apoptosis, we observed that ferroptosis, an iron-catalyzed subtype of regulated necrosis, might serve as an alternative way to ablate senescent cells. We found that murine kidney tubular epithelial cells became sensitized to ferroptosis when turning senescent. This was linked to increased expression of pro-ferroptotic lipoxygenase-5 and reduced expression of anti-ferroptotic glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In tissue slice cultures from aged kidneys low dose application of the ferroptosis-inducer RSL3 selectively eliminated senescent cells while leaving healthy tubular cells unaffected. Similar results were seen in a transplantation model, in which RSL3 reduced the senescent cell burden of aged donor kidneys and caused a reduction of damage and inflammatory cell infiltration during the early post-transplantation period. In summary, these data reveal an increased susceptibility of senescent tubular cells to ferroptosis with the potential to be exploited for selective reduction of renal senescence in aged kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh M Liao
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vera C Wulfmeyer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zulrahman Erlangga
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julius Sinning
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne von Mässenhausen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Inga Sörensen-Zender
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Beer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Nephrology Section, First Medical Clinic, University Clinic and Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Cellular senescence and senolytics: the path to the clinic. Nat Med 2022; 28:1556-1568. [PMID: 35953721 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interlinked and fundamental aging processes appear to be a root-cause contributor to many disorders and diseases. One such process is cellular senescence, which entails a state of cell cycle arrest in response to damaging stimuli. Senescent cells can arise throughout the lifespan and, if persistent, can have deleterious effects on tissue function due to the many proteins they secrete. In preclinical models, interventions targeting those senescent cells that are persistent and cause tissue damage have been shown to delay, prevent or alleviate multiple disorders. In line with this, the discovery of small-molecule senolytic drugs that selectively clear senescent cells has led to promising strategies for preventing or treating multiple diseases and age-related conditions in humans. In this Review, we outline the rationale for senescent cells as a therapeutic target for disorders across the lifespan and discuss the most promising strategies-including recent and ongoing clinical trials-for translating small-molecule senolytics and other senescence-targeting interventions into clinical use.
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38
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Kurz E, Hirsch CA, Dalton T, Shadaloey SA, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Miller G, Pareek S, Rajaei H, Mohindroo C, Baydogan S, Ngo-Huang A, Parker N, Katz MHG, Petzel M, Vucic E, McAllister F, Schadler K, Winograd R, Bar-Sagi D. Exercise-induced engagement of the IL-15/IL-15Rα axis promotes anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:720-737.e5. [PMID: 35660135 PMCID: PMC9280705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is associated with decreased cancer incidence and cancer-associated mortality. However, little is known about the effects of exercise on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), a disease for which current therapeutic options are limited. Herein, we show that aerobic exercise reduces PDA tumor growth, by modulating systemic and intra-tumoral immunity. Mechanistically, exercise promotes immune mobilization and accumulation of tumor-infiltrating IL15Rα+ CD8 T cells, which are responsible for the tumor-protective effects. In clinical samples, an exercise-dependent increase of intra-tumoral CD8 T cells is also observed. Underscoring the translational potential of the interleukin (IL)-15/IL-15Rα axis, IL-15 super-agonist (NIZ985) treatment attenuates tumor growth, prolongs survival, and enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy. Finally, exercise or NIZ985 both sensitize pancreatic tumors to αPD-1, with improved anti-tumor and survival benefits. Collectively, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of an exercise-oncology axis and identify IL-15 activation as a promising treatment strategy for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kurz
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carolina Alcantara Hirsch
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tanner Dalton
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sorin Alberto Shadaloey
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 227 East 30(th) St., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Miller
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Health New England, 56 Franklin St., Waterbury, CT 06706, USA
| | - Sumedha Pareek
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hajar Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chirayu Mohindroo
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seyda Baydogan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - An Ngo-Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nathan Parker
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffit Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Matthew H G Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Petzel
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily Vucic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston TX, 77030, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rafael Winograd
- Permultter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, 160 East 34(th) St., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Wagner KD, Wagner N. The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121966. [PMID: 35741095 PMCID: PMC9221567 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and functional. The release of SASP factors is mostly thought to cause tissue dysfunction and to induce senescence in surrounding cells. As major markers for aging and senescence, p16INK4, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 are established. Importantly, senescence is also implicated in development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. While many markers of senescence have been identified, none are able to unambiguously identify all senescent cells. However, increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4A and p21 are often used to identify cells with senescence-associated phenotypes. We review here the knowledge of senescence, p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in embryonic and postnatal development and potential functions in pathophysiology and homeostasis. The establishment of senolytic therapies with the ultimate goal to improve healthy aging requires care and detailed knowledge about the involvement of senescence and senescence-associated proteins in developmental processes and homeostatic mechanism. The review contributes to these topics, summarizes open questions, and provides some directions for future research.
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Klomjit N, Zhu XY, Massat AE, Pawar AS, Conley S, Puranik AS, Ferguson CM, Kim SR, Tang H, Jordan K, Saadiq I, Lerman A, Grande JP, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Microvascular remodeling and altered angiogenic signaling in human kidneys distal to occlusive atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:1844-1856. [PMID: 35451482 PMCID: PMC9494086 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is an important cause of chronic kidney disease and secondary hypertension. In animal models, renal ischemia leads to downregulation of growth-factor expression and loss of intrarenal microcirculation. However, little is known about the sequelae of large vessel occlusive disease on the microcirculation within human kidneys. METHOD This study included 5 patients who underwent nephrectomy due to renovascular occlusion, and 7 non-stenotic discarded donor kidneys (4 deceased donors). Micro-computed tomography was performed to assess microvascular spatial densities and tortuosity, an index of microvascular immaturity. Renal protein expression, gene expression, and histology were studied in-vitro using immunoblotting, polymerase-chain-reaction, and staining. RESULTS RAS demonstrated loss of medium-sized vessels (0.2-0.3mm) compared to donor kidneys (p = 0.037) and increased microvascular tortuosity. RAS kidneys had greater protein expression of angiopoietin-1, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and thrombospondin (TSP)-1, but lower protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than donor kidneys. Renal fibrosis, loss of peritubular capillaries (PTC) and pericyte detachment were greater in RAS, yet they had more newly-formed PTC than donor kidneys. Therefore, our study quantified significant microvascular remodeling in the post-stenotic human kidney. RAS induced renal microvascular loss, vascular remodeling, and fibrosis. Despite downregulated VEGF, stenotic kidneys upregulated compensatory angiogenic pathways related to angiopoietin-1. CONCLUSIONS These observations underscore the nature of human RAS as a microvascular disease distal to main vessel stenosis, and support therapeutic strategies directly targeting the post-stenotic kidney microcirculation in patients with RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawat Klomjit
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aditya S Pawar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sabena Conley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amrutesh S Puranik
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Seo Rin Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyra Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ishran Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kim SR, Jiang K, Chen X, Puranik AS, Zhu XY, Lerman A, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Lerman LO. Selective kidney targeting increases the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells for alleviation of murine stenotic-kidney senescence and damage. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:550-558. [PMID: 35319825 DOI: 10.1002/term.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ischemia triggers senescence in renal tubules and at least partly mediates kidney dysfunction and damage through a p16Ink4a -related mechanism. We previously showed that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) delivered systemically do not effectively decrease cellular senescence in stenotic murine kidneys. We hypothesized that selective MSC targeting to injured kidneys using an anti-KIM1 antibody (KIM-MSC) coating would enhance their ability to abrogate cellular senescence in murine renal artery stenosis (RAS). KIM-MSC were injected into transgenic INK-ATTAC mice, which are amenable for selective eradication of p16Ink4a+ cells, 4 weeks after induction of unilateral RAS. To determine whether KIM-MSC abolish p16Ink4a -dependent cellular senescence, selective clearance of p16Ink4a+ cells was induced in a subgroup of RAS mice using AP20187 over 3 weeks prior to KIM-MSC injection. Two weeks after KIM-MSC aortic injection, renal senescence, function, and tissue damage were assessed. KIM-MSC delivery decreased gene expression of senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, and improved micro-MRI-derived stenotic-kidney glomerular filtration rate and perfusion. Renal fibrosis and tubular injury also improved after KIM-MSC treatment. Yet, their efficacy was slightly augmented by prior elimination of p16Ink4a+ senescent cells. Therefore, selective targeting of MSC to the injured kidney markedly improves their senolytic potency in murine RAS, despite incomplete eradication of p16+ cells. KIM-MSC may constitute a useful therapeutic strategy in chronic renal ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Rin Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Kai Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Amrutesh S Puranik
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Effects of obesity on reparative function of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on ischemic murine kidneys. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1222-1233. [PMID: 35256761 PMCID: PMC9156526 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a health burden that impairs cellular processes. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are endowed with reparative properties and can ameliorate renal injury. Obesity impairs human MSC function in-vitro, but its effect on their in-vivo reparative potency remains unknown. Subjects and Methods: Abdominal adipose tissue-derived MSC were harvested from patients without (‘lean’) or with obesity (‘obese’) (body mass index<30 or ≥30kg/m2, respectively) during kidney donation or bariatric surgery, respectively. MSC (5x105/200μL) or vehicle were then injected into 129S1 mice 2 weeks after renal artery stenosis (RAS) or sham surgery (n=8/group). Two weeks later, mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal perfusion and oxygenation in-vivo, and kidneys then harvested for ex-vivo studies. Results: Similar numbers of lean and obese-MSCs engrafted in stenotic mouse kidneys. Vehicle-treated RAS mice had reduced stenotic-kidney cortical and medullary perfusion and oxygenation. Lean (but not obese) MSC normalized ischemic kidney cortical perfusion, whereas both effectively mitigated renal hypoxia. Serum creatinine and blood pressure were elevated in RAS mice and lowered only by lean-MSC. Both types of MSCs alleviated stenotic-kidney fibrosis, but lean-MSC more effectively than obese-MSC. MSC senescence-associated beta-gal activity, and gene expression of p16, p21, and vascular endothelial growth factor correlated with recipient kidney perfusion and tissue injury, linking MSC characteristics with their in-vivo reparative capacity. Discussion: Human obesity impairs the reparative properties of adipose-tissue-derived MSCs, possibly by inducing cellular senescence. Dysfunction and senescence of the endogenous MSC repair system in patients with obesity may warrant targeting interventions to restore MSC vitality.
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Elsayed HRH, El-Gamal R, Rabei MR, Elhadidy MG, Hamed S, Othman BH, Elshaer MMA, Sedky MK, Hassan ATAE, El-Nablaway M. Enhanced Autophagic Flux, Suppressed Apoptosis and Reduced Macrophage Infiltration by Dasatinib in Kidneys of Obese Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040746. [PMID: 35203394 PMCID: PMC8869974 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes renal changes (ORC), characterized by defective renal autophagy, lipogenesis, enhanced macrophage infiltration and apoptosis. We hypothesize that Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may ameliorate changes associated with obesity. We the mice with either Obesogenic diet (OD) or a standard basal diet. After 12 weeks, the mice received either vehicle or Dasatinib 4 mg/kg/d for an additional four weeks. We examined serum creatinine, urea, lipid profile and renal cortical mRNA expression for lipogenesis marker SREBP1, inflammatory macrophage marker iNOS and fibrosis markers; TGFβ and PDGFA genes; immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; inflammatory macrophage marker and ASMA; fibrosis marker, LC3 and SQSTM1/P62; autophagy markers and western blotting (WB) for caspase-3; and, as an apoptosis marker, LC3II/I and SQSTM1/P62 in addition to staining for H&E, PAS, Sirius red and histopathological scoring. Dasatinib attenuated renal cortical mRNA expression for SREBP1, iNOS, PDGFA and TGFβ and IHC staining for CD68, ASMA and SQSTM1/P62 and WB for caspase-3 and SQSTM1/P62, while elevating LC3 expression. Moreover, Dasatinib ameliorated ORC; glomerulosclerosis, glomerular expansion, tubular dilatation, vacuolation and casts; inflammatory cellular infiltration; and fibrosis. Dasatinib is a promising therapy for ORC by correcting autophagy impairment, attenuating lipogenesis, apoptosis and macrophage infiltration by inducing antifibrotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Reda Hassan Elsayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damietta 34517, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-122-9310-701
| | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (R.E.-G.); (M.E.-N.)
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed R. Rabei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.R.R.); (M.G.E.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai 46511, Egypt
| | - Mona G. Elhadidy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.R.R.); (M.G.E.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 61008, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shereen Hamed
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Basma H. Othman
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelraheem Elshaer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai 46511, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Khaled Sedky
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai 46511, Egypt; (M.K.S.); (A.T.A.E.H.)
| | - Ahmed Tarek Abd Elbaset Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai 46511, Egypt; (M.K.S.); (A.T.A.E.H.)
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (R.E.-G.); (M.E.-N.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 71666, Saudi Arabia
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Emergent players in renovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:239-256. [PMID: 35129198 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renovascular disease (RVD) remains a common etiology of secondary hypertension. Recent clinical trials revealed unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes of renal revascularization, leading to extensive investigation to unravel key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying irreversible functional loss and structural damage in the chronically ischemic kidney. Research studies identified complex interactions among various players, including inflammation, fibrosis, mitochondrial injury, cellular senescence, and microvascular remodeling. This interplay resulted in a shift of our understanding of RVD from a mere hemodynamic disorder to a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathology strongly influenced by systemic diseases like metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Novel diagnostic approaches have been tested for early detection and follow-up of RVD progression, using new imaging techniques and biochemical markers of renal injury and dysfunction. Therapies targeting some of the pathological pathways governing the development of RVD have shown promising results in animal models, and a few have moved from bench to clinical research. This review summarizes evolving understanding in chronic ischemic kidney injury.
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Arabi T, Shafqat A, Sabbah BN, Fawzy NA, Shah H, Abdulkader H, Razak A, Sabbah AN, Arabi Z. Obesity-related kidney disease: Beyond hypertension and insulin-resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1095211. [PMID: 36726470 PMCID: PMC9884830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1095211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes considerable morbidity, mortality, and health expenditures worldwide. Obesity is a significant risk factor for CKD development, partially explained by the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in obese patients. However, adipocytes also possess potent endocrine functions, secreting a myriad of cytokines and adipokines that contribute to insulin resistance and induce a chronic low-grade inflammatory state thereby damaging the kidney. CKD development itself is associated with various metabolic alterations that exacerbate adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. This adipose-renal axis is a major focus of current research, given the rising incidence of CKD and obesity. Cellular senescence is a biologic hallmark of aging, and age is another significant risk factor for obesity and CKD. An elevated senescent cell burden in adipose tissue predicts renal dysfunction in animal models, and senotherapies may alleviate these phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the direct mechanisms by which adipose tissue contributes to CKD development, emphasizing the potential clinical importance of such pathways in augmenting the care of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Arabi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Tarek Arabi,
| | - Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hassan Shah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Adhil Razak
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ziad Arabi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Denic A, Glassock RJ, Rule AD. The Kidney in Normal Aging: A Comparison with Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:137-139. [PMID: 34670799 PMCID: PMC8763149 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10580821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Denic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard J. Glassock
- Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew D. Rule
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Liao CM, Luo T, von der Ohe J, de Juan Mora B, Schmitt R, Hass R. Human MSC-Derived Exosomes Reduce Cellular Senescence in Renal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13562. [PMID: 34948355 PMCID: PMC8709122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence of renal tubular cells is associated with chronic diseases and age-related kidney disorders. Therapies to antagonize senescence are, therefore, explored as novel approaches in nephropathy. Exosomes derived from human mesenchymal stroma-/stem-like cells (MSC) entail the transfer of multiple bioactive molecules, exhibiting profound regenerative potential in various tissues, including therapeutic effects in kidney diseases. Here, we first demonstrate that exosomes promote proliferation and reduce senescence in aged MSC cultures. For potential therapeutic perspectives in organ rejuvenation, we used MSC-derived exosomes to antagonize senescence in murine kidney primary tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Exosome treatment efficiently reduced senescence while diminishing the transcription of senescence markers and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Concomitantly, we observed less DNA damage foci and more proliferating cells. These data provide new information regarding the therapeutic property of MSC exosomes in the development of renal senescence, suggesting a contribution to a new chapter of regenerative vehicles in senotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Ming Liao
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.M.L.); (B.d.J.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Tianjiao Luo
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (T.L.); (J.v.d.O.)
| | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (T.L.); (J.v.d.O.)
| | - Blanca de Juan Mora
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.M.L.); (B.d.J.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.M.L.); (B.d.J.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (T.L.); (J.v.d.O.)
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