1
|
Alnemari RF, Roublah FA, Bargawi AA. The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on Hospital Admission and Severity of Symptoms Among COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia, 2021. Cureus 2023; 15:e41067. [PMID: 37519611 PMCID: PMC10375302 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Following the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, Saudi Arabia took unpreceded precautions to prevent and control the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection. It is one of the first countries in the world to grant the authorization to use the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. This study aimed to assess the effect of one dose of COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Manhattan, New York City, and Oxford-AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom) among the Saudi population regarding symptom severity, hospital admission rate, and death. Methods An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from COVID-19 surveillance records at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Saudi Arabia, from January to May 2021. All confirmed COVID-19 patients who had positive tests by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of a nasopharyngeal swab were included in the study. Patients diagnosed outside KAMC and cases below 18 years old were excluded from the study. The research was approved by King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (NRJ21J/303/12). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to estimate the odds of hospitalization among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. Results A total of 1058 cases were included in the analysis. Two hundred sixty-five (265; 25%) patients were vaccinated with one dose of either Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford Astra-Zeneca, and 793 (75%) were unvaccinated. The median age was 34 (IQR 25-51), primarily Saudi (94.6%) and male (59.5%). The odds of being vaccinated (CI: 1.284-2.882, P 0.002) were 1.924 times greater for males than females. Young patients below 40 had 1.997 times higher odds (CI: 1.238-3.222, P 0.004) of being vaccinated than patients above 60. The hospital admission rate was low among both groups (12.9%); however, it was significantly lower among the vaccinated group (2.3%) as compared to the unvaccinated (16.5%). The results showed significant differences in symptom severity among the groups. For vaccinated, only one patient (0.4%) died, one patient was admitted to the ICU, and one patient (0.4%) was admitted to the hospital isolation ward. On the contrary, among the unvaccinated group, 19 patients (2.4%) died, 17 patients (2.1%) were admitted to the ICU, and 114 patients (14.4%) were admitted to the hospital isolation ward. Conclusion This study demonstrates that one dose of COVID-19 vaccines, either Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca, reduced the probability of death by 2% and hospital admission by 15% before the spread of the Delta variant (B.1.617). For generalizable results, nationwide studies using national surveillance data are recommended to assess multiple doses efficacy on different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem F Alnemari
- Preventive Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Fawziah A Roublah
- Preventive Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Amina A Bargawi
- Preventive Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hayashi T, Nakagawa F, Ohno Y, Suzuki Y, Ishiki H, Onodera R, Higashi T, Shimamura Y, Itou H, Iwase Y, Arima H, Motoyama K. Antigen stabilizing hydrogels based on cyclodextrins and polyethylene glycol act as type-2 adjuvants with suppressed local irritation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 181:113-121. [PMID: 36372270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent viral pandemics have increased global demand for vaccines. However, the supply of effective and safe vaccine not only to developed countries but also developing countries with inadequate storage equipment is still challenging due to the lack of robust systems which improve the efficacy and the stability of vaccines with few side effects. In our previous study, polypseudorotaxane (PPRX) hydrogels based on cyclodextrin (CyD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) significantly improved the stability of antibody preparations and showed no serious adverse effects after subcutaneous injection, suggesting the possibility as safe vaccine formulations to stabilize an antigen protein. Moreover, recent studies have reported that one of the CyD derivatives, hydroxypropyl-β-CyD (HP-β-CyD), acts as an adjuvant to enhance protective type-2 immune responses. However, it is still unknown that CyD PPRX hydrogels enhance not only the stability of an antigen protein but also its immunogenicity with tolerable side effects. Here, we demonstrate that α- and γ-CyD PPRX hydrogels containing an antigen protein significantly induce antigen-specific type-2 immune responses. Moreover, α- and γ-CyD PPRX hydrogels showed negligible local irritation at the injection site, although subcutaneous injection of α-CyD alone induced skin lesion. Finally, shaking stability of the antigen protein at room temperature was significantly improved by being included in α- and γ-CyD PPRX hydrogels. These results propose the possibility of α- and γ-CyD PPRX hydrogels as novel vaccine formulations which improve both the immunogenicity and stability of an antigen protein with suppressed local irritation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hayashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan; Mock Up Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumika Nakagawa
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ohno
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools 'Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (Higo) Program', Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Cross-disciplinary Doctoral Human Resource Development Program to Lead the Well-being Society, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Honatsu Ishiki
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Risako Onodera
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shimamura
- R&D Department, Pharmaceutical Solutions Division, Medical Care Solutions Company, Terumo Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itou
- R&D Department, Pharmaceutical Solutions Division, Medical Care Solutions Company, Terumo Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwase
- R&D Department, Pharmaceutical Solutions Division, Medical Care Solutions Company, Terumo Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Laboratory of Evidence-based Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarkar S, Sen R. Insights into Cardiovascular Defects and Cardiac Epigenome in the Context of COVID-19. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6020013. [PMID: 35645252 PMCID: PMC9150012 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although few in number, studies on epigenome of the heart of COVID-19 patients show that epigenetic signatures such as DNA methylation are significantly altered, leading to changes in expression of several genes. It contributes to pathogenic cardiac phenotypes of COVID-19, e.g., low heart rate, myocardial edema, and myofibrillar disarray. DNA methylation studies reveal changes which likely contribute to cardiac disease through unknown mechanisms. The incidence of severe COVID-19 disease, including hospitalization, requiring respiratory support, morbidity, and mortality, is disproportionately higher in individuals with co-morbidities. This poses unprecedented strains on the global healthcare system. While their underlying conditions make patients more susceptible to severe COVID-19 disease, strained healthcare systems, lack of adequate support, or sedentary lifestyles from ongoing lockdowns have proved detrimental to their underlying health conditions, thus pushing them to severe risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) itself. Prophylactic vaccines against COVID-19 have ushered new hope for CHD. A common connection between COVID-19 and CHD is SARS-CoV-2’s host receptor ACE2, because ACE2 regulates and protects organs, including the heart, in various ways. ACE2 is a common therapeutic target against cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 which damages organs. Hence, this review explores the above regarding CHDs, cardiovascular damage, and cardiac epigenetics, in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sarkar
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB E2L 4L2, Canada;
| | - Rwik Sen
- Active Motif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang KP, Reynolds JM, Liu Y, He JJ. Leishmaniac Quest for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform. Is a Roadmap for Its Advances Provided by the Mad Dash to Produce Vaccines for COVID-19? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020248. [PMID: 35214706 PMCID: PMC8874365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis. The presentation is in a side-by-side matching format with particular emphasis on vaccines. The comparative approach makes it possible to highlight the timeframe of the vaccine workflows condensed by the caveats of pandemic urgency and, at the same time, provides the background of Leishmania behind its use as a vaccine carrier. Previous studies in support of the latter are summarized as follows. Leishmaniasis confers life-long immunity on patients after cure, suggesting the effective vaccination is achievable with whole-cell Leishmania. A new strategy was developed to inactivate these cells in vitro, rendering them non-viable, hence non-disease causing, albeit retaining their immunogenicity and adjuvanticity. This was achieved by installing a dual suicidal mechanism in Leishmania for singlet oxygen (1O2)-initiated inactivation. In vitro cultured Leishmania were genetically engineered for cytosolic accumulation of UV-sensitive uroporphyrin I and further loaded endosomally with a red light-sensitive cationic phthalocyanine. Exposing these doubly dye-loaded Leishmania to light triggers intracellular production of highly reactive but extremely short-lived 1O2, resulting in their rapid and complete inactivation. Immunization of susceptible animals with such inactivated Leishmania elicited immunity to protect them against experimental leishmaniasis. Significantly, the inactivated Leishmania was shown to effectively deliver transgenically add-on ovalbumin (OVA) to antigen-presenting cells (APC), wherein OVA epitopes were processed appropriately for presentation with MHC molecules to activate epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Application of this approach to deliver cancer vaccine candidates, e.g., enolase-1, was shown to suppress tumor development in mouse models. A similar approach is predicted to elicit lasting immunity against infectious diseases, including complementation of the spike protein-based vaccines in use for COVID-19. This pandemic is devastating, but brings to light the necessity of considering many facets of the disease in developing vaccination programs. Closer collaboration is essential among those in diverse disciplinary areas to provide the roadmap toward greater success in the future. Highlighted herein are several specific issues of vaccinology and new approaches worthy of consideration due to the pandemic.
Collapse
|
5
|
Azuar A, Li Z, Shibu MA, Zhao L, Luo Y, Shalash AO, Khalil ZG, Capon RJ, Hussein WM, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Poly(hydrophobic amino acid)-Based Self-Adjuvanting Nanoparticles for Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Delivery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2648-2658. [PMID: 33529034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide antigens have been widely used in the development of vaccines, especially for those against autoimmunity-inducing pathogens and cancers. However, peptide-based vaccines require adjuvant and/or a delivery system to stimulate desired immune responses. Here, we explored the potential of self-adjuvanting poly(hydrophobic amino acids) (pHAAs) to deliver peptide-based vaccine against Group A Streptococcus (GAS). We designed and synthesized self-assembled nanoparticles with a variety of conjugates bearing a peptide antigen (J8-PADRE) and polymerized hydrophobic amino acids to evaluate the effects of structural arrangement and pHAAs properties on a system's ability to induce humoral immune responses. Immunogenicity of the developed conjugates was also compared to commercially available human adjuvants. We found that a linear conjugate bearing J8-PADRE and 15 copies of leucine induced equally effective, or greater, immune responses than commercial adjuvants. Our fully defined, adjuvant-free, single molecule-based vaccine induced the production of antibodies capable of killing GAS bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhuoqing Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mohini A Shibu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yacheng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ahmed O Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tabassum M, Parvej M, Sultana S, Mannan S, Ahmed F. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and encountered side-effects among the vaccinated in Bangladesh. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.321610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
7
|
Riva A, Barcella V, Benatti SV, Capobianco M, Capra R, Cinque P, Comi G, Fasolo MM, Franzetti F, Galli M, Gerevini S, Meroni L, Origoni M, Prosperini L, Puoti M, Scarpazza C, Tortorella C, Zaffaroni M, Moiola L. Vaccinations in patients with multiple sclerosis: A Delphi consensus statement. Mult Scler 2020; 27:347-359. [PMID: 32940128 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520952310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at increased risk of infection. Vaccination can mitigate these risks but only if safe and effective in MS patients, including those taking disease-modifying drugs. METHODS A modified Delphi consensus process (October 2017-June 2018) was used to develop clinically relevant recommendations for making decisions about vaccinations in patients with MS. A series of statements and recommendations regarding the efficacy, safety and timing of vaccine administration in patients with MS were generated in April 2018 by a panel of experts based on a review of the published literature performed in October 2017. RESULTS Recommendations include the need for an 'infectious diseases card' of each patient's infectious and immunisation history at diagnosis in order to exclude and eventually treat latent infections. We suggest the implementation of the locally recommended vaccinations, if possible at MS diagnosis, otherwise with vaccination timing tailored to the planned/current MS treatment, and yearly administration of the seasonal influenza vaccine regardless of the treatment received. CONCLUSION Patients with MS should be vaccinated with careful consideration of risks and benefits. However, there is an urgent need for more research into vaccinations in patients with MS to guide evidence-based decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Barcella
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Simone V Benatti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marco Capobianco
- SCDO Neurology and Regional Reference Multiple Sclerosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Ruggero Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Paola Cinque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Institute of Experimental Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Fasolo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Franzetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Busto Arsizio Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Gerevini
- Division of Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neuroradiology Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luca Meroni
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Origoni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Prosperini
- Department of Neuroscience, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Puoti
- SC Infectious Diseases, ASST Niguarda Ca' Grande Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Montichiari, Italy/Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaffaroni
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hospital of Gallarate, ASST della Valle Olona, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy/Neurology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Viana SM, Celes FS, Ramirez L, Kolli B, Ng DKP, Chang KP, de Oliveira CI. Photodynamic Vaccination of BALB/c Mice for Prophylaxis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:165. [PMID: 29467751 PMCID: PMC5808246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Photosensitizers (PS), like porphyrins and phthalocyanines (PC) are excitable by light to generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species in the presence of atmospheric O2. Photodynamic inactivation of Leishmania by this means renders them non-viable, but preserves their effective use as vaccines. Leishmania can be photo-inactivated after PS-sensitization by loading via their endocytic uptake of PC or endogenous induction of transgenic mutants with delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) to accumulate cytosolic uroporphyrin I (URO). Here, PS-sensitization and photo-inactivation of Leishmaniaamazonensis was further examined in vitro and in vivo for vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Methods and Results:Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were photodynamically inactivated in vitro by PC-loading followed by exposure to red light (1–2 J/cm2) or ALA-induction of uroporphyrinogenic transfectants to accumulate cytosolic URO followed by longwave UV exposure. When applied individually, both strategies of photodynamic inactivation were found to significantly, albeit incompletely abolish the MTT reduction activities of the promastigotes, their uptake by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and their infectivity to mouse ear dermis in vivo. Inactivation of Leishmania to completion by using a combination of both strategies was thus used for the sake of safety as whole-cell vaccines for immunization of BALB/c mice. Different cutaneous sites were assessed for the efficacy of such photodynamic vaccination in vivo. Each site was inoculated first with in vitro doubly PS-sensitized promastigotes and then spot-illuminated with white light (50 J/cm2) for their photo-inactivation in situ. Only in ear dermis parasites were photo-inactivated beyond detection. Mice were thus immunized once in the ear and challenged 3 weeks later at the tail base with virulent L. amazonensis. Prophylaxis was noted in mice photodynamically vaccinated with doubly photo-inactivated parasites, as indicated by a significant delay in the onset of lesion development and a substantial decrease in the parasite loads. Conclusion: Leishmania doubly PS-sensitized and in situ photo-inactivated as described proved to be safe and effective when used for one-time immunization of ear dermis, as indicated by its significant protection of the inherently very susceptible BALB/c mice against CL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Ramirez
- Instituto Gonçalo Muniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bala Kolli
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwang P Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Muniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT) - Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang KP, Kolli BK. New "light" for one-world approach toward safe and effective control of animal diseases and insect vectors from leishmaniac perspectives. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:396. [PMID: 27412129 PMCID: PMC4942964 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is known to excite photosensitizers (PS) to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of oxygen. This modality is attractive for designing control measures against animal diseases and pests. Many PS have a proven safety record. Also, the ROS cytotoxicity selects no resistant mutants, unlike other drugs and pesticides. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) refers to the use of PS as light activable tumoricides, microbicides and pesticides in medicine and agriculture. Here we describe “photodynamic vaccination” (PDV) that uses PDT-inactivation of parasites, i.e. Leishmania as whole-cell vaccines against leishmaniasis, and as a universal carrier to deliver transgenic add-on vaccines against other infectious and malignant diseases. The efficacy of Leishmania for vaccine delivery makes use of their inherent attributes to parasitize antigen (vaccine)-presenting cells. Inactivation of Leishmania by PDT provides safety for their use. This is accomplished in two different ways: (i) chemical engineering of PS to enhance their uptake, e.g. Si-phthalocyanines; and (ii) transgenic approach to render Leishmania inducible for porphyrinogenesis. Three different schemes of Leishmania-based PDV are presented diagrammatically to depict the cellular events resulting in cell-mediated immunity, as seen experimentally against leishmaniasis and Leishmania-delivered antigen in vitro and in vivo. Safety versus efficacy evaluations are under way for PDT-inactivated Leishmania, including those further processed to facilitate their storage and transport. Leishmania transfected to express cancer and viral vaccine candidates are being prepared accordingly for experimental trials. We have begun to examine PS-mediated photodynamic insecticides (PDI). Mosquito cells take up rose bengal/cyanosine, rendering them light-sensitive to undergo disintegration in vitro, thereby providing a cellular basis for the larvicidal activity seen by the same treatments. Ineffectiveness of phthalocyanines and porphyrins for PDI underscores its requirement for different PS. Differential uptake of PS by insect versus other cells to account for this difference is under study. The ongoing work is patterned after the one-world approach by enlisting the participation of experts in medicinal chemistry, cell/molecular biology, immunology, parasitology, entomology, cancer research, tropical medicine and veterinary medicine. The availability of multidisciplinary expertise is indispensable for implementation of the necessary studies to move the project toward product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Bala K Kolli
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|